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Eliášová K, Vondráková Z, Gemperlová L, Neděla V, Runštuk J, Fischerová L, Malbeck J, Trávníčková A, Cvikrová M, Vágner M. The Response of Picea abies Somatic Embryos to UV-B Radiation Depends on the Phase of Maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1736. [PMID: 30538715 PMCID: PMC6277568 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is a key environmental signal which initiates diverse responses that affect the metabolism, development, and viability of plants. In keeping with our previous studies, we concentrated primarily on how UV-B radiation affects Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] somatic embryo maturation and how phenolics and polyamines (PAs) are linked to the defense response invoked by UV-B irradiation. We treated clusters of Norway spruce embryogenic culture (EC) with UV-B during the five stages of embryo maturation (early, cylindrical, precotyledonary, cotyledonary, and mature embryos). For the first time, we take an advantage of the unique environmental scanning electron microscope AQUASEM II to characterize somatic embryos in their native state. The severity of the irradiation effect on embryonal cell viability was shown to be dependent on the intensity of radiation as well as the stage of embryo development, and might be related to the formation of protoderm. The response of early embryos was characterized by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), a marked decrease in PA contents and a decline in phenolics. The reduced ability to activate the defense system seems to be responsible not only for the severe cell damage and decrease in viability but also for the inhibition of embryo development. The significant reduction in spermidine (Spd), which has been reported to be crucial for the somatic embryo development of several coniferous species, may be causally linked to the limited development of embryos. The pronounced decrease in cell wall-bound ferulic acid might correspond to failure of somatic embryos to reach more advanced stages of development. Embryos at later stages of development showed stress defense responses that were more efficient against UV-B exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Eliášová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Gemperlová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiří Runštuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lucie Fischerová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Malbeck
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Trávníčková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milena Cvikrová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Vágner
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Schweikert K, Burritt DJ. Polyamines in macroalgae: advances and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:838-849. [PMID: 26986881 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PA) are ubiquitous, small, aliphatic cations found in all living cells. In recent years the importance of these molecules for macroalgae has become evident and a substantial body of knowledge has been accumulated over the last three decades. This review summarizes research on the PAs found in macroalgae, their transport and metabolism, and their biological significance in processes such as cell division, chloroplast development, and reproduction. The involvement of PAs in environmental stress responses in macroalgae is also addressed. The discussion of PAs in this review not only demonstrates that PAs play an important role in physiological processes in macroalgae, but also clearly demonstrates the similarities and differences between PA metabolism in macroalgae and higher plants. Key areas for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schweikert
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - David J Burritt
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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Schweikert K, Hurd CL, Sutherland JE, Burritt DJ. Regulation of polyamine metabolism in Pyropia cinnamomea (W.A. Nelson), an important mechanism for reducing UV-B-induced oxidative damage. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:267-279. [PMID: 26988184 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that ultraviolet (UV) radiation can have adverse affects on phototrophic organisms, independent of ozone depletion. The red intertidal seaweed Pyropia cinnamomea W.A. Nelson (previously Porphyra cinnamomea Sutherland et al. 2011), similar to many other intertidal macrophytes, is exposed to high levels of UV radiation on a daily basis due to emersion in the upper littoral zone. It has been shown that seaweeds, like higher plants, respond to an increased activity of antioxidative enzymes when exposed to stress. However, earlier investigations have shown that P. cinnamomea also compensates for stress due to UV radiation by increasing polyamine (PA) levels, especially bound-soluble and bound-insoluble PAs. The PA precursor putrescine (PUT) can be synthesized via two enzymatic pathways: arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Both of these enzymes showed increased activity in P. cinnamomea under UV stress. In higher plants, ADC is the enzyme responsible for increased PA levels during stress exposure, while ODC is correlated with cell division and reproduction. However, there are contrary findings in the literature. Using two irreversible inhibitors, we identified the enzyme most likely responsible for increased PUT synthesis and therefore increased stress tolerance in P. cinnamomea. Our results show that changes in the PA synthesis pathway in P. cinnamomea under UV stress are based on an increased activity of ADC. When either inhibitor was added, lipid hydroperoxide levels increased even under photosynthetically active radiation, suggesting that PAs are involved in protection mechanisms under normal light conditions as well. We also show that under optimum or low-stress conditions, ODC activity is correlated with PUT synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schweikert
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Judith E Sutherland
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - David J Burritt
