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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Dalgaard M, McGuigan FE, Akesson KE. Changes in bone mass associated with obesity and weight loss in humans: Applicability of animal models. Bone 2021; 145:115781. [PMID: 33285255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The implications of obesity and weight loss for human bone health are not well understood. Although the bone changes associated with weight loss are similar in humans and rodents, that is not the case for obesity. In humans, obesity is generally associated with increased bone mass, an outcome which is exacerbated by advanced age and menopause. In rodents, by contrast, bone mass decreases in proportion to severity and duration of obesity, and is influenced by sex, age and mechanical load. Despite these discrepancies, rodents are frequently used to model the situation in humans. In this review, we summarise the existing knowledge of the effects of obesity and weight loss on bone mass in humans and rodents, focusing on the translatability of findings from animal models. We then describe how animal models should be used to broaden the understanding of the relationship between obesity, weight loss, and skeletal health in humans. Specifically, we highlight the aspects of study design that should be considered to optimise translatability of the rodent models of obesity and weight loss. Notably, the sex, age, and nutritional status of the animals should ideally match those of interest in humans. With these caveats in mind, and depending on the research question asked, our review underscores that animal models can provide valuable information for obesity and weight-management research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi F H Jensen
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö and Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Inga Marie Nilssons Gata 22, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Majken Dalgaard
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Fiona E McGuigan
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö and Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Inga Marie Nilssons Gata 22, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina E Akesson
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö and Skåne University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Inga Marie Nilssons Gata 22, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Decrease in leptin mediates rat bone metabolism impairments during high-fat diet-induced catch-up growth by modulating the OPG/RANKL balance. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:103. [PMID: 33552831 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to catch-up growth (CUG), there are adverse effects on human health. However, there is little information about its influence on bone metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of leptin on bone metabolism and formation during high-fat diet (HFD)-induced CUG. We randomly divided male Wistar rats (5 weeks old) into four groups: control (CTL), caloric restriction and normal chow (RN), caloric restriction (4 weeks), and HFD (RH), and RH + leptin antagonist (RH + LEPA). We monitored body weights, biochemical markers, and epididymal and perirenal fat in these rats. We then performed Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining to evaluate bone metabolism. We detected osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa b ligand (RANKL) by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We found that HFD increased the body weights in rats. In RN, RH, and RH + LEPA groups, major biochemical markers of bone metabolism in rat serum were significantly altered. We found that epididymal and perirenal fat tissues of RH and RH + LEPA groups were higher than those in the RN group. Severe bone formation impairment in the distal diaphysis and metaphysis of the left femora and lumbar vertebra was seen in the RH group compared to RN, which was even aggravated by a leptin antagonist. OPG in the left femora and lumbar vertebra was lower in RH than the RN group. The leptin antagonist decreased OPG during CUG in the RH group, whereas RANKL expression showed an opposite alteration. During HFD-induced CUG, bone formation was mediated by OPG and RANKL and was affected by the leptin content.
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Xu HH, Li SM, Fang L, Xia CJ, Zhang P, Xu R, Shi ZY, Zou Z, Ge QW, Wang P, Tong PJ, Jin HT. Platelet-rich plasma promotes bone formation, restrains adipogenesis and accelerates vascularization to relieve steroids-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Platelets 2020; 32:950-959. [PMID: 32835568 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1810221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-associated necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH) is one of the most common and refractory chronic diseases with increasing incidence. The typical pathological changes of SANFH include decreased osteogenic differentiation, enhanced intramedullary adipocytes deposition and impaired osseous circulation. In this study, we investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on SANFH. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control, PRP donor, model, and PRP groups. Compared to the model group, PRP treatment significantly increased the hemorheological indexes and serum levels of bone gla-protein (BGP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while decreased the levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). Meanwhile, Micro-CT and histopathological stain (Hematoxylin-eosin and Alcian blue-hematoxylin/orange G staining) were performed on the femoral head for morphological and histopathological evaluation, indicating that bone trabecular microstructure and bone mineral density (BMD) were significantly improved after PRP treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PRP remarkably up-regulated the expression of osteogenic markers including β-catenin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), angiogenic markers containing VEGF and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31), while down-regulated adipogenic markers involving fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-4), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) in SANFH rat models. In summary, for the first time, PRP was demonstrated to prevent the development of SANFH through stimulating bone formation and vascularization as well as retarding adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Xu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suo-Mi Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen-Jie Xia
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Shi
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin-Wen Ge
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pinger Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pei-Jian Tong
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Ting Jin
