1
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Svenson KL, Krasinski SD, Ellis M, Rosenthal N, Liu ET, Fasman KH. Animals, quality and the pursuit of relevance. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:277008. [PMID: 36250972 PMCID: PMC9612867 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2021, the National Institutes of Health Advisory Committee to the Director (ACD) announced recommendations to improve the reproducibility of biomedical research using animals. In response, The Jackson Laboratory faculty and institutional leaders identified key strategies to further address this important issue. Taking inspiration from the evolution of clinical trials over recent decades in response to similar challenges, we identified opportunities for improvement, including establishment of common standards, use of genetically diverse populations, requirement for robust study design with appropriate statistical methods, and improvement in public databases to facilitate meta-analyses. In this Perspective, we share our response to ACD recommendations, with a specific focus on mouse models, with the aim of promoting continued active dialogue among researchers, using any animal system, worldwide. Such discussion will help to inform the biomedical community about these recommendations and further support their much-needed implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Svenson
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA,Author for correspondence (; )
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2
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Amos-Landgraf J, Franklin C, Godfrey V, Grieder F, Grimsrud K, Korf I, Lutz C, Magnuson T, Mirochnitchenko O, Patel S, Reinholdt L, Lloyd KCK. The Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center (MMRRC): the NIH-supported National Public Repository and Distribution Archive of Mutant Mouse Models in the USA. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:203-212. [PMID: 34313795 PMCID: PMC8314026 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center (MMRRC) Program is the pre-eminent public national mutant mouse repository and distribution archive in the USA, serving as a national resource of mutant mice available to the global scientific community for biomedical research. Established more than two decades ago with grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the MMRRC Program supports a Consortium of regionally distributed and dedicated vivaria, laboratories, and offices (Centers) and an Informatics Coordination and Service Center (ICSC) at three academic teaching and research universities and one non-profit genetic research institution. The MMRRC Program accepts the submission of unique, scientifically rigorous, and experimentally valuable genetically altered and other mouse models donated by academic and commercial scientists and organizations for deposition, maintenance, preservation, and dissemination to scientists upon request. The four Centers maintain an archive of nearly 60,000 mutant alleles as live mice, frozen germplasm, and/or embryonic stem (ES) cells. Since its inception, the Centers have fulfilled 13,184 orders for mutant mouse models from 9591 scientists at 6626 institutions around the globe. Centers also provide numerous services that facilitate using mutant mouse models obtained from the MMRRC, including genetic assays, microbiome analysis, analytical phenotyping and pathology, cryorecovery, mouse husbandry, infectious disease surveillance and diagnosis, and disease modeling. The ICSC coordinates activities between the Centers, manages the website (mmrrc.org) and online catalog, and conducts communication, outreach, and education to the research community. Centers preserve, secure, and protect mutant mouse lines in perpetuity, promote rigor and reproducibility in scientific experiments using mice, provide experiential training and consultation in the responsible use of mice in research, and pursue cutting edge technologies to advance biomedical studies using mice to improve human health. Researchers benefit from an expansive list of well-defined mouse models of disease that meet the highest standards of rigor and reproducibility, while donating investigators benefit by having their mouse lines preserved, protected, and distributed in compliance with NIH policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Amos-Landgraf
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Craig Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Virginia Godfrey
- Department of Genetics and Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, Univeristy of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Franziska Grieder
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ian Korf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cat Lutz
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics and Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, Univeristy of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oleg Mirochnitchenko
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samit Patel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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3
