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Harrison C, Noleto-Dias C, Ruvo G, Hughes DJ, Smith DP, Mead A, Ward JL, Heuer S, MacGregor DR. The mechanisms behind the contrasting responses to waterlogging in black-grass ( Alopecurus myosuroides) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23193. [PMID: 38417910 DOI: 10.1071/fp23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides ) is one of the most problematic agricultural weeds of Western Europe, causing significant yield losses in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum ) and other crops through competition for space and resources. Previous studies link black-grass patches to water-retaining soils, yet its specific adaptations to these conditions remain unclear. We designed pot-based waterlogging experiments to compare 13 biotypes of black-grass and six cultivars of wheat. These showed that wheat roots induced aerenchyma when waterlogged whereas aerenchyma-like structures were constitutively present in black-grass. Aerial biomass of waterlogged wheat was smaller, whereas waterlogged black-grass was similar or larger. Variability in waterlogging responses within and between these species was correlated with transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in leaves of control or waterlogged plants. In wheat, transcripts associated with regulation and utilisation of phosphate compounds were upregulated and sugars and amino acids concentrations were increased. Black-grass biotypes showed limited molecular responses to waterlogging. Some black-grass amino acids were decreased and one transcript commonly upregulated was previously identified in screens for genes underpinning metabolism-based resistance to herbicides. Our findings provide insights into the different waterlogging tolerances of these species and may help to explain the previously observed patchiness of this weed's distribution in wheat fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Harrison
- Rothamsted Research, Protecting Crops and the Environment, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Clarice Noleto-Dias
- Rothamsted Research, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Gianluca Ruvo
- Rothamsted Research, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - David J Hughes
- Rothamsted Research, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Daniel P Smith
- Rothamsted Research, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Andrew Mead
- Rothamsted Research, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jane L Ward
- Rothamsted Research, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sigrid Heuer
- International Consultant Crop Improvement and Food Security, Harpenden, UK
| | - Dana R MacGregor
- Rothamsted Research, Protecting Crops and the Environment, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
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Caeiro A, Jarak I, Correia S, Canhoto J, Carvalho R. Primary Metabolite Screening Shows Significant Differences between Embryogenic and Non-Embryogenic Callus of Tamarillo ( Solanum betaceum Cav.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2869. [PMID: 37571022 PMCID: PMC10420837 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Tamarillo is a solanaceous tree that has been extensively studied in terms of in vitro clonal propagation, namely somatic embryogenesis. In this work, a protocol of indirect somatic embryogenesis was applied to obtain embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus from leaf segments. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to analyze the primary metabolome of these distinct calli to elucidate possible differentiation mechanisms from the common genetic background callus. Standard multivariate analysis methods were then applied, and were complemented by univariate statistical methods to identify differentially expressed primary metabolites and related metabolic pathways. The results showed carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to be the most relevant in all the calli assayed, with most discriminant metabolites being fructose, glucose and to a lesser extent choline. The glycolytic rate was higher in embryogenic calli, which shows, overall, a higher rate of sugar catabolism and a different profile of phospholipids with a choline/ethanolamine analysis. In general, our results show that a distinct primary metabolome between embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli occurs and that intracellular levels of fructose and sucrose and the glucose to sucrose ratio seem to be good candidates as biochemical biomarkers of embryogenic competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Caeiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Laboratory Associate TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo, Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Correia
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Laboratory Associate TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.); (S.C.)
