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Manitašević Jovanović S, Hočevar K, Vuleta A, Tucić B. Predicting the Responses of Functional Leaf Traits to Global Warming: An In Situ Temperature Manipulation Design Using Iris pumila L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3114. [PMID: 37687360 PMCID: PMC10490406 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is widely acknowledged as one of the most common solutions for coping with novel environmental conditions following climate change. However, it is less known whether the current amounts of trait plasticity, which is sufficient for matching with the contemporary climate, will be adequate when global temperatures exceed historical levels. We addressed this issue by exploring the responses of functional and structural leaf traits in Iris pumila clonal individuals to experimentally increased temperatures (~1.5 °C) using an open top chamber (OTC) design. We determined the phenotypic values of the specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, specific leaf water content, and leaf thickness in the leaves sampled from the same clone inside and outside of the OTC deployed on it, over seasons and years within two natural populations. We analyzed the data using a repeated multivariate analysis of variance, which primarily focusses on the profiles (reaction norms (RNs)) of a variable gathered from the same individual at several different time points. We found that the mean RNs of all analyzed traits were parallel regardless of experienced temperatures, but differed in the level and the shape. The populations RNs were similar as well. As the amount of plasticity in the analyzed leaf trait was adequate for coping with elevated temperatures inside the OTCs, we predict that it will be also sufficient for responding to increased temperatures if they exceed the 1.5 °C target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Manitašević Jovanović
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Katarina Hočevar
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Ana Vuleta
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.H.); (A.V.)
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2
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Newsham KK, Danielsen BK, Biersma EM, Elberling B, Hillyard G, Kumari P, Priemé A, Woo C, Yamamoto N. Rapid Response to Experimental Warming of a Microbial Community Inhabiting High Arctic Patterned Ground Soil. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121819. [PMID: 36552329 PMCID: PMC9775327 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of climate change on microbial communities inhabiting the sparsely vegetated patterned ground soils that are widespread across the High Arctic is poorly understood. Here, in a four-year experiment on Svalbard, we warmed patterned ground soil with open top chambers and biannually irrigated the soil to predict the responses of its microbial community to rising temperatures and precipitation. A 1 °C rise in summertime soil temperature caused 44% and 78% increases in CO2 efflux and CH4 consumption, respectively, and a 32% increase in the frequency of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Bacterial alpha diversity was unaffected by the treatments, but, of the 40 most frequent bacterial taxa, warming caused 44-45% reductions in the relative abundances of a Sphingomonas sp. and Ferruginibacter sp. and 33-91% increases in those of a Phenylobacterium sp. and a member of the Acetobacteraceae. Warming did not influence the frequency of fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 copies, and irrigation had no effects on the measured variables. Our study suggests rapid changes to the activities and abundances of microbes, and particularly bacteria, in High Arctic patterned ground soils as they warm. At current rates of soil warming on Svalbard (0.8 °C per decade), we anticipate that similar effects to those reported here will manifest themselves in the natural environment by approximately the mid 2030s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. Newsham
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Birgitte Kortegaard Danielsen
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Volgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Volgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guy Hillyard
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Anders Priemé
- Center for Permafrost, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Volgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cheolwoon Woo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Naomichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Marín C, Barták M, Palfner G, Vergara-Barros P, Fernandoy F, Hájek J, Casanova-Katny A. Antarctic Lichens under Long-Term Passive Warming: Species-Specific Photochemical Responses to Desiccation and Heat Shock Treatments. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192463. [PMID: 36235326 PMCID: PMC9572451 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Climate warming in the Antarctic tundra will affect locally dominant cryptogams. Being adapted to low temperatures and freezing, little is known about the response of the polar lichens’ primary photochemistry to warming and desiccation. Since 2008, we have monitored the ecophysiological responses of lichens to the future warming scenario during a long-term warming experiment through open top chambers (OTCs) on Fildes Peninsula. We studied the primary photochemical response (potential Fv/Fm and effective efficiency of photosystem II YPSII) of different lichen taxa and morphotypes under desiccation kinetics and heat shock experiments. As lichens grow slowly, to observe changes during warming we methodologically focused on carbon and nitrogen content as well as on the stable isotope ratios. Endemic Himantormia lugubris showed the strongest effect of long-term warming on primary photochemistry, where PSII activity occurred at a lower %RWC inside the OTCs, in addition to higher Fv/Fm values at 30 °C in the heat shock kinetic treatment. In contrast, Usnea aurantiaco-atra did not show any effect of long-term warming but was active at a thallus RWC lower than 10%. Both Cladonia species were most affected by water stress, with Cladonia aff. gracilis showing no significant differences in primary photochemical responses between the warming and the control but a high sensibility to water deficiency, where, at 60% thallus RWC, the photochemical parameters began to decrease. We detected species-specific responses not only to long-term warming, but also to desiccation. On the other hand, the carbon content did not vary significantly among the species or because of the passive warming treatment. Similarly, the nitrogen content showed non-significant variation; however, the C/N ratio was affected, with the strongest C/N decrease in Cladonia borealis. Our results suggest that Antarctic lichens can tolerate warming and high temperature better than desiccation and that climate change may affect these species if it is associated with a decrease in water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Marín
- Laboratory of Mycology and Mycorrhiza, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Campus Concepción, Concepción University, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Miloš Barták
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A13/119, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Götz Palfner
- Laboratory of Mycology and Mycorrhiza, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Campus Concepción, Concepción University, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Pablo Vergara-Barros
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Francisco Fernandoy
- Isotope Analysis Laboratory, Andrés Bello University, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile
| | - Josef Hájek
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A13/119, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angélica Casanova-Katny