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Takeo T, Nakao S, Nakagawa Y, Sztein JM, Nakagata N. Cryopreservation of mouse resources. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:33. [PMID: 32963977 PMCID: PMC7495967 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cryopreservation of sperm and embryos is useful to efficiently archive valuable resources of genetically engineered mice. Till date, more than 60,000 strains of genetically engineered mice have been archived in mouse banks worldwide. Researchers can request for the archived mouse strains for their research projects. The research infrastructure of mouse banks improves the availability of mouse resources, the productivity of research projects, and the reproducibility of animal experiments. Our research team manages the mouse bank at the Center for Animal Resources and Development in Kumamoto University and continuously develops new techniques in mouse reproductive technology to efficiently improve the system of mouse banking. In this review, we introduce the activities of mouse banks and the latest techniques used in mouse reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Satohiro Nakao
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakagawa
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Jorge M Sztein
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Biotechnology and Innovation, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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4
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Franklin CL, Ericsson AC. Complex Microbiota in Laboratory Rodents: Management Considerations. ILAR J 2020; 60:289-297. [PMID: 32706377 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our bodies and those of our animal research subjects are colonized by bacterial communities that occupy virtually every organ system, including many previously considered sterile. These bacteria reside as complex communities that are collectively referred to as microbiota. Prior to the turn of the century, characterization of these communities was limited by a reliance on culture of organisms on a battery of selective media. It was recognized that the vast majority of microbes, especially those occupying unique niches of the body such as the anaerobic environment of the intestinal tract, were uncultivatable. However, with the onset and advancement of next-generation sequencing technology, we are now capable of characterizing these complex communities without the need to cultivate, and this has resulted in an explosion of information and new challenges in interpreting data generated about, and in the context of, these complex communities. We have long known that these microbial communities often exist in an intricate balance that, if disrupted (ie, dysbiosis), can lead to disease or increased susceptibility to disease. Because of many functional redundancies, the makeup of these colonies can vary dramatically within healthy individuals [1]. However, there is growing evidence that subtle differences can alter the phenotype of various animal models, which may translate to the varying susceptibility to disease seen in the human population. In this manuscript, we discuss how to include complex microbiota as a consideration in experimental design and model reproducibility and how to exploit the extensive variation that exists in contemporary rodent research colonies. Our focus will be the intestinal or gut microbiota (GM), but it should be recognized that microbial communities exist in many other body compartments and these too likely influence health and disease [2, 3]. Much like host genetics, can we one day harness the vast genetic capacity of the microbes we live with in ways that will benefit human and animal health?
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,MU Metagenomics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,MU Metagenomics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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5
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DNA fragmentation index (DFI) as a measure of sperm quality and fertility in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3833. [PMID: 32123279 PMCID: PMC7052244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although thousands of genetically modified mouse strains have been cryopreserved by sperm freezing, the likelihood of cryorecovery success cannot be accurately predicted using conventional sperm parameters. The objective of the present study was to assess the extent to which measurement of a sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) can predict sperm quality and fertility after cryopreservation. Using a modified TUNEL assay, we measured and correlated the DFI of frozen-thawed sperm from 83 unique mutant mouse strains with sperm count, motility and morphology. We observed a linear inverse correlation between sperm DFI and sperm morphology and motility. Further, sperm DFI was significantly higher from males with low sperm counts compared to males with normal sperm counts (P < 0.0001). Additionally, we found that viable embryos derived using sperm from males with high DFI (62.7 ± 7.2% for IVF and 73.3 ± 8.1% for ICSI) failed to litter after embryo transfer compared to embryos from males with low DFI (20.4 ± 7.9% for IVF and 28.1 ± 10.7 for ICSI). This study reveals that measurement of DFI provides a simple, informative and reliable measure of sperm quality and can accurately predict male mouse fertility.