- InnovPlanProtect CoLab, 7350-478 Elvas, Portugal
| | - Jorge Canhoto
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Laboratory Associate TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Rui Carvalho
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Sunic K, D’Auria JC, Sarkanj B, Spanic V. Metabolic Profiling Identifies Changes in the Winter Wheat Grains Following Fusarium Treatment at Two Locations in Croatia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:911. [PMID: 36840259 PMCID: PMC9962043 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most dangerous diseases of winter wheat, resulting in reduced grain yield and quality, and production of mycotoxins by the Fusarium fungi. In the present study, changes in the grain metabolomics of winter wheat samples infected with Fusarium spp. and corresponding non-infected samples from two locations in Croatia were investigated by GC-MS. A Mann-Whitney test revealed that 24 metabolites detected were significantly separated between Fusarium-inoculated and non-infected samples during the variety by treatment interactions. The results confirmed that in grains of six FHB-resistant varieties, ten metabolites were identified as possible resistance-related metabolites. These metabolites included heptadecanoic acid, 9-(Z)-hexadecenoic acid, sophorose, and secolaganin in grains of FHB-resistant varieties at the Osijek location, as well as 2-methylaminomethyltartronic acid, maleamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, 1,4-lactonearabinonic acid, secolaganin, and alanine in grains of FHB-resistant varieties at the Tovarnik location. Moreover, on the PCA bi-plot, FHB-susceptible wheat varieties were closer to glycyl proline, decanoic acid, and lactic acid dimer that could have affected other metabolites, and thus, suppressed resistance to FHB. Although defense reactions were genetically conditioned and variety specific, resulting metabolomics changes may give insight into defense-related pathways that could be manipulated to engineer plants with improved resistance to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Sunic
- Department for Breeding and Genetics of Small Cereal Crops, Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno Predgradje 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - John Charles D’Auria
- Department of Molecular Genetics Leibniz, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben), OT Gatersleben Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Bojan Sarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Trg dr. Zarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Valentina Spanic
- Department for Breeding and Genetics of Small Cereal Crops, Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno Predgradje 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Feng BS, Kang DC, Sun J, Leng P, Liu LX, Wang L, Ma C, Liu YG. Research on melatonin in fruits and vegetables and the mechanism of exogenous melatonin on postharvest preservation. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Alfosea-Simón M, Simón-Grao S, Zavala-Gonzalez EA, Cámara-Zapata JM, Simón I, Martínez-Nicolás JJ, Lidón V, García-Sánchez F. Physiological, Nutritional and Metabolomic Responses of Tomato Plants After the Foliar Application of Amino Acids Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid and Alanine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:581234. [PMID: 33488641 PMCID: PMC7817619 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is facing a great number of different pressures due to the increase in population and the greater amount of food it demands, the environmental impact due to the excessive use of conventional fertilizers, and climate change, which subjects the crops to extreme environmental conditions. One of the solutions to these problems could be the use of biostimulant products that are rich in amino acids (AAs), which substitute and/or complement conventional fertilizers and help plants adapt to climate change. To formulate these products, it is first necessary to understand the role of the application of AAs (individually or as a mixture) in the physiological and metabolic processes of crops. For this, research was conducted to assess the effects of the application of different amino acids (Aspartic acid (Asp), Glutamic acid (Glu), L-Alanine (Ala) and their mixtures Asp + Glu and Asp + Glu + Ala on tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.). To understand the effect of these treatments, morphological, physiological, ionomic and metabolomic studies were performed. The results showed that the application of Asp + Glu increased the growth of the plants, while those plants that received Ala had a decreased dry biomass of the shoots. The greatest increase in the growth of the plants with Asp + Glu was related with the increase in the net CO2 assimilation, the increase of proline, isoleucine and glucose with respect to the rest of the treatments. These data allow us to conclude that there is a synergistic effect between Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid, and the amino acid Alanine produces phytotoxicity when applied at 15 mM. The application of this amino acid altered the synthesis of proline and the pentose-phosphate route, and increased GABA and trigonelline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alfosea-Simón
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Silvia Simón-Grao
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Inmaculada Simón
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Lidón
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Sánchez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
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Araya-Flores J, Guzmán C, Matus I, Parada R, Jarpa G, de Camargo AC, Shahidi F, Schwember AR. New Findings in the Amino Acid Profile and Gene Expression in Contrasting Durum Wheat Gluten Strength Genotypes during Grain Filling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5521-5528. [PMID: 32275419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grain protein composition is important in wheat quality and may influence the amino acidic sequence of bioactive peptides obtained from this feedstock. However, the genetic basis modulating the amino acid profile in durum wheat is not well-understood. Therefore, strong and weak gluten strength durum wheat genotypes were evaluated for their amino acid composition along grain filling. Strong gluten strength lines showed higher expression levels of low-molecular-weight glutenin-related genes between 21 and 35 days post-anthesis (DPA) and exhibited up to 43.5% more alanine than the weak lines at 42 DPA, which was supported by the higher expression levels of putative alanine amino transferase genes in strong genotypes. Therefore, with the involvement of chemistry and molecular biology, the results present here may influence the science of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Araya-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Guzmán
