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Basak S, Paul D, Das R, Dastidar SG, Kundu P. A novel acidic pH-dependent metacaspase governs defense-response against pathogens in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108850. [PMID: 38917737 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The importance of metacaspases in programmed cell death and tissue differentiation is known, but their significance in disease stress response, particularly in a crop plant, remained enigmatic. We show the tomato metacaspase expression landscape undergoes differential reprogramming during biotrophic and necrotrophic modes of pathogenesis; also, the metacaspase activity dynamics correlate with the disease progression. These stresses have contrasting effects on the expression pattern of SlMC8, a Type II metacaspase, indicating that SlMC8 is crucial for stress response. In accordance, selected biotic stress-related transcription factors repress SlMC8 promoter activity. Interestingly, SlMC8 exhibits maximum proteolysis at an acidic pH range of 5-6. Molecular dynamics simulation identified the low pH-driven protonation event of Glu246 as critical to stabilize the interaction of SlMC8 with its substrate. Mutagenesis of Glu246 to charge-neutral glutamine suppressed SlMC8's proteolytic activity, corroborating the importance of the amino acid in SlMC8 activation. The glutamic acid residue is found in an equivalent position in metacaspases having acidic pH dependence. SlMC8 overexpression leads to heightened ROS levels, cell death, and tolerance to PstDC3000, and SlMC8 repression reversed the phenomena. However, the overexpression of SlMC8 increases tomato susceptibility to necrotrophic Alternaria solani. We propose that SlMC8 activation due to concurrent changes in cellular pH during infection contributes to the basal resistance of the plant by promoting cell death at the site of infection, and the low pH dependence acts as a guard against unwarranted cell death. Our study confirms the essentiality of a low pH-driven Type II metacaspase in tomato biotic stress-response regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrabani Basak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Debarati Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Rohit Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhra Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
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Garcia N, Kalicharan RE, Kinch L, Fernandez J. Regulating Death and Disease: Exploring the Roles of Metacaspases in Plants and Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010312. [PMID: 36613753 PMCID: PMC9820594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Identified over twenty years ago and distantly related to animal caspases are a group of cysteine proteases known as metacaspases. Throughout the years, much like caspase roles in metazoans, metacaspases have been shown to be involved in regulating cellular death in non-metazoan organisms. Yet, continued research on metacaspases describes these proteins as intricate and multifunctional, displaying striking diversity on distinct biological functions. In this review, we intend to describe the recent advances in our understanding of the divergence of metacaspase functionality in plants and fungi. We will dissect the duality of metacaspase activity in the context of plant-pathogen interactions, providing a unique lens from which to characterize metacaspases in the development, immunity, and stress responses of plants, and the development and virulence of fungi. Furthermore, we explore the evolutionary trajectory of fungal metacaspases to delineate their structure and function. Bridging the gap between metacaspase roles in immunity and pathogenicity of plant-pathogen interactions can enable more effective and targeted phytopathogen control efforts to increase production of globally important food crops. Therefore, the exploitation and manipulation of metacaspases in plants or fungi represent new potential avenues for developing mitigation strategies against plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalleli Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rachel E. Kalicharan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lisa Kinch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jessie Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence:
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Wang W, Liu Z, An X, Jin Y, Hou J, Liu T. Integrated High-Throughput Sequencing, Microarray Hybridization and Degradome Analysis Uncovers MicroRNA-Mediated Resistance Responses of Maize to Pathogen Curvularia lunata. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14038. [PMID: 36430517 PMCID: PMC9697682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed, the causal agent of leaf spot in maize, is prone to mutation, making it difficult to control. RNAi technology has proven to be an important tool of genetic engineering and functional genomics aimed for crop improvement. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which act as post-transcriptional regulators, often cause translational repression and gene silencing. In this article, four small RNA (sRNA) libraries were generated from two maize genotypes inoculated by C. lunata; among these, ltR1 and ltR2 were from the susceptible variety Huangzao 4 (HZ), ltR3 and ltR4, from the resistant variety Luyuan (LY), and 2286, 2145, 1556 and 2504 reads were annotated as miRNA in these four sRNA libraries, respectively. Through the combined analysis of high-throughput sequencing, microarray hybridization and degradome, 48 miRNAs were identified as being related to maize resistance to C. lunata. Among these, PC-732 and PC-169, two new maize miRNAs discovered, were predicted to cleave mRNAs of metacaspase 1 (AMC1) and thioredoxin family protein (Trx), respectively, possibly playing crucial roles in the resistance of maize to C. lunata. To further confirm the role of PC-732 in the interaction of maize and C. lunata, the miRNA was silenced through STTM (short tandem target mimic) technology, and we found that knocking down PC-732 decreased the susceptibility of maize to C. lunata. Precisely speaking, the target gene of PC-732 might inhibit the expression of disease resistance-related genes during the interaction between maize and C. lunata. Overall, the findings of this study indicated the existence of miRNAs involved in the resistance of maize to C. lunata and will contribute to rapidly clarify the resistant mechanism of maize to C. lunata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinyuan An
