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Rhode H, Lüse A, Tautkus B, Nabity M, John-Kroegel U, Weigel F, Dost A, Schitke J, Metzing O, Böckhaus J, Rubel D, Kiess W, Gross O. Urinary Protein-Biomarkers Reliably Indicate Very Early Kidney Damage in Children With Alport Syndrome Independently of Albuminuria and Inflammation. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:2778-2793. [PMID: 38106579 PMCID: PMC10719601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary type IV collagen disease. It starts shortly after birth, without clinical symptoms, and progresses to end-stage kidney disease early in life. The earlier therapy starts, the more effectively end-stage kidney disease can be delayed. Clearly then, to ensure preemptive therapy, early diagnosis is an essential prerequisite. Methods To provide early diagnosis, we searched for protein biomarkers (BMs) by mass spectrometry in dogs with AS stage 0. At this very early stage, we identified 74 candidate BMs. Of these, using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), we evaluated 27 in dogs and 28 in children, 50 with AS and 104 healthy controls. Results Most BMs from blood appeared as fractions of multiple variants of the same protein, as shown by their chromatographic distribution before mass spectrometry. Blood samples showed only minor differences because ELISAs rarely detect disease-specific variants. However, in urine , several proteins, individually or in combination, were promising indicators of very early and preclinical kidney injury. The BMs with the highest sensitivity and specificity were collagen type XIII, hyaluronan binding protein 2 (HABP2), and complement C4 binding protein (C4BP). Conclusion We generated very strong candidate BMs by our approach of first examining preclinical AS in dogs and then validating these BMs in children at early stages of disease. These BMs might serve for screening purposes for AS before the onset of kidney damage and therefore allow preemptive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Rhode
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra Lüse
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bärbel Tautkus
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mary Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Axel Dost
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Schitke
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Metzing
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Böckhaus
- Clinics for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diana Rubel
- Clinics for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Gross
- Clinics for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Broeckx BJG. Incorporating Genetic Testing into a Breeding Program. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00064-5. [PMID: 37221103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Genetic tests are powerful tools that enable (1) a focus on genetic diversity as mating outcomes can be predicted and thus optimized to minimize or even avoid exclusion and (2) working toward breeding goals by improving a phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J G Broeckx
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
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Storey J, Gobbetti T, Olzinski A, Berridge BR. A Structured Approach to Optimizing Animal Model Selection for Human Translation: The Animal Model Quality Assessment. ILAR J 2022; 62:66-76. [PMID: 35421235 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies in pharmaceutical drug discovery are common in preclinical research for compound evaluation before progression into human clinical trials. However, high rates of drug development attrition have prompted concerns regarding animal models and their predictive translatability to the clinic. To improve the characterization and evaluation of animal models for their translational relevance, the authors developed a tool to transparently reflect key features of a model that may be considered in both the application of the model but also the likelihood of successful translation of the outcomes to human patients. In this publication, we describe the rationale for the development of the Animal Model Quality Assessment tool, the questions used for the animal model assessment, and a high-level scoring system for the purpose of defining predictive translatability. Finally, we provide an example of a completed Animal Model Quality Assessment for the adoptive T-cell transfer model of colitis as a mouse model to mimic inflammatory bowel disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Storey
- Animal Research Strategy Group, Office of Animal Welfare, Ethics, Strategy and Risk, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Thomas Gobbetti
- Experimental Quantitative Pharmacology Group (Immunology Research Unit), GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Alan Olzinski
- Animal Research Strategy Group, Office of Animal Welfare, Ethics, Strategy and Risk, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- National Toxicology Program Division, NIH NIEHS Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Melandri M, Veronesi MC, Alonge S. Urinalysis in Great Dane Puppies from Birth to 28 Days of Age. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040636. [PMID: 32272673 PMCID: PMC7222746 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Still, nowadays, small animal perinatology is quite an unknown field of veterinary medicine. To help decrease the high mortality rates reported for canine newborns, veterinary practitioners should become more aware of neonatal physiology and pathology, focusing their attention on metabolic balance. It is impossible to discriminate healthy puppies from pathological littermates in the absence of reference ranges for specific parameters, which are obviously different from those of adults. Since blood samples are more difficult and dangerous to collect from newborns, practitioners could rely on urinary samples, easily gathered by the stimulation of the somato-vesical spinal reflex. The present research, based on 624 urine samples, offers results that can be used as references for the first-line evaluation of newborn Great Danes by dipstick rapid urinalysis. In healthy puppies, specific gravity and pH vary from birth to 28 days of