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Natural Resources, Campus Luis Rivas del Canto, Catholic University of Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega #03694, Temuco 4780000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-96-209-7709
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4
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Bader MY, Moureau E, Nikolić N, Madena T, Koehn N, Zotz G. Simulating climate change in situ in a tropical rainforest understorey using active air warming and CO 2 addition. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8406. [PMID: 35127002 PMCID: PMC8796887 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Future climate-change effects on plant growth are most effectively studied using microclimate-manipulation experiments, the design of which has seen much advance in recent years. For tropical forests, however, such experiments are particularly hard to install and have hence not been widely used. We present a system of active heating and CO2 fertilization for use in tropical forest understoreys, where passive heating is not possible. The system was run for 2 years to study climate-change effects on epiphytic bryophytes, but is also deemed suitable to study other understorey plants. Warm air and CO2 addition were applied in 1.6-m-tall, 1.2-m-diameter hexagonal open-top chambers and the microclimate in the chambers compared to outside air. Warming was regulated with a feedback system while CO2 addition was fixed. The setup successfully heated the air by 2.8 K and increased CO2 by 250 ppm on average, with +3 K and +300 ppm as the targets. Variation was high, especially due to technical breakdowns, but not biased to times of the day or year. In the warming treatment, absolute humidity slightly increased but relative humidity dropped by between 6% and 15% (and the vapor pressure deficit increased) compared to ambient, depending on the level of warming achieved in each chamber. Compared to other heating systems, the chambers provide a realistic warming and CO2 treatment, but moistening the incoming air would be needed to avoid drying as a confounding factor. The method is preferable over infrared heating in the radiation-poor forest understorey, particularly when combined with CO2 fertilization. It is suitable for plant-level studies, but ecosystem-level studies in forests may require chamber-less approaches like infrared heating and free-air CO2 enrichment. By presenting the advantages and limitations of our approach, we aim to facilitate further climate-change experiments in tropical forests, which are urgently needed to understand the processes determining future element fluxes and biodiversity changes in these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Y. Bader
- Faculty of GeographyEcological Plant GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Elodie Moureau
- Faculty of GeographyEcological Plant GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Nada Nikolić
- Faculty of GeographyEcological Plant GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
- Institute for Biology and Environmental SciencesFunctional Ecology of PlantsUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Thomas Madena
- Faculty of Natural SciencesElectronics WorkshopUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Nils Koehn
- Faculty of Natural SciencesElectronics WorkshopUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental SciencesFunctional Ecology of PlantsUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
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5
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Abstract
AbstractThere is considerable scientific interest as to how terrestrial biodiversity in Antarctica might respond, or be expected to respond, to climate change. The two species of vascular plant confined to the Antarctic Peninsula have shown clear gains in density and range extension. However, little information exists for the dominant components of the flora, lichens and bryophytes. One approach has been to look at change in biodiversity using altitude as a proxy for temperature change and previous results for Livingston Island suggested that temperature was the controlling factor. We have extended this study at the same site by using chlorophyll fluorometers to monitor activity and microclimate of the lichen, Usnea aurantiaco-atra, and the moss, Hymenoloma crispulum. We confirmed the same lapse rate in temperature but show that changes in water relations with altitude is probably the main driver. There were differences in water source with U. aurantiaco-atra benefitting from water droplet harvesting and the species performed substantially better at the summit. In contrast, activity duration, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic modelling all show desiccation to have a large negative impact on the species at the lowest site. We conclude that water relations are the main drivers of biodiversity change along the altitudinal gradient with nutrients, not measured here, as another possible contributor.
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Petit Bon M, Böhner H, BrÅthen KA, Ravolainen VT, Jónsdóttir IS. Variable responses of carbon and nitrogen contents in vegetation and soil to herbivory and warming in high‐Arctic tundra. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Petit Bon
- Department of Arctic Biology University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) PO Box 156 N‐9171 Longyearbyen Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics Arctic University of Norway (UiT) N‐9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Hanna Böhner
- Department of Arctic Biology University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) PO Box 156 N‐9171 Longyearbyen Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics Arctic University of Norway (UiT) N‐9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Kari Anne BrÅthen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics Arctic University of Norway (UiT) N‐9037 Tromsø Norway
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Bokhorst S, Convey P, Casanova-Katny A, Aerts R. Warming impacts potential germination of non-native plants on the Antarctic Peninsula. Commun Biol 2021; 4:403. [PMID: 33767327 PMCID: PMC7994377 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic Peninsula is under pressure from non-native plants and this risk is expected to increase under climate warming. Establishment and subsequent range expansion of non-native plants depend in part on germination ability under Antarctic conditions, but quantifying these processes has yet to receive detailed study. Viability testing and plant growth responses under simulated Antarctic soil surface conditions over an annual cycle show that 16 non-native species, including grasses, herbs, rushes and a succulent, germinated and continued development under a warming scenario. Thermal germination requirement (degree day sum) was calculated for each species and field soil-temperature recordings indicate that this is satisfied as far south as 72° S. Here, we show that the establishment potential of non-native species, in number and geographical range, is considerably greater than currently suggested by species distribution modelling approaches, with important implications for risk assessments of non-native species along the Antarctic Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Bokhorst
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angélica Casanova-Katny
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Vegetal y Núcleo de Estudios Ambientales (NEA), Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rien Aerts
