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Noll GA, Furch ACU, Rose J, Visser F, Prüfer D. Guardians of the phloem - forisomes and beyond. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1245-1260. [PMID: 36089886 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The phloem is a highly specialized vascular tissue that forms a fundamentally important transport and signaling pathway in plants. It is therefore a system worth protecting. The main function of the phloem is to transport the products of photosynthesis throughout the whole plant, but it also transports soluble signaling molecules and propagates electrophysiological signals. The phloem is constantly threatened by mechanical injuries, phloem-sucking pests and parasites, and the spread of pathogens, which has led to the evolution of efficient defense mechanisms. One such mechanism involves structural phloem proteins, which are thought to facilitate sieve element occlusion following injury and to defend the plant against pathogens. In leguminous plants, specialized structural phloem proteins known as forisomes form unique mechanoproteins via sophisticated molecular interaction and assembly mechanisms, thus enabling reversible sieve element occlusion. By understanding the structure and function of forisomes and other structural phloem proteins, we can develop a toolbox for biotechnological applications in material science and medicine. Furthermore, understanding the involvement of structural phloem proteins in plant defense mechanisms will allow phloem engineering as a new strategy for the development of crop varieties that are resistant to pests, pathogens and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundula A Noll
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Judith Rose
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Franziska Visser
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
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Sun Y, Hu D, Xue P, Wan X. Identification of the DcHsp20 gene family in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) and functional characterization of DcHsp17.8 in heat tolerance. PLANTA 2022; 256:2. [PMID: 35624182 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
33 heat shock protein 20 (Hsp20) genes were identified from the carnation genome whose expression were altered by abiotic stresses. DcHsp17.8 may function to improve the heat resistance of Arabidopsis. Heat shock proteins 20 (Hsp20s) mainly function as molecular chaperones that play crucial roles in relieving abiotic stresses such as heat stress. In this study, we identified and characterized 33 DcHsp20 genes from the carnation genome that were classified into 9 subfamilies. Gene structure analysis showed that 25 DcHsp20 genes contained 1 intron whilst the remaining 8 DcHsp20 genes did not contain introns. Motif analysis found that DcHsp20 proteins were relatively conserved. Cis-regulatory elements analysis of the Hsp20 promoters revealed a number of cis-regulatory elements that regulate growth and development, hormone and stress responses. Gene expression analysis revealed that DcHsp20 genes had multiple response patterns to heat stress. The largest range of induction occurred in DcHsp17.8 after 1 h of heat stress. Under cold stress, or treatment with saline or abscisic acid, the expression of most DcHsp20 genes was inhibited. To further understand the function of DcHsp20 genes in response to heat stress, we overexpressed DcHsp17.8 in Arabidopis and the plants showed improved heat tolerance, O2- and H2O2 activities and photosynthetic capacity with reduced relative electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. Gene expression analysis revealed that DcHsp17.8 modulated the expression of genes involved in antioxidant enzyme synthesis. Our data provided a solid foundation for the further detailed study of DcHsp20 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Sun
- College of Landscape and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, No.100, Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Diandian Hu
- College of Landscape and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, No.100, Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Xue
- College of Landscape and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, No.100, Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueli Wan
- College of Landscape and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, No.100, Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Xiao JJ, Zhang RX, Khan A, Ul Haq S, Gai WX, Gong ZH. CaFtsH06, A Novel Filamentous Thermosensitive Protease Gene, Is Involved in Heat, Salt, and Drought Stress Tolerance of Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136953. [PMID: 34203346 PMCID: PMC8268771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Harsh environmental factors have continuous negative effects on plant growth and development, leading to metabolic disruption and reduced plant productivity and quality. However, filamentation temperature-sensitive H protease (FtsH) plays a prominent role in helping plants to cope with these negative impacts. In the current study, we examined the transcriptional regulation of the CaFtsH06 gene in the R9 thermo-tolerant pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) line. The results of qRT-PCR revealed that CaFtsH06 expression was rapidly induced by abiotic stress treatments, including heat, salt, and drought. The CaFtsH06 protein was localized to the mitochondria and cell membrane. Additionally, silencing CaFtsH06 increased the accumulation of malonaldehyde content, conductivity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, and the activity levels of superoxide dismutase and superoxide (·O2−), while total chlorophyll content decreased under these abiotic stresses. Furthermore, CaFtsH06 