age, while glucosuria and proteinuria are never reported. The present results, derived from a sample of single-breed puppies, can represent the starting point for a further multi-breed evaluation. Abstract Urinalysis, a common test in infants, could represent a suitable non-invasive clinical tool in puppies. In dog neonates, urine is easily collected by stimulating the somato-vesccal reflex. Information on urine characteristics during the neonatal period is missing. Beside instrumental laboratory analyses, the dipstick was proven useful for rapid urinalysis to evaluate specific gravity (SG), pH, leukocytes, nitrites, glucose, proteins, ketones, urobilinogen, bilirubin, and blood. The present study aimed to describe urinalysis features by the dipstick test and refractometer along the neonatal period. Urine samples (n = 624) were collected by manual stimulation from 48 healthy Great Danes, daily from birth to seven days, then twice a week until 28 days, to assess age-related changes (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and the possible effects of gender and litter (T-test, p < 0.05). The SG and pH significantly changed during the neonatal period. Other parameters did not vary significantly in relation to age. No significant differences were observed either among litters or between genders. The present study confirmed that canine kidneys are able to concentrate urine from the second week of age when the urinary SG started to be similar to adults, while pH still increased towards the typical values of adults at 28 days. Significant glucosuria and proteinuria were never detected. Dipstick urinalysis represents a useful first-line complementary tool in newborns clinical examination, providing information about systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Melandri
- Società Veterinaria “Il Melograno” Srl, Sesto Calende, 21018 Varese, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-340-845-4898
| | | | - Salvatore Alonge
- Società Veterinaria “Il Melograno” Srl, Sesto Calende, 21018 Varese, Italy;
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Wu Y, Guo Y, Yuan J, Xu H, Chen Y, Zhang H, Yuan M, Deng H, Yuan L. A COL4A5 Missense Variant in a Han-Chinese Family with X-linked Alport Syndrome. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:758-765. [PMID: 31490752 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190906144214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alport syndrome (AS) is an inherited familial nephropathy, characterized by progressive hematuric nephritis, bilateral sensorineural hypoacusis and ocular abnormalities. X-linked AS (XLAS) is the major AS form and is clinically heterogeneous, and it is associated with defects in the collagen type IV alpha 5 chain gene (COL4A5). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research is to detect the genetic defect responsible for renal disorder in a 3-generation Han-Chinese pedigree. METHODS Detailed family history and clinical data of the family members were collected and recorded. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was applied in the proband to screen potential genetic variants, and then Sanger sequencing was used to verify the variant within the family. Two hundred unrelated ethnically matched normal individuals (male/female: 100/100, age 37.5 ± 5.5 years) without renal disorder were recruited as controls. RESULTS Three patients (I:1, II:1 and II:2) presented microscopic hematuria and proteinuria, and the patient I:1 developed uremia and end stage renal disease (ESRD) by age 55 and showed sensorineural hearing loss. Patient II:2 developed mild left ear hearing loss. Cataracts were present in patients I:1 and II:1. A COL4A5 gene missense variant, c.2156G>A (p.G719E), located in the Gly-X-Y repeats of exon 28, was identified to co-segregate with the renal disorder in this family. The variant was absent in 200 ethnically matched controls. CONCLUSION By conducting WES and Sanger sequencing, a COL4A5 missense variant, c.2156G>A (p.G719E), was identified to co-segregate with the renal disorder, and it is possible that this variant is the genetic cause of the disorder in this family. Our study may extend the mutation spectrum of XLAS and may be useful for genetic counseling of this family. Further functional studies associated with genetic deficiency are warranted in the following research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Information, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinzhong Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Birth Health of Hunan Province, Family Planning Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyang Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Identification of a novel COL4A5 mutation in the proband initially diagnosed as IgAN from a Chinese family with X-linked Alport syndrome. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1572-1579. [PMID: 31209800 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary progressive nephropathy characterized by hematuria, ultrastructural lesions of the glomerular basement membrane, ocular lesions and sensorineural hearing loss. Germline mutations of COL4A5 are associated with X-linked AS with an extreme phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, we investigated a Chinese family with Alport syndrome. The proband was a 9-year-old boy with hematuria and proteinuria. Based on the test results of renal biopsy and immunofluorescence, the proband was initially diagnosed as IgA nephropathy and the treatment was recommended accordingly. Meanwhile, we found that the treatment outcome was poor. Therefore, for proper clinical diagnosis and appropriate treatment, targeted exome-based next-generation sequencing has been undertaken. We identified a novel hemizygous single nucleotide deletion c.1902delA in COL4A5 gene. Segregation analysis identified that this novel mutation is co-segregated among the affected family members but absent in unaffected family members. The clinical diagnosis of the proband was revised as AS accompanied by IgA nephropathy, which has been rarely reported. Our findings demonstrated the significance of the application of Genetic screening, expanded the mutation spectrum of COL4A5 associated AS patients with atypical renal phenotypes and provided a good lesson to be learned from our detour during the diagnosis.
