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Mei Y, Ji N, Zhang B, Xia W, Feng X, Xu R, Xue D. Association between life's essential 8 and testosterone deficiency in US men: findings from national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2011-2016. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1395576. [PMID: 38978622 PMCID: PMC11228159 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1395576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Testosterone deficiency (TD) is closely associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We intended to explore the association of Life's Essential 8 (LE8), the recently updated measurement of cardiovascular health, with the prevalence of TD among US male adults. Methods The population-based cross-sectional study selected male adults aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2016. According to the American Heart Association definitions, the LE8 score was measured on a scale of 0-100, and divided into health behavior and health factor scores, simultaneously. Furthermore, these scores were categorized into low (0-49), moderate (50-79), and high (80-100) classifications. TD is defined as a total testosterone level below 300ng/dL. Correlations were investigated by weighted multivariable logistic regression, and the robustness of the results were verified by subgroup analysis. Results A total of 4971 male adults with an average age of 47.46 ± 0.41 years were eligible for the final analyses, of whom 1372 were determined to have TD. The weighted mean LE8 score of the study population was 68.11 ± 0.41. After fully adjusting potential confounders, higher LE8 scores were significantly associated with low risk of TD (odd ratio [OR] for each 10-point increase, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.71-0.88) in a linear dose-response relationship. Similar patterns were also identified in the association of health factor scores with TD (OR for each 10-point increase, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.66-0.83). These results persisted when LE8 and health factor scores was categorized into low, moderate, and high groups. The inversed association of LE8 classifications and TD remained statistically significant among older, obese, and men without CVD. Conclusions LE8 and its health factor subscales scores were negatively associated with the presence of TD in linear fashions. Promoting adherence to optimal cardiovascular health levels may be advantageous to alleviate the burden of TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Mei
- Department of Urology, Jiangyin People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nuo Ji
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingliang Feng
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renfang Xu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Huang W, Chen M, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Yin C, Huang M, Shi B. Association between life's essential 8 and male biochemical androgen deficiency: evidence from NHANES 2013-2016. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1369684. [PMID: 38978620 PMCID: PMC11228233 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1369684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the association of Life's Essential 8 (LE8) and its subscales with male biochemical androgen deficiency (MBAD) and total testosterone based on the data from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) database. Methods Data of males aged 20 years or older from NHANES of 2013-2016 were extracted. LE8 score was calculated based on American Heart Association definitions. Total testosterone (TT) values were measured in NHANES using precise isotope dilution liquid chromatography. MBAD was defined as serum TT of <300 ng/dL. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted. Propensity score matching (PSM) and weighted regression after matching were added as sensitivity analyses. The generalized additive model, smooth curve fitting, and the recursive algorithm were used to determine the potential inflection points. Piecewise regression models with log-likelihood ratio test were used to quantify nonlinear effects. Results A total of 3094 participants who were males and aged 20 years or above were included. Out of them, 805 males were diagnosed with MBAD. After adjusting the confounders in the multivariable model, LE8 was independently associated with MBAD (OR 0.96, P < 0.001) and TT (β 2.7, P < 0.001). The association remained robust even after PSM. The non-linear relationship of LE8 behaviors score with MBAD and TT was revealed. Conclusion LE8 was an independent protective factor of MBAD and a feasible approach to promote male endocrine sexual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Huang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Mutong Chen
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Haiyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhongfu Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Yin
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiyang Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bentao Shi
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Dušková M. The Effects of Different Types of Diets on Steroid Hormone Concentrations. Physiol Res 2023; 72:S323-S337. [PMID: 38116769 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The great popularity of various diets in recent years has led us to reflect on their suitability for our health. The aim of this communication is to review current knowledge on the influence of the most well-known diets on the concentrations of the main steroids and to consider possible mechanisms. The influence of diet on hormone concentrations is expected, but the literature data on this topic are inconsistent and yield conflicting results. The main problem in evaluating these influences is the change in weight that a change in diet induces. This effect needs to be filtered out in order to discover interesting associations between diet and steroid hormones. This is illustrated by the example of the effects of ketogenic diets on testosterone levels in men, where the direct effect of the diet is to reduce testosterone levels, but a number of papers have described increases that are due to diet-related weight loss and the modification of obesity-induced changes. A second major driver is the change in circadian rhythm, and it is necessary to assess hormonal changes induced by changing the time of day of the diet. Such shifts within the circadian rhythm rather than due to a particular type of diet itself are documented by changes in the circadian rhythm of cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dušková