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, CeiA3, ES-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Iván Matus
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro Regional de Investigación Quilamapu, Casilla 426, Chillán, Chile
| | - Roberto Parada
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Jarpa
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Andrés R Schwember
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile
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Sisharmini A, Apriana A, Khumaida N, Trijatmiko KR, Purwoko BS. Expression of a cucumber alanine aminotransferase2 gene improves nitrogen use efficiency in transgenic rice. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2019; 17:9. [PMID: 31712914 PMCID: PMC6848643 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-019-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Rice can absorb less than 40% of applied nitrogen fertilizer, whereas the unabsorbed nitrogen fertilizer may cause environmental problems, such as algal blooms in freshwater and increased production of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas which is 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Development of nitrogen use efficient (NUE) rice is essential for more environmentally friendly rice production. Recently, NUE rice has been developed by root-specific expression of alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) gene from barley, a monocot plant. Therefore, we tested the efficacy of AlaAT gene from cucumber in transgenic rice, aiming to provide evidence for the conservation of AlaAT gene function in monocot and dicot. Results AlaAT gene from cucumber (CsAlaAT2) has been successfully cloned and constructed on pCAMBIA1300 plant expression vectors under the control of tissue-specific promoter OsAnt1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Indonesian rice cv. Fatmawati using this construct produced 14 transgenic events. Pre-screening of T1 seedlings grown in the agar medium containing low nitrogen concentration identified selected events that were superior in the root dry weight. Southern hybridization confirmed the integration of T-DNA in the selected event genomes, each of them carried 1, 2, or 3 T-DNA insertions. Efficacy assay of three lead events in the greenhouse showed that in general transgenic events had increased biomass, tiller number, nitrogen content, and grain yield compared to WT. One event, i.e., FAM13, showed an increase in yield as much as 27.9% and higher plant biomass as much as 27.4% compared to WT under the low nitrogen condition. The lead events also showed higher absorption NUE, agronomical NUE, and grain NUE as compared to WT under the low nitrogen condition. Conclusions The results of this study showed that root-specific expression of cucumber alanine aminotransferase2 gene improved nitrogen use efficiency in transgenic rice, which indicate the conservation of function of this gene in monocot and dicot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atmitri Sisharmini
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Departement of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.,Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar 3A, Bogor, 16111, Indonesia
| | - Aniversari Apriana
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar 3A, Bogor, 16111, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Khumaida
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Departement of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Kurniawan Rudi Trijatmiko
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar 3A, Bogor, 16111, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Sapta Purwoko
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Departement of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
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Zeng W, Peng Y, Zhao X, Wu B, Chen F, Ren B, Zhuang Z, Gao Q, Ding Y. Comparative Proteomics Analysis of the Seedling Root Response of Drought-sensitive and Drought-tolerant Maize Varieties to Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112793. [PMID: 31181633 PMCID: PMC6600177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of maize roots are closely related to drought tolerance. In order to clarify the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance between different maize (Zea mays L.) varieties at the protein level, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) quantitative proteomics were used for the comparative analysis of protein expression in the seedling roots of the drought-tolerant Chang 7-2 and drought-sensitive TS141 maize varieties under 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000)-simulated drought stress. We identified a total of 7723 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), 1243 were significantly differentially expressed in Chang 7-2 following drought stress, 572 of which were up-regulated and 671 were down-regulated; 419 DEPs were identified in TS141, 172 of which were up-regulated and 247 were down-regulated. In Chang 7-2, the DEPs were associated with ribosome pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. In TS141, the DEPs were associated with metabolic pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Compared with TS141, the higher drought tolerance of Chang 7-2 root system was attributed to a stronger water retention capacity; the synergistic effect of antioxidant enzymes; the strengthen cell wall; the osmotic stabilization of plasma membrane proteins; the effectiveness of recycling amino acid; and an improvement in the degree of lignification. The common mechanisms of the drought stress response between the two varieties included: The promotion of enzymes in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway; cross-protection against the toxicity of aldehydes and ammonia; maintenance of the cell membrane stability. Based on the proteome sequencing information, the coding region sequences of eight DEP-related genes were analyzed at the mRNA level by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The findings of this study can inform the future breeding of drought-tolerant maize varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yunling Peng