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Hashikami K, Asahina M, Nozu K, Iijima K, Nagata M, Takeyama M. Establishment of X-linked Alport syndrome model mice with a Col4a5 R471X mutation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 17:81-86. [PMID: 30582011 PMCID: PMC6295608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is an inherited disorder characterized by glomerular basement membrane (GBM) abnormality and development of chronic kidney disease at an early age. The cause of AS is a genetic mutation in type IV collagen, and more than 80% of patients have X-linked AS (XLAS) with mutation in COL4A5. Although the causal gene has been identified, mechanisms of progression have not been elucidated, and no effective treatment has been developed. In this study, we generated a Col4a5 mutant mouse harboring a nonsense mutation (R471X) obtained from a patient with XLAS using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system. Col4a5 mRNA and protein expressions were not observed in the kidneys of hemizygous R471X male mice. R471X mice showed proteinuria and hematuria. Pathology revealed progression of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis by age. Electron microscopy identified irregular thickening in GBM accompanied by irregular lamination. These observations were consistent with the clinical and pathological features of patients with AS and other established models. In addition, our mice models develop end-stage renal disease at the median age of 28 weeks, much later compared to previous models much more consistent with clinical course of human XLAS. Our models have advantages for future experiments in regard with treatment for human XLAS. Col4a5 R471X mutant mice with a mutation derived from a patient with XLAS were used. Hemizygous R471X male mice exhibited proteinuria and hematuria. Pathology revealed the progression of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Electron microscopy identified irregular thickening in GBM. Pathological features of R471X mice were consistent with that of patients with AS.
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Key Words
- ALB, albumin
- AS, Alport syndrome
- Alport syndrome
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CKD
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- CRE, urinary creatinine
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat
- Col4a5
- ESRD
- ESRD, end-stage renal disease
- GBM, glomerular basement membrane
- Model mice
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- XLAS
- XLAS, X-linked AS
- qPCR, quantitative PCR
- sgRNA, single-guide RNA
- ssODN, single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentarou Hashikami
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Asahina
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kandai Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0017, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0017, Japan
| | - Michio Nagata
- Department of Kidney and Vascular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Takeyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
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Clark SD, Song W, Cianciolo R, Lees G, Nabity M, Liu S. Abnormal Expression of miR-21 in Kidney Tissue of Dogs With X-Linked Hereditary Nephropathy: A Canine Model of Chronic Kidney Disease. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:93-105. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818806050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNAs that act as regulators of posttranslational gene/protein expression and are known to play a key role in physiological and pathological processes. The objective of our study was to compare expression of miR-21 in renal tissue from dogs affected with chronic kidney disease (CKD) caused by X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN), a disease equivalent to human Alport syndrome, to that from unaffected dogs. Additionally, we sought to characterize changes in relative mRNA expression of various genes associated with miR-21 function. miRNA was isolated from kidney tissue collected from both affected dogs and unaffected, age-matched littermates at defined milestones of disease progression, including end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Additionally, autopsy samples from affected dogs at ESRD and corresponding unaffected dogs were evaluated. Samples were scored based on histological changes, and relative expression of miR-21 and kidney disease-related genes was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In affected dogs, significant upregulation of kidney miR-21 was first detected at the milestone corresponding with increased serum creatinine. Furthermore, miR-21 expression correlated significantly with urine protein: urine creatinine ratio, serum creatinine concentration, glomerular filtration rate, and histologic lesions (glomerular damage, tubular damage, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis). At end-stage disease, COL1A1, TGFB1 and its receptor, TGFB2, and Serpine1 were upregulated, while PPARA, PPARGC1A, ACADM, SOD1, and EGF were downregulated. In conclusion, miR-21 is abnormally upregulated in the kidneys of dogs with CKD caused by XLHN, which may play an important pathologic role in the progression of disease by dysregulating multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina D. Clark
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - George Lees
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mary Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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de Brot S, Adamany J, Baiker K, Dhumeaux M, Allegrucci C, Polledo L, Grau-Roma L. Pathology in Practice. Hereditary nephropathy (familial nephropathy) in an English Cocker Spaniel. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:661-664. [PMID: 28857708 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.6.