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Eisa EFM, Ezzeldein SAM, Mohammed HA, Abdallah AA, Ghonimi WAM, Abd El Raouf M. Comparison of the therapeutic effect of platelet-rich plasma and injectable platelet-rich fibrin on testicular torsion/detorsion injury in rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18045. [PMID: 39103420 PMCID: PMC11300838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Testicular torsion is a common disorder in males and results in blockage of testicular circulation with subsequent damage of testicular germ cells. The current work aimed to compare the therapeutic effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on torsion/detorsion (T/D) injury in rats. Forty mature male Wister rats were arranged into 4 groups; (1) Control, (2) T/D, (3) T/D + PRP, and (4) T/D+ i-PRF. The right testis was twisting 1080° clockwise for 3 h in groups 2, 3 and 4, then 10 μl of PRP or i-PRF was injected intra-testicular 3 h after detorsion in groups 3 and 4, respectively. After 30 days postoperatively, the semen quality and hormonal assay were improved in PRP and i-PRF-treated groups with superiority of i-PRF (P < 0.001). High significance of Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide Dismutase, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Caspase-3 and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was reported in treated rats with PRP and i-PRF (P < 0.001) with superiority to i-PRF-treated rats (P < 0.001). Testicular histoarchitectures were improved in PRP and i-PRF-treated rats with superiority of i-PRF-treated rats. It was concluded that PRP and i-PRF have regenerative efficacy on testicular damage after induced T/D injury with a superior efficacy of i-PRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam F M Eisa
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Shimaa A M Ezzeldein
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Haiam A Mohammed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abdallah
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Wael A M Ghonimi
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Abd El Raouf
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Minas A, Mahmoudabadi S, Gamchi NS, Antoniassi MP, Alizadeh A, Bertolla RP. Testicular torsion in vivo models: Mechanisms and treatments. Andrology 2023; 11:1267-1285. [PMID: 36825607 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular torsion is a condition in which a testis rotates around its longitudinal axis and twists the spermatic cord. This in turn results in a significant decrease in blood flow and perfusion of testicular tissue. During Testicular torsion, the testicular tissue is affected by ischemia, heat stress, hypoxia, and oxidative and nitrosative stress. The testicular torsion should be considered an emergency condition and surgical intervention (testicular detorsion ) as the sole treatment option in viable cases involves counter-rotation on twisted testes associated, when possible, to orchipexy, in order to avoid recurrence. Possible testicular detorsion side-effects occur due to reperfusion and endothelial cells injury, microcirculation disturbances, and intense germ cells loss. OBJECTIVES To discuss testicular torsion surgery-based methods, different time frames for testicular torsion induction, and the associated pathophysiology by emphasizing cellular and molecular events as well as different therapeutic agent applications for testicular torsion. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed all original research and epidemiological papers related to testicular torsion condition. RESULTS Testicular torsion causes germ cell necrosis, arrested spermatogenesis, and diminished testosterone levels, with consequent infertility. Among different involved pathophysiological impacts, testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischemia seems to play the key role by leading the tissue toward other series of events in testis. Numerous studies have used adjuvant antioxidants, calcium channel blockers, anti-inflammatory agents, or vasodilating agents in order to decrease these effects. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, no previously conducted study examined therapeutical agents' beneficial effects post clinical I/R condition in humans. Different agents targeting different pathophysiological conditions were used to ameliorate the ischemia/reperfusion-induced condition in animal models, however, none of the administrated agents were tested in human cases. Although considering testicular detorsion surgery is still the golden method to reverse the testicular torsion condition and the surgical approach is undeniable, the evaluated agents with beneficial effects, need to be investigated furthermore in clinical conditions. Thus, furthermore clinical studies and case reports are required to approve the animal models proposed agents' beneficial impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Minas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sina Mahmoudabadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Naeimeh Shamsi Gamchi
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mariana Pereira Antoniassi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arash Alizadeh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ricardo Pimenta Bertolla