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhao
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Boyang Wu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Fenqi Chen
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Bin Ren
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Zelong Zhuang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Qiaohong Gao
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yongfu Ding
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Vita F, Giuntoli B, Arena S, Quaranta F, Bertolini E, Lucarotti V, Guglielminetti L, Alessio M, Scaloni A, Alpi A. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizers on two wheat cultivars: An integrated approach. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00089. [PMID: 31245689 PMCID: PMC6508776 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of cultivated plant physiology grown under low energy input plays an important role to indicate their fitness to the new environmental conditions. The durum-wheat cultivars Creso and Dylan were tested to evaluate the growth, production, and proteomic and transcriptomic profiles of the crop under different synthetic and organic nitrogen fertilization regimes. In this work, a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) approach combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to investigate the protein changes induced by the use of different nitrogen sources (hydrolysate of proteins 1 and 2, rhizovit, synthesis, leather) on wheat plants. Proteomic studies were integrated with qPCR analysis of genes related to glutamine synthetase/glutamine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GS-GOGAT) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolic pathways because most relevant for nitrogen-dependent plants growth. The proteomic analysis lead to the isolation of 23 spots that were able to distinguish the analyzed samples. These spots yielded the identification of 60 proteins involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis, and nitrogen metabolism. As an example, the quinone oxidoreductase-like protein and probable glutathione S-transferase GSTU proteins were identified in two spots that represents the most statistically significant ones in Dylan samples. Transcript analysis indicated that related genes exhibited different expression trends; the heat map also revealed the different behaviors of the hydrolysates of the proteins 1 and 2 nitrogen sources. The effects of nitrogenous fertilizers at the proteomic and agronomic levels revealed that plants fertilized with synthesis or rhizovit gave the best results concerning yield, whereas rhizovit and protein hydrolysates were most effective for proteins content in the grain (% of dry weight). Therefore, all parameters measured in this study indicated that different kinds of nitrogen fertilization used have a relevant impact on plant growth and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Vita
- LINV-Department of Plant Soil and Environmental Science University of Florence Florence Italy
- A.R.E.A. Foundation Pisa Italy
| | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- Biology Department University of Pisa Pisa Italy
- Institute of Life Sciences Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa Italy
| | - Simona Arena
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory I.S.P.A.A.M. National Research Council Napoli Italy
| | - Fabrizio Quaranta
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis Unità di ricerca per la valorizzazione qualitativa dei cereali (CREA-QCE) Rome Italy
| | - Edoardo Bertolini
- Institute of Life Sciences Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa Italy
- Present address: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center Saint Louis Missouri
| | - Valentina Lucarotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DiSAAA) University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | | | - Massimo Alessio
- Proteome Biochemistry Unit IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory I.S.P.A.A.M. National Research Council Napoli Italy
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Peña PA, Quach T, Sato S, Ge Z, Nersesian N, Dweikat IM, Soundararajan M, Clemente T. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of transgenic wheat and sorghum events expressing the barley alanine aminotransferase. PLANTA 2017; 246:1097-1107. [PMID: 28801748 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The expression of a barley alanine aminotransferase gene impacts agronomic outcomes in a C3 crop, wheat. The use of nitrogen-based fertilizers has become one of the major agronomic inputs in crop production systems. Strategies to enhance nitrogen assimilation and flux in planta are being pursued through the introduction of novel genetic alleles. Here an Agrobacterium-mediated approach was employed to introduce the alanine aminotransferase from barley (Hordeum vulgare), HvAlaAT, into wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), regulated by either constitutive or root preferred promoter elements. Plants harboring the transgenic HvAlaAT alleles displayed increased alanine aminotransferase (alt) activity. The enhanced alt activity impacted height, tillering and significantly boosted vegetative biomass relative to controls in wheat evaluated under hydroponic conditions, where the phenotypic outcome across these parameters varied relative to time of year study was conducted. Constitutive expression of HvAlaAT translated to elevation in wheat grain yield under field conditions. In sorghum, expression of HvAlaAT enhanced enzymatic activity, but no changes in phenotypic outcomes were observed. Taken together these results suggest that positive agronomic outcomes can be achieved through enhanced alt activity in a C3 crop, wheat. However, the variability observed across experiments under greenhouse conditions implies the phenotypic outcomes imparted by the HvAlaAT allele in wheat may be impacted by environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Peña
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Truyen Quach
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Shirley Sato
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Zhengxiang Ge
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Natalya Nersesian
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ismail M Dweikat