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Chu CP, Hokamp JA, Cianciolo RE, Dabney AR, Brinkmeyer-Langford C, Lees GE, Nabity MB. RNA-seq of serial kidney biopsies obtained during progression of chronic kidney disease from dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16776. [PMID: 29196624 PMCID: PMC5711945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN) have a glomerular basement membrane defect that leads to progressive juvenile-onset renal failure. Their disease is analogous to Alport syndrome in humans, and they also serve as a good model of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the gene expression profile that affects progression in this disease has only been partially characterized. To help fill this gap, we used RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), over-represented pathways, and upstream regulators that contribute to kidney disease progression. Total RNA from kidney biopsies was isolated at 3 clinical time points from 3 males with rapidly-progressing CKD, 3 males with slowly-progressing CKD, and 2 age-matched controls. We identified 70 DEGs by comparing rapid and slow groups at specific time points. Based on time course analysis, 1,947 DEGs were identified over the 3 time points revealing upregulation of inflammatory pathways: integrin signaling, T cell activation, and chemokine and cytokine signaling pathways. T cell infiltration was verified by immunohistochemistry. TGF-β1 was identified as the primary upstream regulator. These results provide new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease progression in XLHN, and the identified DEGs can be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets translatable to all CKDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice P Chu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jessica A Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rachel E Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alan R Dabney
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Candice Brinkmeyer-Langford
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - George E Lees
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mary B Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Clark SD, Nabity MB, Cianciolo RE, Dufek B, Cosgrove D. X-Linked Alport Dogs Demonstrate Mesangial Filopodial Invasion of the Capillary Tuft as an Early Event in Glomerular Damage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168343. [PMID: 27959966 PMCID: PMC5154607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS), caused by mutations in the type IV collagen COL4A5 gene, accounts for approximately 80% of human Alport syndrome. Dogs with XLAS have a similar clinical progression. Prior studies in autosomal recessive Alport mice demonstrated early mesangial cell invasion as the source of laminin 211 in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), leading to proinflammatory signaling. The objective of this study was to verify this process in XLAS dogs. METHODS XLAS dogs and WT littermates were monitored with serial clinicopathologic data and kidney biopsies. Biopsies were obtained at set milestones defined by the onset of microalbuminuria (MA), overt proteinuria, onset of azotemia, moderate azotemia, and euthanasia. Kidney biopsies were analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. RESULTS XLAS dogs showed progressive decrease in renal function and progressive increase in interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis (based on light microscopy and immunostaining for fibronectin). The only identifiable structural abnormality at the time of microalbuminuria was ultrastructural evidence of mild segmental GBM multilamination, which was more extensive when overt proteinuria developed. Co-localization studies showed that mesangial laminin 211 and integrin α8β1 accumulated in the GBM at the onset of overt proteinuria and coincided with ultrastructural evidence of mild cellular interpositioning, consistent with invasion of the capillary loops by mesangial cell processes. CONCLUSION In a large animal model, the induction of mesangial filopodial invasion of the glomerular capillary loop leading to the irregular deposition of laminin 211 is an early initiating event in Alport glomerular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina D. Clark
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mary B. Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rachel E. Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brianna Dufek
- Center for Basic Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Dominic Cosgrove
- Center for Basic Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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Wakamatsu N, Surdyk K, Carmichael KP, Brown CA. Histologic and Ultrastructural Studies of Juvenile Onset Renal Disease in Four Rottweiler Dogs. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:96-100. [PMID: 17197631 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-1-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile onset renal disease is described in 2 male and 2 female young Rottweiler dogs. Histologic changes in all dogs were cystic dilatation of Bowman's space, mesangial hypercellularity, and glomerulosclerosis. Three dogs also had glomerular crescents and moderate to severe interstitial fibrosis. Electron microscopy revealed glomerular basement membranes of variable thickness, with extensive splitting or lamellation of the lamina densa. These ultrastructural findings are similar to those found in people and in other breeds of dogs with inherited defects in type IV collagen.
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13
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Benali SL, Lees GE, Nabity MB, Aricò A, Drigo M, Gallo E, Giantin M, Aresu L. X-Linked Hereditary Nephropathy in Navasota Dogs: Clinical Pathology, Morphology, and Gene Expression During Disease Progression. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:803-12. [PMID: 26917550 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815624494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN) in Navasota dogs is a spontaneously occurring disease caused by a mutation resulting in defective production of type IV collagen and juvenile-onset renal failure. The study was aimed at examining the evolution of renal damage and the expression of selected molecules potentially involved in the pathogenesis of XLHN. Clinical data and renal samples were obtained in 10 XLHN male dogs and 5 controls at 4 (T0), 6 (T1), and 9 (T2) months of age. Glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions were scored by light microscopy, and the expression of 21 molecules was investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction with selected proteins evaluated by immunohistochemistry. No significant histologic lesions or clinicopathologic abnormalities were identified in controls at any time-point. XLHN dogs had progressive proteinuria starting at T0. At T1, XLHN dogs had a mesangioproliferative glomerulopathy with glomerular loss, tubular necrosis, and interstitial fibrosis. At T2, glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions were more severe, particularly glomerular loss, interstitial fibrosis, and inflammation. At T0, transforming growth factor β, connective tissue growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor α mRNA were overexpressed in XLHN dogs compared with controls. Clusterin and TIMP1 transcripts were upregulated in later stages of the disease. Transforming growth factor β, connective tissue growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor α should be considered as key players in the initial events of XHLN. Clusterin and TIMP1 appear to be more associated with the progression rather than initiation of tubulointerstitial damage in chronic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Benali