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ardiani A, Purnomo BB, Kurnia Penta S, Kenty Wantri A, Wardhani V. Erythropoietin Effect on Testicular Germinal Epithelium Cells in Undescended Testis Mice Model. Med Arch 2021; 75:168-173. [PMID: 34483444 PMCID: PMC8385726 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2021.75.168-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Undescended testis is an absence of testis in the scrotum, the incidence was 15 cases per 1000 from 1974 to 1996 in Europe. At Saiful Anwar Regional Hospital East Java, from January 2015 to July 2019 there were 60 boys diagnosed with undescended testis. A temperature rise of testis located in the abdominal triggers production of reactive oxygen species, causing impairment of the testicular epithelial germ cells and spermatogenesis, leading to many complications. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that circulates in the body and has a positive effect on ischemic injury/gonadal reperfusion. Objective: To find out ROS involvement in undescended testis and efficacy of EPO as an additional therapy for undescended testis. Methods: This study is an experimental study with a post-test only control group design, using 18 male Wistar mice conditioned to be undescended testis for 7 days and underwent orchidopexy and some are given additional erythropoietin 1000iu/Kg 3 times a week. Results: Before and after the intervention, the mean body weight of mice did not experience a significant difference, meanwhile testicular volume showed a significant difference between the orchidopexy and EPO groups (p = 0.005 and 0.001). Johnsen’s score were found significant in the EPO group. Malone dialdehyde level in EPO and orchidopexy group showed significant difference p = 0.01 and 0.009 when compared to undescended testis group. Conclusion: There was the involvement of ROS in undescended testis and additional EPO improve impairment of germinal epithelial cells and spermatogenesis process due to undescended testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astarin Ardiani
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Basuki B Purnomo
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - S Kurnia Penta
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - A Kenty Wantri
- Department of Pathology Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Viera Wardhani
- Department of Public Health, Medical Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
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Silva I, Alípio C, Pinto R, Mateus V. Potential anti-inflammatory effect of erythropoietin in non-clinical studies in vivo: A systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111558. [PMID: 33894624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hypoxia-induced hormone produced in adult kidneys with erythropoietic and non-erythropoietic effects. In vivo studies represent an important role to comprehend the efficacy and safety in the early phase of repurposing drugs. The aim is to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of EPO observed in animal models of disease. Following PRISMA statements, electronic database Medline via PubMed platform was used to search articles with the research expression ((erythropoietin [MeSH Terms]) AND (inflammation [MeSH Terms]) AND (disease models, animal [MeSH Terms])). The inclusion criteria were original articles, studies where EPO was administered, studies where inflammation was studied and/or evaluated, non-clinical studies in vivo with rodents, and articles published in English. Thirty-six articles met the criteria for qualitative analysis. Exogenous EPO was used in models of sepsis, traumatic brain injury, and autoimmune neuritis, with an average of 3000 IU/Kg for single and multiple doses, using mice and rats. Biomarkers such as immune-related effectors, cytokines, reactive oxygen species, prostaglandins, and other biomarkers were assessed. EPO has been recognized as a multifunctional cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties, showing its significant effect both in acute and chronic models of inflammation. Further non-clinical studies are suggested for the enlightenment of anti-inflammatory mechanisms of EPO in lower doses, allowing us to understand the translational data for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Silva
- H&TRC-Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Lisbon School of Health Technology, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Alípio
- H&TRC-Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Lisbon School of Health Technology, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Pinto
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; JCS, Dr. Joaquim Chaves, Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Miraflores, 1495-069 Algés, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Mateus
