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Zhang A, Sodhi CP, Wang M, Shores DR, Fulton W, Prindle T, Brosten S, O'Hare E, Lau A, Ding H, Jia H, Lu P, White JR, Hui J, Sears CL, Hackam DJ, Alaish SM. A Central Role for Lipocalin-2 in the Adaptation to Short-Bowel Syndrome Through Down-Regulation of IL22 in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:309-326. [PMID: 32330729 PMCID: PMC7327842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In short-bowel syndrome (SBS), inadequate intestinal adaptation is responsible for the majority of complications, including sepsis, liver failure, and death. In this study, we sought to further delineate the adaptive response to identify potential therapeutic targets. METHODS We performed a 75% small-bowel resection (SBR) or sham operation on C57Bl/6J wild-type (WT), lipocalin-2 (LCN2)-/-, and interleukin 22 (IL22)-/- mice. Exogenous IL22 was administered to SBR WT mice. Cecal fecal matter from SBR WT and SBR LCN2-/- mice were transplanted into germ-free mice. Intestinal permeability, inflammation, proliferation, and the microbiome were evaluated 1 week after surgery. CD4+IL22+ laminal propria lymphocytes were sorted by flow cytometry. Naïve T cells were polarized to T-helper cells with or without LCN2. RESULTS A 75% SBR in a mouse re-creates the increased intestinal permeability, enterocyte proliferation, and intestinal dysbiosis seen in SBS. LCN2 expression increases after 75% SBR, and this increase can be abrogated with broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. LCN2-/- mice have less intestinal inflammation, increased IL22 expression, and greater adaptation as evidenced by less intestinal permeability, increased carbohydrate enzyme expression, less weight loss, and less dysbiosis after 75% SBR than WT mice. The proinflammatory and anti-adaptive effects of LCN2 can be transferred to germ-free mice via a fecal transplant. Administration of exogenous IL22 improves adaptation and restores the normal microbiome after 75% SBR in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS LCN2 promotes inflammation and slows intestinal adaptation through changes in the microbiome and IL22 inhibition in a mouse SBS model. Strategies to reduce LCN2 may offer novel therapeutic approaches to enhance adaptation in SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Menghan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Darla R Shores
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William Fulton
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas Prindle
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Serena Brosten
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth O'Hare
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexander Lau
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Justin Hui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cynthia L Sears
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Hackam
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel M Alaish
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Essential role of angiotensin receptors in the modulation of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57:562-9. [PMID: 23783021 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31829f1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We have previously shown that angiotensin II (ANGII) plays an important role in the regulation of the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In this study, we investigated the pathway by which ANGII modulates apoptosis of the IECs. METHODS Epithelial cells (HT-29) were cultured; the ANGII receptor type-1 (AT1R) inhibitor (Losartan) and ANGII receptor type-2 (AT2R) inhibitor (PD123319) were used separately to block the ANGII receptor. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis of the IECs. In the in vivo study, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: sham group, which received a ileum transection (n = 6); sham + angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) group, which received a ileum transection, and lavage with ACE-I (enalaprilat 2 mg · kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) (n = 6); short bowel syndrome (SBS) group, which received a 70% mid-intestinal resection (n = 6); and SBS + ACE-I group, which received a 70% mid-intestinal resection, and lavage with enalaprilat (2 mg · kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) (n = 6). Sampling was done 10 days after surgery. The expression of ANGII receptors Bax and Bcl-2 was detected with immunofluorescence, real-time-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot methods. RESULTS Massive small bowel resection led to a significant increase in epithelial cells apoptosis, and the addition of ACE-I to SBS rat significantly attenuated this increase in apoptosis. AT1R expression on intestinal mucosa surface decreased after small bowel resection. Pretreatment with the AT1R antagonist Losartan significantly attenuated the increase of epithelial cell apoptosis caused by ANGII administration. Moreover, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was found to be increased in cells pretreated with Losartan, which indicates a proapoptotic role of AT1R in cultured HT-29 cell lines. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ANGII plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis of the IECs. AT1R may be of crucial importance for the modulation of intestinal EC apoptosis.