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | | | - Tom Clemente
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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Environmental stress is the major cause of transcriptomic and proteomic changes in GM and non-GM plants. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10624. [PMID: 28878216 PMCID: PMC5587699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of genetically modified (GM) crops is preceded by years of intensive research to demonstrate safety to humans and environment. We recently showed that in vitro culture stress is the major factor influencing proteomic differences of GM vs. non-GM plants. This made us question the number of generations needed to erase such "memory". We also wondered about the relevance of alterations promoted by transgenesis as compared to environment-induced ones. Here we followed three rice lines (1-control, 1-transgenic and 1-negative segregant) throughout eight generations after transgenesis combining proteomics and transcriptomics, and further analyzed their response to salinity stress on the F6 generation. Our results show that: (a) differences promoted during genetic modification are mainly short-term physiological changes, attenuating throughout generations, and (b) environmental stress may cause far more proteomic/transcriptomic alterations than transgenesis. Based on our data, we question what is really relevant in risk assessment design for GM food crops.
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Golubov A, Byeon B, Woycicki R, Inglis GD, Kovalchuk I. Transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana plants treated with the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Xu Z, Ma J, Qu C, Hu Y, Hao B, Sun Y, Liu Z, Yang H, Yang C, Wang H, Li Y, Liu G. Identification and expression analyses of the alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) gene family in poplar seedlings. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45933. [PMID: 28378825 PMCID: PMC5380993 DOI: 10.1038/srep45933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT, E.C.2.6.1.2) catalyzes the reversible conversion of pyruvate and glutamate to alanine and α-oxoglutarate. The AlaAT gene family has been well studied in some herbaceous plants, but has not been well characterized in woody plants. In this study, we identified four alanine aminotransferase homologues in Populus trichocarpa, which could be classified into two subgroups, A and B. AlaAT3 and AlaAT4 in subgroup A encode AlaAT, while AlaAT1 and AlaAT2 in subgroup B encode glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT), which catalyzes the reaction of glutamate and glyoxylate to α-oxoglutarate and glycine. Four AlaAT genes were cloned from P. simonii × P. nigra. PnAlaAT1 and PnAlaAT2 were expressed predominantly in leaves and induced by exogenous nitrogen and exhibited a diurnal fluctuation in leaves, but was inhibited in roots. PnAlaAT3 and PnAlaAT4 were mainly expressed in roots, stems and leaves, and was induced by exogenous nitrogen. The expression of PnAlaAT3 gene could be regulated by glutamine or its related metabolites in roots. Our results suggest that PnAlaAT3 gene may play an important role in nitrogen metabolism and is regulated by glutamine or its related metabolites in the roots of P. simonii × P. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunpu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.,School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yanbo Hu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Bingqing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhongye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chengjun Yang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.,School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Sheshadri SA, Nishanth MJ, Simon B. Stress-Mediated cis-Element Transcription Factor Interactions Interconnecting Primary and Specialized Metabolism in planta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1725. [PMID: 27933071 PMCID: PMC5122738 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites are being used worldwide as therapeutic agents against several diseases. Since the precursors for specialized metabolites come through primary metabolism, extensive investigations have been carried out to understand the detailed connection between primary and specialized metabolism at various levels. Stress regulates the expression of primary and specialized metabolism genes at the transcriptional level via transcription factors binding to specific cis-elements. The presence of varied cis-element signatures upstream to different stress-responsive genes and their transcription factor binding patterns provide a prospective molecular link among diverse metabolic pathways. The pattern of occurrence of these cis-elements (overrepresentation/common) decipher the mechanism of stress-responsive upregulation of downstream genes, simultaneously forming a molecular bridge between primary and specialized metabolisms. Though many studies have been conducted on the transcriptional regulation of stress-mediated primary or specialized metabolism genes, but not much data is available with regard to cis-element signatures and transcription factors that simultaneously modulate both pathway genes. Hence, our major focus would be to present a comprehensive analysis of the stress-mediated interconnection between primary and specialized metabolism genes via the interaction between different transcription factors and their corresponding cis-elements. In future, this study could be further utilized for the overexpression of the specific transcription factors that upregulate both primary and specialized metabolism, thereby simultaneously improving the yield and therapeutic content of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bindu Simon
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
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15