ectopic expression enhanced tolerance to heat, salt, and drought stresses, thus decreasing malondialdehyde, proline, H2O2, and ·O2− contents while superoxide dismutase activity and total chlorophyll content were increased in transgenic Arabidopsis. Similarly, the expression levels of other defense-related genes were much higher in the transgenic ectopic expression lines than WT plants. These results suggest that CaFtsH06 confers abiotic stress tolerance in peppers by interfering with the physiological indices through reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, inducing the activities of stress-related enzymes and regulating the transcription of defense-related genes, among other mechanisms. The results of this study suggest that CaFtsH06 plays a very crucial role in the defense mechanisms of pepper plants to unfavorable environmental conditions and its regulatory network with other CaFtsH genes should be examined across variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Rui-Xing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Abid Khan
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ul Haq
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Wen-Xian Gai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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Ali M, Muhammad I, ul Haq S, Alam M, Khattak AM, Akhtar K, Ullah H, Khan A, Lu G, Gong ZH. The CaChiVI2 Gene of Capsicum annuum L. Confers Resistance Against Heat Stress and Infection of Phytophthora capsici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:219. [PMID: 32174952 PMCID: PMC7057250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Extreme environmental conditions seriously affect crop growth and development, resulting in substantial reduction in yield and quality. However, chitin-binding proteins (CBP) family member CaChiVI2 plays a crucial role in eliminating the impact of adverse environmental conditions, such as cold and salt stress. Here, for the first time it was discovered that CaChiVI2 (Capana08g001237) gene of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) had a role in resistance to heat stress and physiological processes. The full-length open-reading frame (ORF) of CaChiVI2 (606-bp, encoding 201-amino acids), was cloned into TRV2:CaChiVI2 vector for silencing. The CaChiVI2 gene carries heat shock elements (HSE, AAAAAATTTC) in the upstream region, and thereby shows sensitivity to heat stress at the transcriptional level. The silencing effect of CaChiVI2 in pepper resulted in increased susceptibility to heat and Phytophthora capsici infection. This was evident from the severe symptoms on leaves, the increase in superoxide (O2 -) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, higher malondialdehyde (MDA), relative electrolyte leakage (REL) and lower proline contents compared with control plants. Furthermore, the transcript level of other resistance responsive genes was also altered. In addition, the CaChiIV2-overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana showed mild heat and drought stress symptoms and increased transcript level of a defense-related gene (AtHSA32), indicating its role in the co-regulation network of the plant. The CaChiVI2-overexpressed plants also showed a decrease in MDA contents and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and proline accumulation. In conclusion, the results suggest that CaChiVI2 gene plays a decisive role in heat and drought stress tolerance, as well as, provides resistance against P. capsici by reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulating the expression of defense-related genes. The outcomes obtained here suggest that further studies should be conducted on plants adaptation mechanisms in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Izhar Muhammad
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Saeed ul Haq
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mukhtar Alam
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Mateen Khattak
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Akhtar
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abid Khan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Feng XH, Zhang HX, Ali M, Gai WX, Cheng GX, Yu QH, Yang SB, Li XX, Gong ZH. A small heat shock protein CaHsp25.9 positively regulates heat, salt, and drought stress tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:151-162. [PMID: 31284139 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Extreme environmental conditions seriously affect crop growth and development, resulting in a decrease in crop yield and quality. However, small heat shock proteins (Hsp20s) play an important role in helping plants to avoid these negative impacts. In this study, we identified the expression pattern of the CaHsp25.9 gene in a thermo-tolerance pepper line R9 and thermo-sensitive line B6. The transcription of CaHsp25.9 was strongly induced by heat stress in both R9 and B6. The expression of CaHsp25.9 was induced by salt and drought stress in R9. Additionally, the CaHsp25.9 protein was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. When silencing the CaHsp25.9 gene in the R9 line, the accumulation of malonaldehyde (MDA), relative electrolytic leakage, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion were increased, while total chlorophyll decreased under heat, salt, and drought stress. Over-expression of CaHsp25.9 in Arabidopsis resulted in decreased MDA, while proline, superoxide dismutase activity, germination, and root length increased under heat, salt, and drought stress. However, peroxidase activity was higher in drought stress but lower in heat and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis compared to the wild type (WT). Furthermore, the transcription of stress related genes was more highly induced in transgenic lines than WT. Our results indicated that CaHsp25.9 confers heat, salt, and drought stress tolerance to plants by reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and regulating the expression of stress-related genes. Therefore, these results may provide insight into plant adaption mechanisms developed in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Feng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Huai-Xia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Wen-Xian Gai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Guo-Xin Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Qing-Hui Yu