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Sullivan EL, Rivera HM, True CA, Franco JG, Baquero K, Dean TA, Valleau JC, Takahashi DL, Frazee T, Hanna G, Kirigiti MA, Bauman LA, Grove KL, Kievit P. Maternal and postnatal high-fat diet consumption programs energy balance and hypothalamic melanocortin signaling in nonhuman primate offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R169-R179. [PMID: 28404581 PMCID: PMC5582949 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00309.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Maternal high-fat-diet (HFD) consumption during pregnancy decreased fetal body weight and impacted development of hypothalamic melanocortin neural circuitry in nonhuman primate offspring. We investigated whether these impairments during gestation persisted in juvenile offspring and examined the interaction between maternal and early postnatal HFD consumption. Adult dams consumed either a control diet (CTR; 15% calories from fat) or a high-saturated-fat diet (HFD; 37% calories from fat) during pregnancy. Offspring were weaned onto a CTR or HFD at ~8 mo of age. Offspring from HFD-fed dams displayed early catch-up growth and elevated body weight at 6 and 13 mo of age. Maternal and postnatal HFD exposure reduced the amount of agouti-related peptide fibers in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Postnatal HFD consumption also decreased the amount of agouti-related peptide fibers in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Postnatal HFD was associated with decreased food intake and increased activity. These results support and extend our previous findings of maternal diet effects on fetal development and reveal, for the first time in a nonhuman primate model, that maternal HFD-induced disturbances in offspring body weight regulation extended past gestation into the juvenile period. Maternal HFD consumption increases the risk for offspring developing obesity, with the developmental timing of HFD exposure differentially impacting the melanocortin system and energy balance regulation. The present findings provide translational insight into human clinical populations, suggesting that profound health consequences may await individuals later in life following intrauterine and postnatal HFD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor L Sullivan
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Heidi M Rivera
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Cadence A True
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Juliana G Franco
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Karalee Baquero
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Tyler A Dean
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jeanette C Valleau
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Diana L Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Tim Frazee
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Genevieve Hanna
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Melissa A Kirigiti
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Leigh A Bauman
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Kevin L Grove
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
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Ghali O, Al Rassy N, Hardouin P, Chauveau C. Increased Bone Marrow Adiposity in a Context of Energy Deficit: The Tip of the Iceberg? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:125. [PMID: 27695438 PMCID: PMC5025430 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated bone marrow adiposity (BMA) is defined as an increase in the proportion of the bone marrow (BM) cavity volume occupied by adipocytes. This can be caused by an increase in the size and/or number of adipocytes. BMA increases with age in a bone-site-specific manner. This increase may be linked to certain pathophysiological situations. Osteoporosis or compromised bone quality is frequently associated with high BMA. The involvement of BM adipocytes in bone loss may be due to commitment of mesenchymal stem cells to the adipogenic pathway rather than the osteogenic pathway. However, adipocytes may also act on their microenvironment by secreting factors with harmful effects for the bone health. Here, we review evidence that in a context of energy deficit (such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and restriction rodent models) bone alterations can occur in the absence of an increase in BMA. In severe cases, bone alterations are even associated with gelatinous BM transformation. The relationship between BMA and energy deficit and the potential regulators of this adiposity in this context are also discussed. On the basis of clinical studies and preliminary results on animal model, we propose that competition between differentiation into osteoblasts and differentiation into adipocytes might trigger bone loss at least in moderate-to-severe AN and in some calorie restriction models. Finally, some of the main questions resulting from this hypothesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Ghali
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Université de Lille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nathalie Al Rassy
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Université de Lille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pierre Hardouin
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Université de Lille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Université de Lille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- *Correspondence: Christophe Chauveau,
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Sadie-Van Gijsen H, Hough FS, Ferris WF. Determinants of bone marrow adiposity: the modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 activity as a central mechanism. Bone 2013; 56:255-65. [PMID: 23800517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the presence of adipocytes in the bone marrow is a normal physiological phenomenon, the role of these cells in bone homeostasis and during pathological states has not yet been fully delineated. As osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from a common progenitor, with an inverse relationship existing between osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis, bone marrow adiposity often negatively correlates with osteoblast number and bone mineral density. Bone adiposity can be affected by several physiological and pathophysiological factors, with abnormal, elevated marrow fat resulting in a pathological state. This review focuses on the regulation of bone adiposity by physiological factors, including aging, mechanical loading and growth factor expression, as well as the pathophysiological factors, including diseases such as anorexia nervosa and dyslipidemia, and pharmacological agents such as thiazolidinediones and statins. Although these factors regulate bone marrow adiposity via a plethora of different intracellular signaling pathways, these diverse pathways often converge on the modulation of the expression and/or activity of the pro-adipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ2, suggesting that any factor that affects PPAR-γ2 may have an impact on the fat content of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sadie-Van Gijsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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