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Cvikrová M, Gemperlová L, Martincová O, Vanková R. Effect of drought and combined drought and heat stress on polyamine metabolism in proline-over-producing tobacco plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:7-15. [PMID: 24029075 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The roles of proline and polyamines (PAs) in the drought stress responses of tobacco plants were investigated by comparing the responses to drought alone and drought in combination with heat in the upper and lower leaves and roots of wild-type tobacco plants and transformants that constitutively over-express a modified gene for the proline biosynthetic enzyme Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CSF129A; EC 2.7.2.11/1.2.1.41). In both genotypes, drought stress coincided with a decrease in relative water content (RWC) that was much less severe in the upper leaves than elsewhere in the plant. The drought also increased proline levels in both genotypes. A brief period of heat stress (2 h at 40 °C) at the end of the drought period did not significantly influence the proline levels in the upper leaves and roots but caused a further increase in the lower leaves of both genotypes. The rate at which these elevated proline levels returned to normal during the post-stress recovery period was slower in the transformants and plants that had been subjected to the combined stress. In both genotypes, drought stress significantly reduced the levels of spermidine (Spd) and putrescine (Put) in the leaves and roots relative to those for controls, and increased the levels of spermine (Spm) and diaminopropane (Dap, formed by the oxidative deamination of Spd and Spm). Spd levels may have declined due to its consumption in Spm biosynthesis and/or oxidation by polyamine oxidase (PAO; EC 1.5.3.11) to form Dap, which became more abundant during drought stress. During the rewatering period, the plants' Put and Spd levels recovered quickly and the activity of the PA biosynthesis enzymes in their leaves and roots increased substantially; this increase was more pronounced in transformants than WT plants. The high levels of Spm observed in drought stressed plants persisted even after the 24 h recovery and rewatering phase. The malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of the lower leaves of WTs increased substantially during the drought stress period; a less pronounced increase occurred in the transformants and after the application of the combined stress. After the post-stress recovery period, the MDA contents in the leaves of both genotypes were higher than those in the corresponding controls. The MDA contents of the upper leaves in plants of both genotypes remained relatively constant throughout, indicating that these leaves are preferentially protected against the adverse effects of oxidative stress and demonstrating the efficiency of the plants' induced antioxidative defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Cvikrová
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Foster A, Barnes N, Speight R, Morris PC, Keane MA. Role of amine oxidase expression to maintain putrescine homeostasis in Rhodococcus opacus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 52:286-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mulangi V, Chibucos MC, Phuntumart V, Morris PF. Kinetic and phylogenetic analysis of plant polyamine uptake transporters. PLANTA 2012; 236:1261-1273. [PMID: 22711282 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rice gene Polyamine Uptake Transporter1 (PUT1) was originally identified based on its homology to the polyamine uptake transporters LmPOT1 and TcPAT12 in Leishmania major and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively. Here we show that five additional transporters from rice and Arabidopsis that cluster in the same clade as PUT1 all function as high affinity spermidine uptake transporters. Yeast expression assays of these genes confirmed that uptake of spermidine was minimally affected by 166 fold or greater concentrations of amino acids. Characterized polyamine transporters from both Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa along with the two polyamine transporters from L. major and T. cruzi were aligned and used to generate a hidden Markov model. This model was used to identify significant matches to proteins in other angiosperms, bryophytes, chlorophyta, discicristates, excavates, stramenopiles and amoebozoa. No significant matches were identified in fungal or metazoan genomes. Phylogenic analysis showed that some sequences from the haptophyte, Emiliania huxleyi, as well as sequences from oomycetes and diatoms clustered closer to sequences from plant genomes than from a homologous sequence in the red algal genome Galdieria sulphuraria, consistent with the hypothesis that these polyamine transporters were acquired by horizontal transfer from green algae. Leishmania and Trypansosoma formed a separate cluster with genes from other Discicristates and two Entamoeba species. We surmise that the genes in Entamoeba species were acquired by phagotrophy of Discicristates. In summary, phylogenetic and functional analysis has identified two clades of genes that are predictive of polyamine transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Mulangi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
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Cvikrová M, Gemperlová L, Dobrá J, Martincová O, Prásil IT, Gubis J, Vanková R. Effect of heat stress on polyamine metabolism in proline-over-producing tobacco plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 182:49-58. [PMID: 22118615 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of heat stress on the accumulation of proline and on the level of polyamines (PAs) in tobacco plants was investigated. Responses to heat stress were compared in the upper and lower leaves and roots of tobacco plants that constitutively over-express a modified gene for the proline biosynthetic enzyme Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CSF129A) and in the corresponding wild-type. In the initial phases of heat stress (after 2h at 40°C), the accumulation of proline increased in the wild type but slightly decreased in the transformants. The response to heat stress in proline-over-producing tobacco plants involved a transient increase in the levels of free and conjugated putrescine (Put) and in the levels of free spermidine (Spd), norspermidine (N-Spd) and spermine (Spm) after a 2-h lag phase, which correlated with stimulation of the activity of the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes. Diamine oxidase (DAO) activity increased in both plant genotypes, most significantly in the leaves of WT plants. Polyamine oxidase (PAO) activity increased in the roots of WT plants and decreased in the leaves and roots of the transformants. After 6h of heat stress, proline accumulation was observed in the transformants, especially in the lower leaves; much more modest increase was observed in the WT plants. A decrease in the levels of free and conjugated Put coincided with down-regulation of the activity of ornithine decarboxylase and marked stimulation of DAO activity in the leaves and roots of the transformants. PAO activity increased in the roots of the transformants but decreased in the leaves. Conversely, in WT tobacco subjected to 6h of heat stress, slight increases in free and conjugated PA levels were observed and the activity of DAO only increased in the roots; PAO activity did not change from the value observed during the initial phase of heat stress. 