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Newsham KK, Cox F, Sands CJ, Garnett MH, Magan N, Horrocks CA, Dungait JAJ, Robinson CH. A Previously Undescribed Helotialean Fungus That Is Superabundant in Soil Under Maritime Antarctic Higher Plants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:615608. [PMID: 33391247 PMCID: PMC7775421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a previously undescribed member of the Helotiales that is superabundant in soils at two maritime Antarctic islands under Antarctic Hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica Desv.). High throughput sequencing showed that up to 92% of DNA reads, and 68% of RNA reads, in soils from the islands were accounted for by the fungus. Sequencing of the large subunit region of ribosomal (r)DNA places the fungus close to the Pezizellaceae, Porodiplodiaceae, and Sclerotiniaceae, with analyses of internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA indicating that it has affinities to previously unnamed soil and root fungi from alpine, cool temperate and Low Arctic regions. The fungus was found to be most frequent in soils containing C aged to 1,000-1,200 years before present. The relative abundances of its DNA and RNA reads were positively associated with soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations and δ13C values, with the relative abundance of its DNA being negatively associated with soil pH value. An isolate of the fungus produces flask-shaped phialides with a pronounced venter bearing masses of conidia measuring 4.5-6(7) × 1.8-2.5 μm, suggestive of anamorphic Chalara. Enzymatic studies indicate that the isolate strongly synthesizes the extracellular enzyme acid phosphatase, and also exhibits alkaline phosphatase and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase activities. Ecophysiological measurements indicate optimal hyphal growth of the isolate at a pH of 4.2-4.5 and a water potential of -0.66 MPa. The isolate is a psychrotroph, exhibiting measureable hyphal growth at -2°C, optimal hyphal extension rate at 15°C and negligible growth at 25°C. It is proposed that the rising temperatures that are predicted to occur in maritime Antarctica later this century will increase the growth rate of the fungus, with the potential loss of ancient C from soils. Analyses using the GlobalFungi Database indicate that the fungus is present in cold, acidic soils on all continents. We advocate further studies to identify whether it is superabundant in soils under D. antarctica elsewhere in maritime Antarctica, and for further isolates to be obtained so that the species can be formally described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. Newsham
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Cox
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chester J. Sands
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H. Garnett
- National Environmental Isotope Facility Radiocarbon Laboratory, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Claire A. Horrocks
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clare H. Robinson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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9
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Misiak M, Goodall‐Copestake WP, Sparks TH, Worland MR, Boddy L, Magan N, Convey P, Hopkins DW, Newsham KK. Inhibitory effects of climate change on the growth and extracellular enzyme activities of a widespread Antarctic soil fungus. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 27:1111-1125. [PMID: 33230837 PMCID: PMC7898924 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Temperatures approaching or exceeding 20°C have been measured during summer in polar regions at the surfaces of barren fellfield soils under cloudless skies around solar noon. However, despite the upper temperature limit for the growth of cold-adapted microbes-which are abundant in polar soils and have pivotal roles in nutrient cycling-typically being close to this temperature, previous studies have not addressed the consequences of climate change for the metabolism of these organisms in the natural environment. Here in a 5-year field experiment on Alexander Island in the southern maritime Antarctic, we show that the abundance of Pseudogymnoascus roseus, the most widespread decomposer fungus in maritime Antarctic fellfield soils, is reduced by 1-2 orders of magnitude when irrigated and nutrient-amended soils are warmed to >20°C during summer. Laboratory experiments under conditions mimicking those during midsummer in the natural environment indicated that the hyphal extension rates of P. roseus isolates and the activities of five extracellular enzymes are reduced by 54%-96% at high water availability after exposure to temperatures cycling daily from 2 to 21°C and 2 to 24°C, relative to temperatures cycling from 2 to 18°C. Given that the temperatures of surface soils at the study site already reach 19°C during midsummer, the observations reported here suggest that, at predicted rates of warming arising from moderate greenhouse gas emissions, inhibitory effects of climate change on the metabolism of P. roseus could manifest themselves within the next few decades. Furthermore, with peak temperatures at the surfaces of fellfield soils at other maritime Antarctic locations and in High Arctic and alpine regions already exceeding 20°C during summer, the observations suggest that climate warming has the potential to inhibit the growth of other cold-adapted microbes, with negative effects on soils as the Earth's climate continues to warm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Misiak
- British Antarctic SurveyNERCCambridgeUK
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiffUK
| | - William P. Goodall‐Copestake
- British Antarctic SurveyNERCCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Scottish Association for Marine ScienceObanArgyllPA37 1QAUK
| | - Tim H. Sparks
- Institute of ZoologyPoznań University of Life SciencesPoznańPoland
- Museum of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood ThemeCranfield UniversityCranfieldUK
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10
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Wang H, Li H, Xu J, Tian K. Negative Responses of Wetland Plant Species to Warming Linked to Temperature Artifacts. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.524486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Chua CY, Wong CMVL. Effects of simulated warming on bacterial diversity and abundance in tropical soils from East Malaysia using open top chambers. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:64-74. [PMID: 33084348 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of global warming are increasingly evident, where global surface temperatures and atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide have increased in past decades. Given the role of terrestrial bacteria in various ecological functions, it is important to understand how terrestrial bacteria would respond towards higher environmental temperatures. This study aims to determine soil bacterial diversity in the tropics and their response towards in situ warming using an open-top chamber (OTC). OTCs were set up in areas exposed to sunlight throughout the year in the tropical region in Malaysia. Soil samples were collected every 3 months to monitor changes in bacterial diversity using V3-V4 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing inside the OTCs (treatment plots) and outside the OTCs (control plots). After 12 months of simulated warming, an average increase of 0.81 to 1.15 °C was recorded in treatment plots. Significant changes in the relative abundance of bacterial phyla such as Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi were reported. Increases in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria were also observed in treatment plots after 12 months. Substantial changes were observed at the genus level, where most bacterial genera decreased in relative abundance after 12 months. This study demonstrated that warming can alter soil bacteria in tropical soils from Kota Kinabalu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen Yang Chua
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Clemente Michael Vui Ling Wong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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12
