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Lorenzo-Betancor O, Blackburn PR, Edwards E, Vázquez-do-Campo R, Klee EW, Labbé C, Hodges K, Glover P, Sigafoos AN, Soto AI, Walton RL, Doxsey S, Bober MB, Jennings S, Clark KJ, Asmann Y, Miller D, Freeman WD, Meschia J, Ross OA. PCNT point mutations and familial intracranial aneurysms. Neurology 2018; 91:e2170-e2181. [PMID: 30413633 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify novel genes involved in the etiology of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) or subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs) using whole-exome sequencing. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing in 13 individuals from 3 families with an autosomal dominant IA/SAH inheritance pattern to look for candidate genes for disease. In addition, we sequenced PCNT exon 38 in a further 161 idiopathic patients with IA/SAH to find additional carriers of potential pathogenic variants. RESULTS We identified 2 different variants in exon 38 from the PCNT gene shared between affected members from 2 different families with either IA or SAH (p.R2728C and p.V2811L). One hundred sixty-four samples with either SAH or IA were Sanger sequenced for the PCNT exon 38. Five additional missense mutations were identified. We also found a second p.V2811L carrier in a family with a history of neurovascular diseases. CONCLUSION The PCNT gene encodes a protein that is involved in the process of microtubule nucleation and organization in interphase and mitosis. Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in PCNT cause a form of primordial dwarfism (microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II), and ≈50% of these patients will develop neurovascular abnormalities, including IAs and SAHs. In addition, a complete Pcnt knockout mouse model (Pcnt -/-) published previously showed general vascular abnormalities, including intracranial hemorrhage. The variants in our families lie in the highly conserved PCNT protein-protein interaction domain, making PCNT a highly plausible candidate gene in cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Lorenzo-Betancor
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patrick R Blackburn
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily Edwards
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rocío Vázquez-do-Campo
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric W Klee
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Catherine Labbé
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kyndall Hodges
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patrick Glover
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ashley N Sigafoos
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexandra I Soto
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ronald L Walton
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael B Bober
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah Jennings
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Karl J Clark
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yan Asmann
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David Miller
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - William D Freeman
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James Meschia
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Owen A Ross
- From the Department of Neuroscience (O.L.-B., C.L., K.H., P.G., A.I.S., R.L.W., O.A.R.), Center for Individualized Medicine (P.R.B., J.M.), Department of Health Sciences Research (P.R.B., Y.A.), Department of Neurology (E.E., R.V.-d-C., W.D.F., J.M.), Clinical Research Internship Study Program (P.G.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.M., W.D.F.), and Department of Clinical Genomics (O.A.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Center for Individualized Medicine (E.W.K.), Department of Health Sciences Research (E.W.K.), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.W.K.), Department of Clinical Genomics (E.W.K.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.N.S., K.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biology (K.H., O.A.R.), Basic Research Internship in Neuroscience and Cancer, University of North Florida, Jacksonville; Program in Molecular Medicine (S.D.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Division of Genetics (M.B.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE; and Section of Clinical Genetics & Genetic Counseling (S.J.), St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA.
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