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Sueyoshi R, Woods Ignatoski KM, Daignault S, Okawada M, Teitelbaum DH. Angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor reduces colitis severity in an IL-10 knockout model. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:3165-77. [PMID: 23949641 PMCID: PMC3859685 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) over-expression in a dextran-sodium sulfate colitis model; ACE inhibitor (ACE-I) treatment reduced colitis severity in this model. However, ACE-I has not been tested in more immunologically relevant colitis models. AIM We hypothesized that ACE-I would decrease disease severity in an IL-10 knockout (-/-) colitis model. METHODS Colitis was induced by giving 10-week old IL-10-/- mice piroxicam (P.O.) for 14 days. The ACE-I enalaprilat was given transanally at a dose of 6.25 mg/kg for 21 days. Prednisolone (PSL) with or without enalaprilat were used as therapeutic, comparative groups. All groups were compared to a placebo treated group. Outcome measures were clinical course, histology, abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and epithelial barrier function. RESULTS Enalaprilat exhibited better survival (91 %) versus other treatment groups (PSL: 85.7 %, PSL + ACE-I: 71.4 %, placebo: 66.6 %). The ACE-I and PSL + ACE-I groups showed significantly better histological scores versus placebo mice. ACE-I and the PSL groups significantly reduced several pro-inflammatory cytokines versus placebo mice. FITC-dextran permeability was reduced in the ACE-I and PSL + ACE-I groups. Blood pressure was not affected in ACE-I treated mice compared to placebo mice. CONCLUSIONS ACE-I was effective in reducing severity of colitis in an IL-10-/- model. The addition of prednisolone minimally augmented this effect. The findings suggest that appropriately dosed ACE-I with or without steroids may be a new therapeutic agent for colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sueyoshi
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Hospital Dr., SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Woods Ignatoski
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Hospital Dr., SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA
| | - Stephanie Daignault
- Biostatistics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manabu Okawada
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Hospital Dr., SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA
| | - Daniel H. Teitelbaum
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Hospital Dr., SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA
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Alaish SM, Timmons J, Smith A, Buzza MS, Murphy E, Zhao A, Sun Y, Turner DJ, Shea-Donahue T, Antalis TM, Cross A, Dorsey SG. CANDIDATE GENES FOR LIMITING CHOLESTATIC INTESTINAL INJURY IDENTIFIED BY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING. Physiol Rep 2013; 1. [PMID: 24179676 PMCID: PMC3808870 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of bile flow from the liver into the intestine can have devastating complications including hepatic failure, sepsis and even death. This pathologic condition known as cholestasis can result from etiologies as diverse as total parenteral nutrition (TPN), hepatitis and pancreatic cancer. The intestinal injury associated with cholestasis has been shown to result in decreased intestinal resistance, increased bacterial translocation and increased endotoxemia. Anecdotal clinical evidence suggests a genetic predisposition to exaggerated injury. Recent animal research on two different strains of inbred mice demonstrating different rates of bacterial translocation with different mortality rates supports this premise. In this study, a microarray analysis of intestinal tissue following common bile duct ligation (CBDL) performed under general anesthesia on these same two strains of inbred mice was done with the goal of identifying the potential molecular mechanistic pathways responsible. Over 500 genes were increased more than 2.0 fold following CBDL. The most promising candidate genes included MUPs, Serpina1a and LCN-2. RT-PCR validated the microarray results for these candidate genes. In an in vitro experiment using differentiated intestinal epithelial cells, inhibition of MUP-1 by siRNA resulted in increased intestinal epithelial cell permeability. Diverse novel mechanisms involving the growth hormone pathway, the acute phase response and the innate immune response are thus potential avenues for limiting cholestatic intestinal injury. Changes in gene expression were at times found to be not only due to the CBDL but also due to the murine strain. Should further studies in cholestatic patients demonstrate inter-individual variability similar to what we have shown in mice, then a "personalized medicine" approach to cholestatic patients may become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Alaish
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Dietary supplementation with vitamin D stimulates intestinal epithelial cell turnover after massive small bowel resection in rats. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:41-50. [PMID: 23114406 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While the endocrine action of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (VtD) has been well characterized in relation to the maintenance of plasma calcium and phosphate homeostasis through regulation of intestinal absorption, recent research has focused on its autocrine and/or paracrine activities. Such activities have been best characterized in intestine, where VtD regulates cell differentiation and maturation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of VtD on enterocyte turnover in a rat model of short bowel syndrome (SBS). METHODS Male rats were divided into four groups: sham rats underwent bowel transection, sham-VtD rats underwent bowel transection and were treated oral VtD, SBS rats underwent a 75 % bowel resection, and SBS-VtD rats underwent bowel resection and were treated with VtD. Parameters of intestinal adaptation, enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis were determined at sacrifice. Illumina's digital gene expression (DGE) analysis was used to determine VtD pathway-related gene expression profiling. VtD receptor (VDR) and its promoter, Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA expression were determined using real-time PCR. Western blotting was used to determine p-ERK, Bax and β-catenin protein levels. RESULTS From the total of 20,000 probes, 11 genes related to VtD signaling were investigated. Of these genes, five were found to be up-regulated in SBS versus sham animals with a relative change in gene expression level of 20 %, five remained unchanged, and one was down-regulated. VtD treatment in sham and SBS rats resulted in significant up-regulation of the VDR gene and its promoter's expression. SBS-VtD rats demonstrated a significant increase in all intestinal mucosal parameters compared to SBS animals. A significant increase in cell proliferation in SBS-VtD rats was accompanied by increased β-catenin protein levels. A significant decrease in cell apoptosis in this group was correlated with lower Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION In a rat model of SBS, dietary supplementation with VtD stimulates enterocyte turnover, which correlates with up-regulated VtD receptor expression in the remaining small intestine.