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Italy
| | - G E Lees
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M B Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - A Aricò
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Italy
| | - E Gallo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Giantin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Italy
| | - L Aresu
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Italy
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Nabity MB, Lees GE, Boggess MM, Yerramilli M, Obare E, Yerramilli M, Rakitin A, Aguiar J, Relford R. Symmetric Dimethylarginine Assay Validation, Stability, and Evaluation as a Marker for the Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1036-44. [PMID: 26079532 PMCID: PMC4895368 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a small molecule formed by methylation of arginine, and released into blood during protein degradation. SDMA is primarily eliminated by renal excretion and is a promising endogenous marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). OBJECTIVES To validate an assay for SDMA measurement, determine stability of SDMA in blood, and compare SDMA with serum creatinine concentration (sCr) and GFR for early detection of decreasing kidney function in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD). ANIMALS Eight male dogs affected with X-linked hereditary nephropathy and 4 unaffected male littermates. METHODS Prospective study validating SDMA measurement using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, assessing stability of SDMA in serum and plasma, and serially determining sCr, SDMA, and GFR (using iohexol clearance) in dogs during progression from preclinical disease to end-stage renal failure. Correlations were determined using linear regression. Timepoints at which sCr, SDMA, and GFR identified decreased renal function were compared using defined cutoffs, trending in an individual dog, and comparison with unaffected littermates. RESULTS Symmetric dimethylarginine was highly stable in serum and plasma, and the assay demonstrated excellent analytical performance. In unaffected dogs, SDMA remained unchanged whereas in affected dogs, SDMA increased during disease progression, correlating strongly with an increase in sCr (r = 0.95) and decrease in GFR (r = -0.95). Although trending improved sCr's sensitivity, SDMA identified, on average, <20% decrease in GFR, which was earlier than sCr using any comparison method. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Symmetric dimethylarginine is useful for both early identification and monitoring of decreased renal function in dogs with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - G E Lees
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - M M Boggess
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | | | - E Obare
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME
| | | | - A Rakitin
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME
| | - J Aguiar
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME
| | - R Relford
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME
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Xiu X, Yuan J, Deng X, Xiao J, Xu H, Zeng Z, Guan L, Xu F, Deng S. A novel COL4A5 mutation identified in a Chinese Han family using exome sequencing. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:186048. [PMID: 25110662 PMCID: PMC4109303 DOI: 10.1155/2014/186048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is a monogenic disease of the basement membrane (BM), resulting in progressive renal failure due to glomerulonephropathy, variable sensorineural hearing loss, and ocular anomalies. It is caused by mutations in the collagen type IV alpha-3 gene (COL4A3), the collagen type IV alpha-4 gene (COL4A4), and the collagen type IV alpha-5 gene (COL4A5), which encodes type IV collagen α3, α4, and α5 chains, respectively. To explore the disease-related gene in a four-generation Chinese Han pedigree of AS, exome sequencing was conducted on the proband, and a novel deletion mutation c.499delC (p.Pro167Glnfs*36) in the COL4A5 gene was identified. This mutation, absent in 1,000 genomes project, HapMap, dbSNP132, YH1 databases, and 100 normal controls, cosegregated with patients in the family. Neither sensorineural hearing loss nor typical COL4A5-related ocular abnormalities (dot-and-fleck retinopathy, anterior lenticonus, and the rare posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy) were present in patients of this family. The phenotypes of patients in this AS family were characterized by early onset-age and rapidly developing into end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Our discovery broadens the mutation spectrum in the COL4A5 gene associated with AS, which may also shed new light on genetic counseling for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xiu
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jinzhong Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiong Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | | | - Hongbo Xu
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Liping Guan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Fengping Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Sheng Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Segev G, Cowgill L, Heiene R, Labato M, Polzin D. Consensus Recommendations for Immunosuppressive Treatment of Dogs with Glomerular Disease Based on Established Pathology. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27 Suppl 1:S44-54. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (Segev); The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - L.D. Cowgill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology (Cowgill); School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA
| | - R. Heiene
- Blue Star Animal Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden and PetVett Dyresykehus; Oslo Norway (Heiene)
| | - M.A. Labato
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Labato); Foster Hospital for Small Animals; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton MA
| | - D.J. Polzin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Polzin); College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul MN
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Lees GE. Kidney diseases caused by glomerular basement membrane type IV collagen defects in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 23:184-93. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George E. Lees
