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Hussain MA, Hassan MM, Bashir BA, Gamar TA, Gasmalbari E, Mohamed AO, Osman W, Sherif AE, Elgaml A, Alhaddad AA, Ghazawi KF, Miski SF, Ainousah BE, Andijani YS, Ibrahim SRM, Mohamed GA, Ashour A. Potential Therapeutic Target and Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2023; 12:926. [PMID: 37513773 PMCID: PMC10386482 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus has become the most interesting virus for scientists because of the recently emerging deadly SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to understand the behavior of SARS-CoV-2 through the comparative genomic analysis with the closest one among the seven species of coronavirus that infect humans. The genomes of coronavirus species that infect humans were retrieved from NCBI, and then subjected to comparative genomic analysis using different bioinformatics tools. The study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 is the most similar to SARS-CoV among the coronavirus species. The core genes were shared by the two genomes, but there were some genes, found in one of them but not in both, such as ORF8, which is found in SARS-CoV-2. The ORF8 protein of SARS-CoV-2 could be considered as a good therapeutic target for stopping viral transmission, as it was predicted to be a transmembrane protein, which is responsible for interspecies transmission. This is supported by the molecular interaction of ORF8 with both the ORF7 protein, which contains a transmembrane domain that is essential to retaining the protein in the Golgi compartment, and the S protein, which facilitates the entry of the coronavirus into host cells. ORF1ab, ORF1a, ORF8, and S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 could be immunogenic and capable of evoking an immune response, which means that these four proteins could be considered a potential vaccine source. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 is most related to SARS-CoV. ORF8 could be considered a potential therapeutic target for stopping viral transmission, and ORF1ab, ORF1a, ORF8, and the S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 could be utilized as a potential vaccine source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Mohamed M Hassan
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, National University, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Bashir Abdrhman Bashir
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Port Sudan Ahlia College, Port Sudan 33312, Sudan
| | - Tarig A Gamar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology, Khartoum North 13311, Sudan
| | - Elmuaiz Gasmalbari
- Faculty of Medicine, Omdurman Islamic University, Al Khartoum 14415, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Osman Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Wadah Osman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Al-Qasr Ave, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Asmaa E Sherif
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta 34517, Egypt
| | - Aisha A Alhaddad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah 30078, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholoud F Ghazawi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar F Miski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah 30078, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan E Ainousah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusra Saleh Andijani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah 30078, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabrin R M Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Gamal A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
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Baumhardt M, Dreyhaupt J, Winsauer C, Stuhler L, Thiessen K, Stephan T, Markovic S, Rottbauer W, Imhof A, Rattka M. The Effect of the Lockdown on Patients With Myocardial Infarction During the COVID-19 Pandemic–A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 118:447-453. [PMID: 34114546 PMCID: PMC8383188 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenomenon of declining numbers of patients presenting with myocardial infarction was reported from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic onward. It was thought that measures introduced to stem the pandemic, such as the lockdown, contributed to this development. However, the data on hospital admissions, delay times, and mortality are not consistent. METHODS Our systematic literature review and meta-analysis embraced studies reporting the number of hospital admissions of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and/or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) during lockdown episodes. We also collected data on patient- and system-related delay times and on mortality. RESULTS Data from 27 studies on a total of 81 163 patients were included in our meta-analysis. We found that the number of hospital admissions of patients with myocardial infarction was significantly lower during the lockdown than before the pandemic (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.516 [0.403; 0.660], I2 = 98%). This was true both for patients with STEMI (IRR = 0.620 [0.514; 0.746], I2 = 96%) and for patients with NSTEMI (IRR = 0.454 [0.354; 0.584], I2 = 96%). However, we found no significant difference in the time from hospital admission to cardiac catheterization, or in mortality, in relation to the time from symptom onset to first medical contact. CONCLUSION In this study, we have shown that the lockdown due to COVID-19 was associated with a marked decline in the number of hospital admissions of patients with myocardial infarction. As no significant effect on delay times or mortality was observed, it seems that timely medical care continued to be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baumhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Pneumonology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm
| | - Jens Dreyhaupt
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometrics, University of Ulm
| | - Claudia Winsauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Pneumonology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm
| | - Lina Stuhler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Pneumonology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm
| | - Kevin Thiessen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Pneumonology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm
| | - Tilman Stephan
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Pneumonology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm
| | - Sinisa Markovic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Pneumonology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm
| | - Wolfgang Rottbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Pneumonology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm
| | - Armin Imhof
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Pneumonology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm
| | - Manuel Rattka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Pneumonology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm
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Rattka M, Dreyhaupt J, Winsauer C, Stuhler L, Baumhardt M, Thiessen K, Rottbauer W, Imhof A. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality of patients with STEMI: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 2020; 107:heartjnl-2020-318360. [PMID: 33334863 PMCID: PMC7747495 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, hospitals reported declining numbers of patients admitted with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), indicating that the pandemic might keep patients from seeking urgent medical treatment. However, data on outcomes and mortality rates are inconsistent between studies. METHODS A literature search and meta-analysis were performed on studies reporting the mortality of patients with STEMI admitted before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Additionally, prehospital and intrahospital delay times were evaluated. RESULTS Outcomes of a total of 50 123 patients from 10 studies were assessed. Our study revealed that, despite a significant reduction in overall admission rates of patients with STEMI during the COVID-19 pandemic (incidence rate ratio=0.789, 95% CI 0.730 to 0.852, I2=77%, p<0.01), there was no significant difference in hospital mortality (OR=1.178, 95% CI 0.926 to 1.498, I2=57%, p=0.01) compared with patients with STEMI admitted before the outbreak. Time from the onset of symptoms to first medical contact was similar (mean difference (MD)=33.4 min, 95% CI -10.2 to 77.1, I2=88%, p<0.01) while door-to-balloon time was significantly prolonged in those presenting during the pandemic (MD=7.3 min, 95% CI 3.0 to 11.7, I2=95%, p<0.01). CONCLUSION The significant reduction in admission of patients with STEMI was not associated with a significant increase of hospital mortality rates. The causes for reduced incidence rates remain speculative. However, the analysed data indicate that acute and timely medical care of these patients has been maintained during the pandemic in most countries. Long-term data on mortality have yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rattka
- Department of Cardiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Dreyhaupt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Winsauer
- Department of Cardiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lina Stuhler
- Department of Cardiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Baumhardt
- Department of Cardiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kevin Thiessen
- Department of Cardiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Armin Imhof
- Department of Cardiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Schwarz V, Mahfoud F, Lauder L, Reith W, Behnke S, Smola S, Rissland J, Pfuhl T, Scheller B, Böhm M, Ewen S. Decline of emergency admissions for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events after the outbreak of COVID-19. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 109:1500-1506. [PMID: 32749557 PMCID: PMC7399595 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-020-01688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the guidance from authorities for social distancing and media reporting lead to significant uncertainty in Germany. Concerns have been expressed regarding the underdiagnosing of harmful diseases. We explored the rates of emergency presentations for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and acute cerebrovascular events (ACVE) before and after spread of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We analyzed all-cause visits at a tertiary university emergency department and admissions for ACS and ACVE before (calendar weeks 1-9, 2020) and after (calendar weeks 10-16, 2020) the first coronavirus disease (COVID-19) case in the region of the Saarland, Germany. The data were compared with the same period of the previous year. RESULTS In 2020 an average of 346 patients per week presented at the emergency department whereas in 2019 an average of 400 patients presented up to calendar week 16 (p = 0.018; whole year 2019 = 395 patients per week). After the first COVID-19 diagnosis in the region, emergency department visit volume decreased by 30% compared with the same period in 2019 (p = 0.0012). Admissions due to ACS decreased by 41% (p = 0.0023 for all; Δ - 71% (p = 0.007) for unstable angina, Δ - 25% (p = 0.42) for myocardial infarction with ST-elevation and Δ - 17% (p = 0.28) without ST-elevation) compared with the same period in 2019 and decreased from 142 patients in calendar weeks 1-9 to 62 patients in calendar weeks 10-16. ACVE decreased numerically by 20% [p = 0.25 for all; transient ischemic attack: Δ - 32% (p = 0.18), ischemic stroke: Δ - 23% (p = 0.48), intracerebral haemorrhage: Δ + 57% (p = 0.4)]. There was no significant change in ACVE per week (p = 0.7) comparing calendar weeks 1-9 (213 patients) and weeks 10-16 (147 patients). Testing of 3756 samples was performed to detect 58 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients (prevalence 1,54%, thereof one patient with myocardial and two with cerebral ischemia) up to calendar week 16 in 2020. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant decrease in all-cause admission and admissions due to cardiovascular events in the emergency department. Regarding acute cerebrovascular events there was a numerical decrease but no significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Schwarz