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Ylänne H, Kaarlejärvi E, Väisänen M, Männistö MK, Ahonen SHK, Olofsson J, Stark S. Removal of grazers alters the response of tundra soil carbon to warming and enhanced nitrogen availability. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henni Ylänne
- Arctic Center University of Lapland P.O. Box 122 Rovaniemi FI‐96101 Finland
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000 Oulu FI‐90100 Finland
| | - Elina Kaarlejärvi
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University Umeå SE‐90187 Sweden
- Department of Biology Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Pleinlaan 2 Brussel B‐1050 Belgium
| | - Maria Väisänen
- Arctic Center University of Lapland P.O. Box 122 Rovaniemi FI‐96101 Finland
| | - Minna K. Männistö
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Eteläranta 55 Rovaniemi FI‐96300 Finland
| | - Saija H. K. Ahonen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000 Oulu FI‐90100 Finland
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University Umeå SE‐90187 Sweden
| | - Sari Stark
- Arctic Center University of Lapland P.O. Box 122 Rovaniemi FI‐96101 Finland
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13
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Prather HM, Casanova-Katny A, Clements AF, Chmielewski MW, Balkan MA, Shortlidge EE, Rosenstiel TN, Eppley SM. Species-specific effects of passive warming in an Antarctic moss system. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190744. [PMID: 31827828 PMCID: PMC6894601 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polar systems are experiencing rapid climate change and the high sensitivity of these Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems make them especially vulnerable to accelerated ecological transformation. In Antarctica, warming results in a mosaic of ice-free terrestrial habitats dominated by a diverse assemblage of cryptogamic plants (i.e. mosses and lichens). Although these plants provide key habitat for a wide array of microorganisms and invertebrates, we have little understanding of the interaction between trophic levels in this terrestrial ecosystem and whether there are functional effects of plant species on higher trophic levels that may alter with warming. Here, we used open top chambers on Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, to examine the effects of passive warming and moss species on the abiotic environment and ultimately on higher trophic levels. For the dominant mosses, Polytrichastrum alpinum and Sanionia georgicouncinata, we found species-specific effects on the abiotic environment, including moss canopy temperature and soil moisture. In addition, we found distinct shifts in sexual expression in P. alpinum plants under warming compared to mosses without warming, and invertebrate communities in this moss species were strongly correlated with plant reproduction. Mosses under warming had substantially larger total invertebrate communities, and some invertebrate taxa were influenced differentially by moss species. However, warmed moss plants showed lower fungal biomass than control moss plants, and fungal biomass differed between moss species. Our results indicate that continued warming may impact the reproductive output of Antarctic moss species, potentially altering terrestrial ecosystems dynamics from the bottom up. Understanding these effects requires clarifying the foundational, mechanistic role that individual plant species play in mediating complex interactions in Antarctica's terrestrial food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Prather
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Angélica Casanova-Katny
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega 03694, Temuco, Chile
| | - Andrew F. Clements
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Matthew W. Chmielewski
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Mehmet A. Balkan
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Erin E. Shortlidge
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Todd N. Rosenstiel
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Sarah M. Eppley
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments and Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, SRTC Room 246, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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Newsham KK, Tripathi BM, Dong K, Yamamoto N, Adams JM, Hopkins DW. Bacterial Community Composition and Diversity Respond to Nutrient Amendment but Not Warming in a Maritime Antarctic Soil. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 78:974-984. [PMID: 30989354 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A resumption of climate warming in maritime Antarctica, arising from continued greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere, is predicted to lead to further expansions of plant populations across the region, with consequent increases in nutrient inputs to soils. Here, we test the main and interactive effects of warming, applied with open top chambers (OTCs), and nutrient amendment with tryptic soy broth (TSB), an artificial growth substrate, on bacterial community composition and diversity using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in soil from a field experiment in the southern maritime Antarctic. Substantial effects of TSB application on bacterial communities were identified after 49 months, including reduced diversity, altered phylogenetic community assembly processes, increased Proteobacteria-to-Acidobacteria ratios and significant divergence in community composition, notably increases in the relative abundances of the gram-positive genera Arthrobacter, Paeniglutamicibacter and Planococcus. Contrary to previous observations from other maritime Antarctic field warming experiments, we recorded no effects of warming with OTCs, or interactive effects of OTCs and TSB application, on bacterial community composition or diversity. Based on these findings, we conclude that further warming of the maritime Antarctic is unlikely to influence soil bacterial community composition or diversity directly, but that increased nutrient inputs arising from enhanced plant growth across the region may affect the composition of soil bacterial communities, with possible effects on ecosystem productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Newsham
- NERC British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
| | - Binu M Tripathi
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Naomichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan M Adams
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - David W Hopkins
- Scotland's Rural College, Peter Wilson Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
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15
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Convey P, Peck LS. Antarctic environmental change and biological responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaz0888. [PMID: 31807713 PMCID: PMC6881164 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing complex environmental change. Their native biota has adapted to the region's extreme conditions over many millions of years. This unique biota is now challenged by environmental change and the direct impacts of human activity. The terrestrial biota is characterized by considerable physiological and ecological flexibility and is expected to show increases in productivity, population sizes and ranges of individual species, and community complexity. However, the establishment of non-native organisms in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems may present an even greater threat than climate change itself. In the marine environment, much more limited response flexibility means that even small levels of warming are threatening. Changing sea ice has large impacts on ecosystem processes, while ocean acidification and coastal freshening are expected to have major impacts.