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Wang W, Xiao W, Sun L, Zhang C, Chen G, Yang H. Inhibition of ACE activity contributes to the intestinal structural compensation in a massive intestinal resection rat model. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28:533-41. [PMID: 22441330 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal adaptation in short bowel syndrome (SBS) consists of increased epithelial cells (ECs) proliferation as well as apoptosis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been shown to regulate ECs apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of ACE inhibition on intestinal adaptation after small bowel resection (SBR) in a rat model. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were used and were divided into four groups: (1) Sham group received an ileum transection (n = 6); (2) Sham + ACE-I group received an ileum transaction and lavage with ACE inhibitor (ACE-I, enalaprilat, 2 mg/kg/day) (n = 6); (3) SBS group received a 70 % mid-intestinal resection (n = 6); (4) SBS + ACE-I group received a 70 % mid-intestinal resection and lavage with enalaprilat (2 mg/kg/day) (n = 6). Sampling was done 10 days after surgery. ECs apoptosis was studied by TUNEL staining. ACE, angiotensin II (ANGII) receptor type 1 (AT1R) and receptor type 2 (AT2R) expressions were detected with RT-PCR and immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. RESULTS SBR leads to significant intestinal hypertrophy. The addition of ACE-I to SBS rat resulted in a significant decline in ECs apoptosis. ACE mRNA expression was significantly elevated after SBS creation (0.24 ± 0.07 vs. 0.42 ± 0.11), and ACE-I administration further increased mucosal ACE mRNA expression (0.54 ± 0.12). Interestingly, AT1R mRNA expression showed a significant decline in the SBS group compared to Sham levels, and ACE-I administration increased AT1R mRNA expression to Sham levels. No significant difference in AT2R mRNA expression was found between Sham and SBS group. CONCLUSION These results offer further insight into the role of ACE on intestinal mucosal remolding after massive bowel resection. ACE-I may be beneficial to SBS patients via a reduction of the apoptotic rate, thus facilitating the degree of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
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Haxhija EQ, Yang H, Spencer AU, Koga H, Sun X, Teitelbaum DH. Modulation of mouse intestinal epithelial cell turnover in the absence of angiotensin converting enzyme. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G88-G98. [PMID: 18483182 PMCID: PMC2494725 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00589.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has been shown to be involved in regulation of apoptosis in nonintestinal tissues. This study examined the role of ACE in the modulation of intestinal adaptation utilizing ACE knockout mice (ACE-/-). A 60% small bowel resection (SBR) was used, since this model results in a significant increase in intestinal epithelial cell (EC) apoptosis as well as proliferation. Baseline villus height, crypt depth, and intestinal EC proliferation were higher, and EC apoptosis rates were lower in ACE-/- compared with ACE+/+ mice. After SBR, EC apoptosis rates remained significantly lower in ACE-/- compared with ACE+/+ mice. Furthermore, villus height and crypt depth after SBR continued to be higher in ACE-/- mice. The finding of a lower bax-to-bcl-2 protein ratio in ACE-/- mice may account for reduced EC apoptotic rates after SBR in ACE-/- compared with ACE+/+ mice. The baseline higher rate of EC proliferation in ACE-/- compared with ACE+/+ mice may be due to an increase in the expression of several EC growth factor receptors. In conclusion, ACE appears to have an important role in the modulation of intestinal EC apoptosis and proliferation and suggests that the presence of ACE in the intestinal epithelium has a critical role in guiding epithelial cell adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Q. Haxhija
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hua Yang
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ariel U. Spencer
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Xiaoyi Sun
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel H. Teitelbaum
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Wildhaber BE, Yang H, Haxhija EQ, Spencer AU, Teitelbaum DH. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte derived angiotensin converting enzyme modulates epithelial cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 10:1305-15. [PMID: 16215678 PMCID: PMC1351359 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-2138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal adaptation in short bowel syndrome (SBS) consists of increased epithelial cell (EC) proliferation as well as apoptosis. Previous microarray analyses of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) gene expression after SBS showed an increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Because ACE has been shown to promote alveolar EC apoptosis, we examined if IEL-derived ACE plays a role in intestinal EC apoptosis. METHODS Mice underwent either a 70% mid-intestinal resection (SBS group) or a transection (Sham group) and were studied at 7 days. ACE expression was measured, and ACE inhibition (ACE-I, enalaprilat) was used to assess ACE function. RESULTS IEL-derived ACE was significantly elevated in SBS mice. The addition of an ACE-I to SBS mice resulted in a significant decline in EC apoptosis. To address a possible mechanism, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression was measured. TNF-alpha was significantly increased in SBS mice, and decreased with ACE-I. Interestingly, ACE-I was not able to decrease EC apoptosis in TNF-alpha knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a previously undescribed expression of ACE by IEL. SBS was associated with an increase in IEL-derived ACE. ACE appears to be associated with an up-regulation of intestinal EC apoptosis. ACE-I significantly decreased EC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel H. Teitelbaum
