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Zhao J, Xu Y, Li H, Zhu X, Yin Y, Zhang X, Qin X, Zhou J, Duan L, Liang X, Huang T, Zhang B, Wan R, Shi Z, Cao Y, An W. ERF5.1 modulates carotenoid accumulation by interacting with CCD4.1 in Lycium. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad230. [PMID: 38143484 PMCID: PMC10745278 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important natural pigments and have medical and health functions for humans. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) and ethylene responsive factor (ERF) participate in carotenoid metabolism, but their roles in Lycium have not been discovered. Here, we annotated LbCCDs from the Lycium reference genome and found that LbCCD4.1 expression was significantly correlated with the carotenoid metabolites during Lycium five fruit developmental stages. Over-expression of LbCCD4.1 in NQ's leaves resulted in a series of significantly lower contents of carotenoid metabolites, including β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin. Moreover, LbERF5.1, a transcription factor belonging to the ERF family that was located in the nucleus, was isolated. Significant reductions in the carotenoids, especially lutein, violaxanthin and their derivatives, were observed in over-expressing ERF5.1 transgenic NQ's leaves. Over-expression or virus-induced gene silencing of LbERF5.1 in NQ's leaves induced a consistent up- or down-expression, respectively, of LbCCD4.1. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that ERF5.1 interacted with the promoter of CCD4.1 to increase its expression, and LbERF5.1 could bind to any one of the three predicted binding sites in the promoter of LbCCD4.1. A transcriptome analysis of LbERF5.1 and LbCCD4.1 over-expressed lines showed similar global transcript expression, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, phytoene synthase, lycopene δ-cyclase cytochrome, cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase 97A, cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase 97C, and zeaxanthin epoxidase in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway were differentially expressed. In summary, we uncovered a novel molecular mechanism of carotenoid accumulation that involved an interaction between ERF5.1 and CCD4.1, which may be used to enhance carotenoid in Lycium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Yuhui Xu
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Haoxia Li
- Institute of Forestry and Grassland Ecology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Xinlei Zhu
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Xiyan Zhang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | | | - Jun Zhou
- College of Biological Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Linyuan Duan
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Xiaojie Liang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Ting Huang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Ru Wan
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Zhigang Shi
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Youlong Cao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Wei An
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center/Wolfberry Science Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
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Cheng G, Shu X, Wang Z, Wang N, Zhang F. Establishing a Virus-Induced Gene Silencing System in Lycoris chinensis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2458. [PMID: 37447019 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Lycoris is an important plant with both medicinal and ornamental values. However, it does not have an efficient genetic transformation system, which makes it difficult to study gene function of the genus. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an effective technique for studying gene functions in plants. In this study, we develop an efficient virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) system using the leaf tip needle injection method. The widely used TRV vector is constructed, and the Cloroplastos Alterados 1 (CLA1) and Phytoene Desaturase (PDS) genes are selected as visual indicators in the VIGS system. As a result, it is observed that leaves infected with TRV-LcCLA1 and TRV-LcPDS both show a yellowing phenotype (loss of green), and the chlorosis range of TRV-LcCLA1 was larger and deeper than that of TRV-LcPDS. qRT-PCR results show that the expression levels of LcCLA1 and LcPDS are significantly reduced, and the silencing efficiency of LcCLA1 is higher than that of LcPDS. These results indicate that the VIGS system of L. chinensis was preliminarily established, and LcCLA1 is more suitable as a gene-silencing indicator. For the monocotyledonous plant leaves with a waxy surface, the leaf tip injection method greatly improves the infiltration efficiency. The newly established VIGS system will contribute to gene functional research in Lycoris species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Cheng
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
- Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaochun Shu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
- Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
- Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
- Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
- Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China
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3