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16
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Donhauser J, Frey B. Alpine soil microbial ecology in a changing world. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5017441. [PMID: 30032189 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change has a disproportionally large impact on alpine soil ecosystems, leading to pronounced changes in soil microbial diversity and function associated with effects on biogeochemical processes at the local and supraregional scales. However, due to restricted accessibility, high-altitude soils remain largely understudied and a considerable heterogeneity hampers the comparability of different alpine studies. Here, we highlight differences and similarities between alpine and arctic ecosystems, and we discuss the impact of climatic variables and associated vegetation and soil properties on microbial ecology. We consider how microbial alpha-diversity, community structures and function change along altitudinal gradients and with other topographic features such as slope aspect. In addition, we focus on alpine permafrost soils, harboring a surprisingly large unknown microbial diversity and on microbial succession along glacier forefield chronosequences constituting the most thoroughly studied alpine habitat. Finally, highlighting experimental approaches, we present climate change studies showing shifts in microbial community structures and function in response to warming and altered moisture, interestingly with some contradiction. Collectively, despite harsh environmental conditions, many specially adapted microorganisms are able to thrive in alpine environments. Their community structures strongly correlate with climatic, vegetation and soil properties and thus closely mirror the complexity and small-scale heterogeneity of alpine soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beat Frey
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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17
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Eppley SM, Rosenstiel TN, Chmielewski MW, Woll SC, Shaw ZM, Shortlidge EE. Rapid population sex-ratio changes in the moss Ceratodon purpureus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1232-1238. [PMID: 30035817 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Sex-ratio variation occurs widely in dioecious plants, but the mechanisms of population sex-ratio bias are poorly understood. In bryophytes, sex ratios are often female biased, and little information is available about how and when bias forms. METHODS To test whether population sex-ratio variation can emerge during the gametophytic phase and is not purely a product of spore sex ratios, we created artificial populations of the moss Ceratodon purpureus, with male- and female-biased sex ratios, and placed half under a stress treatment. We hypothesized that male-majority populations would become female-biased and that stress would increase this transition. After 18 mo, when sporophytes were initially forming, we used sex-specific molecular markers to determine population sex ratios. KEY RESULTS Female-majority populations did not differ significantly from their original bias, whereas male-majority populations became significantly more female biased. The plants had only just produced their first spores, so these sex-ratio changes occurred during the gametophytic generation, as a result of sex-specific growth or survival. Sporophytes occurred only in populations with female-biased final sex ratios, which suggests that females in male-majority populations may have invested energy in ramets rather than in sporophyte production. The stress treatment was mild and had no effect on sex ratio. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that female bias can be generated during the gametophytic generation, before plants reach sexual maturity. These results, combined with those of previous work, suggest that both the gametophytic and the sporophytic stages drive population sex ratios in C. purpureus, thus indicating that multiple mechanisms operate to create biased population sex ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Eppley
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA
| | - Todd N Rosenstiel
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA
| | - Matthew W Chmielewski
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA
| | - S Cody Woll
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA
| | - Zoë M Shaw
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA
| | - Erin E Shortlidge
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA
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18
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Cui Q, Song C, Wang X, Shi F, Yu X, Tan W. Effects of warming on N 2O fluxes in a boreal peatland of Permafrost region, Northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:427-434. [PMID: 29127796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to increasingly influence boreal peatlands and alter their greenhouse gases emissions. However, the effects of warming on N2O fluxes and the N2O budgets were ignored in boreal peatlands. Therefore, in a boreal peatland of permafrost zone in Northeast China, a simulated warming experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of warming on N2O fluxes in Betula. Fruticosa community (B. Fruticosa) and Ledum. palustre community (L. palustre) during the growing seasons from 2013 to 2015. Results showed that warming treatment increased air temperature at 1.5m aboveground and soil temperature at 5cm depth by 0.6°C and 2°C, respectively. The average seasonal N2O fluxes ranged from 6.62 to 9.34μgm-2h-1 in the warming plot and ranged from 0.41 to 4.55μgm-2h-1 in the control plots. Warming treatment increased N2O fluxes by 147% and transformed the boreal peatlands from a N2O sink to a source. The primary driving factors for N2O fluxes were soil temperature and active layer depth, whereas soil moisture showed a weak correlation with N2O fluxes. The results indicated that warming promoted N2O fluxes by increasing soil temperature and active layer depth in a boreal peatland of permafrost zone in Northeast China. Moreover, elevated N2O fluxes persisted in this region will potentially drive a noncarbon feedback to ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Changchun Song
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China.
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China
| | - Fuxi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China
| | - Xueyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wenwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, PR China
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Bokhorst S, Convey P, Huiskes A, Aerts R. Dwarf shrub and grass vegetation resistant to long-term experimental warming while microarthropod abundance declines on the Falkland Islands. AUSTRAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Bokhorst
- Department of Ecological Sciences; Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences; VU University Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1085 NL-1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - P. Convey
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - A. Huiskes
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research; Yerseke The Netherlands
| | - R. Aerts
- Department of Ecological Sciences; Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences; VU University Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1085 NL-1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
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20
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Cuba-Díaz M, Klagges M, Fuentes-Lillo E, Cordero C, Acuña D, Opazo G, Troncoso-Castro JM. Phenotypic variability and genetic differentiation in continental and island populations of Colobanthus quitensis (Caryophyllaceae: Antarctic pearlwort). Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Shortlidge EE, Eppley SM, Kohler H, Rosenstiel TN, Zúñiga GE, Casanova-Katny A. Passive warming reduces stress and shifts reproductive effort in the Antarctic moss, Polytrichastrum alpinum. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:27-38. [PMID: 27794516 PMCID: PMC5218369 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Western Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most rapidly warming regions on Earth, and many biotic communities inhabiting this dynamic region are responding to these well-documented climatic shifts. Yet some of the most prevalent organisms of terrestrial Antarctica, the mosses, and their responses to warming have been relatively overlooked and understudied. In this research, the impacts of 6 years of passive warming were investigated using open top chambers (OTCs), on moss communities of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica. METHODS The effects of experimental passive warming on the morphology, sexual reproductive effort and stress physiology of a common dioicous Antarctic moss, Polytrichastrum alpinum ,: were tested, gaining the first species-specific mechanistic insight into moss responses to warming in the Antarctic. Additionally community analyses were conducted examining the impact of warming on overall moss percentage cover and sporophyte production in intact Antarctic moss communities. KEY RESULTS Our results show a generally greater percentage moss cover under warming conditions as well as increased gametangia production in P. alpinum Distinct morphological and physiological shifts in P. alpinum were found under passive warming compared with those without warming: warmed mosses reduced investment in cellular stress defences, but invested more towards primary productivity and gametangia development. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, results from this study of mosses under passive warming imply that in ice-free moss-dominated regions, continued climate warming will probably have profound impacts on moss biology and colonization along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Such findings highlight the fundamental role that mosses will play in influencing the terrestrialization of a warming Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Shortlidge