- Emergency Department, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), Saarland University Medical Center, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 41, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Felix Mahfoud
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), Saarland University Medical Center, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 41, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Lucas Lauder
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), Saarland University Medical Center, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 41, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reith
- Department of Neuroradiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Behnke
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rissland
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pfuhl
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Scheller
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), Saarland University Medical Center, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 41, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Michael Böhm
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), Saarland University Medical Center, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 41, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ewen
- Emergency Department, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine), Saarland University Medical Center, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 41, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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Uhe T, Hagendorff A, Wachter R, Laufs U. Collateral damage: Fear from SARS-CoV2-infection causing Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 109:1588-1594. [PMID: 32661675 PMCID: PMC7356132 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-020-01706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Uhe
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hagendorff
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf Wachter
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Rattka M, Baumhardt M, Dreyhaupt J, Rothenbacher D, Thiessen K, Markovic S, Rottbauer W, Imhof A. 31 days of COVID-19-cardiac events during restriction of public life-a comparative study. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 109:1476-1482. [PMID: 32494921 PMCID: PMC7268583 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-020-01681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak led to the most recent pandemic of the twenty-first century. To contain spread of the virus, many nations introduced a public lockdown. How the pandemic itself and measures of social restriction affect hospital admissions due to acute cardiac events has rarely been evaluated yet. METHODS AND RESULTS German public authorities announced measures of social restriction between March 21st and April 20th, 2020. During this period, all patients suffering from an acute cardiac event admitted to our hospital (N = 94) were assessed and incidence rate ratios (IRR) of admissions for acute cardiac events estimated, and compared with those during the same period in the previous three years (2017-2019, N = 361). Admissions due to cardiac events were reduced by 22% as compared to the previous years (n = 94 vs. an average of n = 120 per year for 2017-2019). Whereas IRR for STEMI 1.20 (95% CI 0.67-2.14) and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest IRR 0.82 (95% CI 0.33-2.02) remained similar, overall admissions with an IRR of 0.78 (95% CI 0.62-0.98) and IRR for NSTEMI with 0.46 (95% CI 0.27-0.78) were significantly lower. In STEMI patients, plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity troponin T at admission were significantly higher (644 ng/l, IQR 372-2388) compared to 2017-2019 (195 ng/l, IQR 84-1134; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and concomitant social restrictions are associated with reduced cardiac events admissions to our tertiary care center. From a public health perspective, strategies have to be developed to assure patients are seeking and getting medical care and treatment in time during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rattka
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm-Medical Center, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Baumhardt
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm-Medical Center, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Dreyhaupt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Kevin Thiessen
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm-Medical Center, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sinisa Markovic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm-Medical Center, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rottbauer
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm-Medical Center, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Armin Imhof
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm-Medical Center, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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