1
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Fount, fate, features, and function of renal erythropoietin-producing cells. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:783-797. [PMID: 35750861 PMCID: PMC9338912 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Renal erythropoietin (Epo)-producing (REP) cells represent a rare and incompletely understood cell type. REP cells are fibroblast-like cells located in close proximity to blood vessels and tubules of the corticomedullary border region. Epo mRNA in REP cells is produced in a pronounced “on–off” mode, showing transient transcriptional bursts upon exposure to hypoxia. In contrast to “ordinary” fibroblasts, REP cells do not proliferate ex vivo, cease to produce Epo, and lose their identity following immortalization and prolonged in vitro culture, consistent with the loss of Epo production following REP cell proliferation during tissue remodelling in chronic kidney disease. Because Epo protein is usually not detectable in kidney tissue, and Epo mRNA is only transiently induced under hypoxic conditions, transgenic mouse models have been developed to permanently label REP cell precursors, active Epo producers, and inactive descendants. Future single-cell analyses of the renal stromal compartment will identify novel characteristic markers of tagged REP cells, which will provide novel insights into the regulation of Epo expression in this unique cell type.
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2
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Decellularization and Recellularization of Rabbit Kidney Using Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Renal Tissue Engineering. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-020-00177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Arbra CA, Nadig SN, Dennis SG, Pattanaik S, Bainbridge HA, Rhett JM, Fann SA, Atkinson C, Yost MJ. Microdissection of Primary Renal Tissue Segments and Incorporation with Novel Scaffold-free Construct Technology. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29658916 DOI: 10.3791/57358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is now a mainstream therapy for end-stage renal disease. However, with approximately 96,000 people on the waiting list and only one-fourth of these patients achieving transplantation, there is a dire need for alternatives for those with failing organs. In order to decrease the harmful consequences of dialysis along with the overall healthcare costs it incurs, active investigation is ongoing in search of alternative solutions to organ transplantation. Implantable tissue-engineered renal cellular constructs are one such feasible approach to replacing lost renal functionality. Here, described for the first time, is the microdissection of murine kidneys for isolation of living corticomedullary renal segments. These segments are capable of rapid incorporation within scaffold-free endothelial-fibroblast constructs which may enable rapid connection with host vasculature once implanted. Adult mouse kidneys were procured from living donors, followed by stereoscope microdissection to obtain renal segments 200 - 300 µm in diameter. Multiple renal constructs were fabricated using primary renal segments harvested from only one kidney. This method demonstrates a procedure which could salvage functional renal tissue from organs that would otherwise be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase A Arbra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Satish N Nadig
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen A Fann
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Michael J Yost
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina;
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4
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Padalhin AR, Park CM, Lee BT. Streamlined System for Conducting In Vitro Studies Using Decellularized Kidney Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:42-55. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Padalhin
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Chan-Mi Park
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Byong-Taek Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
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5
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Hitomi H, Kasahara T, Katagiri N, Hoshina A, Mae SI, Kotaka M, Toyohara T, Rahman A, Nakano D, Niwa A, Saito MK, Nakahata T, Nishiyama A, Osafune K. Human pluripotent stem cell–derived erythropoietin-producing cells ameliorate renal anemia in mice. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/409/eaaj2300. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaj2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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George SK, Abolbashari M, Jackson JD, Aboushwareb T, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Potential Use of Autologous Renal Cells from Diseased Kidneys for the Treatment of Renal Failure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164997. [PMID: 27776163 PMCID: PMC5077100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs when certain conditions cause the kidneys to gradually lose function. For patients with CKD, renal transplantation is the only treatment option that restores kidney function. In this study, we evaluated primary renal cells obtained from diseased kidneys to determine whether their normal phenotypic and functional characteristics are retained, and could be used for cell therapy. Primary renal cells isolated from both normal kidneys (NK) and diseased kidneys (CKD) showed similar phenotypic characteristics and growth kinetics. The expression levels of renal tubular cell markers, Aquaporin-1 and E-Cadherin, and podocyte-specific markers, WT-1 and Nephrin, were similar in both NK and CKD kidney derived cells. Using fluorescence- activated cell sorting (FACS), specific renal cell populations were identified and included proximal tubular cells (83.1% from NK and 80.3% from CKD kidneys); distal tubular cells (11.03% from NK and 10.9% from CKD kidneys); and podocytes (1.91% from NK and 1.78% from CKD kidneys). Ultra-structural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed microvilli on the apical surface of cultured cells from NK and CKD samples. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed a similar organization of tight junctions, desmosomes, and other intracellular structures. The Na+ uptake characteristics of NK and CKD derived renal cells were also similar (24.4 mmol/L and 25 mmol/L, respectively) and no significant differences were observed in the protein uptake and transport characteristics of these two cell isolates. These results show that primary renal cells derived from diseased kidneys such as CKD have similar structural and functional characteristics to their counterparts from a normal healthy kidney (NK) when grown in vitro. This study suggests that cells derived from diseased kidney may be used as an autologous cell source for renal cell therapy, particularly in patients with CKD or end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. George
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, United States of America
| | - Mehran Abolbashari
- Texas Tech University, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, 79905, United States of America
| | - John D. Jackson
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, United States of America
| | - Tamer Aboushwareb
- RSS Urology—Mid Atlantic, Allergan Medical Affairs, P.O. Box 19534, Irvine, California, 92623, United States of America
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, United States of America
| | - James J. Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Bruce AT, Ilagan RM, Guthrie KI, Rivera E, Choudhury S, Sangha N, Spencer T, Bertram TA, Jain D, Kelley RW, Basu J. Selected renal cells modulate disease progression in rodent models of chronic kidney disease via NF-κB and TGF-β1 pathways. Regen Med 2015; 10:815-39. [PMID: 26568079 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Identification of mechanistic pathways for selected renal cell (SRC) therapeutic bioactivity in rodent models of chronic kidney disease. MATERIALS & METHODS In vivo and in vitro functional bioassays applied to investigate regenerative outcomes associated with delivery of SRC to diseased rodent kidney. RESULTS In vivo, SRC reduces chronic infiltration by monocytes/macrophages. SRC attenuates NF-κB and PAI-1 responses while simultaneously promoting host tubular cell expansion through trophic cues. In vitro, SRC-derived conditioned media attenuates TNF-α-induced NF-κB response, TGF-β-mediated PAI-1 response and increases expression of transcripts associated with cell cycle regulation. Observed bioactive responses were from vesicle and nonvesicle-associated factors, including specific miRNAs. CONCLUSION We identify a paracrine mechanism for SRC immunomodulatory and trophic cues on host renal tissues, catalyzing long-term functional benefits in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Bruce
- Regenerative Medicine, United Therapeutics, 55 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.,Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA
| | - Roger M Ilagan
- Regenerative Medicine, United Therapeutics, 55 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.,Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA
| | - Kelly I Guthrie
- Regenerative Medicine, United Therapeutics, 55 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.,Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA
| | - Elias Rivera
- Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.,Infinium Pathology Consultants LLC, 1805 Wild Fern Dr., Oak Ridge, NC 27310, USA
| | - Sumana Choudhury
- Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.,Gene Therapy Center, Vector Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27617, USA
| | - Namrata Sangha
- Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Thomas Spencer
- Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.,RegenMedTX LLC, 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA
| | - Timothy A Bertram
- Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.,RegenMedTX LLC, 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA
| | - Deepak Jain
- Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.,RegenMedTX LLC, 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA
| | - Russell W Kelley
- Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.,Burroughs Wellcome Fund, 21 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Joydeep Basu
- Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.,RegenMedTX LLC, 3929 Westpoint Blvd, Ste G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA
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8
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Choi SH, Chun SY, Chae SY, Kim JR, Oh SH, Chung SK, Lee JH, Song PH, Choi GS, Kim TH, Kwon TG. Development of a porcine renal extracellular matrix scaffold as a platform for kidney regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1391-403. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seock Hwan Choi
