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Caignard G, Leiva-Torres GA, Leney-Greene M, Charbonneau B, Dumaine A, Fodil-Cornu N, Pyzik M, Cingolani P, Schwartzentruber J, Dupaul-Chicoine J, Guo H, Saleh M, Veillette A, Lathrop M, Blanchette M, Majewski J, Pearson A, Vidal SM. Genome-wide mouse mutagenesis reveals CD45-mediated T cell function as critical in protective immunity to HSV-1. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003637. [PMID: 24068938 PMCID: PMC3771889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a lethal neurological disease resulting from infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1). Loss-of-function mutations in the UNC93B1, TLR3, TRIF, TRAF3, and TBK1 genes have been associated with a human genetic predisposition to HSE, demonstrating the UNC93B-TLR3-type I IFN pathway as critical in protective immunity to HSV-1. However, the TLR3, UNC93B1, and TRIF mutations exhibit incomplete penetrance and represent only a minority of HSE cases, perhaps reflecting the effects of additional host genetic factors. In order to identify new host genes, proteins and signaling pathways involved in HSV-1 and HSE susceptibility, we have implemented the first genome-wide mutagenesis screen in an in vivo HSV-1 infectious model. One pedigree (named P43) segregated a susceptible trait with a fully penetrant phenotype. Genetic mapping and whole exome sequencing led to the identification of the causative nonsense mutation L3X in the Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C gene (Ptprc(L3X)), which encodes for the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Expression of MCP1, IL-6, MMP3, MMP8, and the ICP4 viral gene were significantly increased in the brain stems of infected Ptprc(L3X) mice accounting for hyper-inflammation and pathological damages caused by viral replication. Ptprc(L3X) mutation drastically affects the early stages of thymocytes development but also the final stage of B cell maturation. Transfer of total splenocytes from heterozygous littermates into Ptprc(L3X) mice resulted in a complete HSV-1 protective effect. Furthermore, T cells were the only cell population to fully restore resistance to HSV-1 in the mutants, an effect that required both the CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and could be attributed to function of CD4⁺ T helper 1 (Th1) cells in CD8⁺ T cell recruitment to the site of infection. Altogether, these results revealed the CD45-mediated T cell function as potentially critical for infection and viral spread to the brain, and also for subsequent HSE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Caignard
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Michael Leney-Greene
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Charbonneau
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Dumaine
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nassima Fodil-Cornu
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michal Pyzik
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pablo Cingolani
- School of Computer Science and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Huaijian Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maya Saleh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blanchette
- School of Computer Science and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angela Pearson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia M. Vidal
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Ding Y, Liu W, Deng Y, Jomok B, Yang J, Huang W, Clark KJ, Zhong TP, Lin X, Ekker SC, Xu X. Trapping cardiac recessive mutants via expression-based insertional mutagenesis screening. Circ Res 2013; 112:606-17. [PMID: 23283723 PMCID: PMC3603352 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mutagenesis screening is a powerful genetic tool for probing biological mechanisms underlying vertebrate development and human diseases. However, the increased colony management efforts in vertebrates impose a significant challenge for identifying genes affecting a particular organ, such as the heart, especially those exhibiting adult phenotypes on depletion. OBJECTIVE We aim to develop a facile approach that streamlines colony management efforts via enriching cardiac mutants, which enables us to screen for adult phenotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS The transparency of the zebrafish embryos enabled us to score 67 stable transgenic lines generated from an insertional mutagenesis screen using a transposon-based protein trapping vector. Fifteen lines with cardiac monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter expression were identified. We defined the molecular nature for 10 lines and bred them to homozygosity, which led to the identification of 1 embryonic lethal, 1 larval lethal, and 1 adult recessive mutant exhibiting cardiac hypertrophy at 1 year of age. Further characterization of these mutants uncovered an essential function of methionine adenosyltransferase II, α a (mat2aa) in cardiogenesis, an essential function of mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18B (mrps18b) in cardiac mitochondrial homeostasis, as well as a function of DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 6b (dnajb6b) in adult cardiac hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that transposon-based gene trapping is an efficient approach for identifying both embryonic and adult recessive mutants with cardiac expression. The generation of a zebrafish insertional cardiac mutant collection shall facilitate the annotation of a vertebrate cardiac genome, as well as enable heart-based adult screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Genetics and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, P.R. China
| | - Weibin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Beninio Jomok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Jingchun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Karl J. Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Tao P. Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Stephen C. Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