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6
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Nakagata N, Sztein J, Takeo T. The CARD Method for Simple Vitrification of Mouse Oocytes: Advantages and Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1874:229-242. [PMID: 30353517 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8831-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
A light modification on the mouse embryos CARD simple vitrification protocol makes it possible the oocyte freezing. This rapid and handy method for cryopreservation of mouse oocytes has many advantages and multiple applications like banking the female gamete for future use, controlling the IVF timing, and facilitating the transgenic production. In this chapter we described the protocol for cryopreserving oocytes by simple vitrification method and the in-vitro fertilization carried out using fresh or frozen sperm. With this method, nearly all of the cryopreserved oocytes were recovered, resulting in more than 90% morphologically normal. From those oocytes used for in vitro fertilization, 89% of the oocytes were fertilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources & Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Jorge Sztein
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources & Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources & Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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7
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Yoshimoto H, Takeo T, Nakagata N. Dimethyl sulfoxide and quercetin prolong the survival, motility, and fertility of cold-stored mouse sperm for 10 days. Biol Reprod 2019; 97:883-891. [PMID: 29126179 PMCID: PMC5803767 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Technology for preserving sperm is useful for disseminating valuable male genetic traits. Cold storage is suitable for easily transporting sperm as an alternative to the shipment of live animals. However, there is a technical limitation in that the fertility of cold-stored sperm declines within 3 days. To overcome this problem, we examined the protective effects of quercetin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO and quercetin maintained the fertility and motility of cold-stored sperm for 10 days. In addition, quercetin attenuated the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential of cold-stored sperm during sperm preincubation, allowing the induction of capacitation, and it localized to the midpiece of sperm. Furthermore, DMSO and quercetin enhanced the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of cold-stored sperm. DMSO and quercetin have life-prolonging effects on sperm during cold storage. Cold storage using DMSO and quercetin will provide a robust system for internationally transporting valuable sperm samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Yoshimoto
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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8
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Takeo T, Sztein J, Nakagata N. The CARD Method for Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization Using Frozen-Thawed Sperm. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1874:243-256. [PMID: 30353518 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8831-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years sperm cryopreservation was rapidly established as the technique to efficiently manage production, preservation, and transportation of genetically engineered mice. However, occasionally, the reduced fertility of the frozen-thawed mouse sperm can make it difficult to revitalize the mouse by in vitro fertilization (IVF). In particular, the frozen-thawed sperm of C57BL/6 mice, widely used as the background of choice for genetically engineered strains, show very low fertility after freezing and thawing. To overcome this problem, we have developed a new protocol for sperm cryopreservation and IVF with frozen-thawed C57BL/6 sperm as well as other mouse strains. This protocol has the following three modifications: (1) addition of L-glutamine to the sperm cryoprotectant, (2) addition of methyl-β-cyclodextrin to the sperm preincubation medium, and (3) addition of reduced glutathione to the fertilization medium. These modifications greatly enhanced the fertility of frozen-thawed C57BL/6 sperm, resulting in a stable fertilization rate >80% in IVF. Our results indicate that this robust protocol for sperm cryopreservation may improve the archiving and distributing system for genetically engineered mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Jorge Sztein
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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9
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Comparing the Expression of Genes Related to Serotonin (5-HT) in C57BL/6J Mice and Humans Based on Data Available at the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas and Allen Human Brain Atlas. Neurol Res Int 2017. [PMID: 28630769 PMCID: PMC5463198 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7138926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain atlases are tools based on comprehensive studies used to locate biological characteristics (structures, connections, proteins, and gene expression) in different regions of the brain. These atlases have been disseminated to the point where tools have been created to store, manage, and share the information they contain. This study used the data published by the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas (2004) for mice (C57BL/6J) and Allen Human Brain Atlas (2010) for humans (6 donors) to compare the expression of serotonin-related genes. Genes of interest were searched for manually in each case (in situ hybridization for mice and microarrays for humans), normalized expression data (z-scores) were extracted, and the results were graphed. Despite the differences in methodology, quantification, and subjects used in the process, a high degree of similarity was found between expression data. Here we compare expression in a way that allows the use of translational research methods to infer and validate knowledge. This type of study allows part of the relationship between structures and functions to be identified, by examining expression patterns and comparing levels of expression in different states, anatomical correlations, and phenotypes between different species. The study concludes by discussing the importance of knowing, managing, and disseminating comprehensive, open-access studies in neuroscience.