- Department of Urology; School of Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - So Young Chun
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Kyungpook National University Hospital; Daegu Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Chae
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Kyungpook National University Hospital; Daegu Korea
| | - Jin Rae Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials; Hannam University; Daejeon Korea
| | - Se Heang Oh
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Chungnam Korea
| | - Sung Kwang Chung
- Department of Urology; School of Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - Jin Ho Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials; Hannam University; Daejeon Korea
| | - Phil Hyun Song
- Department of Urology; College of Medicine, Yeungnam University; Daegu Korea
| | - Gyu-Seog Choi
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Center; School of Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Urology; School of Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Department of Urology; School of Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Kyungpook National University Hospital; Daegu Korea
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9
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Sekiya S, Sachiko S, Shimizu T, Yamato M, Okano T. Hormone supplying renal cell sheet in vivo produced by tissue engineering technology. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:12-9. [PMID: 23514782 PMCID: PMC3569960 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a new medical field and is expected to have a profoundly positive effect in curing difficult-to-treat diseases. Cell sheet fabrication is an important tissue engineering technology used in regenerative medicine. This study investigated the creation of a hormone-releasing tissue using cell sheet technology, which could be utilized in future therapy for chronic renal disease. Renal cell sheets were fabricated on a temperature-responsive cell culture surface with primary renal cells from adult porcine kidney. These sheets contained various kinds of renal cells that showed cyst-like formation. An important renal function is the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and this was confirmed in the cell sheets in vitro. Erythropoietin (EPO) production is another important renal function. This ability was also observed in the renal cell sheets in vitro, and then again after transplantation in a nude rat. In particular, the relative expression of EPO mRNA increased more under cell sheet culture conditions compared with exponential cell growth conditions. Histological analysis of the implanted renal cell sheets showed them to be Dolichos biflorus agglutinin-positive and to have regenerated renal tubular-like morphology. These results indicated that both functional and morphological regenerative renal tissues were fabricated by cell sheet technology. This study introduces a hormone-supplying treatment for renal dysfunctional diseases using engineered renal tissues. Moreover, since our renal cell sheets developed renal tubular-like structures in vivo, it holds promise for fabricating artificially engineered true renal tissue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Sekiya
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University , Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Abstract
The following methods outline the procedures for isolating primary renal cells from kidney tissue via enzymatic digestion, followed by their culture, harvest, and then fractionation of renal subpopulations from primary culture. The current methods describe procedures to sub-fractionate biologically active cells that have been used to treat and stabilize renal function in models of chronic kidney disease (Kelley et al. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 299(5):F1026-F1039, 2010).
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11
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Wang HJ, Varner A, AbouShwareb T, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal failure in rats as a model for evaluating cell therapies. Ren Fail 2012; 34:1324-32. [PMID: 23030045 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2012.725292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal failure is a devastating disease that leads to a multitude of complications. Cell therapy has emerged as a potential treatment modality for renal failure. However, efficacy testing on systemic renal function has been challenging due to the limited availability of reliable models that are fully characterized. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury as a viable model for testing cell therapies. We examined functional and pathological changes in rat kidneys that were exposed to different ischemia times. Male Lewis rats were divided into five groups. Renal failure was induced by clamping both renal pedicles for combinations of 60, 75, and 90 min, followed by reperfusion. Age-matched healthy rats served as controls. Blood was collected at regular intervals for serum chemistry, and kidneys were harvested at the same intervals for histomorphological assessment. Serum creatinine levels of the animals with I/R injury increased significantly after 3 days and returned to normal levels at 4 weeks. Histologically, kidney tissue showed progressive glomerular and tubular deterioration with varying degrees of fibrosis. Animals exposed to 75- and 90-min ischemia combination times consistently generated more severe injury than the 60-min ischemia period. However, these groups resulted in a high mortality rate. A model in which one kidney is exposed to a shorter ischemia time (60 or 90 min) resulted in sustained renal damage with a lower mortality rate. This study shows that kidneys exposed to I/R result in renal tissue damage as well as decreased renal function. This model can be used to study both the short-term and longer-term effects of kidney disease by varying the length of the ischemic time. In particular, the use of longer ischemic times (75 and 90 min) could be used to study new therapies for acute renal disease, whereas shorter ischemic times (60 min) could be used to study therapies for chronic renal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Jen Wang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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12