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yazhong Jin
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jumei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Basak S, Kundu P. Plant metacaspases: Decoding their dynamics in development and disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 180:50-63. [PMID: 35390704 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant metacaspases were evolved in parallel to well-characterized animal counterpart caspases and retained the similar histidine-cysteine catalytic dyad, leading to functional congruity between these endopeptidases. Although phylogenetic relatedness of the catalytic domain and functional commonality placed these proteases in the caspase family, credible counterarguments predominantly about their distinct substrate specificity raised doubts about the classification. Metacaspases are involved in regulating the PCD during development as well as in senescence. Balancing acts of metacaspase activity also dictate cell fate during defense upon the perception of adverse environmental cues. Accordingly, their activity is tightly regulated, while suppressing spurious activation, by a combination of genetic and post-translational modifications. Structural insights from recent studies provided vital clues on the functionality. This comprehensive review aims to explore the origin of plant metacaspases, and their regulatory and functional diversity in different plants while discussing their analogy to mammalian caspases. Besides, we have presented various modern methodologies for analyzing the proteolytic activity of these indispensable molecules in the healthy or stressed life of a plant. The review would serve as a repository of all the available pieces of evidence indicating metacaspases as the key regulator of PCD across the plant kingdom and highlight the prospect of studying metacaspases for their inclusion in a crop improvement program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrabani Basak
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
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5
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Ma S, Shi H, Wang GF. The potential roles of different metacaspases in maize defense response. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1906574. [PMID: 33843433 PMCID: PMC8143262 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1906574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metacaspases (MCs), a class of cysteine-dependent proteases, act as important regulators in plant defense response. In maize genome, there are 11 ZmMCs which have been categorized into two types (type I and II) based on their structural differences. In this study, we investigated the different transcript patterns of 11 ZmMCs in maize defense response mediated by the nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-repeat protein Rp1-D21. We further predicted that many cis-elements responsive to salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin were identified in the promoter regions of ZmMCs, and several different transcription factors were predicted to bind to their promoters. We analyzed the localization of ZmMCs with previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in maize disease resistance, and found that all other ZmMCs, except for ZmMC6-8, are co-located with at least one QTL associated with disease resistance to southern leaf blight, northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot or Fusarium ear rot. Based on previous RNA-seq analysis, different ZmMCs display different transcript levels in response to Cochliobolous heterostrophus and Fusarium verticillioides. All the results imply that the members of ZmMCs might have differential functions to different maize diseases. This study lays the basis for further investigating the roles of ZmMCs in maize disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hong Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
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Ren H, Zhao X, Li W, Hussain J, Qi G, Liu S. Calcium Signaling in Plant Programmed Cell Death. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051089. [PMID: 34063263 PMCID: PMC8147489 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process intended for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by eliminating old, damaged, or unwanted cells. In plants, PCD takes place during developmental processes and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In contrast to the field of animal studies, PCD is not well understood in plants. Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal cell signaling entity and regulates numerous physiological activities across all the kingdoms of life. The cytosolic increase in Ca2+ is a prerequisite for the induction of PCD in plants. Although over the past years, we have witnessed significant progress in understanding the role of Ca2+ in the regulation of PCD, it is still unclear how the upstream stress perception leads to the Ca2+ elevation and how the signal is further propagated to result in the onset of PCD. In this review article, we discuss recent advancements in the field, and compare the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD in biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, we discuss the upstream and downstream components of Ca2+ signaling and its crosstalk with other signaling pathways in PCD. The review is expected to provide new insights into the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD and to identify gaps for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Jamshaid Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan;
| | - Guoning Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.Q.); (S.L.)