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Rosenfeld RM, Juszczak HM, Wong MA. Scoping review of the association of plant-based diet quality with health outcomes. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1211535. [PMID: 37637943 PMCID: PMC10447911 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1211535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The association of plant-based dietary patterns with health outcomes has traditionally been assessed without considering nutritional value. The plant-based dietary index (PDI), first published in 2016, overcomes this limitation with both a healthful PDI (hPDI) and an unhealthful PDI (uPDI), based on the quality of plant foods consumed plus the frequency of animal foods. We sought to summarize the breadth of research using the hPDI and uPDI to gain insight into how the quality of plant-based dietary patterns might be associated with health outcomes. Methods Scoping review of studies that used the PDI, hPDI, or uPDI to report associations with health outcomes. Multiple databases were searched from 2010 through April 2023 with 2 authors independently assessing eligibility and extracting data. In addition to assessing the association of the indices to health outcomes, we determined the frequency of concordant or discordant findings for hPDI versus PDI and for hPDI versus uPDI. Results We included 95 articles (54% longitudinal, 37% cross-sectional, and 9% case-control) with a median sample size of 3,646. Higher hPDI levels were associated with favorable health outcomes in 36% of comparisons (most often for obesity, mortality, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychiatric disorders), compared to 25% for the PDI and only 2% for the uPDI. Conversely, higher levels of the uPDI were associated with unfavorable health outcomes in 33% of comparisons, in contrast to under 1% for the hPDI and 2% for the PDI. When the hPDI association to an outcome was discordant with the uPDI or PDI, the significance and directionality always favored the hPDI over the uPDI, and nearly always favored the hPDI over the PDI. Discussion Dietary indices that account for the quality of plant foods can show health benefits that might be missed by a generic plant-based index. A greater focus on the quality of plant foods could improve nutrition guidelines, raise awareness about the benefits of adding unrefined plant foods to the diet, and empower consumers to make incremental additions of such foods to displace unhealthy foods. We anticipate increasing use of indices that address food quality in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Rosenfeld
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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Storz MA, Ronco AL. Dietary Acid Load Is Not Associated with Serum Testosterone in Men: Insights from the NHANES. Nutrients 2023; 15:3075. [PMID: 37447401 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary acid load (DAL) is a novel marker of overall diet quality, which has been associated with overweight, type 2 diabetes and altered glucocorticoid secretion. A potential association with sex hormones is thus not inconceivable. We investigated whether DAL was associated with serum total testosterone concentrations of men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The DAL scores, including the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP), were estimated and compared between participants with low and normal testosterone levels. The investigated sample encompassed n = 377 males with a mean age of 49.50 years. Approximately 73% of the sample were of Non-Hispanic White origin. None of the examined DAL scores showed significant associations with serum testosterone levels. We observed no significant differences in the crude DAL scores between individuals with low testosterone levels and individuals with normal testosterone levels. Multivariate regression models adjusting for covariates confirmed the lack of associations between the PRAL and serum testosterone. Our results are of particular importance for those individuals who wish to lower their DAL in light of the presumable health effects of a more alkaline diet. Our data suggest that diet modifications toward a lower intake of animal protein and refined grains (which consecutively translates into a lower DAL) may not negatively affect men's testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Andreas Storz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Complementary Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alvaro Luis Ronco
- Unit of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Pereira Rossell Women's Hospital, Bvard. Artigas 1590, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
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Carto C, Pagalavan M, Nackeeran S, Blachman-Braun R, Kresch E, Kuchakulla M, Ramasamy R. Consumption of a healthy plant-based diet is associated with a decreased risk of erectile dysfunction: a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Urology 2021; 161:76-82. [PMID: 34979217 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between the plant-based content of diet and erectile dysfunction in men from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS We collected de-identified information from the NHANES database on demographics, comorbidities, diet, and erectile dysfunction (ED). Exclusion criteria were age <20 or >70 years, incomplete plant-based diet index information, history of prostate cancer, or other missing information. Using the food frequency questionnaire, an overall plant-based diet index (PDI) and healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) were developed. A higher score on the PDI and hPDI is indicative of greater consumption of plant-based foods. RESULTS A total of 2549 men were analyzed, of those 1085 (42.6%) have good erectile function and 1464 (57.4%) have some degree of ED [usually have erections 521 (20.4%), sometimes have erection 690 (27.1%), or never have erections 253 (9.9%)]. The median age and BMI were 54 [41 - 64] years and 28.8 [25.5 - 32.6] kg/m2, respectively. The median PDI and hPDI were 50 [46 - 54] and 50 [45 - 56], respectively. In multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis, hPDI was negatively associated with ED (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96 - 0.99; p = 0.001). There was no association between PDI and ED. CONCLUSION In a well characterized national database, we showed that a healthful plant-based diet is associated with less chance of having erectile dysfunction. Whether interventions with a plant-based diet will improve erectile function remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Carto
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th St., Suite 1563, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | - Sirpi Nackeeran
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th St., Suite 1563, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ruben Blachman-Braun
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th St., Suite 1563, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eliyahu Kresch
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th St., Suite 1563, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Manish Kuchakulla
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th St., Suite 1563, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ranjith Ramasamy
- Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th St., Suite 1563, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Qin Z, Liu N, Liao R, Jiang L, Su B. The Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Sex Hormones in Male Children and Adolescents Aged 6-19 Years. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:722941. [PMID: 34413832 PMCID: PMC8370775 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.722941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and sex hormones in male children and adolescents aged 6-19 years. Methods We obtained data from the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Male participants aged 6-19 years old with the complete data of DII and sex hormones were included. Weighted multiple regression analysis and subgroup analysis were preformed to estimate the independent relationship between DII and sex hormones. Results A total of 1717 male participants with the average age of 13.02 ± 3.82 years were enrolled, of whom 41.3% (n=713) were children and 58.47% (n=1004) were adolescents. In children, mean DII was 0.18 ± 1.67, with scores ranging from -4.53 to 4.08. As for adolescents, the mean DII was 0.36 ± 1.98, mean total testosterone (TT) was 376.94 ± 206.69 ng/dl overall. A negative association between DII with TT and estradiol (E2) was observed (TT: β=-11.97, P=0.0006; E2: β=-0.45, P=0.0108) in male adolescent. Subgroup analysis and interaction test results indicated that this association was similar in male adolescents with different body mass index. No statistically significant association was observed in children. Conclusions Pro-inflammatory diet was associated with lower TT and E2 level in male adolescent, while no association with statistical significance between them was observed in male children. However, more studies are still needed to validate the causal relationship between DII and sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qin
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nuozhou Liu
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoxi Liao
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luojia Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Lu Y, Kang J, Li Z, Wang X, Liu K, Zhou K, Wang W, Shen C. The association between plant-based diet and erectile dysfunction in Chinese men. Basic Clin Androl 2021; 31:11. [PMID: 33980148 PMCID: PMC8117588 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-021-00129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diet, one of the components of lifestyle, has been believed to have associations with erectile dysfunction (ED). However, whether there is an association between plant-based diet and ED is remains to be explored. Thus, we conducted the nested case-control study to investigate the relationship between the plant-based diet and ED in China. Results ED group (92 subjeczts) and ED free group (92 subjects) were similar in terms of basic features (P > 0.05), except for lifestyle (P < 0.05). The plant-diet index (PDI) and healthy plant-diet index (hPDI) in the ED group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.001). Adjusted multivariate analysis indicated that the presence of ED was negatively associated with nitric oxide levels, PDI, and hPDI (all P < 0.05), and was positively related to body mass index, metabolic syndrome, and E-selectin levels. Furthermore, both the PDI and hPDI increased significantly as the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) scores increased within the ED group (P < 0.05). Multi-model multivariate analysis indicated the robustness of results. Conclusions More plant-based diet intake was associated with a reduced presence of ED and less severe ED in China. Committing to plant-based diet can be encouraged for many health benefits and to lower ED burden. Further well-designed studies are warranted to validate our findings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12610-021-00129-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China.,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jiaqi Kang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhongjia Li
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Kechong Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China. .,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China. .,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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9
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Lu Y, Tian J, Wang S, Wang X, Song Y, Liu K, Zhou K, Yang Y, Liu X. The association between plant-based diet and erectile function in Chinese young healthy men: A population-based study. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14038. [PMID: 33694187 DOI: 10.1111/and.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was designed and conducted to evaluate the plant-based diet status and its association with erectile function (EF) in Chinese young healthy men. From July 2018 to May 2020, 116 objectively proved physically and psychologically healthy men were selected. Clinical questionnaires, detailed physical examinations and blood tests were all assessed. An overall plant-based diet index (PDI) and a healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) were developed from each participant to measure plant-based diet quantitatively. The EF was measured by both the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) and the surrogated measures of endothelial function, peripheral levels of nitric oxide (NO) and E-selectin. In subjects, the mean PDI and hPDI were 53.8 ± 8.2 and 54.7 ± 8.9 respectively. Results of multivariate analysis showed that both PDI and hPDI were negatively associated with BMI (all p < .05), but had no relationships with NO, E-selectin, TT levels and IIEF-5 scores (all p > .05). In a subgroup of male population, Chinese young healthy men, the plant-based diet, measured by PDI and hPDI, was not related to erectile function. The population can adhere to plant-based diet to keep healthy without concerns of negative influence on erectile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Tian
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shangren Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kechong Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjiao Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Devrim-Lanpir A, Hill L, Knechtle B. Efficacy of Popular Diets Applied by Endurance Athletes on Sports Performance: Beneficial or Detrimental? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020491. [PMID: 33540813 PMCID: PMC7912997 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes need a regular and well-detailed nutrition program in order to fill their energy stores before training/racing, to provide nutritional support that will allow them to endure the harsh conditions during training/race, and to provide effective recovery after training/racing. Since exercise-related gastrointestinal symptoms can significantly affect performance, they also need to develop strategies to address these issues. All these factors force endurance athletes to constantly seek a better nutritional strategy. Therefore, several new dietary approaches have gained interest among endurance athletes in recent decades. This review provides a current perspective to five popular diet approaches: (a) vegetarian diets, (b) high-fat diets, (c) intermittent fasting diets, (d) gluten-free diet, and (e) low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diets. We reviewed scientific studies published from 1983 to January 2021 investigating the impact of these popular diets on the endurance performance and health aspects of endurance athletes. We also discuss all the beneficial and harmful aspects of these diets, and offer key suggestions for endurance athletes to consider when following these diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34862 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen, am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00
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