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Becker A, Yamada Y, Sato F. California poppy ( Eschscholzia californica), the Papaveraceae golden girl model organism for evodevo and specialized metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1084358. [PMID: 36938015 PMCID: PMC10017456 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1084358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
California poppy or golden poppy (Eschscholzia californica) is the iconic state flower of California, with native ranges from Northern California to Southwestern Mexico. It grows well as an ornamental plant in Mediterranean climates, but it might be invasive in many parts of the world. California poppy was also highly prized by Native Americans for its medicinal value, mainly due to its various specialized metabolites, especially benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). As a member of the Ranunculales, the sister lineage of core eudicots it occupies an interesting phylogenetic position. California poppy has a short-lived life cycle but can be maintained as a perennial. It has a comparatively simple floral and vegetative morphology. Several genetic resources, including options for genetic manipulation and a draft genome sequence have been established already with many more to come. Efficient cell and tissue culture protocols are established to study secondary metabolite biosynthesis and its regulation. Here, we review the use of California poppy as a model organism for plant genetics, with particular emphasis on the evolution of development and BIA biosynthesis. In the future, California poppy may serve as a model organism to combine two formerly separated lines of research: the regulation of morphogenesis and the regulation of secondary metabolism. This can provide insights into how these two integral aspects of plant biology interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- Plant Development Lab, Institute of Botany, Hustus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yasuyuki Yamada
- Laboratory of Medicinal Cell Biology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Science, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan
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Schex R, Schweiggert R, Steingass CB. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of retro-carotenoids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9250. [PMID: 34957624 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The single and double bonds of the polyene chain of the studied retro-carotenoids are located at the neighboring positions compared to those of regular carotenoids. Our mass spectrometry approach targeted at facilitating the characterization of retro-carotenoids as their structural diversity in nature is not yet fully elucidated. Moreover, extended π-electron systems endow several retro-carotenoids with exceptional colors from golden-orange to vibrant red that stimulate the food industry's interest. METHODS Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-high-resolution mass spectrometry (APCI-QTOF-HRMS) experiments of the three structurally related retro-carotenoids rhodoxanthin, eschscholtzxanthone, and eschscholtzxanthin were performed to elucidate the formation of specific ion species compared to those of the common carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin. Mass fragmentations of the aforementioned retro-carotenoids were unraveled using APCI-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the negative and positive ion modes. RESULTS Abundant in-source fragment ions [M + H - H2 O]+ of eschscholtzxanthin and eschscholtzxanthone were formed in the positive ion mode owing to the loss of water at the hydroxylated ε-rings. Eliminations of the ε-rings at the characteristic exocyclic double bonds at C-6,7 and C-6',7' were observed after the resonance-stabilized loss of water. Distinct product ions were yielded for all retro-carotenoids assessed because of the cleavage at their typical central single bond at C-15,15'. CONCLUSIONS Detailed APCI-QTOF-HRMS analyses enabled a highly accurate detection of the most abundant ion species and respective signal intensity ratios of retro-carotenoids, facilitating their further screening and reliable identification in natural sources. Mass fragmentations of the studied retro-carotenoids were found to be substantially impacted by the extraordinary configuration of their polyene backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schex
- Research and Development Center Forms, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Beverage Research, Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweiggert
- Institute of Beverage Research, Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Institute of Beverage Research, Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
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5