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.Q.); (S.L.)
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7
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Luan QL, Zhu YX, Ma S, Sun Y, Liu XY, Liu M, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wang GF. Maize metacaspases modulate the defense response mediated by the NLR protein Rp1-D21 likely by affecting its subcellular localization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:151-166. [PMID: 33107667 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants usually employ resistance (R) genes to defend against the infection of pathogens, and most R genes encode intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. The recognition between R proteins and their cognate pathogens often triggers a rapid localized cell death at the pathogen infection sites, termed the hypersensitive response (HR). Metacaspases (MCs) belong to a cysteine protease family, structurally related to metazoan caspases. MCs play crucial roles in plant immunity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and the link between MCs and NLR-mediated HR are not clear. In this study, we systematically investigated the MC gene family in maize and identified 11 ZmMCs belonging to two types. Further functional analysis showed that the type I ZmMC1 and ZmMC2, but not the type II ZmMC9, suppress the HR-inducing activity of the autoactive NLR protein Rp1-D21 and of its N-terminal coiled-coil (CCD21 ) signaling domain when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. ZmMC1 and ZmMC2 physically associate with CCD21 in vivo. We further showed that ZmMC1 and ZmMC2, but not ZmMC9, are predominantly localized in a punctate distribution in both N. benthamiana and maize (Zea mays) protoplasts. Furthermore, the co-expression of ZmMC1 and ZmMC2 with Rp1-D21 and CCD21 causes their re-distribution from being uniformly distributed in the nucleocytoplasm to a punctate distribution co-localizing with ZmMC1 and ZmMC2. We reveal a novel role of plant MCs in modulating the NLR-mediated defense response and derive a model to explain it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Luan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Shijun Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
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Liu H, Wei Y, Deng Z, Yang H, Dai L, Li D. Involvement of HbMC1-mediated cell death in tapping panel dryness of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:391-403. [PMID: 30496555 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tapping panel dryness (TPD) causes a significant reduction in the latex yield of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). It is reported that TPD is a typical programmed cell death (PCD) process. Although PCD plays a vital role in TPD occurrence, there is a lack of detailed and systematic study. Metacaspases are key regulators of diverse PCD in plants. Based on our previous result that HbMC1 was associated with TPD, we further elucidate the roles of HbMC1 on rubber tree TPD in this study. HbMC1 was up-regulated by TPD-inducing factors including wounding, ethephon and H2O2. Moreover, the expression level of HbMC1 was increased along with TPD severity in rubber tree, suggesting a positive correlation between HbMC1 expression and TPD severity. To investigate its biological function, HbMC1 was overexpressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). Transgenic yeast and tobacco overexpressing HbMC1 showed growth retardation compared with controls under H2O2-induced oxidative stress. In addition, overexpression of HbMC1 in yeast and tobacco reduced cell survival after high-concentration H2O2 treatment and resulted in enhanced H2O2-induced leaf cell death, respectively. A total of 11 proteins, rbcL, TM9SF2-like, COX3, ATP9, DRP, HbREF/Hevb1, MSSP2-like, SRC2, GATL8, CIPK14-like and STK, were identified and confirmed to interact with HbMC1 by yeast two-hybrid screening and co-transformation in yeast. The 11 proteins mentioned above are associated with many biological processes, including rubber biosynthesis, stress response, autophagy, carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction, etc. Taken together, our results suggest that HbMC1-mediated PCD plays an important role in rubber tree TPD, and the identified HbMC1-interacting proteins provide valuable information for further understanding the molecular mechanism of HbMC1-mediated TPD in rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Yongxuan Wei
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhi Deng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Longjun Dai
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Dejun Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
