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Llobat L, Soriano P, Bordignon F, de Evan T, Larsen T, Marín-García PJ. Dietary type (carnivore, herbivore and omnivore) and animal species modulate the nutritional metabolome of terrestrial species. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 272:110965. [PMID: 38452851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Ecometabolomics could be implemented as a powerful tool in molecular ecology studies, but it is necessary to know the baseline of certain metabolites and understand how different traits could affect the metabolome of the animals. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide values for the nutritional metabolome profile of different diet groups and animal species, as well as to study the differences in the metabolomic profile due to the effect of diet type and species. To achieve this goal, blood samples were taken from healthy animals (n = 43) of different species: lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), bison (Bison bison), gazelle (Gazella cuvieri) and fallow deer (Dama dama), and with different types of diet (carnivore, herbivore and omnivore). Each blood sample was analysed to determine nutritional metabolites. The main results this study provides are the nutritional metabolic profile of these animals based on the type of diet and the animal species. A significant effect of the dietary type was found on nutritional metabolite levels, with those metabolites related to protein metabolism (total protein and creatine) being higher in carnivores. There is also an effect of the species on nutritional metabolites, observing a metabolome differentiation between lion and jaguar. In the case of herbivores, bison showed higher levels of uric acid and cholesterol, and lower urea levels than gazelle and fallow deer. More molecular ecology studies are needed to further the knowledge of the metabolism of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Llobat
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Francesco Bordignon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Trinidad de Evan
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Torben Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Brahm J, Dziegiel MH, Leifelt J. Urea and water are transported through different pathways in the red blood cell membrane. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202213322. [PMID: 37389569 PMCID: PMC10316703 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies of the urea transporter UT-B expressed in Xenopus oocytes and in genetically modified red blood cells (RBC) have concluded that UT-B also transports water. In the present study, we use unmodified RBC to test that conclusion. We find that the permeability of urea, Pu (cm/s), has a 10-fold donor variation, while the diffusional water permeability, Pd (cm/s), remains unchanged. Additionally, we observe that phloretin inhibits Pu but not Pd, and that the time course of maximum p-chloromercuribenzosulfonate inhibition of Pu and Pd differs-Pu inhibition takes <2 min, whereas Pd inhibition requires ≥1 h of incubation. The findings in the present study are in line with a previous comparative study using unmodified RBC from four animals and a solvent drag study using human RBC, and they lead us to reject the conclusion that the UT-B transporter represents a common pathway for both solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Brahm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hanefeld Dziegiel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Leifelt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Avilova IA, Soldatova YV, Kraevaya OA, Zhilenkov AV, Dolgikh EA, Kotel’nikova RA, Troshin PA, Volkov VI. Self-Diffusion of Fullerene С60 Derivatives in Aqueous Solutions and Suspensions of Erythrocytes According to Pulsed Field Gradient NMR Data. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Shpakova NM, Orlova NV, Yershov SS. Correction of Cold Damage to Mammalian Erythrocytes by Chlorpromazine to Influence the Dynamic Structure of a Membrane. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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5
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Huisjes R, Bogdanova A, van Solinge WW, Schiffelers RM, Kaestner L, van Wijk R. Squeezing for Life - Properties of Red Blood Cell Deformability. Front Physiol 2018; 9:656. [PMID: 29910743 PMCID: PMC5992676 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformability is an essential feature of blood cells (RBCs) that enables them to travel through even the smallest capillaries of the human body. Deformability is a function of (i) structural elements of cytoskeletal proteins, (ii) processes controlling intracellular ion and water handling and (iii) membrane surface-to-volume ratio. All these factors may be altered in various forms of hereditary hemolytic anemia, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary xerocytosis. Although mutations are known as the primary causes of these congenital anemias, little is known about the resulting secondary processes that affect RBC deformability (such as secondary changes in RBC hydration, membrane protein phosphorylation, and RBC vesiculation). These secondary processes could, however, play an important role in the premature removal of the aberrant RBCs by the spleen. Altered RBC deformability could contribute to disease pathophysiology in various disorders of the RBC. Here we review the current knowledge on RBC deformability in different forms of hereditary hemolytic anemia and describe secondary mechanisms involved in RBC deformability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Huisjes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wouter W van Solinge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Richard van Wijk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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6