- H&TRC-Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Lisbon School of Health Technology, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Alawamlh OAH, Flannigan R, Hayden R, Goldstein M, Li PS, Lee RK. Testicular Torsion and Spermatogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1288:287-306. [PMID: 34453742 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77779-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Testicular torsion (TT) is a common urologic emergency that can occur at any age. It is most common in newborns and during puberty. Prompt evaluation and management is required to salvage the testis following an episode of torsion. TT brings about damage to testicular tissue and spermatogenesis through various hypothesized mechanisms; however there is a consensus that the effects of ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and oxidative stress account for the most destructive effects. Numerous studies have examined the effects of various agents and therapies in limiting the effects of TT on the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al Hussein Alawamlh
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Flannigan
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Russell Hayden
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Goldstein
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip S Li
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard K Lee
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Samy A, El-Adl M, Rezk S, Marghani B, Eldomany W, Eldesoky A, Elmetwally MA. The potential protective and therapeutic effects of platelet-rich plasma on ischemia/reperfusion injury following experimental torsion/detorsion of testis in the Albino rat model. Life Sci 2020; 256:117982. [PMID: 32562693 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to evaluate the protective and therapeutic efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) against testicular degeneration and germ cell apoptosis after induced spermatic cord torsion/detorsion (TD) in rats. MATERIALS Forty rats were allocated into 5 groups: 1) control, 2) short torsion/detorsion (STD), 3) long torsion detorsion (LTD), 4) protective (PRP/P) and 5) treatment (PRP/T). Testicular ischemia was induced by twisting the right testis 1080° clockwise for 2.5 h. PRP (10 μl) was injected intra-testicular 5 min before (PRP/P) and 3 h after (PRP/T) detorsion. At the end of the experiment, rats were euthanized at 2, 30, 2, and 30 days for groups 2-5 respectively. Nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, interleukin1 beta, tumor necrosis factor, caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma 2 expressions were assessed in the testes. Moreover, histological examination was performed. KEY FINDINGS PRP treatment significantly mitigated the torsion-detorsion induced testicular degeneration. Particularly, by improving the state of oxidative stress (NO, P = 0.0001) and antioxidant markers (TAC, GSH, GST, P = 0.0001-0.01) and decreasing the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and cas 3 and increase the BCL2 fold changes (P = 0.0001). The protective use of PRP is superior to the therapeutic use of PRP in the restoration of the testicular histoarchitecture following TD. SIGNIFICANCE This study illustrates the cyto-protective role of PRP against TD induced testicular cell injury that highlight possible application of PRP as a complementary therapy in different testicular degenerative diseases which might attribute to its ability to ameliorate the oxidative stress and inhibit induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Samy
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Adl
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa Rezk
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Basma Marghani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wael Eldomany
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Eldesoky
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Elmetwally
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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Vaos G, Zavras N. Antioxidants in experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury of the testis: Where are we heading towards? World J Methodol 2017; 7:37-45. [PMID: 28706858 PMCID: PMC5489422 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v7.i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular torsion (TT) is a medical emergency that primary affects newborns and young adolescents. It causes testicular injury due to the torsion of the spermatic cord and its components, initially in the venous blood flow and finally in the arterial blood flow. Prompt diagnosis and early surgical management are necessary in managing this urgent situation. The process of the pathophysiological events in ischemia-reperfusion is multifactorial and deals with the perception of the oxidative stress responsible for the consequences of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) stress following TT. Duration and severity of torsion also play a significant role in the oxidative stress. A detrimental result of the defense system of the testes takes place resulting finally in testicular atrophy and impaired function. Antioxidant factors have been experimentally studied in an effort to front this state. They have been classified as endogenous or exogenous antioxidants. Endogenous antioxidants comprise a structure of enzymic enzymatic and non-enzymic enzymatic particles presented within cytoplasm and numerous other subunits in the cells. Exogenous antioxidants include a variety of natural and pharmaceutical agents that may prevent or ameliorate the harmful effects of I/R injury. In this study we review those factors and their ability to enhance the oxidative status of the testis. A feature insight into where we are heading is attempted.