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Cao Y, Meng D, Chen T, Chen Y, Zeng W, Zhang L, Wang Q, Hen W, Abdullah M, Jin Q, Lin Y, Cai Y. Metacaspase gene family in Rosaceae genomes: Comparative genomic analysis and their expression during pear pollen tube and fruit development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211635. [PMID: 30794567 PMCID: PMC6386261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacaspase (MC), which is discovered gene family with distant caspase homologs in plants, fungi, and protozoa, may be involved in programmed cell death (PCD) processes during plant development and respond abiotic and biotic stresses. To reveal the evolutionary relationship of MC gene family in Rosaceae genomes, we identified 8, 7, 8, 12, 12, and 23 MC genes in the genomes of Fragaria vesca, Prunus mume, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Pyrus bretschneideri and Malus domestica, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the MC genes could be grouped into three clades: Type I*, Type I and Type II, which was supported by gene structure and conserved motif analysis. Microsynteny analysis revealed that MC genes present in the corresponding syntenic blocks of P. communis, P. bretschneideri and M. domestica, and further suggested that large-scale duplication events play an important role in the expansion of MC gene family members in these three genomes than other Rosaceae plants (F. vesca, P. mume and P. persica). RNA-seq data showed the specific expression patterns of PbMC genes in response to drought stress. The expression analysis of MC genes demonstrated that PbMC01 and PbMC03 were able to be detected in all four pear pollen tubes and seven fruit development stages. The current study highlighted the evolutionary relationship and duplication of the MC gene family in these six Rosaceae genomes and provided appropriate candidate genes for further studies in P. bretschneideri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dandan Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tianzhe Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Hen
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Dubey N, Trivedi M, Varsani S, Vyas V, Farsodia M, Singh SK. Genome-wide characterization, molecular evolution and expression profiling of the metacaspases in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). Heliyon 2019; 5:e01162. [PMID: 30793051 PMCID: PMC6370574 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacaspases are distant relatives of animal caspases found in plants, protozoa and fungi. Some recent studies have demonstrated that metacaspases are involved in regulating the developmental and environmentally induced programmed cell death in plants. In this study, we identified metacaspase gene family in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and analyzed their expression pattern in various developmental tissues and stress responses of plants. There were eight metacaspase genes identified in the Peptidase (Cysteine protease) C14 family and based upon sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, a systematic nomenclature of potato metacaspases (SotubMCs) has been proposed. Three of the eight candidate genes showing homology with Arabidopsis thaliana type I metacaspase, AtMC1 were given name SotubMC1, SotubMC2 and SotubMC3 as per the degree of relatedness. Similarly, the next three being homologous to A. thaliana type I metacaspase, AtMC3 were named SotubMC4, SotubMC5, and SotubMC6. The remaining two were named SotubMC7 and SotubMC8, showing significant similarity with type II metacaspases of A. thaliana, AtMC4 and AtMC9, respectively. Evolutionary divergence analysis of SotubMCs from its orthologs in seven other members of Solanaceae family as well as with A. thaliana, Vitis vinifera and Oryza sativa was also carried out. The dN/dS ratios of the orthologous pairs suggested the SotubMCs were under purifying (negative) selection in course of plant evolution. Splicing patterns of potato metacaspases were also analyzed. Amongst all SotubMCs, SotubMC2, SotubMC4, SotubMC6 and SotubMC7 genes appeared to produce multiple alternative spliced variants of different lengths. Furthermore using protein modeling tools, we have predicted the protein structure of identified metacaspases. The cis-regulatory elements analysis was also performed exhibiting the presence of development, stress and hormones related cis-elements in the promoter regions of the SotubMCs. This indicates that potato metacaspases might be playing important roles in the development, stress and hormone responsive pathways. Moreover, relative expression analysis of identified genes was carried out using qRT-PCR in various developmental tissues that also include stolons and tubers. The eight metacaspases showed differential expression in different tissues. Some of the tissues such as leaf undergoing senescence among different leaf developmental stages (immature, mature and senescent) displayed higher relative expression of some of the metacaspases, implying their involvement in leaf senescence. The expression pattern of SotubMCs under various abiotic, biotic and hormonal stresses was also analysed. The results showed that many members of the potato metacaspase gene family displayed differential expression patterns under various stress conditions. Taken together, the study could provide crucial resources for further investigations to understand the functional roles of the identified metacaspases in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Dubey
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Maitri Trivedi
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Suresh Varsani
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0816, USA
| | - Vishal Vyas
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Manisha Farsodia
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat, India