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Sakata K, Saito T, Ohyanagi H, Okumura J, Ishige K, Suzuki H, Nakamura T, Komatsu S. Loss of variation of state detected in soybean metabolic and human myelomonocytic leukaemia cell transcriptional networks under external stimuli. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35946. [PMID: 27775018 PMCID: PMC5075873 DOI: 10.1038/srep35946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is sensitive to flooding stress, and flood damage at the seedling stage is a barrier to growth. We constructed two mathematical models of the soybean metabolic network, a control model and a flooded model, from metabolic profiles in soybean plants. We simulated the metabolic profiles with perturbations before and after the flooding stimulus using the two models. We measured the variation of state that the system could maintain from a state-space description of the simulated profiles. The results showed a loss of variation of state during the flooding response in the soybean plants. Loss of variation of state was also observed in a human myelomonocytic leukaemia cell transcriptional network in response to a phorbol-ester stimulus. Thus, we detected a loss of variation of state under external stimuli in two biological systems, regardless of the regulation and stimulus types. Our results suggest that a loss of robustness may occur concurrently with the loss of variation of state in biological systems. We describe the possible applications of the quantity of variation of state in plant genetic engineering and cell biology. Finally, we present a hypothetical "external stimulus-induced information loss" model of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Sakata
- Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi 371-0816, Japan
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Saito
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohyanagi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Okumura
- Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi 371-0816, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ishige
- Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi 371-0816, Japan
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- RIKEN Centre for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takuji Nakamura
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organisation (NARO) Hokkaido Agricultural Research Centre, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
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Sun Q, Zhang N, Wang J, Cao Y, Li X, Zhang H, Zhang L, Tan DX, Guo YD. A label-free differential proteomics analysis reveals the effect of melatonin on promoting fruit ripening and anthocyanin accumulation upon postharvest in tomato. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:138-53. [PMID: 26820691 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the function of melatonin in tomato fruit ripening and quality improvement, a label-free quantitation method was used to investigate the proteins that differ between the control (CK) and 50 μm melatonin treatment (M50) fruits. Proteomics data identified 241 proteins that were significantly influenced by melatonin. These proteins were involved in several ripening-related pathways, including cell wall metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, carbohydrate, and fatty acid metabolism. Moreover, the application of exogenous melatonin increased eight proteins that are related to anthocyanin accumulation during fruit ripening. Additionally, the affected protein levels correlated with the corresponding gene transcript levels. Further, the total anthocyanin content from M50 increased by 52%, 48%, and 50% at 5, 8, and 13 DAT (day after melatonin treatment), respectively. The melatonin-mediated promotion of fruit ripening and quality might be due to the altered proteins involved in processes associated with ripening. In this work, we indicated that a senescence-related protein was downregulated in the M50 fruit, while a cell apoptosis inhibitor (API5) protein was upregulated. In addition, peroxidases (POD9, POD12, peroxidase p7-like) and catalase (CAT3) significantly increased in the M50 fruits. Based on the previous studies and our data, we inferred that melatonin might be positively related to fruit ripening but negatively related to fruit senescence. This research provides insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying melatonin-mediated fruit ripening as well as the anthocyanin formation process in tomato fruit at the protein concentration level, and we reveal possible candidates for regulation of anthocyanin formation during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Sun
- College of Horticultural Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Horticultural Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfang Wang
- College of Horticultural Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Cao
- College of Horticultural Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingsheng Li
- Shandong Huasheng Agriculture Co. Ltd, Shandong, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- College of Horticultural Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Horticultural Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Dong Guo
- College of Horticultural Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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17
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Differential root transcriptomics in a polyploid non-model crop: the importance of respiration during osmotic stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22583. [PMID: 26935041 PMCID: PMC4776286 DOI: 10.1038/srep22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the transcriptomic global response to osmotic stress in roots, 18 mRNA-seq libraries were generated from three triploid banana genotypes grown under mild osmotic stress (5% PEG) and control conditions. Illumina sequencing produced 568 million high quality reads, of which 70-84% were mapped to the banana diploid reference genome. Using different uni- and multivariate statistics, 92 genes were commonly identified as differentially expressed in the three genotypes. Using our in house workflow to analyze GO enriched and underlying biochemical pathways, we present the general processes affected by mild osmotic stress in the root and focus subsequently on the most significantly overrepresented classes associated with: respiration, glycolysis and fermentation. We hypothesize that in fast growing and oxygen demanding tissues, mild osmotic stress leads to a lower energy level, which induces a metabolic shift towards (i) a higher oxidative respiration, (ii) alternative respiration and (iii) fermentation. To confirm the mRNA-seq results, a subset of twenty up-regulated transcripts were further analysed by RT-qPCR in an independent experiment at three different time points. The identification and annotation of this set of genes provides a valuable resource to understand the importance of energy sensing during mild osmotic stress.