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Avilova I, Khakina E, Kraevaya O, Kotelnikov A, Kotelnikova R, Troshin P, Volkov V. Self-diffusion of water-soluble fullerene derivatives in mouse erythrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1537-1543. [PMID: 29792833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Self-diffusion of water-soluble fullerene derivative (WSFD) C60[S(CH2)3SO3Na]5H in mouse red blood cells (RBC) was characterized by 1H pulsed field gradient NMR technique. It was found that a fraction of fullerene molecules (~13% of the fullerene derivative added in aqueous RBC suspension) shows a self-diffusion coefficient of (5.5 ± 0.8)·10-12 m2/s, which is matching the coefficient of the lateral diffusion of lipids in the erythrocyte membrane (DL = (5.4 ± 0.8)·10-12 m2/s). This experimental finding evidences the absorption of the fullerene derivative by RBC. Fullerene derivative molecules are also absorbed by RBC ghosts and phosphatidylcholine liposomes as manifested in self-diffusion coefficients of (7.9 ± 1.2)·10-12 m2/s and (7.7 ± 1.2)·10-12 m2/s, which are also close to the lateral diffusion coefficients of (6.5 ± 1.0)·10-12 m2/s and (8.5 ± 1.3)·10-12 m2/s, respectively. The obtained results suggest that fullerene derivative molecules are, probably, fixed on the RBC surface. The average residence time of the fullerene derivative molecule on RBC was estimated as 440 ± 70 ms. Thus, the pulsed field gradient NMR was shown to be a versatile technique for investigation of the interactions of the fullerene derivatives with blood cells providing essential information, which can be projected on their behavior in-vivo after intravenous administration while screening as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Avilova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, RAS, Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Khakina
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, RAS, Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ol''ga Kraevaya
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, RAS, Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia; Higher Chemical College, Russian Academy of Sciences, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Kotelnikov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, RAS, Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Raisa Kotelnikova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, RAS, Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Pavel Troshin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel st. 3, 143026 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, RAS, Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Vitaliy Volkov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, RAS, Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia; Science Center in Chernogolovka, RAS, Lesnaya str. 9, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia.
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7
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Geng X, Lei T, Zhou H, Yao W, Xin W, Yang B. The knockout of urea transporter-B improves the hemorheological properties of erythrocyte. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 65:249-257. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tianluo Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weijuan Yao
- Hemorheology Center, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Xin
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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8
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de Souza Mecawi A, Ruginsk SG, Elias LLK, Varanda WA, Antunes‐Rodrigues J. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Hydromineral Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1465-516. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Reinhart JM, Yancey MR, Girard-Denton JD, Schermerhorn T. Determination of tonicity effects of ketoacids and lactate by use of two canine red blood cell assays. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:77-83. [PMID: 25535664 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the tonicity effects of β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and lactate in canine RBCs. SAMPLE RBCs from approximately 40 dogs. PROCEDURES 2 in vitro methods were used to conduct 4 experiments. The modified osmotic fragility assay was used to measure the ability of ketoacid salts added to serial sucrose dilutions to protect RBCs from osmotic hemolysis. In a second assay, a handheld cell counting device was used to measure changes in RBC diameter to assess the tonicity effect of solutions of ketoacid and lactate salts. RESULTS For the modified osmotic fragility assay, all ketoacid salts had an osmoprotective effect, but the effect was determined to be completely attributable to the tonicity effect of added cations (sodium and lithium) and not the ketoacid moieties. However, both the sodium and lithium lactate salts provided osmoprotection attributable to both the cation and lactate anion. For the second assay, RBC diameter was significantly increased with the addition of urea (an ineffective osmole) but did not change with the addition of glucose (an effective osmole), which established the behaviors of ineffective and effective osmoles in this assay. The RBC diameter was significantly increased over that of control samples by the addition of sodium β-hydroxybutyrate, lithium acetoacetate, and lithium lactate but was decreased by the addition of sodium lactate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE For both assays, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate acted as ineffective osmoles, whereas lactate acted as an effective osmole in 3 of 4 experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Reinhart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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10
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APPLICATION OF ALKYL SULFATES AND HEAT TREATED ERYTHROCYTES IN HYPERTONIC CRYOHEMOLYSIS. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2015. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech8.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Abstract
The urea transporter UT-B is expressed in multiple tissues including erythrocytes, kidney, brain, heart, liver, colon, bone marrow, spleen, lung, skeletal muscle, bladder, prostate, and testis in mammals. Phenotype analysis of UT-B-null mice has confirmed that UT-B deletion results in a urea-selective urine-concentrating defect (see Chap. 9 ). The functional significance of UT-B in extrarenal tissues studied in the UT-B-null mouse is discussed in this chapter. UT-B-null mice present depression-like behavior with urea accumulation and nitric oxide reduction in the hippocampus. UT-B deletion causes a cardiac conduction defect, and TNNT2 and ANP expression changes in the aged UT-B-null heart. UT-B also plays a very important role in protecting bladder urothelium from DNA damage and apoptosis by regulating the urea concentration in urothelial cells. UT-B functional deficiency results in urea accumulation in the testis and early maturation of the male reproductive system. These results show that UT-B is an indispensable transporter involved in maintaining physiological functions in different tissues.