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Ma H, Xiang G, Li Z, Wang Y, Dou M, Su L, Yin X, Liu R, Wang Y, Xu Y. Grapevine VpPR10.1 functions in resistance to Plasmopara viticola through triggering a cell death-like defence response by interacting with VpVDAC3. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1488-1501. [PMID: 29377445 PMCID: PMC6041444 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most serious diseases in grape, downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola is a worldwide grape disease. Much effort has been focused on improving susceptible grapevine resistance, and wild resistant grapevine species are important for germplasm improvement of commercial cultivars. Using yeast two-hybrid screen followed by a series of immunoprecipitation experiments, we identified voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3) protein from Vitis piasezkii 'Liuba-8' as an interacting partner of VpPR10.1 cloned from Vitis pseudoreticulata 'Baihe-35-1', which is an important germplasm for its resistance to a range of pathogens. Co-expression of VpPR10.1/VpVDAC3 induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, which accompanied by ROS accumulation. VpPR10.1 transgenic grapevine line showed resistance to P. viticola. We conclude that the VpPR10.1/VpVDAC3 complex is responsible for cell death-mediated defence response to P. viticola in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Zhiqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Mengru Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Li Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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Zamyatnin AA. Plant Proteases Involved in Regulated Cell Death. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1701-15. [PMID: 26878575 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915130064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Each plant genome encodes hundreds of proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes can be divided into five distinct classes: cysteine-, serine-, aspartic-, threonine-, and metalloproteinases. Despite the differences in their structural properties and activities, members of all of these classes in plants are involved in the processes of regulated cell death - a basic feature of eukaryotic organisms. Regulated cell death in plants is an indispensable mechanism supporting plant development, survival, stress responses, and defense against pathogens. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of plant proteolytic enzymes functioning in the initiation and execution of distinct types of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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13
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Identification and analysis of the metacaspase gene family in tomato. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:523-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Fagundes D, Bohn B, Cabreira C, Leipelt F, Dias N, Bodanese-Zanettini MH, Cagliari A. Caspases in plants: metacaspase gene family in plant stress responses. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 15:639-49. [PMID: 26277721 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-015-0459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an ordered cell suicide that removes unwanted or damaged cells, playing a role in defense to environmental stresses and pathogen invasion. PCD is component of the life cycle of plants, occurring throughout development from embryogenesis to the death. Metacaspases are cysteine proteases present in plants, fungi, and protists. In certain plant-pathogen interactions, the PCD seems to be mediated by metacaspases. We adopted a comparative genomic approach to identify genes coding for the metacaspases in Viridiplantae. We observed that the metacaspase was divided into types I and II, based on their protein structure. The type I has a metacaspase domain at the C-terminus region, presenting or not a zinc finger motif in the N-terminus region and a prodomain rich in proline. Metacaspase type II does not feature the prodomain and the zinc finger, but has a linker between caspase-like catalytic domains of 20 kDa (p20) and 10 kDa (p10). A high conservation was observed in the zinc finger domain (type I proteins) and in p20 and p10 subunits (types I and II proteins). The phylogeny showed that the metacaspases are divided into three principal groups: type I with and without zinc finger domain and type II metacaspases. The algae and moss are presented as outgroup, suggesting that these three classes of metacaspases originated in the early stages of Viridiplantae, being the absence of the zinc finger domain the ancient condition. The study of metacaspase can clarify their assignment and involvement in plant PCD mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fagundes
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), CEP 96816-50, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Bohn
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), CEP 96816-50, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Cabreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Leipelt
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), CEP 96816-50, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Nathalia Dias
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), CEP 96816-50, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Alexandro Cagliari