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Kostakis ID, Zavras N, Damaskos C, Sakellariou S, Korkolopoulou P, Misiakos EP, Tsaparas P, Vaos G, Karatzas T. Erythropoietin and sildenafil protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury following testicular torsion in adult rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3341-3347. [PMID: 28587411 PMCID: PMC5450555 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular torsion/detorsion causes severe tissue damage due to ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present study investigated the protective effect of erythropoietin and sildenafil against ischemia/reperfusion injury following unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion in adult rats. A total of 28 adult male rats were included, and were divided into the following groups: Group A (n=5), sham operated; groups B (n=5), C (n=5), D (n=5) and E (n=8), undergoing right testis torsion and detorsion after 90 min. Group B received no drug treatment. Rats in the groups C and D received low-dose (1,000 IU/kg) or high-dose (3,000 IU/kg) erythropoietin, while those in group E received sildenafil (0.7 mg/kg), through intraperitoneal injection after 60 min of torsion. The right testis was extracted 24 h after detorsion, and the tissue was subjected to histopathological examination and immunohistochemical assessment of cleaved caspase-3 expression. Histological alterations and the quality of spermatogenesis were scored according to the Cosentino and the Johnsen scoring systems, respectively. The results demonstrated normal testicular architecture in group A, while the other groups showed ischemic cellular damages, with the worst scores observed in group B. Groups D and E presented better scores compared with group C. Regarding the quality of spermatogenesis, the best scores were observed in group A, and the worst in group B. Groups C, D and E presented similar results, which were improved in comparison to group B, however, not compared to group A. Furthermore, cleaved caspase-3 levels were lower in groups A, D and E, with equal results observed. Group C had higher levels of cleaved caspase-3 compared with these groups, but lower than group B, which presented the highest cleaved caspase-3 levels. In conclusion, erythropoietin and sildenafil protect testis from ischemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing cellular damage and attenuating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Kostakis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N.S. Christeas', National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.,Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, 'Laiko' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nick Zavras
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Damaskos
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N.S. Christeas', National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.,Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, 'Laiko' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stratigoula Sakellariou
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos P Misiakos
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Tsaparas
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N.S. Christeas', National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.,Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, 'Laiko' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Vaos
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodoros Karatzas
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N.S. Christeas', National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.,Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, 'Laiko' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Erythropoietin Accelerates the Regeneration of Ureteral Function in a Murine Model of Obstructive Uropathy. J Urol 2015; 193:714-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Testicular torsion is a urological emergency most commonly seen in adolescence, involving a decrease in blood flow in the testis resulting from torsion of the spermatic cord that can result in gonad injury or even loss if not treated in time. Testicular ischaemia-reperfusion injury represents the principle pathophysiology of testicular torsion, with ischaemia caused by twisting of the spermatic cord, and reperfusion on its subsequent release. Many cellular and molecular mechanisms are involved in ischaemia-reperfusion injury following testicular torsion. Studies have investigated the use of pharmacological agents as supportive therapy to surgical repair in order to prevent the adverse effects of testicular torsion. Numerous substances have been proposed as important in the prevention of post-ischaemia-reperfusion testicular injury. A range of chemicals and drugs has been successfully tested in animal models for the purpose of mitigating the dangerous effects of ischaemia-reperfusion in testis torsion.