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Sarah M Eppley
- Department of Biology and the Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Hans Kohler
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
| | - Todd N Rosenstiel
- Department of Biology and the Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Gustavo E Zúñiga
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Casanova-Katny
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
- Program in Environmental Studies (NEA), School of Environmental Science, Natural Resources Faculty, Catholic University of Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco, Chile
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22
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Casanova-Katny A, Torres-Mellado GA, Eppley SM. Reproductive output of mosses under experimental warming on Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, maritime Antarctica. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-016-0061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Molina-Montenegro MA, Galleguillos C, Oses R, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Lavín P, Gallardo-Cerda J, Torres-Díaz C, Diez B, Pizarro GE, Atala C. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and competitive ability deployed under a climate change scenario may promote the invasion of Poa annua in Antarctica. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Usnea antarctica, an important Antarctic lichen, is vulnerable to aspects of regional environmental change. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Ylänne H, Stark S, Tolvanen A. Vegetation shift from deciduous to evergreen dwarf shrubs in response to selective herbivory offsets carbon losses: evidence from 19 years of warming and simulated herbivory in the subarctic tundra. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3696-3711. [PMID: 25950664 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Selective herbivory of palatable plant species provides a competitive advantage for unpalatable plant species, which often have slow growth rates and produce slowly decomposable litter. We hypothesized that through a shift in the vegetation community from palatable, deciduous dwarf shrubs to unpalatable, evergreen dwarf shrubs, selective herbivory may counteract the increased shrub abundance that is otherwise found in tundra ecosystems, in turn interacting with the responses of ecosystem carbon (C) stocks and CO2 balance to climatic warming. We tested this hypothesis in a 19-year field experiment with factorial treatments of warming and simulated herbivory on the dominant deciduous dwarf shrub Vaccinium myrtillus. Warming was associated with a significantly increased vegetation abundance, with the strongest effect on deciduous dwarf shrubs, resulting in greater rates of both gross ecosystem production (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) as well as increased C stocks. Simulated herbivory increased the abundance of evergreen dwarf shrubs, most importantly Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum, which led to a recent shift in the dominant vegetation from deciduous to evergreen dwarf shrubs. Simulated herbivory caused no effect on GEP and ER or the total ecosystem C stocks, indicating that the vegetation shift counteracted the herbivore-induced C loss from the system. A larger proportion of the total ecosystem C stock was found aboveground, rather than belowground, in plots treated with simulated herbivory. We conclude that by providing a competitive advantage to unpalatable plant species with slow growth rates and long life spans, selective herbivory may promote aboveground C stocks in a warming tundra ecosystem and, through this mechanism, counteract C losses that result from plant biomass consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henni Ylänne
- Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, P.O. Box 122, Rovaniemi, FI-96101, Finland
| | - Sari Stark
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, P.O. Box 122, Rovaniemi, FI-96101, Finland
| | - Anne Tolvanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), P.O. Box 413, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
- Thule Institute, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 7300, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
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Ward SE, Orwin KH, Ostle NJ, Briones JI, Thomson BC, Griffiths RI, Oakley S, Quirk H, Bardget RD. Vegetation exerts a greater control on litter decomposition than climate warming in peatlands. Ecology 2015; 96:113-23. [PMID: 26236896 DOI: 10.1890/14-0292.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Historically, slow decomposition rates have resulted in the accumulation of large amounts of carbon in northern peatlands. Both climate warming and vegetation change can alter rates of decomposition, and hence affect rates of atmospheric CO2 exchange, with consequences for climate change feedbacks. Although warming and vegetation change are happening concurrently, little is known about their relative and interactive effects on decomposition processes. To test the effects of warming and vegetation change on decomposition rates, we placed litter of three dominant species (Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum vaginatum, Hypnum jutlandicum) into a peatland field experiment that combined warming.with plant functional group removals, and measured mass loss over two years. To identify potential mechanisms behind effects, we also measured nutrient cycling and soil biota. We found that plant functional group removals exerted a stronger control over short-term litter decomposition than did approximately 1 degrees C warming, and that the plant removal effect depended on litter species identity. Specifically, rates of litter decomposition were faster when shrubs were removed from the plant community, and these effects were strongest for graminoid and bryophyte litter. Plant functional group removals also had strong effects on soil biota and nutrient cycling associated with decomposition, whereby shrub removal had cascading effects on soil fungal community composition, increased enchytraeid abundance, and increased rates of N mineralization. Our findings demonstrate that, in addition to litter quality, changes in vegetation composition play a significant role in regulating short-term litter decomposition and belowground communities in peatland, and that these impacts can be greater than moderate warming effects. Our findings, albeit from a relatively short-term study, highlight the need to consider both vegetation change and its impacts below ground alongside climatic effects when predicting future decomposition rates and carbon storage in peatlands.
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Stark S, Väisänen M, Ylänne H, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Martz F. Decreased phenolic defence in dwarf birch (Betula nana) after warming in subarctic tundra. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Delarue F, Buttler A, Bragazza L, Grasset L, Jassey VEJ, Gogo S, Laggoun-Défarge F. Experimental warming differentially affects microbial structure and activity in two contrasted moisture sites in a Sphagnum-dominated peatland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:576-583. [PMID: 25590538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Several studies on the impact of climate warming have indicated that peat decomposition/mineralization will be enhanced. Most of these studies deal with the impact of experimental warming during summer when prevalent abiotic conditions are favorable to decomposition. Here, we investigated the effect of experimental air warming by open-top chambers (OTCs) on water-extractable organic matter (WEOM), microbial biomasses and enzymatic activities in two contrasted moisture sites named Bog and Fen sites, the latter considered as the wetter ones. While no or few changes in peat temperature and water content appeared under the overall effect of OTCs, we observed that air warming smoothed water content differences and led to a decrease in mean peat temperature at the warmed Bog sites. This thermal discrepancy between the two sites led to contrasting changes in microbial structure and activities: a rise in hydrolytic activity at the warmed Bog sites and a relative enhancement of bacterial biomass at the warmed Fen sites. These features were not associated with any change in WEOM properties namely carbon and sugar contents and aromaticity, suggesting that air warming did not trigger any shift in OM decomposition. Using various tools, we show that the use of single indicators of OM decomposition can lead to fallacious conclusions. Lastly, these patterns may change seasonally as a consequence of complex interactions between groundwater level and air warming, suggesting the need to improve our knowledge using a high time-resolution approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Delarue
- Université d'Orléans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France; CNRS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France; BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France.