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), CEP 96816-50, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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Stress-Responsive Expression, Subcellular Localization and Protein-Protein Interactions of the Rice Metacaspase Family. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16216-41. [PMID: 26193260 PMCID: PMC4519946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metacaspases, a class of cysteine-dependent proteases like caspases in animals, are important regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) during development and stress responses in plants. The present study was focused on comprehensive analyses of expression patterns of the rice metacaspase (OsMC) genes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses and stress-related hormones. Results indicate that members of the OsMC family displayed differential expression patterns in response to abiotic (e.g., drought, salt, cold, and heat) and biotic (e.g., infection by Magnaporthe oryzae, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani) stresses and stress-related hormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (a precursor of ethylene), although the responsiveness to these stresses or hormones varies to some extent. Subcellular localization analyses revealed that OsMC1 was solely localized and OsMC2 was mainly localized in the nucleus. Whereas OsMC3, OsMC4, and OsMC7 were evenly distributed in the cells, OsMC5, OsMC6, and OsMC8 were localized in cytoplasm. OsMC1 interacted with OsLSD1 and OsLSD3 while OsMC3 only interacted with OsLSD1 and that the zinc finger domain in OsMC1 is responsible for the interaction activity. The systematic expression and biochemical analyses of the OsMC family provide valuable information for further functional studies on the biological roles of OsMCs in PCD that is related to abiotic and biotic stress responses.
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Kim NH, Hwang BK. Pepper pathogenesis-related protein 4c is a plasma membrane-localized cysteine protease inhibitor that is required for plant cell death and defense signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:81-94. [PMID: 25335438 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) type III effector AvrBsT triggers programmed cell death (PCD) and activates the hypersensitive response (HR) in plants. Here, we isolated and identified the plasma membrane localized pathogenesis-related (PR) protein 4c gene (CaPR4c) from pepper (Capsicum annuum) leaves undergoing AvrBsT-triggered HR cell death. CaPR4c encodes a protein with a signal peptide and a Barwin domain. Recombinant CaPR4c protein expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited cysteine protease-inhibitor activity and ribonuclease (RNase) activity. Subcellular localization analyses revealed that CaPR4c localized to the plasma membrane in plant cells. CaPR4c expression was rapidly and specifically induced by avirulent Xcv (avrBsT) infection. Transient expression of CaPR4c caused HR cell death in pepper leaves, which was accompanied by enhanced accumulation of H2 O2 and significant induction of some defense-response genes. Deletion of the signal peptide from CaPR4c abolished the induction of HR cell death, indicating a requirement for plasma membrane localization of CaPR4c for HR cell death. CaPR4c silencing in pepper disrupted both basal and AvrBsT-triggered resistance responses, and enabled Xcv proliferation in infected leaves. H2 O2 accumulation, cell-death induction, and defense-response gene expression were distinctly reduced in CaPR4c-silenced pepper. CaPR4c overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants conferred greater resistance against infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. These results collectively suggest that CaPR4c plays an important role in plant cell death and defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
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17
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Acosta-Maspons A, Sepúlveda-García E, Sánchez-Baldoquín L, Marrero-Gutiérrez J, Pons T, Rocha-Sosa M, González L. Two aspartate residues at the putative p10 subunit of a type II metacaspase from Nicotiana tabacum L. may contribute to the substrate-binding pocket. PLANTA 2014; 239:147-60. [PMID: 24121807 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metacaspases are cysteine proteases present in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and early branching eukaryotes, although a detailed description of their cellular function remains unclear. Currently, three-dimensional (3D) structures are only available for two metacaspases: Trypanosoma brucei (MCA2) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yca1). Furthermore, metacaspases diverged from animal caspases of known structure, which limits straightforward homology-based interpretation of functional data. We report for the first time the identification and initial characterization of a metacaspase of Nicotiana tabacum L., NtMC1. By combining domain search, multiple sequence alignment (MSA), and protein fold-recognition studies, we provide compelling evidences that NtMC1 is a plant metacaspase type II, and predict its 3D structure using the crystal structure of two type I metacaspases (MCA2 and Yca1) and Gsu0716 protein from Geobacter sulfurreducens as template. Analysis of the predicted 3D structure allows us to propose Asp353, at the putative p10 subunit, as a new member of the aspartic acid triad that coordinates the P1 arginine/lysine residue of the substrate. Nevertheless, site-directed mutagenesis and expression analysis in bacteria and Nicotiana benthamiana indicate the functionality of both Asp348 and Asp353. Through the co-expression of mutant and wild-type proteins by transient expression in N. benthamiana leaves we found that polypeptide processing seems to be intramolecular. Our results provide the first evidence in plant metacaspases concerning the functionality of the putative p10 subunit.