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12
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Zhurova M, Olivieri A, Holt A, Acker JP. A method to measure permeability of red blood cell membrane to water and solutes using intrinsic fluorescence. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:103-10. [PMID: 24522163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Designing effective cryopreservation procedures for cells requires knowledge of permeability of cell membrane to water and solutes. To determine cell membrane permeability, one needs to measure the rate of cell volume changes in anisotonic environment. Red blood cells (RBCs) respond very quickly to changes in extracellular solutes concentration, which complicates the use of traditional methods. Preservation of RBCs from umbilical cord blood for neonatal transfusions is currently broadly discussed in the literature, but data on osmotic permeability of cord RBCs is controversial. Therefore, alternative methods to determine osmotic membrane permeability of these cells are warranted. We describe a technique to measure rapid changes in RBC volume through changes in the intensity of RBC autofluorescence. METHODS To induce osmotically-driven changes in RBC volume, we rapidly mixed human RBCs with anisotonic solutions in a stopped-flow spectroscopy system and the intensity of intrinsic RBC fluorescence was measured. RESULTS We found that change in RBC volume cause a proportional change in the intensity of RBC autofluorescence. This phenomenon occurs due to the self-quenching of RBC hemoglobin autofluorescence at high intracellular concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This novel method to determine osmotic permeability of RBCs overcomes the limitations of traditional techniques and has numerous clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Zhurova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 8249-114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, 8249-114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada
| | - Aldo Olivieri
- Department of Pharmacology, 970 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Andrew Holt
- Department of Pharmacology, 970 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jason P Acker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 8249-114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, 8249-114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada.
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13
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Abstract
Some unicellular organisms can take up urea from the surrounding fluids by an uphill pumping mechanism. Several active (energy-dependent) urea transporters (AUTs) have been cloned in these organisms. Functional studies show that active urea transport also occurs in elasmobranchs, amphibians, and mammals. In the two former groups, active urea transport may serve to conserve urea in body fluids in order to balance external high ambient osmolarity or prevent desiccation. In mammals, active urea transport may be associated with the need to either store and/or reuse nitrogen in the case of low nitrogen supply, or to excrete nitrogen efficiently in the case of excess nitrogen intake. There are probably two different families of AUTs, one with a high capacity able to establish only a relatively modest transepithelial concentration difference (renal tubule of some frogs, pars recta of the mammalian kidney, early inner medullary collecting duct in some mammals eating protein-poor diets) and others with a low capacity but able to maintain a high transepithelial concentration difference that has been created by another mechanism or in another organ (elasmobranch gills, ventral skin of some toads, and maybe mammalian urinary bladder). Functional characterization of these transporters shows that some are coupled to sodium (symports or antiports) while others are sodium-independent. In humans, only one genetic anomaly, with a mild phenotype (familial azotemia), is suspected to concern one of these transporters. In spite of abundant functional evidence for such transporters in higher organisms, none have been molecularly identified yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bankir
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France,
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14
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Abstract