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10
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Horikoshi Y, Takeo T, Nakagata N. N-acetyl cysteine prolonged the developmental ability of mouse two-cell embryos against oxidative stress at refrigerated temperatures. Cryobiology 2016; 72:198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Takeo T, Horikoshi Y, Nakao S, Sakoh K, Ishizuka Y, Tsutsumi A, Fukumoto K, Kondo T, Haruguchi Y, Takeshita Y, Nakamuta Y, Tsuchiyama S, Nakagata N. Cysteine analogs with a free thiol group promote fertilization by reducing disulfide bonds in the zona pellucida of mice. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:90. [PMID: 25715791 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.125443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Archives of cryopreserved sperm harvested from genetically engineered mice, in mouse resource centers, are a readily accessible genetic resource for the scientific community. We previously reported that exposure of oocytes to reduced glutathione (GSH) greatly improves the fertilization rate of frozen-thawed mouse sperm. Application of GSH to in vitro fertilization techniques is widely accepted as a standard protocol to produce sufficient numbers of mice from cryopreserved sperm. However, the detailed mechanism of the enhancement of fertilization mediated by GSH in vitro is not fully understood. Here we focused on the chemical by determining the effects of its amino acid constituents and cysteine analogs on the fertilization of oocytes by frozen-thawed sperm. Furthermore, we determined the stability of these compounds in aqueous solution. We show here that l-cysteine (l-Cys), d-cysteine (d-Cys), or N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) increased the rate of fertilization when added to the medium but did not adversely affect embryo development in vitro or in vivo. The levels of thiol groups of proteins in the zona pellucida (ZP) and the expansion of the ZP were increased by l-Cys, d-Cys, and NAC. These effects were abrogated by the methylation of the thiol group of l-Cys. NAC was the most stable of these compounds in the fertilization medium at 4°C. These results suggest that the thiol groups of cysteine analogs markedly enhance the fertilization rate of mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Horikoshi
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satohiro Nakao
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Sakoh
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Ishizuka
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Aki Tsutsumi
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Fukumoto
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kondo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukie Haruguchi
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Takeshita
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakamuta
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuuji Tsuchiyama
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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12
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Brommage R, Liu J, Hansen GM, Kirkpatrick LL, Potter DG, Sands AT, Zambrowicz B, Powell DR, Vogel P. High-throughput screening of mouse gene knockouts identifies established and novel skeletal phenotypes. Bone Res 2014; 2:14034. [PMID: 26273529 PMCID: PMC4472125 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening gene function in vivo is a powerful approach to discover novel drug targets. We present high-throughput screening (HTS) data for 3 762 distinct global gene knockout (KO) mouse lines with viable adult homozygous mice generated using either gene-trap or homologous recombination technologies. Bone mass was determined from DEXA scans of male and female mice at 14 weeks of age and by microCT analyses of bones from male mice at 16 weeks of age. Wild-type (WT) cagemates/littermates were examined for each gene KO. Lethality was observed in an additional 850 KO lines. Since primary HTS are susceptible to false positive findings, additional cohorts of mice from KO lines with intriguing HTS bone data were examined. Aging, ovariectomy, histomorphometry and bone strength studies were performed and possible non-skeletal phenotypes were explored. Together, these screens identified multiple genes affecting bone mass: 23 previously reported genes (Calcr, Cebpb, Crtap, Dcstamp, Dkk1, Duoxa2, Enpp1, Fgf23, Kiss1/Kiss1r, Kl (Klotho), Lrp5, Mstn, Neo1, Npr2, Ostm1, Postn, Sfrp4, Slc30a5, Slc39a13, Sost, Sumf1, Src, Wnt10b), five novel genes extensively characterized (Cldn18, Fam20c, Lrrk1, Sgpl1, Wnt16), five novel genes with preliminary characterization (Agpat2, Rassf5, Slc10a7, Slc26a7, Slc30a10) and three novel undisclosed genes coding for potential osteoporosis drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Liu
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , The Woodlands, TX, USA
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13
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Kaneko R, Kakinuma T, Sato S, Jinno-Oue A, Hata H. Littermate influence on infant growth in mice: comparison of SJL/J and ICR as cotransferred carrier embryos. Exp Anim 2014; 63:375-81. [PMID: 25007838 PMCID: PMC4244286 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, a minimum number of healthy embryos is required to trigger and maintain
pregnancy. Therefore, when recovering mouse embryos from a limited litter, one useful
technique is to transfer carrier ICR embryos along with the embryos of interest, a
technique referred to as cotransfer. In this study, we examined suitable mouse strains for
cotransfer with C57BL/6J (B6) embryos in regards to the maintenance of pregnancy, number
of pups born, intrauterine growth, and postnatal growth. Because the coat color of B6 is
black, we compared two white coat-colored strains, SJL/J and ICR. Cotransfer of SJL/J and
ICR embryos had similar effects on maintenance of pregnancy, number of pups born, and
intrauterine growth. However, the postnatal growth of B6 mouse pups cotransferred and
grown with SJL/J pups was better than for B6 mouse pups cotransferred and grown with ICR
pups, suggesting competition among littermates. These results demonstrate that cotransfer