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Gyabaah K, Aboushwareb T, Guimaraes Souza N, Yamaleyeva L, Varner A, Wang HJ, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Controlled regulation of erythropoietin by primary cultured renal cells for renal failure induced anemia. J Urol 2012; 188:2000-6. [PMID: 22999549 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Renal failure induced anemia develops as a result of inadequate production of erythropoietin, which is the primary regulator of red blood cell production. We previously noted that culture expanded primary renal cells stably express erythropoietin and suggested that these cells may be used as a potential treatment for renal failure induced anemia. We investigated whether these cells are able to regulate erythropoietin expression in a controlled manner under different oxygen and environmental conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary rat renal cells were exposed to different hypoxic (0.1% to 1% O(2)) and normoxic environments. Erythropoietin expression was assessed using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Erythropoietin production was measured in culture medium using Meso Scale Discovery® assays. Results were plotted to compare different levels of production to the control. RESULTS Cultured renal cells expressed high levels of erythropoietin under hypoxia for up to 24 hours with a gradual decrease thereafter. However, erythropoietin expression was decreased when cells were switched from a hypoxic to a normoxic environment within the initial 24 hours. This indicated that cultured renal cells have the capacity to sense environmental oxygen tension and regulate erythropoietin expression accordingly. In addition, erythropoietin release in medium followed a pattern similar to that of gene expression under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that primary renal cells have the ability to regulate erythropoietin gene expression and release through environment dependent mechanisms. This also suggests that with further study the possibility exists of developing these cells as a potential method to treat renal failure induced anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Gyabaah
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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13
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Sullivan DC, Mirmalek-Sani SH, Deegan DB, Baptista PM, Aboushwareb T, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Decellularization methods of porcine kidneys for whole organ engineering using a high-throughput system. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7756-64. [PMID: 22841923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
End-stage renal failure is a devastating disease, with donor organ transplantation as the only functional restorative treatment. The current number of donor organs meets less than one-fifth of demand, so regenerative medicine approaches have been proposed as potential therapeutic alternatives. One such approach for whole large-organ bioengineering is to combine functional renal cells with a decellularized porcine kidney scaffold. The efficacy of cellular removal and biocompatibility of the preserved porcine matrices, as well as scaffold reproducibility, are critical to the success of this approach. We evaluated the effectiveness of 0.25 and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 1% Triton X-100 in the decellularization of adult porcine kidneys. To perform the decellularization, a high-throughput system was designed and constructed. In this study all three methods examined showed significant cellular removal, but 0.5% SDS was the most effective detergent (<50 ng DNA/mg dry tissue). Decellularized organs retained intact microarchitecture including the renal vasculature and essential extracellular matrix components. The SDS-treated decellularized scaffolds were non-cytotoxic to primary human renal cells. This method ensures clearance of porcine cellular material (which directly impacts immunoreactivity during transplantation) and preserves the extracellular matrix and cellular compatibility of these renal scaffolds. Thus, we have developed a rapid decellularization method that can be scaled up for use in other large organs, and this represents a step toward development of a transplantable organ using tissue engineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Sullivan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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14