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Bongfen SE, Rodrigue-Gervais IG, Berghout J, Torre S, Cingolani P, Wiltshire SA, Leiva-Torres GA, Letourneau L, Sladek R, Blanchette M, Lathrop M, Behr MA, Gruenheid S, Vidal SM, Saleh M, Gros P. An N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced dominant negative mutation in the JAK3 kinase protects against cerebral malaria. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31012. [PMID: 22363534 PMCID: PMC3283600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a lethal neurological complication of malaria. We implemented a genome-wide screen in mutagenized mice to identify host proteins involved in CM pathogenesis and whose inhibition may be of therapeutic value. One pedigree (P48) segregated a resistance trait whose CM-protective effect was fully penetrant, mapped to chromosome 8, and identified by genome sequencing as homozygosity for a mis-sense mutation (W81R) in the FERM domain of Janus-associated kinase 3 (Jak3). The causative effect of Jak3(W81R) was verified by complementation testing in Jak3(W81R/-) double heterozygotes that were fully protected against CM. Jak3(W81R) homozygotes showed defects in thymic development with depletion of CD8(+) T cell, B cell, and NK cell compartments, and defective T cell-dependent production of IFN-γ. Adoptive transfer of normal splenocytes abrogates CM resistance in Jak3(W81R) homozygotes, an effect attributed to the CD8(+) T cells. Jak3(W81R) behaves as a dominant negative variant, with significant CM resistance of Jak3(W81R/+) heterozygotes, compared to CM-susceptible Jak3(+/+) and Jak3(+/-) controls. CM resistance in Jak3(W81R/+) heterozygotes occurs in presence of normal T, B and NK cell numbers. These findings highlight the pathological role of CD8(+) T cells and Jak3-dependent IFN-γ-mediated Th1 responses in CM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silayuv E. Bongfen
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ian-Gael Rodrigue-Gervais
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joanne Berghout
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sabrina Torre
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pablo Cingolani
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sean A. Wiltshire
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gabriel A. Leiva-Torres
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Louis Letourneau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Robert Sladek
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Mark Lathrop
- Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Marcel A. Behr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- The McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Silvia M. Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maya Saleh
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Nguyen N, Judd LM, Kalantzis A, Whittle B, Giraud AS, van Driel IR. Random mutagenesis of the mouse genome: a strategy for discovering gene function and the molecular basis of disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G1-11. [PMID: 20947703 PMCID: PMC3774088 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00343.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenesis of mice with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) is a phenotype-driven approach to unravel gene function and discover new biological pathways. Phenotype-driven approaches have the advantage of making no assumptions about the function of genes and their products and have been successfully applied to the discovery of novel gene-phenotype relationships in many physiological systems. ENU mutagenesis of mice is used in many large-scale and more focused projects to generate and identify novel mouse models for the study of gene functions and human disease. This review examines the strategies and tools used in ENU mutagenesis screens to efficiently generate and identify functional mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Nguyen
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;
| | - Louise M. Judd
- 2Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne; and
| | - Anastasia Kalantzis
- 2Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne; and
| | - Belinda Whittle
- 3Australian Phenomics Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- 2Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne; and
| | - Ian R. van Driel
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;
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Xu J, Huang Y, Li F, Zheng S, Epstein PN. FVB mouse genotype confers susceptibility to OVE26 diabetic albuminuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F487-94. [PMID: 20610531 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00018.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OVE26 (OVE) diabetic mice on the inbred strain FVB are a valuable model of diabetic nephropathy that excretes the highest amount of urine albumin of all diabetic mouse models. Crossing of OVE mice to C57BL6 or DBA2 mice reduced albuminuria 17-fold in F1 diabetic offspring without reducing diabetes. When comparing renal histology of OVE mice on the FVB background to F1 C57BL6 crosses, we found that the F1 kidneys had significantly smaller glomeruli, much less albumin accumulation in tubules, reduced mesangial matrix expansion, and less interstitial fibrosis. A genome scan of 108 OVE-positive N2 offspring for albuminuria revealed one significant peak on chromosome 11 and nearly significant peaks on chromosomes 9, 13, and 19. Homozygosity for the FVB genotype for peaks on chromosomes 11, 13, or 19 increased albuminuria. Homozygosity for the chromosome 9 peak reduced albuminuria. Combined homozyogosity for the peaks on chromosomes 11, 13, and 19 increased albuminuria over 12-fold and accounted for >70% of the difference between OVE mice on the FVB vs. the F1 background. These loci contain sequences important to susceptibility to diabetic albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Abstract
The generation and analysis of germline mutations in the mouse is one of the cornerstones of modern biological research. The chemical supermutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) is the most potent known mouse mutagen and can be used to generate point mutations throughout the mouse genome. The progeny of ENU-mutagenized males can be screened for autosomal dominant phenotypes, or they can be used to generate multigeneration pedigrees to screen for autosomal recessive traits. The introduction of balancer chromosomes into the breeding scheme can allow for the selective capture of mutations in a specific chromosomal region. More recent work has demonstrated that the use of animals that already have a mutation of interest can lead to the successful isolation of additional mutations that modify the original mutant phenotype. Further, modern molecular techniques ensure that mutations can be readily identified. We describe here the procedures for mutagenizing male mice with ENU and explain the various types of screens that can be performed for different kinds of induced mutations. The currently published research on ENU mutagenesis in the mouse has only scratched the surface of what is possible with this powerful technique, and further work is certain to deepen our knowledge of the role of the individual components of the mouse genome and the myriad relationships between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Probst
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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