of SJL/J embryos will be useful not only as carrier embryos with B6-background embryos but
also as a model system to examine littermate competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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14
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Guan M, Bogani D, Marschall S, Raspa M, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Fray M. In Vitro Fertilization in Mice Using the MBCD-GSH Protocol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:67-83. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo140059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Guan
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus; Oxfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Debora Bogani
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus; Oxfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Susan Marschall
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH); Neuherberg Germany
| | - Marcello Raspa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBCN) CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), A. Buzzati-Traverso Campus; Rome Italy
| | | | | | - Martin Fray
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus; Oxfordshire United Kingdom
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15
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Mishra A, Bubela T. Legal agreements and the governance of research commons: lessons from materials sharing in mouse genomics. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:254-73. [PMID: 24552652 PMCID: PMC3976585 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Omics research infrastructure such as databases and bio-repositories requires effective governance to support pre-competitive research. Governance includes the use of legal agreements, such as Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs). We analyze the use of such agreements in the mouse research commons, including by two large-scale resource development projects: the International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) and International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). We combine an analysis of legal agreements and semi-structured interviews with 87 members of the mouse model research community to examine legal agreements in four contexts: (1) between researchers; (2) deposit into repositories; (3) distribution by repositories; and (4) exchanges between repositories, especially those that are consortium members of the IKMC and IMPC. We conclude that legal agreements for the deposit and distribution of research reagents should be kept as simple and standard as possible, especially when minimal enforcement capacity and resources exist. Simple and standardized legal agreements reduce transactional bottlenecks and facilitate the creation of a vibrant and sustainable research commons, supported by repositories and databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mishra
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Nakagata N, Takeo T, Fukumoto K, Haruguchi Y, Kondo T, Takeshita Y, Nakamuta Y, Umeno T, Tsuchiyama S. Rescue in vitro fertilization method for legacy stock of frozen mouse sperm. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:168-71. [PMID: 24492659 PMCID: PMC3999397 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2013-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation has been widely adopted for maintenance of the genetically
engineered mouse (GEM). The cryopreserved sperm are being exchanged among many institutes
worldwide. However, the recipients are not always able to obtain high fertilization rates
with the frozen sperm shipped from senders. In this study, we cryopreserved mouse sperm
via various methods and performed in vitro
fertilization (IVF) in which the combination of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin for sperm
preincubation and reduced glutathione for insemination was used (the MBCD-GSH IVF). In
addition, frozen sperm sent from the Jackson Laboratory (USA) were thawed and used for IVF
in the same manner. The fertilization rates of both the sperm cryopreserved
via the methods applied in some countries and the cryopreserved GEM
sperm improved when used with the MBCD-GSH IVF method. Therefore, we strongly believe that
the MBCD-GSH IVF method brings about relatively high fertilization rates with any strain
of frozen mouse sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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KANEKO R, KAKINUMA T, SATO S, JINNO-OUE A, HATA H. Littermate Influence on Infant Growth in Mice: Comparison of SJL/J and ICR as Cotransferred Carrier Embryos. Exp Anim 2014. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke KANEKO
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Toshie KAKINUMA
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Sachiko SATO
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi JINNO-OUE
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hidekazu HATA
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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18
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Abstract
The endolysosomal system and autophagy are essential components of macromolecular turnover in eukaryotic cells. The low-abundance signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2 is a key regulator of this pathway. Analysis of mouse models with defects in PI(3,5)P2 biosynthesis has revealed the unique dependence of the mammalian nervous system on this signaling pathway. This insight led to the discovery of the molecular basis for several human neurological disorders, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Yunis-Varon syndrome. Spontaneous mutants, conditional knockouts, transgenic lines, and gene-trap alleles of Fig4, Vac14, and Pikfyve (Fab1) in the mouse have provided novel information regarding the role of PI(3,5)P2in vivo. This review summarizes what has been learned from mouse models and highlights the utility of manipulating complex signaling pathways in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy M Lenk
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Miriam H Meisler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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19