| | - Alexandre Buttler
- Laboratoire de Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 16 route de Gray, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory of Ecological Systems (ECOS), Bâtiment GR, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Site Lausanne, Station 2, Case postale 96, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Bragazza
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory of Ecological Systems (ECOS), Bâtiment GR, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Site Lausanne, Station 2, Case postale 96, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; University of Ferrara, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laurent Grasset
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Synthèse et de Réactivité des Substances Naturelles-UMR 6514, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue M. Brunet, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Vincent E J Jassey
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory of Ecological Systems (ECOS), Bâtiment GR, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Site Lausanne, Station 2, Case postale 96, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Gogo
- Université d'Orléans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France; CNRS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France; BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Fatima Laggoun-Défarge
- Université d'Orléans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France; CNRS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France; BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
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Xavier JC, Hill SL, Belchier M, Bracegirdle TJ, Murphy EJ, Dias JL. From Ice to Penguins: The Role of Mathematics in Antarctic Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16121-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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30
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Experiment, monitoring, and gradient methods used to infer climate change effects on plant communities yield consistent patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:448-52. [PMID: 25548195 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410088112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inference about future climate change impacts typically relies on one of three approaches: manipulative experiments, historical comparisons (broadly defined to include monitoring the response to ambient climate fluctuations using repeat sampling of plots, dendroecology, and paleoecology techniques), and space-for-time substitutions derived from sampling along environmental gradients. Potential limitations of all three approaches are recognized. Here we address the congruence among these three main approaches by comparing the degree to which tundra plant community composition changes (i) in response to in situ experimental warming, (ii) with interannual variability in summer temperature within sites, and (iii) over spatial gradients in summer temperature. We analyzed changes in plant community composition from repeat sampling (85 plant communities in 28 regions) and experimental warming studies (28 experiments in 14 regions) throughout arctic and alpine North America and Europe. Increases in the relative abundance of species with a warmer thermal niche were observed in response to warmer summer temperatures using all three methods; however, effect sizes were greater over broad-scale spatial gradients relative to either temporal variability in summer temperature within a site or summer temperature increases induced by experimental warming. The effect sizes for change over time within a site and with experimental warming were nearly identical. These results support the view that inferences based on space-for-time substitution overestimate the magnitude of responses to contemporary climate warming, because spatial gradients reflect long-term processes. In contrast, in situ experimental warming and monitoring approaches yield consistent estimates of the magnitude of response of plant communities to climate warming.
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Everatt MJ, Convey P, Worland MR, Bale JS, Hayward SAL. Are the Antarctic dipteran, Eretmoptera murphyi, and Arctic collembolan, Megaphorura arctica, vulnerable to rising temperatures? BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:494-503. [PMID: 24816280 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polar terrestrial invertebrates are suggested as being vulnerable to temperature change relative to lower latitude species, and hence possibly also to climate warming. Previous studies have shown Antarctic and Arctic Collembola and Acari to possess good heat tolerance and survive temperature exposures above 30 °C. To test this feature further, the heat tolerance and physiological plasticity of heat stress were explored in the Arctic collembolan, Megaphorura arctica, from Svalbard and the Antarctic midge, Eretmoptera murphyi, from Signy Island. The data obtained demonstrate considerable heat tolerance in both species, with upper lethal temperatures ≥35 °C (1 h exposures), and tolerance of exposure to 10 and 15 °C exceeding 56 days. This tolerance is far beyond that required in their current environment. Average microhabitat temperatures in August 2011 ranged between 5.1 and 8.1 °C, and rarely rose above 10 °C, in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Summer soil microhabitat temperatures on Signy Island have previously been shown to range between 0 and 10 °C. There was also evidence to suggest that E. murphyi can recover from high-temperature exposure and that M. arctica is capable of rapid heat hardening. M. arctica and E. murphyi therefore have the physiological capacity to tolerate current environmental conditions, as well as future warming. If the features they express are characteristically more general, such polar terrestrial invertebrates will likely fare well under climate warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Everatt
- School of Biosciences,University of Birmingham,Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT,UK
| | - P Convey
- British Antarctic Survey,Natural Environment Research Council,High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET,UK
| | - M R Worland
- British Antarctic Survey,Natural Environment Research Council,High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET,UK
| | - J S Bale
- School of Biosciences,University of Birmingham,Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT,UK
| | - S A L Hayward
- School of Biosciences,University of Birmingham,Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT,UK
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Munir TM, Strack M. Methane Flux Influenced by Experimental Water Table Drawdown and Soil Warming in a Dry Boreal Continental Bog. Ecosystems 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Phenolic Responses of Mountain Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum) to Global Climate Change are Compound Specific and Depend on Grazing by Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:1390-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Everatt MJ, Bale JS, Convey P, Worland MR, Hayward SAL. The effect of acclimation temperature on thermal activity thresholds in polar terrestrial invertebrates. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:1057-1064. [PMID: 23973412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the Maritime Antarctic and High Arctic, soil microhabitat temperatures throughout the year typically range between -10 and +5 °C. However, on occasion, they can exceed 20 °C, and these instances are likely to increase and intensify as a result of climate warming. Remaining active under both cool and warm conditions is therefore important for polar terrestrial invertebrates if they are to forage, reproduce and maximise their fitness. In the current study, lower and upper thermal activity thresholds were investigated in the polar Collembola, Megaphorura arctica and Cryptopygus antarcticus, and the mite, Alaskozetes antarcticus. Specifically, the effect of acclimation on these traits was explored. Sub-zero activity was exhibited in all three species, at temperatures as low as -4.6 °C in A. antarcticus. At high temperatures, all three species had capacity for activity above 30 °C and were most active at 25 °C. This indicates a comparable spread of temperatures across which activity can occur to that seen in temperate and tropical species, but with the activity window shifted towards lower temperatures. In all three species following one month acclimation at -2 °C, chill coma (=the temperature at which movement and activity cease) and the critical thermal minimum (=low temperature at which coordination is no longer shown) occurred at lower temperatures than for individuals maintained at +4 °C (except for the CTmin of M. arctica). Individuals acclimated at +9 °C conversely showed little change in their chill coma or CTmin. A similar trend was demonstrated for the heat coma and critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of all species. Following one month at -2 °C, the heat coma and CTmax were reduced as compared with +4 °C reared individuals, whereas the heat coma and CTmax of individuals acclimated at +9 °C showed little adjustment. The data obtained suggest these invertebrates are able to take maximum advantage of the short growing season and have some capacity, in spite of limited plasticity at high temperatures, to cope with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Everatt