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX; 77843-4474
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Nowend KL, Starr-Moss AN, Lees GE, Berridge BR, Clubb FJ, Kashtan CE, Nabity MB, Murphy KE. Characterization of the genetic basis for autosomal recessive hereditary nephropathy in the English Springer Spaniel. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:294-301. [PMID: 22369189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive hereditary nephropathy (ARHN) was diagnosed in 2 English Springer Spaniels (ESS), a breed not previously reported to be affected by hereditary nephropathy (HN). OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize the genetic cause of ARHN in ESS. ANIMALS Sixty-three ESS (2 with ARHN, 2 obligate carriers, and 59 others), 2 mixed-breed dogs with X-linked HN, and 2 English Cocker Spaniels (ECS) with ARHN were included. METHODS ARHN was diagnosed based on transmission electron microscopy and immunostaining of kidney. DNA from affected dogs was screened for the mutation known to cause ARHN in ECS. Quantities of COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 mRNA transcripts in renal cortex were determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for ARHN-affected dogs and 7 other dogs. The coding regions of COL4A3 and COL4A4 were sequenced for the 2 ARHN-affected ESS and an unaffected dog. Exon 30 of COL4A4 was sequenced for all 63 ESS. RESULTS qRT-PCR indicated a significant reduction in transcript levels of both COL4A3 and COL4A4 mRNA in the kidney of ARHN-affected ESS. Sequencing identified a single nucleotide substitution in COL4A4 at base 2806 resulting in a premature stop codon. Thirteen of 25 related dogs were identified as carriers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A mutation highly likely to cause ARHN in ESS has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Nowend
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0318, USA
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Nabity M, Lees G, Cianciolo R, Boggess M, Steiner J, Suchodolski J. Urinary Biomarkers of Renal Disease in Dogs with X-Linked Hereditary Nephropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:282-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.B. Nabity
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology and Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX
| | - G.E. Lees
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology and Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX
| | - R. Cianciolo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology; North Carolina State University; Raleigh; NC
| | - M.M. Boggess
- Department of Statistics; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX
| | - J.M. Steiner
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology and Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX
| | - J.S. Suchodolski
- Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology and Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX
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Nabity MB, Lees GE, Dangott LJ, Cianciolo R, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Proteomic analysis of urine from male dogs during early stages of tubulointerstitial injury in a canine model of progressive glomerular disease. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:222-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Vinge L, Lees GE, Nielsen R, Kashtan CE, Bahr A, Christensen EI. The effect of progressive glomerular disease on megalin-mediated endocytosis in the kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:2458-67. [PMID: 20200006 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A well-characterized dog model of the X-linked collagen disease Alport syndrome (XLAS) was used to study the effect of progressive glomerular disease on megalin-mediated endocytosis. In XLAS, altered structure and function of the glomerular basement membrane induces a progressive proteinuric nephropathy. METHODS The investigation was performed in male XLAS dogs and age-matched normal male littermates. The urine profile and megalin-mediated endocytosis in the proximal tubule of six healthy and six XLAS dogs were examined at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 months of age using SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Gradually increasing urinary excretion of proteins over time and a reduced content of the same proteins in proximal tubule cells were found. Besides the glomerular component of the proteinuria, a significant tubular component was seen, which is due to a progressive change in the uptake of low-molecular-weight (LMW) ligands by megalin. Furthermore, the protein overload present in the lumen of the proximal tubule exceeds the reabsorption capacity of megalin and the co-receptor cubilin and results in a combined low- and high-molecular-weight (HMW) proteinuria. Also, a shift in the distribution of lysosomes was seen in the XLAS dogs suggesting changes in the lysosomal degradation pattern in response to the altered endocytosis. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that the increased glomerular permeability and the subsequently altered megalin-mediated and megalin-dependent cubilin-mediated endocytosis lead to a partial LMW proteinuria and partial HMW proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Vinge
- Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Lavoué R, van der Lugt J, Day M, Georges M, Busoni V, Merveille A, Poujade A, Peeters D. Progressive Juvenile Glomerulonephropathy in 16 Related French Mastiff (Bordeaux) Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:314-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Allenspach K, Lomas B, Wieland B, Harris T, Pressler B, Mancho C, Lees GE, Vaden SL. Evaluation of perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies as an early marker of protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1301-4. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tsai KL, Clark LA, Murphy KE. Understanding hereditary diseases using the dog and human as companion model systems. Mamm Genome 2007; 18:444-51. [PMID: 17653794 PMCID: PMC1998873 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-007-9037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are requisite for genetic dissection of, and improved treatment regimens for, human hereditary diseases. While several animals have been used in academic and industrial research, the primary model for dissection of hereditary diseases has been the many strains of the laboratory mouse. However, given its greater (than the mouse) genetic similarity to the human, high number of naturally occurring hereditary diseases, unique population structure, and the availability of the complete genome sequence, the purebred dog has emerged as a powerful model for study of diseases. The major advantage the dog provides is that it is afflicted with approximately 450 hereditary diseases, about half of which have remarkable clinical similarities to corresponding diseases of the human. In addition, humankind has a strong desire to cure diseases of the dog so these two facts make the dog an ideal clinical and genetic model. This review highlights several of these shared hereditary diseases. Specifically, the canine models discussed herein have played important roles in identification of causative genes and/or have been utilized in novel therapeutic approaches of interest to the dog and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Tsai