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Gridley T, Groves AK. Overview of genetic tools and techniques to study Notch signaling in mice. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1187:47-61. [PMID: 25053480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1139-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations of Notch signaling in humans cause both congenital and acquired defects and cancers. Genetically engineered mice provide the most efficient and cost-effective models to study Notch signaling in a mammalian system. Here, we review the various types of genetic models, tools, and strategies to study Notch signaling in mice, and provide examples of their use. We also provide advice on breeding strategies for conditional mutant mice, and a protocol for tamoxifen administration to mouse strains expressing inducible Cre recombinase-estrogen receptor fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gridley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA,
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20
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Takeo T, Fukumoto K, Kondo T, Haruguchi Y, Takeshita Y, Nakamuta Y, Tsuchiyama S, Yoshimoto H, Shimizu N, Li MW, Kinchen K, Vallelunga J, Lloyd KCK, Nakagata N. Investigations of motility and fertilization potential in thawed cryopreserved mouse sperm from cold-stored epididymides. Cryobiology 2013; 68:12-7. [PMID: 24201107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cold transport of epididymides from genetically modified mice is an efficient alternative to the shipment of live animals between research facilities. Mouse sperm from epididymides cold-stored for short periods can maintain viability. We previously reported that cold storage of mouse epididymides in Lifor® perfusion medium prolonged sperm motility and fertilization potential and that the sperm efficiently fertilized oocytes when reduced glutathione was added to the fertilization medium. Cryopreservation usually results in decreased sperm viability; an optimized protocol for cold storage of epididymides plus sperm cryopreservation has yet to be established. Here, we examined the motility and fertilization potential of cryopreserved, thawed (frozen-thawed) sperm from previously cold-stored mouse epididymides. We also examined the protective effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) on sperm viability when S1P was added to the preservation medium during cold storage. We assessed viability of frozen-thawed sperm from mouse epididymides that had been cold-transported domestically or internationally and investigated whether embryos fertilized in vitro with these sperm developed normally when implanted in pseudo-pregnant mice. Our results indicate that frozen-thawed sperm from epididymides cold-stored for up to 48 h maintained high fertilization potential. Fertilization potential was reduced after cold storage for 72 h, but not if S1P was included in the cold storage medium. Live pups were born normally to recipients after in vitro fertilization using frozen-thawed sperm from cold-transported epididymides. In summary, we demonstrate an improved protocol for cold-storage of epididymides that can facilitate transport of genetically engineered-mice and preserve sperm viability after cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Fukumoto
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kondo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yukie Haruguchi
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yumi Takeshita
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakamuta
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shuuji Tsuchiyama
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yoshimoto
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Norihiko Shimizu
- Animal Laboratory for Medical Research, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Ming-Wen Li
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Kristy Kinchen
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Jadine Vallelunga
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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21
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Nakagata N, Takeo T, Fukumoto K, Kondo T, Haruguchi Y, Takeshita Y, Nakamuta Y, Matsunaga H, Tsuchiyama S, Ishizuka Y, Araki K. Applications of cryopreserved unfertilized mouse oocytes for in vitro fertilization. Cryobiology 2013; 67:188-92. [PMID: 23846105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the first successful reports into oocyte freezing, many papers concerning the cryopreservation of mouse oocytes have been published. However, a simple and practical cryopreservation method for unfertilized C57BL/6 mouse oocytes, and an IVF system using these cryopreserved oocytes have yet to be established, in spite of the fact that C57BL/6 is the prevalent inbred strain and is used for large-scale knockout programs. In this study, unfertilized C57BL/6 mouse oocytes were cryopreserved via a simple vitrification method. After warming, IVF was performed using cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and fresh sperm, cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and cold-stored sperm, cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and frozen sperm (C57BL/6 strain sperm), and cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and frozen sperm derived from GEM strains (C57BL/6 background GEM strains). Nearly all of the cryopreserved oocytes were recovered, of which over 90% were morphologically normal. Those oocytes were then used for in vitro fertilization, resulting in 72-97% of oocytes developing into 2-cell embryos. A portion of the 2-cell embryos were transferred to recipients, resulting in live young being produced from 32-49% of the embryos. In summary, we established the simple and practical method of mouse oocyte vitrification with high survivability and developmental ability and the IVF using the vitrified-warmed oocytes with fresh, cold-stored or cryopreserved sperm with high fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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