- Correspondence to: Daniel H. Teitelbaum, MD, Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan Hospitals, Mott F3970, Box 0245, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA, Phone: 734 764 4151, fax :734 936 9784 e-mail:
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Sun X, Yang H, Nose K, Nose S, Haxhija EQ, Koga H, Feng Y, Teitelbaum DH. Decline in intestinal mucosal IL-10 expression and decreased intestinal barrier function in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G139-47. [PMID: 17991705 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00386.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function (EBF) is a major problem associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) administration. We have previously identified intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL)-derived interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) as a contributing factor to this barrier loss. The objective was to determine whether other IEL-derived cytokines may also contribute to intestinal epithelial barrier breakdown. C57BL6J male mice received TPN or enteral nutrition (control) for 7 days. IEL-derived interleukin-10 (IL-10) was then measured. A significant decline in IEL-derived IL-10 expression was seen with TPN administration, a cytokine that has been shown in vitro to maintain tight junction integrity. We hypothesized that this change in IEL-derived IL-10 expression could contribute to TPN-associated barrier loss. An additional group of mice was given exogenous recombinant IL-10. Ussing chamber experiments showed that EBF markedly declined in the TPN group. TPN resulted in a significant decrease of IEL-derived IL-10 expression. The expression of several tight junction molecules also decreased with TPN administration. Exogenous IL-10 administration in TPN mice significantly attenuated the TPN-associated decline in zonula occludens (ZO)-1, E-cadherin, and occludin expression, as well as a loss of intestinal barrier function. TPN administration led to a marked decline in IEL-derived IL-10 expression. This decline was coincident with a loss of intestinal EBF. As the decline was partially attenuated with the administration of exogenous IL-10, our findings suggest that loss of IL-10 may be a contributing mechanism to TPN-associated epithelial barrier loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0245, USA
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Greco D, Leo D, di Porzio U, Perrone Capano C, Auvinen P. Pre-filtering improves reliability of Affymetrix GeneChips results when used to analyze gene expression in complex tissues. Mol Cell Probes 2007; 22:115-21. [PMID: 18162367 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Affymetrix GeneChip represents a very reliable and standardized technology for genome-wide gene expression screening. However, in experiments carried out on complex biological samples (e.g. brain tissues composed of several diverse cell types), significant noise can arise due to important transcripts being expressed in a relatively small number of cells. This noise results in many observations coming from unreliable hybridization reactions. Here we propose a method for pre-filtering Affymetrix data according to measures of hybridization reliability. We used our pre-filtering method on a microarray dataset obtained from the brains of rats chronically treated with a psychostimulant drug. Our pre-filter protocol facilitates selection of biologically relevant candidate genes, which could be validated by real-time PCR with a rate of 98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Greco
- DNA-Microarray Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Rebel JMJ, Van Hemert S, Hoekman AJW, Balk FRM, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Bakker D, Smits MA. Maternal diet influences gene expression in intestine of offspring in chicken (Gallus gallus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 145:502-8. [PMID: 17030136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The diet of the mother during pregnancy influences the onset of different diseases and health-related traits in the offspring. We investigated the influence of the mother hen diet on the intestinal gene expression pattern in the offspring. Hens received for 11 weeks either a commercial feed or a commercial feed supplemented with vitamins and minerals. The offspring of the two groups showed no changes in growth rate or feed conversion. Of this offspring, gene expression patterns in the intestine were measured at 3 and 14 days of age with an intestinal cDNA-microarray. Between the two groups, 11 genes were found to be differentially expressed both at 3 and 14 days of age. Thus, these genes were differently regulated when the intestine is developing as well as when the intestine is more mature. Genes that are differentially expressed at day 3 and/or day 14 affect intestinal turnover, proliferation and development, metabolism and feed absorption. To confirm that differences in gene expression are related to intestinal development, we investigated intestinal proliferation. This indeed also showed differences in proliferation between the two groups at day 3 and day 14 of age. The gene expression and proliferation results indicate that feed of the hens influences the functionality of intestine of the offspring at day 3 and 14 of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M J Rebel
- Animal Sciences Group, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad ,The Netherlands.