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18
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Identification of regulated proteins in naked barley grains ( Hordeum vulgare nudum ) after Fusarium graminearum infection at different grain ripening stages. J Proteomics 2016; 133:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Zhang S, Zhou R, Zhao H, Korpelainen H, Li C. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis gives insight into sexually different metabolic processes of poplars under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies. Proteomics 2015; 16:614-28. [PMID: 26698923 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Male and female poplars (Populus cathayana Rehd.) respond differently to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiencies. In this study, an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis was performed. N and P deficiencies caused 189 and 144 proteins to change in abundance in males and 244 and 464 in females, respectively. Compared to N- and P-deficient males, both N- and P-deficient females showed a wider range of changes in proteins that are involved in amino acid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and the sexual differences were significant. When comparing the effects of N- and P-deficiencies, N-deficient females expressed more changes in proteins that are involved in stress responses and gene expression regulation, while P-deficient females showed more changes in proteins that are involved in energy and lipid metabolism, stress responses and gene expression regulation. The quantitative RT-PCR analysis of stress-related proteins showed that males have a better expression correlation between mRNA and protein levels than do females. This study shows that P. cathayana females are more sensitive and have more rapid metabolic mechanisms when responding to N and P deficiencies than do males, and P deficiency has a wider range of effects on females than does N deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chunyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China.,The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Kendziorek M, Paszkowski A, Zagdańska B. Biochemical characterization and kinetic properties of alanine aminotransferase homologues partially purified from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 82:7-14. [PMID: 22863564 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Four homologues of alanine aminotransferase have been isolated from shoots of wheat seedlings and purified by saline precipitation, gel filtration, preparative electrophoresis and anion exchange chromatography on Protein-Pak Q 8HR column attached to HPLC. Alanine aminotransferase 1 (AlaAT1) and 2 (AlaAT2) were purified 303- and 452-fold, respectively, whereas l-glutamate: glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (GGAT1) and 2 (GGAT2) were purified 485- and 440-fold, respectively. Consistent inhibition of AlaAT (EC 2.6.1.2) and GGAT (EC 2.6.1.4) activities by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate points on participation of cysteine residues in the enzyme activity. The molecular weight of AlaAT1 and AlaAT2 was estimated to be 65kDa and both of them are monomers in native state. Nonsignificant differences between K(m) using alanine as substrate and catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) for l-alanine in reaction with 2-oxoglutarate indicate comparable kinetic constants for AlaAT1 and AlaAT2. Similar kinetic constants for l-alanine in reaction with 2-oxoglutarate and for l-glutamate in reaction with pyruvate for all four homologues suggest equally efficient reaction in both forward and reverse directions. GGAT1 and GGAT2 were able to catalyze transamination between l-glutamate and glyoxylate, l-alanine and glyoxylate and reverse reactions between glycine and 2-oxoglutarate or pyruvate. Both GGATs also consisted of a single subunit with molecular weight of about 50kDa. The estimated K(m) for GGAT1 (3.22M) and GGAT2 (1.27M) using l-glutamate as substrate was lower in transamination with glyoxylate than with pyruvate (9.52 and 9.09mM, respectively). Moreover, distinctively higher values of catalytic efficiency for l-glutamate in reaction with glyoxylate than for l-glutamate in reaction with pyruvate confirm involvement of these homologues into photorespiratory metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kendziorek
- Biochemistry Department, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw, Poland
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