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Yamaleyeva LM, Guimaraes-Souza NK, Krane LS, Agcaoili S, Gyabaah K, Atala A, Aboushwareb T, Yoo JJ. Cell therapy with human renal cell cultures containing erythropoietin-positive cells improves chronic kidney injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197816 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic strategies for chronic kidney disease (CKD) are necessary to offset the rising incidence of CKD and donor shortage. Erythropoietin (EPO), a cytokine produced by fibroblast-like cells in the kidney, has recently emerged as a renoprotective factor with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties. This study (a) determined whether human renal cultures (human primary kidney cells [hPKC]) can be enriched in EPO-positive cells (hPKC(F+)) by using magnetic-bead sorting; (b) characterized hPKC(F+) following cell separation; and (c) established that intrarenal delivery of enriched hPKC(F+) cells would be more beneficial in treatment of renal injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress than unsorted hPKC cultures in a chronic kidney injury model. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed higher expression of EPO (36%) and CD73 (27%) in hPKC(F+) as compared with hPKC. After induction of renal injury, intrarenal delivery of hPKC(F+) or hPKC significantly reduced serum creatinine, interstitial fibrosis in the medulla, and abundance of CD68-positive cells in the cortex and medulla (p < .05). However, only hPKC(F+) attenuated interstitial fibrosis in the renal cortex and decreased urinary albumin (3.5-fold) and urinary tubular injury marker kidney injury molecule 1 (16-fold). hPKC(F+) also significantly reduced levels of renal cortical monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (1.8-fold) and oxidative DNA marker 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (2.4-fold). After 12 weeks, we detected few injected cells, which were localized mostly to the cortical interstitium. Although cell therapy with either hPKC(F+) or hPKC improved renal function, the hPKC(F+) subpopulation provides greater renoprotection, perhaps through attenuation of inflammation and oxidative stress. We conclude that hPKC(F+) may be used as components of cell-based therapies for degenerative kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya M Yamaleyeva
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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15
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Guimaraes-Souza NK, Yamaleyeva LM, AbouShwareb T, Atala A, Yoo JJ. In vitro reconstitution of human kidney structures for renal cell therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:3082-90. [PMID: 22287659 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in cell therapies have provided potential opportunities for the treatment of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). We investigated whether human kidney structures could be preformed in vitro for subsequent implantation in vivo to maximize tissue-forming efficiency. METHODS Human renal cells were isolated from unused donor kidneys. Human renal cells were cultured and expanded. Migration was analyzed using growth factors. To form structures, cells were placed in a three-dimensional culture system. Cells were characterized by immunofluorescence, western blots and fluorescence-activated cell sorting using renal cell-specific markers for podocin, proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts. An albumin uptake assay was used to analyze function. Three-dimensional cultures were implanted into athymic rat kidneys to evaluate survival. RESULTS Human renal cells were effectively expanded in culture and retained their phenotype, migration ability and albumin uptake functions. Human renal cell in three-dimensional culture-formed tubules, which stained positively for proximal, distal tubule and collecting duct markers, and this was confirmed by western blot. Polarity of the tubular cells was determined by the presence of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and Na-K ATPase. Colocalization of labeled albumin and proximal tubule markers proved functionality and specificity of the newly formed tubules. An in vivo study showed that cells survived in the kidney for up to 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that human renal cell grown in three-dimensional culture are able to generate kidney structures in vitro. This system may ultimately be developed into an efficient cell-based therapy for patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia K Guimaraes-Souza
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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16
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Abstract
Applications of regenerative medicine technology may offer novel therapies for patients with injuries, end-stage organ failure, or other clinical problems. Currently, patients suffering from diseased and injured organs can be treated with transplanted organs. However, there is a severe shortage of donor organs that is worsening yearly as the population ages and new cases of organ failure increase. Scientists in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are now applying the principles of cell transplantation, material science, and bioengineering to construct biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured tissues. The stem cell field is also advancing rapidly, opening new avenues for this type of therapy. For example, therapeutic cloning and cellular reprogramming may one day provide a potentially limitless source of cells for tissue engineering applications. While stem cells are still in the research phase, some therapies arising from tissue engineering endeavors have already entered the clinical setting successfully, indicating the promise regenerative medicine holds for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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17