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467 USA
| | - Leigh Anne Clark
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467 USA
| | - Keith E. Murphy
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467 USA
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Davidson AG, Bell RJ, Lees GE, Kashtan CE, Davidson GS, Murphy KE. Genetic Cause of Autosomal Recessive Hereditary Nephropathy in the English Cocker Spaniel. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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27
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Nabity MB, Boggess MM, Kashtan CE, Lees GE. Day-to-Day Variation of the Urine Protein: Creatinine Ratio in Female Dogs with Stable Glomerular Proteinuria Caused by X-Linked Hereditary Nephropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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28
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Greer KA, Higgins MA, Cox ML, Ryan TP, Berridge BR, Kashtan CE, Lees GE, Murphy KE. Gene expression analysis in a canine model of X-linked Alport syndrome. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:976-90. [PMID: 16964446 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-005-0179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) often culminates in renal failure as a consequence of progressive interstitial fibrosis and is an important cause of illness and death in dogs. Identification of disease biomarkers and gene expression changes will yield valuable information regarding the specific biological pathways involved in disease progression. Toward these goals, gene expression changes in the renal cortex of dogs with X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) were examined using microarray technology. Extensive changes in inflammatory, metabolic, immune, and extracellular matrix biology were revealed in affected dogs. Statistical analysis showed 133 genes that were robustly induced or repressed in affected animals relative to age-matched littermates. Altered expression of numerous major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules suggests that the immune system plays a significant role in XLAS. Increased expression of COL4A1 and TIMP-1 at the end stage of disease supports the suggestion that expression increases in association with progression of fibrosis and confirms an observation of increased COL4A1 protein expression. Clusterin may function as one of the primary defenses of the renal cortex against progressive injury in dogs with XLAS, as demonstrated here by increased CLU gene expression. Cellular mechanisms that function during excess oxidative stress might also act to deter renal damage, as evidenced by alterations in gene expression of SOD1, ACO1, FDXR, and GPX1. This investigation provides a better understanding of interstitial fibrosis pathogenesis, and potential biomarkers for early detection, factors that are essential to discovering more effective treatments thereby reducing clinical illness and death due to CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Greer
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA
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Rao VH, Meehan DT, Delimont D, Nakajima M, Wada T, Gratton MA, Cosgrove D. Role for macrophage metalloelastase in glomerular basement membrane damage associated with alport syndrome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:32-46. [PMID: 16816359 PMCID: PMC1698763 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alport syndrome is a glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease caused by mutations in type IV collagen genes. A unique irregular thickening and thinning of the GBM characterizes the progressive glomerular pathology. The metabolic imbalances responsible for these GBM irregularities are not known. Here we show that macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12) expression is >40-fold induced in glomeruli from Alport mice and is markedly induced in glomeruli of both humans and dogs with Alport syndrome. Treatment of Alport mice with MMI270 (CGS27023A), a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor that blocks MMP-12 activity, results in largely restored GBM ultrastructure and function. Treatment with BAY-129566, a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor that does not inhibit MMP-12, had no effect. We show that inhibition of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) receptor signaling with propagermanium blocks induction of MMP-12 mRNA and prevents GBM damage. CCR2 receptor is expressed in glomerular podocytes of Alport mice, suggesting MCP-1 activation of CCR2 on podocytes may underlie induction of MMP-12. These data indicate that the irregular GBM that characterizes Alport syndrome may be mediated, in part, by focal degradation of the GBM due to MMP dysregulation, in particular, MMP-12. Thus, MMP-12/CCR2 inhibitors may provide a novel and effective therapeutic stra-tegy for Alport glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velidi H Rao
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 No. 30th St., Omaha, NE 68131, USA
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Abstract
Veterinarians with an interest in theriogenology will often be asked by small animal clients for advice concerning hereditary diseases in their breeds. Many new DNA-based tests for analysis of genetic diseases and traits (e.g. coat color) are now available for use by both breeders and veterinarians. With appropriate interpretation, these tests can be invaluable tools in a breeding program. For example, they can be used to produce animals free of specific diseases, to quickly eliminate a disease from an entire breed, or to select for specific traits in breeding stock. Selection strategies that do not take into account maintaining genetic diversity of the breed may be detrimental and reduce the potential for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Traas
- Section of Medical Genetics and Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA.