This study extends permeability (P) data on chloride, urea and water in red blood cells (RBC), and concludes that the urea transporter (UT-B) does not transport water. P of chick, duck, Amphiuma means, dog and human RBC to (36)Cl(-), (14)C-urea and (3)H2O was determined under self-exchange conditions. At 25°C and pH 7.2-7.5, PCl is 0.94 × 10(-4)-2.15 × 10(-4) cm s(-1) for all RBC species at [Cl]=127-150 mmol l(-1). In chick and duck RBC, P(urea) is 0.84 × 10(-6) and 1.65 × 10(-6) cm s(-1), respectively, at [urea]=1-500 mmol l(-1). In Amphiuma, dog and human RBC, P(urea) is concentration dependent (1-1000 mmol l(-1), Michaelis-Menten-like kinetics; K1/2;=127, 173 and 345 mmol l(-1)), and values at [urea]=1 mmol l(-1) are 29.5 × 10(-6), 467 × 10(-6) and 260 × 10(-6) cm s(-1), respectively. Diffusional water permeability, Pd, was 0.84 × 10(-3) (chick), 5.95 × 10(-3) (duck), 0.39 × 10(-3) (Amphiuma), 3.13 × 10(-3) (dog) and 2.35 × 10(-3) cm s(-1) (human). DIDS, DNDS and phloretin inhibit PCl by >99% in all RBC species. PCMBS, PCMB and phloretin inhibit P(urea) by >99% in Amphiuma, dog and human RBC, but not in chick and duck RBC. PCMBS and PCMB inhibit Pd in duck, dog and human RBC, but not in chick and Amphiuma RBC. Temperature dependence, as measured by apparent activation energy, EA, of PCl is 117.8 (duck), 74.9 (Amphiuma) and 89.6 kJ mol(-1) (dog). The EA of P(urea) is 69.6 (duck) and 53.3 kJ mol(-1) (Amphiuma), and that of Pd is 34.9 (duck) and 32.1 kJ mol(-1) (Amphiuma). The present and previous RBC studies indicate that anion (AE1), urea (UT-B) and water (AQP1) transporters only transport chloride (all species), water (duck, dog, human) and urea (Amphiuma, dog, human), respectively. Water does not share UT-B with urea, and the solute transport is not coupled under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Brahm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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15
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Li X, Chen G, Yang B. Urea transporter physiology studied in knockout mice. Front Physiol 2012; 3:217. [PMID: 22745630 PMCID: PMC3383189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, there are two types of urea transporters; urea transporter (UT)-A and UT-B. The UT-A transporters are mainly expressed in kidney epithelial cells while UT-B demonstrates a broader distribution in kidney, heart, brain, testis, urinary tract, and other tissues. Over the past few years, multiple urea transporter knockout mouse models have been generated enabling us to explore the physiological roles of the different urea transporters. In the kidney, deletion of UT-A1/UT-A3 results in polyuria and a severe urine concentrating defect, indicating that intrarenal recycling of urea plays a crucial role in the overall capacity to concentrate urine. Since UT-B has a wide tissue distribution, multiple phenotypic abnormalities have been found in UT-B null mice, such as defective urine concentration, exacerbated heart blockage with aging, depression-like behavior, and earlier male sexual maturation. This review summarizes the new insights of urea transporter functions in different organs, gleaned from studies of urea transporter knockout mice, and explores some of the potential pharmacological prospects of urea transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education Beijing, China
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16
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Bankir L, Yang B. New insights into urea and glucose handling by the kidney, and the urine concentrating mechanism. Kidney Int 2012; 81:1179-98. [PMID: 22456603 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which urine is concentrated in the mammalian kidney remains incompletely understood. Urea is the dominant urinary osmole in most mammals and may be concentrated a 100-fold above its plasma level in humans and even more in rodents. Several facilitated urea transporters have been cloned. The phenotypes of mice with deletion of the transporters expressed in the kidney have challenged two previously well-accepted paradigms regarding urea and sodium handling in the renal medulla but have provided no alternative explanation for the accumulation of solutes that occurs in the inner medulla. In this review, we present evidence supporting the existence of an active urea secretion in the pars recta of the proximal tubule and explain how it changes our views regarding intrarenal urea handling and UT-A2 function. The transporter responsible for this secretion could be SGLT1, a sodium-glucose cotransporter that also transports urea. Glucagon may have a role in the regulation of this secretion. Further, we describe a possible transfer of osmotic energy from the outer to the inner medulla via an intrarenal Cori cycle converting glucose to lactate and back. Finally, we propose that an active urea transporter, expressed in the urothelium, may continuously reclaim urea that diffuses out of the ureter and bladder. These hypotheses are all based on published findings. They may not all be confirmed later on, but we hope they will stimulate further research in new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bankir
- INSERM Unit 872/Equipe 2, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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17
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Campos E, Moura TF, Oliva A, Leandro P, Soveral G. Lack of Aquaporin 3 in bovine erythrocyte membranes correlates with low glycerol permeation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:477-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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