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Todorovic S, Akpinar A, Assunção R, Bär C, Bavaro SL, Berkel Kasikci M, Domínguez-Soberanes J, Capozzi V, Cotter PD, Doo EH, Gündüz Ergün B, Guzel M, Harsa HS, Hastaoglu E, Humblot C, Hyseni B, Hosoglu MI, Issa A, Karakaş-Budak B, Karakaya S, Kesenkas H, Keyvan E, Künili IE, Kütt ML, Laranjo M, Louis S, Mantzouridou FT, Matalas A, Mayo B, Mojsova S, Mukherjee A, Nikolaou A, Ortakci F, Paveljšek D, Perrone G, Pertziger E, Santa D, Sar T, Savary-Auzeloux I, Schwab C, Starowicz M, Stojanović M, Syrpas M, Tamang JP, Yerlikaya O, Yilmaz B, Malagon-Rojas J, Salminen S, Frias J, Chassard C, Vergères G. Health benefits and risks of fermented foods-the PIMENTO initiative. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1458536. [PMID: 39309142 PMCID: PMC11414650 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1458536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, fermented foods (FF) are recognized as healthy and safe. Despite the rapid increase of research papers, there is a lack of systematic evaluation of the health benefits and risks of FF. The COST Action CA20128 "Promoting innovation of fermented foods" (PIMENTO) aims to provide a comprehensive assessment on the available evidence by compiling a set of 16 reviews. Seven reviews will cover clinical and biological endpoints associated with major health indicators across several organ systems, including the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, immune, and skeletal systems. Nine reviews will address broader biological questions associated with FF including bioactive compounds and vitamin production, nutrient bioavailability and bioaccessibility, the role of FF in healthy diets and personalized nutrition, food safety, regulatory practices, and finally, the health properties of novel and ethnic FF. For each outcome assessed in the reviews, an innovative approach will be adopted based on EFSA's published guidance for health claim submissions. In particular, each review will be composed of three parts: (1) a systematic review of available human studies; (2) a non-systematic review of the mechanism of action related to the clinical endpoints measured by the human studies identified in part 1; and (3) a non-systematic review of the characterization of the FF investigated in the human studies identified in part 1. The evidence and research gaps derived from the reviews will be summarized and published in the form of a strategic road map that will pave the way for future research on FF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smilja Todorovic
- Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Asli Akpinar
- Department of Food Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Manisa, Türkiye
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Almada, Portugal
| | - Cornelia Bär
- Competence Division Method Development and Analytics, Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Simona L. Bavaro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Muzeyyen Berkel Kasikci
- Department of Food Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Manisa, Türkiye
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro-Rennes Angers, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Paul D. Cotter
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Eun-Hee Doo
- School of Living and Environmental Engineering, Dongyang Mirae University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Burcu Gündüz Ergün
- Biotechnology Research Center, Field Crops Central Research Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Guzel
- Department of Food Engineering, Hitit University, Corum, Türkiye
| | - Hayriye S. Harsa
- Department of Food Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Türkiye
| | | | - Christèle Humblot
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Bahtir Hyseni
- Faculty of Food Technology, University “Isa Boletini”, Mitrovica, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Muge I. Hosoglu
- Biotechnology Institute, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Aline Issa
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon
| | - Barçın Karakaş-Budak
- Department of Food Engineering, Akdeniz University Faculty of Engineering, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Sibel Karakaya
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Harun Kesenkas
- Department of Dairy Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Erhan Keyvan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Türkiye
| | - Ibrahim E. Künili
- Department of Fishing and Fish Processing Technology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
| | | | - Marta Laranjo
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development-CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute and Departamento de Medicina Veterinária-Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia (ECT), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Sandrine Louis
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fani T. Mantzouridou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonia Matalas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Sandra Mojsova
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Arghya Mukherjee
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Anastasios Nikolaou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Fatih Ortakci
- Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Diana Paveljšek
- Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenia Pertziger
- Research Division Microbial Food Systems, Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dushica Santa
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | | | - Clarissa Schwab
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Małgorzata Starowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Michail Syrpas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jyoti P. Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Oktay Yerlikaya
- Department of Dairy Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Birsen Yilmaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | | | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juana Frias
- Department of Technological Processes and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christophe Chassard
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guy Vergères
- Research Division Microbial Food Systems, Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
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Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Chen MT, Kuo YW, Lin JH, Hsu YC, Huang YY, Li CM, Tsai SY, Hsia KC, Ho HH, Huang CC. Efficacy of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LY-66 and Lactobacillus plantarum PL-02 in Enhancing Explosive Strength and Endurance: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:1921. [PMID: 38931275 PMCID: PMC11206817 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are posited to enhance exercise performance by influencing muscle protein synthesis, augmenting glycogen storage, and reducing inflammation. This double-blind study randomized 88 participants to receive a six-week intervention with either a placebo, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LY-66, Lactobacillus plantarum PL-02, or a combination of both strains, combined with a structured exercise training program. We assessed changes in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), exercise performance, and gut microbiota composition before and after the intervention. Further analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of probiotics on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), muscle integrity, and inflammatory markers in the blood, 24 and 48 h post-intervention. The results demonstrated that all probiotic groups exhibited significant enhancements in exercise performance and attenuation of muscle strength decline post-exercise exhaustion (p < 0.05). Notably, PL-02 intake significantly increased muscle mass, whereas LY-66 and the combination therapy significantly reduced body fat percentage (p < 0.05). Analysis of intestinal microbiota revealed an increase in beneficial bacteria, especially a significant rise in Akkermansia muciniphila following supplementation with PL-02 and LY-66 (p < 0.05). Overall, the combination of exercise training and supplementation with PL-02, LY-66, and their combination improved muscle strength, explosiveness, and endurance performance, and had beneficial effects on body composition and gastrointestinal health, as evidenced by data obtained from non-athlete participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Mu-Tsung Chen
- Committee on General Studies, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 104, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Wei Kuo
- Functional R&D Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (C.-M.L.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Jia-Hung Lin
- Functional R&D Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (C.-M.L.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Yu-Chieh Hsu
- Research Product Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Yen-Yu Huang
- Functional R&D Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (C.-M.L.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Ching-Min Li
- Functional R&D Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (C.-M.L.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Shin-Yu Tsai
- Research Product Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Ko-Chiang Hsia
- Research Product Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Hsieh-Hsun Ho
- Functional R&D Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (Y.-Y.H.); (C.-M.L.); (H.-H.H.)