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Zavras N, Kostakis ID, Sakellariou S, Damaskos C, Roupakas E, Tsagkari E, Spartalis E, Velaoras K, Dontas IA, Karatzas T. Comparison of erythropoietin and sildenafil protective role against ischemia/reperfusion injury of the testis in adult rats. Int Urol Nephrol 2013; 46:731-6. [PMID: 24097275 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-013-0569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue damage in testicular torsion/detorsion is caused not only by the ischemia, but also by the ischemia/reperfusion injury after detorsion. Erythropoietin and sildenafil are considered to protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Here, we studied and compared their actions in testicular torsion/detorsion in adult rats. METHODS Twenty-two adult male Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups. Rats in group A (n = 5) were sham operated. Rats in group B (n = 5), group C (n = 6) and group D (n = 6) underwent torsion of the right testis and detorsion after 90 min. No pharmaceutical intervention was performed in group B. Erythropoietin (1,000 IU/kg) and sildenafil (0.7 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally in groups C and D, respectively, after 60 min of torsion. All animals were killed 24 h after detorsion, and their right testis was extracted, placed into 10 % formalin solution and sent for histopathological examination. The histological changes in the testes were scored according to the four-point grading system proposed by Cosentino et al. RESULTS All rats in group A had normal testicular architecture (grade 1). The untreated group B had a mean grade of 3.81 (range 3.65-4). The treated groups C (mean grade 3.24; range 3.05-3.45) and D (2.69, range 2.4-2.9) presented statistically significant better results (lower grades) compared with the untreated group B. Group D had significantly better results (lower grades) than group C. CONCLUSIONS The intraperitoneal injection of erythropoietin and sildenafil protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury after testicular torsion and detorsion. Sildenafil may have a stronger action than erythropoietin at the doses used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Zavras
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
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The effect of erythropoietin on ischemia/reperfusion injury after testicular torsion/detorsion: a randomized experimental study. ISRN UROLOGY 2013; 2013:351309. [PMID: 23710369 PMCID: PMC3654238 DOI: 10.1155/2013/351309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on ischemia/reperfusion related changes after testicular torsion/detorsion. In a randomized experimental trial 30 male rats were randomly allocated into six equal groups of five rats each. Group I (orchiectomy for histopathologic examination), group II (sham operation), group III (torsion for 2 hours, and ischemia/detorsion for 24 hours, and orchiectomy); group IV (torsion for 2 hours, ischemia/detorsion for 24 hours with erythropoietin injection then orchiectomy), group V (torsion for 2 hours and detorsion and EPO injection and orchiectomy 1 week later, group VI (torsion for 2 hours/detorsion and orchiectomy 1 week later). Two groups (groups 4 and 5) received different protocols of erythropoietin administration after testicular torsion/distortion. other groups were not receiving erythropoietin. Johnsen's spermatogenesis scoring method and Cosentino's histologic staging method were used to assess main outcome measures of the study. After the experimentation, Johnsen's score in EPO Groups was statistically different from the score in some groups not receiving erythropoietin. Cosentino's score in EPO groups was statistically different from the score in all groups not receiving erythropoietin. Neovascularization, vascular necrosis, vascular congestion, edema, hemorrhage, and acute inflammation were observed in some groups. This study shows short-term protective efficacy of erythropoietin on rat testicular injury after ischemia/reperfusion.
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13
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Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species and TATA Box-binding Protein-related Factor 2 in Testicular Torsion/Detorsion-induced Injury. Urology 2013; 81:466.e9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Al-Maghrebi M, Renno WM, Al-Ajmi N. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits apoptosis and protects testicular seminiferous tubules from ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:434-9. [PMID: 22426481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Testicular torsion (TT) is a urologic emergency that may result in future infertility problems. The pathologic process of TT is similar to an ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on reversing the damaging consequences of TT-induced IRI by examining its inhibitory effects on the expression of inflammatory and apoptosis mediators in a unilateral TT rat model. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 underwent a sham operation of the left testis under general anesthesia. Group 2 underwent ischemia for 1h followed by 4h reperfusion in the presence of saline. The third group was similar to group 2, however, EGCG (50 mg/kg) was injected i.p. 30 min after ischemia induction. The in vivo protective effect of EGCG was tested by measuring testicular levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β by ELISA and mRNA expression of iNOS, MCP-1, p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and survivin by real-time PCR. Also, testicular morphological changes and damage to spermatogenesis were evaluated using H&E staining and Johnsen's scoring system, respectively. EGCG treatment improved testicular structures in the ipsilateral testis, markedly inhibited germ cell apoptosis (GCA) and significantly decreased testicular cytokine levels. In addition, EGCG was able to down regulate the mRNA expression of iNOS, MCP-1 and pro-apoptosis genes in favor of cell survival. For the first time we show that in vivo EGCG treatment rescued the torsed testes from IRI-induced inflammation, GCA and damage to spermatogenesis thus suggesting a new preventive approach to inhibiting the inflammatory and apoptotic consequences of TT-induced IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Al-Maghrebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box: 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