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Xia H, Zhou Y, Lin Z, Guo Y, Liu X, Wang T, Wang J, Deng H, Lin L, Deng Q, Lv X, Xu K, Liang D. Characterization and functional validation of β-carotene hydroxylase AcBCH genes in Actinidia chinensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac063. [PMID: 35611182 PMCID: PMC9123235 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are the pigment substances of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit, and among them β-cryptoxanthin has only been detected in the brighter yellow-fleshed variety 'Jinshi 1'. β-Carotene hydroxylase (BCH) catalyzes the formation of β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, but its molecular characteristics and functions have not been fully explained. Here we isolated two β-carotene hydroxylase genes, AcBCH1 and AcBCH2 from kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis), and their relative expression levels exhibited a close correlation with the content of β-cryptoxanthin. AcBCH1 catalyzed the formation of β-cryptoxanthin when transformed into β-carotene-accumulating yeast cells. Moreover, silenced expression of AcBCH1 in kiwifruit caused decreases in the contents of zeaxanthin, lutein, and β-cryptoxanthin, and an increase in β-carotene content. The content of β-carotene decreased significantly after the AcBCH1/2 genes were overexpressed in tomato. The content of zeaxanthin increased and β-carotene decreased in transgenic kiwifruit seedlings. The results will enrich our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanjie Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinling Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Honghong Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qunxian Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiulan Lv
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kunfu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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6
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Paudel L, Kerr S, Prentis P, Tanurdžić M, Papanicolaou A, Plett JM, Cazzonelli CI. Horticultural innovation by viral-induced gene regulation of carotenogenesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab008. [PMID: 35043183 PMCID: PMC8769041 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multipartite viral vectors provide a simple, inexpensive and effective biotechnological tool to transiently manipulate (i.e. reduce or increase) gene expression in planta and characterise the function of genetic traits. The development of virus-induced gene regulation (VIGR) systems usually involve the targeted silencing or overexpression of genes involved in pigment biosynthesis or degradation in plastids, thereby providing rapid visual assessment of success in establishing RNA- or DNA-based VIGR systems in planta. Carotenoids pigments provide plant tissues with an array of yellow, orange, and pinkish-red colours. VIGR-induced transient manipulation of carotenoid-related gene expression has advanced our understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis, regulation, accumulation and degradation, as well as plastid signalling processes. In this review, we describe mechanisms of VIGR, the importance of carotenoids as visual markers of technology development, and knowledge gained through manipulating carotenogenesis in model plants as well as horticultural crops not always amenable to transgenic approaches. We outline how VIGR can be utilised in plants to fast-track the characterisation of gene function(s), accelerate fruit tree breeding programs, edit genomes, and biofortify plant products enriched in carotenoid micronutrients for horticultural innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Paudel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Stephanie Kerr
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy (CAB), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science,
Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Peter Prentis
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy (CAB), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science,
Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Miloš Tanurdžić
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexie Papanicolaou
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
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Edwards MB, Choi GPT, Derieg NJ, Min Y, Diana AC, Hodges SA, Mahadevan L, Kramer EM, Ballerini ES. Genetic architecture of floral traits in bee- and hummingbird-pollinated sister species of Aquilegia (columbine). Evolution 2021; 75:2197-2216. [PMID: 34270789 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with animal pollinators have helped shape the stunning diversity of flower morphologies across the angiosperms. A common evolutionary consequence of these interactions is that some flowers have converged on suites of traits, or pollination syndromes, that attract and reward specific pollinator groups. Determining the genetic basis of these floral pollination syndromes can help us understand the processes that contributed to the diversification of the angiosperms. Here, we characterize the genetic architecture of a bee-to-hummingbird pollination shift in Aquilegia (columbine) using QTL mapping of 17 floral traits encompassing color, nectar composition, and organ morphology. In this system, we find that the genetic architectures underlying differences in floral color are quite complex, and we identify several likely candidate genes involved in anthocyanin and carotenoid floral pigmentation. Most morphological and nectar traits also have complex genetic underpinnings; however, one of the key floral morphological phenotypes, nectar spur curvature, is shaped by a single locus of large effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Gary P T Choi
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142
| | - Nathan J Derieg
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Ya Min
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Angie C Diana
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Scott A Hodges
- Department of Ecology, Evolutionary, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Babara, California, 93106
| | - L Mahadevan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138.,School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Evangeline S Ballerini