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Genheimer CW, Ilagan RM, Spencer T, Kelley RW, Werdin E, Choudhury S, Jain D, Ludlow JW, Basu J. Molecular Characterization of the Regenerative Response Induced by Intrarenal Transplantation of Selected Renal Cells in a Rodent Model of Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:374-84. [DOI: 10.1159/000336028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Basu J, Genheimer CW, Rivera EA, Payne R, Mihalko K, Guthrie K, Bruce AT, Robbins N, McCoy D, Sangha N, Ilagan R, Knight T, Spencer T, Wagner BJ, Jayo MJ, Jain D, Ludlow JW, Halberstadt C. Functional Evaluation of Primary Renal Cell/Biomaterial Neo-Kidney Augment Prototypes for Renal Tissue Engineering. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:1771-90. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x566172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a tissue-engineered neo-kidney augment (NKA) requires evaluation of defined, therapeutically relevant cell and cell/biomaterial composites (NKA constructs) for regenerative potential in mammalian kidney. Previous work identified primary renal cell populations that extended survival and improved renal function in a rodent model of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study extends that work toward the goal of developing NKA by (i) screening in vivo inflammatory and fibrotic responses to acellular biomaterials delivered to healthy rodent renal parenchyma, (ii) evaluating the functionality of renal cell/biomaterial combinations in vitro, (iii) generating NKA constructs by combining therapeutically relevant cell populations with biocompatible biomaterial, and (iv) evaluating in vivo neokidney tissue development in response to NKA constructs delivered to healthy rodent renal parenchyma. Gelatin and hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels elicited the least inflammatory and fibrotic responses in renal parenchyma relative to polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) beads or particles and were associated with neovascularization and cellular infiltration by 4 weeks postimplantation. Renal cell populations seeded onto gelatin or HA-based hydrogels were viable and maintained a tubular epithelial functional phenotype during an in vitro maturation of 3 days as measured by transcriptomic, proteomic, secretomic, and confocal immunofluorescence assays. In vivo delivery of cell-seeded NKA constructs (bioactive renal cells + gelatin hydrogels) to healthy rodent renal parenchyma elicited neokidney tissue formation at 1 week postimplantation. To investigate a potential mechanism by which NKA constructs could impact a disease state, the effect of conditioned media on TGF-β signaling pathways related to tubulo-interstitial fibrosis associated with CKD progression was evaluated. Conditioned medium was observed to attenuate TGF-β-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro in a human proximal tubular cell line (HK2).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kim Mihalko
- Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Basu J, Genheimer CW, Sangha N, Quinlan SF, Guthrie KI, Kelley R, Ilagan RM, Jain D, Bertram T, Ludlow JW. Organ specific regenerative markers in peri-organ adipose: kidney. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:171. [PMID: 21957910 PMCID: PMC3190351 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutically bioactive cell populations are currently understood to promote regenerative outcomes in vivo by leveraging mechanisms of action including secretion of growth factors, site specific engraftment and directed differentiation. Constitutive cellular populations undoubtedly participate in the regenerative process. Adipose tissue represents a source of therapeutically bioactive cell populations. The potential of these cells to participate in various aspects of the regenerative process has been demonstrated broadly. However, organ association of secretory and developmental markers to specific peri-organ adipose depots has not been investigated. To characterize this topographical association, we explored the potential of cells isolated from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of kidney sourced adipose to express key renal associated factors. Results We report that renal adipose tissue is a novel reservoir for EPO expressing cells. Kidney sourced adipose stromal cells demonstrate hypoxia regulated expression of EPO and VEGF transcripts. Using iso-electric focusing, we demonstrate that kidney and non-kidney sourced adipose stromal cells present unique patterns of EPO post-translational modification, consistent with the idea that renal and non-renal sources are functionally distinct adipose depots. In addition, kidney sourced adipose stromal cells specifically express the key renal developmental transcription factor WT1. Conclusions Taken together, these data are consistent with the notion that kidney sourced adipose stromal (KiSAS) cells may be primed to recreate a regenerative micro-environment within the kidney. These findings open the possibility of isolating solid-organ associated adipose derived cell populations for therapeutic applications in organ-specific regenerative medicine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Basu
- Bioprocess Research and Assay Development, Tengion Inc, 3929 Westpoint Blvd., Suite G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA.