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Heat tolerance and physiological plasticity in the Antarctic collembolan, Cryptopygus antarcticus, and mite, Alaskozetes antarcticus. J Therm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Open Top Chambers and Infrared Lamps: A Comparison of Heating Efficacy and CO2/CH4 Dynamics in a Northern Michigan Peatland. Ecosystems 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-013-9646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nielsen UN, Wall DH. The future of soil invertebrate communities in polar regions: different climate change responses in the Arctic and Antarctic? Ecol Lett 2013; 16:409-19. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana H. Wall
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory and Department of Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins; CO; 80523; USA
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Bokhorst S, Huiskes A, Aerts R, Convey P, Cooper EJ, Dalen L, Erschbamer B, Gudmundsson J, Hofgaard A, Hollister RD, Johnstone J, Jónsdóttir IS, Lebouvier M, Van de Vijver B, Wahren CH, Dorrepaal E. Variable temperature effects of Open Top Chambers at polar and alpine sites explained by irradiance and snow depth. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:64-74. [PMID: 23504721 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Environmental manipulation studies are integral to determining biological consequences of climate warming. Open Top Chambers (OTCs) have been widely used to assess summer warming effects on terrestrial biota, with their effects during other seasons normally being given less attention even though chambers are often deployed year-round. In addition, their effects on temperature extremes and freeze-thaw events are poorly documented. To provide robust documentation of the microclimatic influences of OTCs throughout the year, we analysed temperature data from 20 studies distributed across polar and alpine regions. The effects of OTCs on mean temperature showed a large range (-0.9 to 2.1 °C) throughout the year, but did not differ significantly between studies. Increases in mean monthly and diurnal temperature were strongly related (R(2) = 0.70) with irradiance, indicating that PAR can be used to predict the mean warming effect of OTCs. Deeper snow trapped in OTCs also induced higher temperatures at soil/vegetation level. OTC-induced changes in the frequency of freeze-thaw events included an increase in autumn and decreases in spring and summer. Frequency of high-temperature events in OTCs increased in spring, summer and autumn compared with non-manipulated control plots. Frequency of low-temperature events was reduced by deeper snow accumulation and higher mean temperatures. The strong interactions identified between aspects of ambient environmental conditions and effects of OTCs suggest that a detailed knowledge of snow depth, temperature and irradiance levels enables us to predict how OTCs will modify the microclimate at a particular site and season. Such predictive power allows a better mechanistic understanding of observed biotic response to experimental warming studies and for more informed design of future experiments. However, a need remains to quantify OTC effects on water availability and wind speed (affecting, for example, drying rates and water stress) in combination with microclimate measurements at organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Bokhorst
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden.
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Convey P, Aitken S, di Prisco G, Gill M, Coulson S, Barry T, Jónsdóttir I, Dang P, Hik D, Kulkarni T, Lewis G. The impacts of climate change on circumpolar biodiversity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2012.732556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Effects of Warming on Shrub Abundance and Chemistry Drive Ecosystem-Level Changes in a Forest–Tundra Ecotone. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nielsen UN, Wall DH, Adams BJ, Virginia RA, Ball BA, Gooseff MN, McKnight DM. The ecology of pulse events: insights from an extreme climatic event in a polar desert ecosystem. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00325.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Bokhorst S, Bjerke JW, Tømmervik H, Preece C, Phoenix GK. Ecosystem response to climatic change: the importance of the cold season. AMBIO 2012; 41 Suppl 3:246-55. [PMID: 22864698 PMCID: PMC3535051 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Winter climate and snow cover are the important drivers of plant community development in polar regions. However, the impacts of changing winter climate and associated changes in snow regime have received much less attention than changes during summer. Here, we synthesize the results from studies on the impacts of extreme winter weather events on polar heathland and lichen communities. Dwarf shrubs, mosses and soil arthropods were negatively impacted by extreme warming events while lichens showed variable responses to changes in extreme winter weather events. Snow mould formation underneath the snow may contribute to spatial heterogeneity in plant growth, arthropod communities and carbon cycling. Winter snow cover and depth will drive the reported impacts of winter climate change and add to spatial patterns in vegetation heterogeneity. The challenges ahead lie in obtaining better predictions on the snow patterns across the landscape and how these will be altered due to winter climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Bokhorst
- />Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jarle W. Bjerke
- />Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM—High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsö, Norway
| | - Hans Tømmervik
- />Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM—High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsö, Norway
| | - Catherine Preece
- />Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Gareth K. Phoenix
- />Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
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Shifts in soil microorganisms in response to warming are consistent across a range of Antarctic environments. ISME JOURNAL 2011; 6:692-702. [PMID: 21938020 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Because of severe abiotic limitations, Antarctic soils represent simplified systems, where microorganisms are the principal drivers of nutrient cycling. This relative simplicity makes these ecosystems particularly vulnerable to perturbations, like global warming, and the Antarctic Peninsula is among the most rapidly warming regions on the planet. However, the consequences of the ongoing warming of Antarctica on microorganisms and the processes they mediate are unknown. Here, using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and qPCR, we report highly consistent responses in microbial communities across disparate sub-Antarctic and Antarctic environments in response to 3 years of experimental field warming (+0.5 to 2 °C). Specifically, we found significant increases in the abundance of fungi and bacteria and in the Alphaproteobacteria-to-Acidobacteria ratio, which could result in an increase in soil respiration. Furthermore, shifts toward generalist bacterial communities following warming weakened the linkage between the bacterial taxonomic and functional richness. GeoChip microarray analyses also revealed significant warming effects on functional communities, specifically in the N-cycling microorganisms. Our results demonstrate that soil microorganisms across a range of sub-Antarctic and Antarctic environments can respond consistently and rapidly to increasing temperatures.
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