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18
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Zhang C, Gong P, Wei R, Li S, Zhang X, Yu Y, Wang Y. The metacaspase gene family of Vitis vinifera L.: Characterization and differential expression during ovule abortion in stenospermocarpic seedless grapes. Gene 2013; 528:267-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kim SM, Bae C, Oh SK, Choi D. A pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) metacaspase 9 (Camc9) plays a role in pathogen-induced cell death in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:557-66. [PMID: 23522353 PMCID: PMC6638822 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metacaspases, which belong to the cysteine-type C14 protease family, are most structurally similar to mammalian caspases than any other caspase-like protease in plants. Atmc9 (Arabidopsis thaliana metacaspase 9) has a unique domain structure, and distinct biochemical characteristics, such as Ca²⁺ binding, pH, redox status, S-nitrosylation and specific protease inhibitors. However, the biological roles of Atmc9 in plant-pathogen interactions remain largely unknown. In this study, a metacaspase gene present as a single copy in the pepper genome, and sharing 54% amino acid sequence identity with Atmc9, was isolated and named Capsicum annuum metacaspase 9 (Camc9). Camc9 encodes a 318-amino-acid polypeptide with an estimated molecular weight of 34.6 kDa, and shares approximately 40% amino acid sequence identity with known type II metacaspases in plants. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that the expression of Camc9 was induced by infections of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria race 1 and race 3 and treatment with methyl jasmonate. Suppression of Camc9 expression using virus-induced gene silencing enhanced disease resistance and suppressed cell death symptom development following infection with virulent bacterial pathogens. By contrast, overexpression of Camc9 by transient or stable transformation enhanced disease susceptibility and pathogen-induced cell death by regulation of reactive oxygen species production and defence-related gene expression. These results suggest that Camc9 is a possible member of the metacaspase gene family and plays a role as a positive regulator of pathogen-induced cell death in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea
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20
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Abstract
Metacaspases are cysteine-dependent proteases found in protozoa, fungi and plants and are distantly related to metazoan caspases. Although metacaspases share structural properties with those of caspases, they lack Asp specificity and cleave their targets after Arg or Lys residues. Studies performed over the past 10 years have demonstrated that metacaspases are multifunctional proteases essential for normal physiology of non-metazoan organisms. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the metacaspase function and molecular regulation during programmed cell death, stress and cell proliferation, as well as an analysis of the first metacaspase-mediated proteolytic pathway. To prevent further misapplication of caspase-specific molecular probes for measuring and inhibiting metacaspase activity, we provide a list of probes suitable for metacaspases.