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Bayir Y, Karagoz Y, Karakus E, Albayrak A, Sengul O, Can I, Yayla N, Kuskun U, Keles MS. Nigella SativaReduces Tissue Damage in Rat Ovaries Subjected to Torsion and Detorsion: Oxidative Stress, Proinflammatory Response and Histopathological Evaluation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2012; 74:41-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000336295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Minutoli L, Bitto A, Squadrito F, Irrera N, Rinaldi M, Nicotina PA, Arena S, Magno C, Marini H, Spaccapelo L, Ottani A, Giuliani D, Romeo C, Guarini S, Antonuccio P, Altavilla D. Melanocortin 4 receptor activation protects against testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury by triggering the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3852-61. [PMID: 21828180 PMCID: PMC3176654 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortins (MC) trigger a vagus nerve-mediated cholinergic-antiinflammatory pathway projecting to the testis. We tested whether pharmacological activation of brain MC receptors might protect the testis from the damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Adult male rats were subjected to 1-h testicular ischemia, followed by 24-h reperfusion [testicular ischemia-reperfusion (TI/R)]. Before TI/R, groups of animals were subjected to bilateral cervical vagotomy, or pretreated with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist chlorisondamine or the selective MC(4) receptor antagonist HS024. Immediately after reperfusion, rats were ip treated with saline or the MC analog [Nle(4),D-Phe(7)]α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-α-MSH) (340 μg/kg). We evaluated testicular IL-6 and TNF-α by Western blot analysis and organ damage by light microscopy. Some experimental groups were prepared for neural efferent activity recording along the vagus nerve starting 30 min after treatment with NDP-α-MSH or saline, and for a 30-min period. Additional groups of TI/R rats were treated for 30 d with saline, NDP-α-MSH, chlorisondamine plus NDP-α-MSH, or HS024 plus NDP-α-MSH to evaluate spermatogenesis, organ damage, and the apoptosis machinery. After a 24-h reperfusion, in TI/R saline-treated rats, there was an increase in IL-6 and TNF-α expression and a marked damage in both testes. NDP-α-MSH inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α expression, decreased histological damage, and increased neural efferent activity. Furthermore, NDP-α-MSH administration for 30 d greatly improved spermatogenesis, reduced organ damage, and inhibited apoptosis. All positive NDP-α-MSH effects were abrogated by vagotomy, chlorisondamine, or HS024. Our data suggest that selective MC(4) receptor agonists might be therapeutic candidates for the management of testicular torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letteria Minutoli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Yíldíz H, Durmus AS, Simşek H, Yaman M. Protective effect of sildenafil citrate on contralateral testis injury after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:137-42. [PMID: 21437450 PMCID: PMC3044577 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate prevention of contralateral testicular injury with sildenafil citrate after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion. METHODS Thirty-seven adult male rats were divided into four groups: sham operated (group 1, n = 7), torsion/detorsion + saline (group 2, n = 10), torsion/detorsion + 0.7 mg of sildenafil citrate (group 3, n = 10) and torsion/detorsion + 1.4 mg of sildenafil citrate (group 4, n = 10). Unilateral testicular torsion was created by rotating the right testis 720º in a clockwise direction for 2 h in other groups, except for group 1, which was served as sham group. After torsion (2 h) and detorsion (2 h) periods, rats were killed. RESULTS The level of reduced glutathion (GSH) (p < 0.05) and the activities of catalase (p < 0.01) and glutathione peroxidase (p < 0.05) in the contralateral testis from group 2 were significantly lower and nitric oxide (NO) (p < 0.05) level in the contralateral testis were significantly higher than those of group 1. Administration of low-dose sildenafil citrate (group 3) prevented the increases in malondialdehyde and NO levels and decreases in glutathione peroxidase activities and GSH values induced by testicular torsion. However, administration of high-dose sildenafil citrate (group 4) had no effect on these testicular parameters (p > 0.05). Histopathological changes were detected in groups 2, 3 and 4. CONCLUSION These results suggest that biochemically and histologically torsion/detorsion injury occurs in the contralateral testis following 2-h torsion and 2-h detorsion and that administration of low-dose sildenafil citrate before detorsion prevents ischemia/reperfusion cellular damage in testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamit Yíldíz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fírat University, Elazíğ, Turkey.