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, PR China
| | - Sheng-Bao Yang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, PR China
| | - Xi-Xuan Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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do Nascimento SV, Magalhães MM, Cunha RL, Costa PHDO, Alves RCDO, de Oliveira GC, Valadares RBDS. Differential accumulation of proteins in oil palms affected by fatal yellowing disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195538. [PMID: 29621343 PMCID: PMC5886584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still no consensus on the true origin of fatal yellowing, one of the most important diseases affecting oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations. This study involved two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (2D-UPLC-MSE) analyses to identify changes in protein profiles of oil palms affected by FY disease. Oil palm roots were sampled from two growing areas. Differential accumulation of proteins was assessed by comparing plants with and without symptoms and between plants at different stages of FY development. Most of the proteins identified with differential accumulation were those related to stress response and energy metabolism. The latter proteins include the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, related to alcohol fermentation, which were identified in plants with and without symptoms. The presence of these enzymes suggests an anaerobic condition before or during FY. Transketolase, isoflavone reductase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase, S-adenosylmethionine synthase, aldehyde dehydrogenase and ferritin, among others, were identified as potential marker proteins and could be used to guide selection of FY-tolerant oil palm genotypes or to understand the source of this anomaly. When comparing different stages of FY, we observed high accumulation of alcohol dehydrogenase and other abiotic stress related-proteins at all disease stages. On the other hand, biological stress-related proteins were more accumulated at later stages of the disease. These results suggest that changes in abiotic factors can trigger FY development, creating conditions for the establishment of opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Vasconcelos do Nascimento
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Lisboa Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Analysis of sustainable system laboratory, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Borges da Silva Valadares
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Kumari J, Udawat P, Dubey AK, Haque MI, Rathore MS, Jha B. Overexpression of SbSI-1, A Nuclear Protein from Salicornia brachiata Confers Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance and Maintains Photosynthetic Efficiency in Transgenic Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1215. [PMID: 28751902 PMCID: PMC5508026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel Salicornia brachiata Salt Inducible (SbSI-1) gene was isolated and overexpressed in tobacco for in planta functional validation subjected to drought and salt stress. SbSI-1 is a nuclear protein. The transgenic tobacco overexpressing SbSI-1 gene exhibited better seed germination, growth performances, pigment contents, cell viability, starch accumulation, and tolerance index under drought and salt stress. Overexpression of SbSI-1 gene alleviated the build-up of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and curtailed the ROS-induced oxidative damages thus improved the physiological health of transgenic tobacco under stressed conditions. The higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, lower accumulation of ROS, higher membrane stability, relative water content, and polyphenol contents indicated the better survival of the transgenic tobacco than wild-type (WT) tobacco under stressed conditions. Transgenic tobacco had a higher net photosynthetic rate, PSII operating efficiency, and performance index under drought and salt stress. Higher accumulation of compatible solutes and K+/Na+ ratio in transgenic tobacco than WT showed the better osmotic and redox homeostasis under stressed conditions. The up-regulation of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (NtSOD, NtAPX, and NtCAT) and transcription factors (NtDREB2 and NtAP2) in transgenic tobacco under stressed conditions showed the role of SbSI-1 in ROS alleviation and involvement of this gene in abiotic stress tolerance. Multivariate data analysis exhibited statistical distinction among growth responses, physiological health, osmotic adjustment, and photosynthetic responses of WT and transgenic tobacco under stressed conditions. The overexpression of SbSI-1 gene curtailed the ROS-induced oxidative damages and maintained the osmotic homeostasis under stress conditions thus improved physiological health and photosynthetic efficiencies of the transgenic tobacco overexpressing SbSI-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumari
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Pushpika Udawat
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Ashish K. Dubey
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Md Intesaful Haque