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Erwin CR, Jarboe MD, Sartor MA, Medvedovic M, Stringer KF, Warner BW, Bates MD. Developmental characteristics of adapting mouse small intestine crypt cells. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:1324-32. [PMID: 16618423 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Following massive small bowel resection (SBR), the remnant intestine undergoes an adaptive process characterized by increases in a number of physiologic and morphologic parameters. These changes are the result of a stimulus that increases crypt cell mitosis and augments cellular progression along the villus axis. To better define this process, we identified patterns of gene expression specifically within adapting intestinal crypt cells following SBR. METHODS Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate mouse intestinal crypt cells following SBR or sham operation. Multiple biological and technical complementary DNA microarray replicates allowed rigorous statistical analyses for identification of important expression profiles. Major groups of genes were classified as to site of action, functional pathway, and possible regulatory groups. RESULTS A total of 300 genes differentially expressed at significant levels within adapting crypt enterocytes were analyzed. Comparison of this list of differentially expressed adapting crypt cell genes with a generalized mouse gene expression database (from 82 developing and adult mouse tissues) showed the greatest overlap with developing and immature intestinal tissues. We identified prominent groups of genes involved with cell growth, signal transduction, and nucleic acid binding. Genes not previously shown to be involved with adaptation or development and maturation were identified. CONCLUSIONS Identification of similar genes coordinately regulated during both adaptation and development, processes that share key morphologic features, provides a basis for new mechanistic insights into these shared characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Erwin
- Division of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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McClintick JN, Edenberg HJ. Effects of filtering by Present call on analysis of microarray experiments. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:49. [PMID: 16448562 PMCID: PMC1409797 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Affymetrix GeneChips® are widely used for expression profiling of tens of thousands of genes. The large number of comparisons can lead to false positives. Various methods have been used to reduce false positives, but they have rarely been compared or quantitatively evaluated. Here we describe and evaluate a simple method that uses the detection (Present/Absent) call generated by the Affymetrix microarray suite version 5 software (MAS5) to remove data that is not reliably detected before further analysis, and compare this with filtering by expression level. We explore the effects of various thresholds for removing data in experiments of different size (from 3 to 10 arrays per treatment), as well as their relative power to detect significant differences in expression. Results Our approach sets a threshold for the fraction of arrays called Present in at least one treatment group. This method removes a large percentage of probe sets called Absent before carrying out the comparisons, while retaining most of the probe sets called Present. It preferentially retains the more significant probe sets (p ≤ 0.001) and those probe sets that are turned on or off, and improves the false discovery rate. Permutations to estimate false positives indicate that probe sets removed by the filter contribute a disproportionate number of false positives. Filtering by fraction Present is effective when applied to data generated either by the MAS5 algorithm or by other probe-level algorithms, for example RMA (robust multichip average). Experiment size greatly affects the ability to reproducibly detect significant differences, and also impacts the effect of filtering; smaller experiments (3–5 samples per treatment group) benefit from more restrictive filtering (≥50% Present). Conclusion Use of a threshold fraction of Present detection calls (derived by MAS5) provided a simple method that effectively eliminated from analysis probe sets that are unlikely to be reliable while preserving the most significant probe sets and those turned on or off; it thereby increased the ratio of true positives to false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette N McClintick
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Sukhotnik I, Coran AG, Kramer A, Shiloni E, Mogilner JG. Advances in short bowel syndrome: an updated review. Pediatr Surg Int 2005; 21:947-53. [PMID: 16267678 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-005-1500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) continues to be an important clinical problem due to its high mortality and morbidity as well as its devastating socioeconomic effects. The past 3 years have witnessed many advances in the investigation of this condition, with the aim of elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal adaptation. Such information may provide opportunities to exploit various factors that act as growth agents for the remaining bowel mucosa and may suggest new therapeutic strategies to maintain gut integrity, eliminate dependence on total parenteral nutrition, and avoid the need for intestinal transplantation. This review summarizes current research on SBS over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sukhotnik
- Department of Pediatric Surgery B, Bnai Zion Medical Center, 47 Golomb Street, P.O.B. 4940, Haifa, 31048 Israel.
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