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Kim YH, Kim GH, Shin JH, Kim KS, Lim JS. Effect of korean red ginseng on testicular tissue injury after torsion and detorsion. Korean J Urol 2010; 51:794-9. [PMID: 21165202 PMCID: PMC2991579 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2010.51.11.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Korean red ginseng (KRG) is a potent antioxidant and a free radical scavenger. This study was designed to determine whether KRG could protect against dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by torsion-detorsion injury in rat testis. Materials and Methods Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: a sham-operated control group (C), a sham-operated and KRG-treated group (K), a 2 hours torsion and detorsion group (T), and a 2 hours torsion and detorsion and KRG-treated group (T+K). We measured testis weight and hormone levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the left renal vein. Superoxide generation was measured on the basis of lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence in testis tissue. Results Testicular weight was significantly higher in the T+K group than in the T group; however, there were no significant differences in hormone levels between the 4 groups. The mean level of ROS and superoxide production was significantly higher in the T group than in the C group, whereas administration of KRG attenuated this increase. Upon histologic evaluation, the T group was found to have cellular disarray, a lack of cellular cohesiveness, degenerative changes in the germinal cells, and less distinct changes in the seminiferous tubules, whereas the T+K group had a germinal epithelial layer that appeared nearly normal. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that KRG recovered the testis dysfunction in the rat testis by suppressing superoxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Hugo Nogueira V, Vila F, Osório L, Cavadas V, Teves F, Sabel F, Oliveira M, Branco F, La Fuente Carvalho JM, Marcelo F. Torção do cordão espermático: aspectos de diagnóstico e terapêutica. Rev Int Androl 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1698-031x(09)70259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 activates apoptosis during testicular ischemia–reperfusion injury in a nuclear factor-κB-independent manner. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 604:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Protective effect of trapidil on long-term histologic damage in a rat model of testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury. World J Urol 2008; 27:117-22. [PMID: 18762946 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-008-0323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Trapidil is an antianginal compound with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. In recent years, it has been used successfully to decrease ischemia-reperfusion injury in several organ systems. We evaluated the effect of trapidil on the long-term histologic damage in testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of six rats each. One group underwent 2 h of testicular torsion; one received pretreatment with trapidil before detorsion; and one group underwent sham operation. All rats underwent bilateral orchiectomy 60 days after the experiment. The mean seminiferous tubular diameter, germinal epithelial cell thickness, and mean testicular biopsy score were determined by histological examination of each testis. RESULTS Testicular torsion-detorsion caused a significant decrease in the mean seminiferous tubular diameter, germinal epithelial cell thickness, and mean testicular biopsy score in the ipsilateral testes, but not in the contralateral testes. The animals treated with trapidil had a significant increase in these histological parameters as compared to the torsion-detorsion group. CONCLUSION Trapidil administration before reperfusion may have the potential to decrease the long-term histologic damage that occurs after experimental testicular torsion. Trapidil is used as an antianginal drug and additional clinical studies are required to elucidate the protective role of trapidil in patients with testicular torsion.
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Köseoğlu B, Yilmaz E, Ceylan K, Uzun E, Bayram I, Hizli F. The protective effect of erythropoietin infusion on testicular torsion/detorsion: an experimental study. Int Urol Nephrol 2008; 41:85-91. [PMID: 18626784 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-008-9418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the histopathology of testes after unilateral testicular torsion and detorsion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 120 g were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into three groups, a sham group consisting of five rats and the other two groups consisting of ten rats. In group 1 (sham group), right orchiectomy with no additional intervention was performed. In group 2 (T/D group), torsion was created by rotating the testis 720 degrees in a clockwise direction for 4 h. After a 4-h torsion period, the right testis was detorted and replaced into the scrotum for 4 h. After the torsion, 0.5 cc 0.9% NaCl solution was injected once and three times in a week (total 12 doses). In group 3 (T/D + erythropoietin; EPO group), the same surgical procedure was done as in group 1, but EPO 1,000 IU/kg was injected just before the detorsion and three times in a week. At the end of each procedure, bilateral orchiectomies were performed for the histopathological examinations in all groups. RESULTS We examined the testes weight, vascularization of the region between the seminiferous tubules, percentage of necrotic seminipherous tubules, and maturation of spermatogenesis in terms of necrosis, sertoli cells, maturation arrest of spermatogenesis, hypospermatogenesis, and normal spermatogenesis of torsioned testis tissues with and without EPO treatment. Extremely significant differences in testicular weight were observed in group 1 compared to groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Administration of EPO significantly influenced the rescue of testicular function by preserving the intact seminiferous tubular morphology, lowering the percentage of necrotic seminipherous tubules, and significantly reducing histological damage (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Köseoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fatih University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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