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Mangal S. Rathore
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Mangal S. Rathore ;
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
- Bhavanath Jha
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Yang T, Yao S, Hao L, Zhao Y, Lu W, Xiao K. Wheat bHLH-type transcription factor gene TabHLH1 is crucial in mediating osmotic stresses tolerance through modulating largely the ABA-associated pathway. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:2309-2323. [PMID: 27541276 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Wheat bHLH family gene TabHLH1 is responsive to drought and salt stresses, and it acts as one crucial regulator in mediating tolerance to aforementioned stresses largely through an ABA-associated pathway. Osmotic stresses are adverse factors for plant growth and crop productivity. In this study, we characterized TabHLH1, a gene encoding wheat bHLH-type transcription factor (TF) protein, in mediating plant adaptation to osmotic stresses. TabHLH1 protein contains a conserved basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain shared by its plant counterparts. Upon PEG-simulated drought stress, salt stress, and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), the TabHLH1 transcripts in roots and leaves were induced. Under PEG-simulated drought stress and salt stress treatments, the tobacco seedlings with TabHLH1 overexpression exhibited improved growth and osmotic stress-associated traits, showing increased biomass and reduced leaf water loss rate (WLR) relative to wild type (WT). The transgenic lines also possessed promoted stomata closure under drought stress, salt stress, and exogenous ABA and increased proline and soluble sugar contents and reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) amount under osmotic stress conditions, indicating that TabHLH1-mediated osmolyte accumulation and cellular ROS homeostasis contributed to the drought stress and salt stress tolerance. NtPYL12 and NtSAPK2;1, the genes encoding ABA receptor and SnRK2 family kinase, respectively, showed up-regulated expression in lines overexpressing TabHLH1 under osmotic stress and exogenous ABA conditions; overexpression of them conferred plants modified stomata movement, leaf WLR, and growth feature under drought and high salinity, suggesting that these ABA-signaling genes are mediated by wheat TabHLH1 gene and involved in regulating plant responses to simulated drought and salt stresses. Our investigation indicates that the TabHLH1 gene plays critical roles in plant tolerance to osmotic stresses largely through an ABA-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongren Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Sufei Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Lin Hao
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Kai Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, China.
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van Bel AJE, Will T. Functional Evaluation of Proteins in Watery and Gel Saliva of Aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1840. [PMID: 28018380 PMCID: PMC5156713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gel and watery saliva are regarded as key players in aphid-pIant interactions. The salivary composition seems to be influenced by the variable environment encountered by the stylet tip. Milieu sensing has been postulated to provide information needed for proper stylet navigation and for the required switches between gel and watery saliva secretion during stylet progress. Both the chemical and physical factors involved in sensing of the stylet's environment are discussed. To investigate the salivary proteome, proteins were collected from dissected gland extracts or artificial diets in a range of studies. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of either collection method. Several proteins were identified by functional assays or by use of proteomic tools, while most of their functions still remain unknown. These studies disclosed the presence of at least two proteins carrying numerous sulfhydryl groups that may act as the structural backbone of the salivary sheath. Furthermore, cell-wall degrading proteins such a pectinases, pectin methylesterases, polygalacturonases, and cellulases as well as diverse Ca2+-binding proteins (e.g., regucalcin, ARMET proteins) were detected. Suppression of the plant defense may be a common goal of salivary proteins. Salivary proteases are likely involved in the breakdown of sieve-element proteins to invalidate plant defense or to increase the availability of organic N compounds. Salivary polyphenoloxidases, peroxidases and oxidoreductases were suggested to detoxify, e.g., plant phenols. During the last years, an increasing number of salivary proteins have been categorized under the term 'effector'. Effectors may act in the suppression (C002 or MIF cytokine) or the induction (e.g., Mp10 or Mp 42) of plant defense, respectively. A remarkable component of watery saliva seems the protein GroEL that originates from Buchnera aphidicola, the obligate symbiont of aphids and probably reflects an excretory product that induces plant defense responses. Furthermore, chitin fragments in the saliva may trigger defense reactions (e.g., callose deposition). The functions of identified proteins and protein classes are discussed with regard to physical and chemical characteristics of apoplasmic and symplasmic plant compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart J. E. van Bel
- Institute of General Botany, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Aart J. E. van Bel,
| | - Torsten Will
- Institute of Phytopathology, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius-Kühn InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
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