- Department of Ecology, Evolutionary, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Babara, California, 93106.,Dept. of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California, 95819
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Schex R, Lieb VM, Schäfer C, Schweiggert R, Steingass CB. Carotenoid profiles of red- and yellow-colored arils of cultivars of Taxus baccata L. and Taxus × media Rehder. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 186:112741. [PMID: 33845183 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The botanical delimitation of Taxus species and cultivars may be facilitated by characterizing the pigment profiles of their red- and yellow-fleshed arils. Therefore, we determined genuine carotenoid profiles of differently colored arils of seven defined cultivars of Taxus baccata L. and Taxus × media Rehder. In-depth HPLC-DAD-ESI/APCI-MSn analyses revealed the presence of 43 carotenoids. Exceptional retro-carotenoids dominated the profiles of all samples assessed. Rhodoxanthin (E/Z)-isomers were predominant in the red-colored arils, resulting in a rather unusual abundance of carotenoid isomers as expressed by ratios of up to 1.3:2.0:0.9 between (all-E)-, (6Z)-, and (6Z,6'Z)-rhodoxanthin, respectively. By contrast, the uncommon yellow arils of Taxus baccata L. 'Lutea' mainly contained eschscholtzxanthin (E/Z)-isomers and esters. Total carotenoid concentrations ranged from 17.00 to 58.78 μg/g fresh weight across all samples assessed. Highest total rhodoxanthin concentrations of 51.33 ± 0.46 μg/g fresh weight were obtained from the red arils of Taxus × media Rehder 'Hicksii'. Overall, Taxus arils represent a promising source of carotenoids and, in particular, of retro-carotenoids with exceptional molecular structures and extraordinary absorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schex
- DSM Nutritional Products, Research and Development Center Forms, P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland; Geisenheim University, Institute of Beverage Research, Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366, Germany
| | - Veronika M Lieb
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Schäfer
- DSM Nutritional Products, Research and Development Center Forms, P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Schweiggert
- Geisenheim University, Institute of Beverage Research, Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366, Germany
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Geisenheim University, Institute of Beverage Research, Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366, Germany.
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9
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Zhang RX, Zhu WC, Cheng GX, Yu YN, Li QH, Haq SU, Said F, Gong ZH. A novel gene, CaATHB-12, negatively regulates fruit carotenoid content under cold stress in Capsicum annuum. Food Nutr Res 2021; 64:3729. [PMID: 33447178 PMCID: PMC7778427 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carotenoids, the secondary metabolites terpenoids, are the largest factors that form the fruit color. Similar to flavonoids, they are not only safe and natural colorants of fruits but also play a role as stress response biomolecules. Methods To study the contribution of the key genes in carotenoids biosynthesis, fruit-color formation, and in response to cold stress, we characterized the key regulatory factor CaATHB-12 from the HD-ZIP I sub-gene family members in pepper. Results Cold stress enhanced carotenoid accumulation as compared with the normal condition. CaATHB-12 silencing through virus-induced gene silencing changed the fruit color by regulating the carotenoid contents. CaATHB-12 silencing increased the antioxidant enzyme activities in the fruits of pepper, exposed to cold stress, whereas CaATHB-12 overexpression decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the transgenic Arabidopsis lines, exposed to cold stress, suggesting that CaATHB-12 is involved in the regulation of cold stress in the pepper fruits. Conclusion Our research will provide insights into the formation of fruit color in pepper and contribution of CaATHB-12 in response to cold stress. Further study should be focused on the interaction between CaATHB-12 and its target gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Zhu
- Guizhou Institute of Pepper, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Hui Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Saeed Ul Haq
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Fazal Said
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Paksitan
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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10
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A common phytoene synthase mutation underlies white petal varieties of the California poppy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11615. [PMID: 31406151 PMCID: PMC6690985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) is renowned for its brilliant golden-orange flowers, though white petal variants have been described. By whole-transcriptome sequencing, we have discovered in multiple white petal varieties a single deletion leading to altered splicing and C-terminal truncation of phytoene synthase (PSY), a key enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis. Our findings underscore the diverse roles of phytoene synthase in shaping horticultural traits, and resolve a longstanding mystery of the regaled golden poppy.
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