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Acierno MJ, Labato MA, Stern LC, Mukherjee J, Jakowski RM, Ross LA. Serum concentrations of the third component of complement in healthy dogs and dogs with protein-losing nephropathy. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1105-9. [PMID: 16817728 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.7.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a method for determining the concentration of the third component of complement (C3) in canine serum, to establish a reference range for C3 in healthy dogs, and to evaluate dogs with protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) to determine whether PLN is associated with decreased serum C3 concentrations. ANIMALS 30 healthy dogs and 49 dogs with PLN. PROCEDURES Serum samples were obtained from healthy dogs at the time of examination, whereas serum samples were obtained from dogs with PLN at the time of diagnosis. All samples were frozen at -70 degrees C until analyzed. Serum C3 concentrations were determined by use of a sandwich ELISA. Concentrations were expressed as the number of dilutions in which C3 could be detected. RESULTS C3 was detectable in healthy control dogs (range, 1,920,000 to 15,400,000 dilutions; median, 9,600,000 dilutions). This represented a range of four 2-fold serum dilutions. In addition, C3 was detectable in dogs with PLN (range, 1,460,000 to 30,070,000 dilutions; median, 7,680,000 dilutions), which represented a range of six 2-fold serum dilutions. There was no significant difference in C3 concentrations between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE C3 is a critical part of the immune defense system that has not been extensively examined in veterinary medicine. An ELISA was developed for measuring C3 concentrations, and a reference range for healthy dogs was established. Significant decreases in C3 concentrations were not detected in any dog with PLN. Additional studies will be required to definitively determine the importance of serum C3 concentrations in PLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Acierno
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA
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Zheng K, Perry J, Harvey SJ, Sado Y, Ninomiya Y, Jefferson B, Jacobs R, Hudson BG, Thorner PS. Regulation of collagen type IV genes is organ-specific: Evidence from a canine model of Alport syndrome. Kidney Int 2005; 68:2121-30. [PMID: 16221211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in knowledge about collagen type IV at the protein level, little is known about expression of its six alpha chains. X-linked Alport syndrome provides a system to study collagen type IV gene expression within a setting of disturbed protein synthesis. Mutations in the alpha5 chain result in loss of the alpha3/alpha4/alpha5 and alpha1/alpha2/alpha5/alpha6 networks from the kidney, with progressive renal disease. METHODS We used a canine model of Alport syndrome to measure expression of the six type IV collagen chains from 11 days to 7(1/2) months of age. We determined to what extent message levels in kidney change over time, and what correlation exists with clinical and pathologic changes in glomeruli, and the primary mutation. The latter was evaluated by examining testis, an organ normally containing the same collagen type IV networks but uninvolved by disease. RESULTS The alpha1 to alpha6 mRNAs were expressed at all time points in normal canine kidney. By comparison to normal, in Alport dog kidney, the alpha1 and alpha2 mRNAs were up-regulated after 2 months of age, alpha3 and alpha4 mRNAs were down-regulated by 2 months of age, and the alpha5 mRNA was almost undetectable at any time. In testis, all mRNAs were expressed at comparable levels in normal and affected dogs other than the alpha5 chain, which was not expressed in affected testis. CONCLUSION Normal expression of collagen type IV is under control mechanisms specific to each organ and to individual chains. The altered expression in canine Alport syndrome is not the direct result of the mutation, since these changes do not occur in all organs nor are they present from birth. Instead, collagen type IV expression is influenced by disease, with down-regulation of alpha3 and alpha4 chains temporally related to the onset of proteinuria, and up-regulation of alpha1 and alpha2 chains to glomerulosclerosis. This dysregulation of the alpha3 and alpha4 chains is unique to this Alport model, and suggests an unidentified mechanism linking pathology with down-regulation of expression of these two chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Zheng
- Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bauer JE, Heinemann KM, Bigley KE, Lees GE, Waldron MK. Maternal diet alpha-linolenic acid during gestation and lactation does not increase docosahexaenoic acid in canine milk. J Nutr 2004; 134:2035S-2038S. [PMID: 15284396 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.8.2035s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John E Bauer
- Comparative Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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Greer KA, Cargill EJ, Cox ML, Clark LA, Tsai KL, Credille KM, Dunstan RW, Venta PJ, Murphy KE. Digging up the canine genome – a tale to wag about. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 102:244-8. [PMID: 14970710 DOI: 10.1159/000075756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Accepted: 09/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is incredible morphological and behavioral diversity among the hundreds of breeds of the domestic dog, CANIS FAMILIARIS. Many of these breeds have come into existence within the last few hundred years. While there are obvious phenotypic differences among breeds, there is marked interbreed genetic homogeneity. Thus, study of canine genetics and genomics is of importance to comparative genomics, evolutionary biology and study of human hereditary diseases. The most recent version of the map of the canine genome is comprised of 3,270 markers mapped to 3,021 unique positions with an average intermarker distance of approximately 1 Mb. The markers include approximately 1,600 microsatellite markers, about 1,000 gene-based markers, and almost 700 bacterial artificial chromosome-end markers. Importantly, integration of radiation hybrid and linkage maps has greatly enhanced the utility of the map. Additionally, mapping the genome has led directly to characterization of microsatellite markers ideal for whole genome linkage scans. Thus, workers are now able to exploit the canine genome for a wide variety of genetic studies. Finally, the decision to sequence the canine genome highlights the dog's evolutionary and physiologic position between the mouse and human and its importance as a model for study of mammalian genetics and human hereditary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Greer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
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