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Coll NS, Epple P, Dangl JL. Programmed cell death in the plant immune system. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1247-56. [PMID: 21475301 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death has a central role in innate immune responses in both plants and animals. Besides sharing striking convergences and similarities in the overall evolutionary organization of their innate immune systems, both plants and animals can respond to infection and pathogen recognition with programmed cell death. The fact that plant and animal pathogens have evolved strategies to subvert specific cell death modalities emphasizes the essential role of cell death during immune responses. The hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in plants displays morphological features, molecular architectures and mechanisms reminiscent of different inflammatory cell death types in animals (pyroptosis and necroptosis). In this review, we describe the molecular pathways leading to cell death during innate immune responses. Additionally, we present recently discovered caspase and caspase-like networks regulating cell death that have revealed fascinating analogies between cell death control across both kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Coll
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Purkayastha A, Dasgupta I. Virus-induced gene silencing: a versatile tool for discovery of gene functions in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:967-76. [PMID: 19783452 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a technology that exploits an antiviral defense mechanism in plants as a tool for plant reverse genetics. VIGS circumvents the need for plant transformation, is methodologically simple and yields rapid results. Various VIGS vectors have been developed and have helped to unravel the functions of genes involved in processes such as disease resistance, abiotic stress, cellular signaling and secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Purkayastha
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
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McLellan H, Gilroy EM, Yun BW, Birch PRJ, Loake GJ. Functional redundancy in the Arabidopsis Cathepsin B gene family contributes to basal defence, the hypersensitive response and senescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:408-418. [PMID: 19453434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases are required for programmed cell death (PCD) in animals. Recent work in Nicotiana benthamiana has implicated cathepsin B-like cysteine proteases in the hypersensitive response (HR) in plants, a form of PCD involved in disease resistance. Here, we investigate the function and regulation of Cathepsin B (CathB) genes in plant defence, and in both pathogen-inducible and developmental forms of PCD. Single, double and triple knockout mutants were isolated for the three Arabidopsis thaliana AtCathB genes. AtCathB genes were redundantly required for full basal resistance against the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. By contrast, AtCathB genes were not required for R gene-mediated resistance to Pst DC3000 expressing AvrB or AvrRps4. Neither did they contribute to PCD triggered by AvrRps4, although they were crucial for the full development of PCD during HR triggered by AvrB. Cathepsin B has also been proposed to play a positive regulatory role in senescence. Atcathb triple mutants showed a delay in senescence and a seven-fold decrease in accumulation of senescence marker gene SAG12. Our results demonstrate a redundant function for AtCathB genes in basal defence as well as a potential regulatory role in distinct forms of plant PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel McLellan
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
- Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Plant Pathology Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
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Castillo-Olamendi L, Bravo-Garcìa A, Morán J, Rocha-Sosa M, Porta H. AtMCP1b, a chloroplast-localised metacaspase, is induced in vascular tissue after wounding or pathogen infection. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 34:1061-1071. [PMID: 32689436 DOI: 10.1071/fp07153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
cDNA corresponding to the Arabidopsis type I metacaspase AtMCP1b was isolated from plants infected with Pseudomonas syringae. A positive correlation between AtMCP1b expression and cell death was observed in the presence of staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor that induces programmed cell death. The tissue localisation of an AtMCP1b promoter-GUS fusion was observed in the vascular tissue of transgenic plants. GUS activity increased in response to an incompatible DC3000 (avrRpm1) or a compatible DC3000 P. syringae infection, or to wounding. Confocal and immunohistochemical analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) leaves showed that an AtMCP1b-GFP fusion protein was localised in the chloroplasts. Our data support a positive correlation between AtMCP1b gene expression and cell death in response to wounding or pathogenic interactions. Moreover, the localisation of AtMCP1b gene expression within vascular tissue and cells of abscission regions strongly supports a role for AtMCP1b in programmed cell dismantling events in response to environmental and developmental triggers. The AtMCP1b-GFP subcellular localisation infers a role for the plastid organelles in PCD and, thus, in responses to pathogen attack and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Castillo-Olamendi
- Departmento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Armando Bravo-Garcìa
- Departmento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Julio Morán
- Departmento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Mario Rocha-Sosa
- Departmento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Helena Porta
- Departmento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
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