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Presnell SC, Bruce AT, Wallace SM, Choudhury S, Genheimer CW, Cox B, Guthrie K, Werdin ES, Tatsumi-Ficht P, Ilagan RM, Kelley RW, Rivera EA, Ludlow JW, Wagner BJ, Jayo MJ, Bertram TA. Isolation, Characterization, and Expansion Methods for Defined Primary Renal Cell Populations from Rodent, Canine, and Human Normal and Diseased Kidneys. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:261-73. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C. Presnell
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Andrew T. Bruce
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Shay M. Wallace
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sumana Choudhury
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Bryan Cox
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kelly Guthrie
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eric S. Werdin
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Patricia Tatsumi-Ficht
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Roger M. Ilagan
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Russell W. Kelley
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Elias A. Rivera
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - John W. Ludlow
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Belinda J. Wagner
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Manuel J. Jayo
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Timothy A. Bertram
- Tengion Laboratories, Department of Science and Technology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Kelley R, Werdin ES, Bruce AT, Choudhury S, Wallace SM, Ilagan RM, Cox BR, Tatsumi-Ficht P, Rivera EA, Spencer T, Rapoport HS, Wagner BJ, Guthrie K, Jayo MJ, Bertram TA, Presnell SC. Tubular cell-enriched subpopulation of primary renal cells improves survival and augments kidney function in rodent model of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F1026-39. [PMID: 20826573 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00221.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Established chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be identified by severely impaired renal filtration that ultimately leads to the need for dialysis or kidney transplant. Dialysis addresses only some of the sequelae of CKD, and a significant gap persists between patients needing transplant and available organs, providing impetus for development of new CKD treatment modalities. Some postulate that CKD develops from a progressive imbalance between tissue damage and the kidney's intrinsic repair and regeneration processes. In this study we evaluated the effect of kidney cells, delivered orthotopically by intraparenchymal injection to rodents 4-7 wk after CKD was established by two-step 5/6 renal mass reduction (NX), on the regeneration of kidney function and architecture as assessed by physiological, tissue, and molecular markers. A proof of concept for the model, cell delivery, and systemic effect was demonstrated with a heterogeneous population of renal cells (UNFX) that contained cells from all major compartments of the kidney. Tubular cells are known contributors to kidney regeneration in situ following acute injury. Initially tested as a control, a tubular cell-enriched subpopulation of UNFX (B2) surprisingly outperformed UNFX. Two independent studies (3 and 6 mo in duration) with B2 confirmed that B2 significantly extended survival and improved renal filtration (serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen). The specificity of B2 effects was verified by direct comparison to cell-free vehicle controls and an equivalent dose of non-B2 cells. Quantitative histological evaluation of kidneys at 6 mo after treatment confirmed that B2 treatment reduced severity of kidney tissue pathology. Treatment-associated reduction of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and fibronectin (FN) provided evidence that B2 cells attenuated canonical pathways of profibrotic extracellular matrix production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusty Kelley
- Tengion, Inc., 3929 Westpoint Blvd., Suite G, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, USA
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Abstract
The shortage of donors for organ transplantation has stimulated research on stem cells as a potential resource for cell-based therapy in all human tissues. Stem cells have been used for regenerative medicine applications in many organ systems, including the genitourinary system. The potential applications for stem cell therapy have, however, been restricted by the ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cell research. Instead, scientists have explored other cell sources, including progenitor and stem cells derived from adult tissues and stem cells derived from the amniotic fluid and placenta. In addition, novel techniques for generating stem cells in the laboratory are being developed. These techniques include somatic cell nuclear transfer, in which the nucleus of an adult somatic cell is placed into an oocyte, and reprogramming of adult cells to induce stem-cell-like behavior. Such techniques are now being used in tissue engineering applications, and some of the most successful experiments have been in the field of urology. Techniques to regenerate bladder tissue have reached the clinic, and exciting progress is being made in other areas, such as regeneration of the kidney and urethra. Cell therapy as a treatment for incontinence and infertility might soon become a reality. Physicians should be optimistic that regenerative medicine and tissue engineering will one day provide mainstream treatment options for urologic disorders.
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