6 Hours' heat stress had no effect on the level of malondialdehyde (MDA; a product of lipid peroxidation), in the upper leaves of either genotype. After a recovery period (2h at 25°C), most of the studied parameters exhibited values comparable to those observed in untreated plants. The coordination of the proline and polyamine biosynthetic pathways during heat stress conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Cvikrová
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Toumi I, Moschou PN, Paschalidis KA, Bouamama B, Ben Salem-Fnayou A, Ghorbel AW, Mliki A, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. Abscisic acid signals reorientation of polyamine metabolism to orchestrate stress responses via the polyamine exodus pathway in grapevine. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:519-25. [PMID: 20060616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) have been suggested to be implicated in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress. Grapevine is a model perennial plant species whose cultivars respond differently to osmotic stress. In this study, we used two cultivars, one sensitive (S) and one tolerant (T) to drought. In adult vines subjected to drought under greenhouse conditions, total PAs were significantly lower in the control T- and higher in the control S-genotype and significantly increased or decreased, respectively, post-treatment. Soluble Put and Spd exhibited the greatest increase on d 8 post-treatment in the T- but not in the S-genotype, which accumulated soluble Spm. Abscisic acid (ABA) was differentially accumulated in T- and S-genotypes under drought conditions, and activated the PA biosynthetic pathway, which in turn was correlated with the differential increases in PA titers. In parallel, polyamine oxidases (PAOs) increased primarily in the S-genotype. ABA at least partially induced PA accumulation and exodus into the apoplast, where they were oxidized by the apoplastic amine oxidases (AOs), producing H2O2, which signaled secondary stress responses. The results here show that the ABA signaling pathway integrates PAs and AOs to regulate the generation of H2O2, which signals further stress responses or the PCD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene Toumi
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2280, 71409 Heraklion Crete, Greece
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Lippmann R, Kaspar S, Rutten T, Melzer M, Kumlehn J, Matros A, Mock HP. Protein and metabolite analysis reveals permanent induction of stress defense and cell regeneration processes in a tobacco cell suspension culture. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3012-3032. [PMID: 19742122 PMCID: PMC2738909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10073012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretome of a tobacco cell suspension culture was investigated by a combined proteomic and metabolomic approach. Protein analysis from 2-DE gels led to identification of 32 out of 60 spots from culture medium. Identified proteins were mainly involved in stress defence and cell regeneration processes. Among them three putative new isoforms, e.g. for chitinase, peroxidase and beta-1,4-xylosidase were identified, not yet present in available protein databases for the genus Nicotiana. GC-MS analysis of time course experiments revealed significant changes for metabolites involved in energy transport, signalling and cell development. Among them, the most significant increase was found for putrescine in the medium of cultures entering the exponential phase. Results showed strong abundance of stress associated proteins and metabolites in the absence of elicitors or additional stress treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Lippmann
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06 466, Gatersleben, Germany; E-Mails:
(R.L.);
(S.K.);
(T.R.);
(M.M.);
(J.K.);
(A.M.)
| | - Stephanie Kaspar
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06 466, Gatersleben, Germany; E-Mails:
(R.L.);
(S.K.);
(T.R.);
(M.M.);
(J.K.);
(A.M.)
| | - Twan Rutten
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06 466, Gatersleben, Germany; E-Mails:
(R.L.);
(S.K.);
(T.R.);
(M.M.);
(J.K.);
(A.M.)
| | - Michael Melzer
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06 466, Gatersleben, Germany; E-Mails:
(R.L.);
(S.K.);
(T.R.);
(M.M.);
(J.K.);
(A.M.)
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06 466, Gatersleben, Germany; E-Mails:
(R.L.);
(S.K.);
(T.R.);
(M.M.);
(J.K.);
(A.M.)
| | - Andrea Matros
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06 466, Gatersleben, Germany; E-Mails:
(R.L.);
(S.K.);
(T.R.);
(M.M.);
(J.K.);
(A.M.)
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06 466, Gatersleben, Germany; E-Mails:
(R.L.);
(S.K.);
(T.R.);
(M.M.);
(J.K.);
(A.M.)
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Moschou PN, Paschalidis KA, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. Plant polyamine catabolism: The state of the art. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:1061-6. [PMID: 19513239 PMCID: PMC2634460 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.12.7172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines have long been implicated in plant growth and development, as well as adaptation to abiotic and biotic stress. As a general rule of thumb the higher the polyamine titers the better. However, their molecular roles in plant stress responses still remain obscure. It has been postulated that they could act through their catabolism, which generates molecules which may act as secondary messengers signalling networks of numerous developmental and stress adaptation processes. Recently it was shown that plant and mammalian polyamine catabolism share critical features, giving new insight in plant polyamine catabolism. In this review, the advances in genes and proteins of polyamine catabolism in plants is presented and compared to other models.
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