- Research Product Department, Research and Design Center, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan City 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
- Tajen University, Pingtung 907101, Taiwan
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Aykut MN, Erdoğan EN, Çelik MN, Gürbüz M. An Updated View of the Effect of Probiotic Supplement on Sports Performance: A Detailed Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:251-263. [PMID: 38470560 PMCID: PMC11133216 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Modulation of the host microbiota through probiotics has been shown to have beneficial effects on health in the growing body of research. Exercise increases the amount and diversity of beneficial microorganisms in the host microbiome. Although low- and moderate-intensity exercise has been shown to reduce physiological stress and improve immune function, high-intensity prolonged exercise can suppress immune function and reduce microbial diversity due to intestinal hypoperfusion. The effect of probiotic supplementation on sports performance is still being studied; however, questions remain regarding the mechanisms of action, strain used, and dose. In this review, the aim was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplements on exercise performance through modulation of gut microbiota and alleviation of GI symptoms, promotion of the immune system, bioavailability of nutrients, and aerobic metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Probiotic supplementation may improve sports performance by reducing the adverse effects of prolonged high-intensity exercise. Although probiotics have been reported to have positive effects on sports performance, information about the microbiome and nutrition of athletes has not been considered in most current studies. This may have limited the evaluation of the effects of probiotic supplementation on sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miray Nur Aykut
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Esma Nur Erdoğan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Menşure Nur Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Murat Gürbüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
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Liang J, Li C, Chen Z, Guo F, Dou J, Wang T, Xu ZS. Progress of research and application of Heyndrickxia coagulans ( Bacillus coagulans) as probiotic bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1415790. [PMID: 38863834 PMCID: PMC11165213 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1415790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as living or dead bacteria and their byproducts that maintain the balance of the intestinal microbiome. They are non-toxic, non-pathogenic, and do not release any toxins either within or outside the body. Adequate consumption of probiotics can enhance metabolite production, increase immunity, maintain a balanced intestinal flora, and stimulate growth. Probiotics do not have negative antibiotic effects and help maintain the natural flora in animals in a balanced state or prevent dysbacteriosis. Heyndrickxia coagulans (H. coagulans) is a novel probiotic species that is gradually being used for the improvement of human health. Compared to commonly used probiotic lactic acid bacteria, H. coagulans can produce spores, which provide the species with high resistance to adverse conditions. Even though they are transient residents of the gut, beneficial bacteria can have a significant impact on the microbiota because they can outnumber harmful germs, and vice versa. This article discusses the probiotic mechanisms of H. coagulans and outlines the requirements for a substance to be classified as a probiotic. It also addresses how to assess strains that have recently been discovered to possess probiotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Chunhai Li
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zouquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Fangyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaxin Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Shang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
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Mohr AE, Pyne DB, Leite GSF, Akins D, Pugh J. A systematic scoping review of study methodology for randomized controlled trials investigating probiotics in athletic and physically active populations. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:61-71. [PMID: 36539062 PMCID: PMC10818115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purported ergogenic and health effects of probiotics have been a topic of great intrigue among researchers, practitioners, and the lay public alike. There has also been an increased research focus within the realm of sports science and exercise medicine on the athletic gut microbiota. However, compared to other ergogenic aids and dietary supplements, probiotics present unique study challenges. The objectives of this systematic scoping review were to identify and characterize study methodologies of randomized controlled trials investigating supplementation with probiotics in athletes and physically active individuals. METHODS Four databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) were searched for randomized controlled studies involving healthy athletes or physically active individuals. An intervention with probiotics and inclusion of a control and/or placebo group were essential. Only peer-reviewed articles in English were considered, and there were no date restrictions. Results were extracted and presented in tabular form to detail study protocols, characteristics, and outcomes. Bias in randomized controlled trials was determined with the RoB 2.0 tool. RESULTS A total of 45 studies were included in the review, with 35 using a parallel group design and 10 using a cross-over design. Approximately half the studies used a single probiotic and the other half a multi-strain preparation. The probiotic dose ranged from 2 × 108 to 1 × 1011 colony forming units daily, and the length of intervention was between 7 and 150 days. Fewer than half the studies directly assessed gastrointestinal symptoms, gut permeability, or the gut microbiota. The sex ratio of participants was heavily weighted toward males, and only 3 studies exclusively investigated females. Low-level adverse events were reported in only 2 studies, although the methodology of reporting varied widely. The risk of bias was generally low, although details on randomization were lacking in some studies. CONCLUSION There is a substantial body of research on the effects of probiotic supplementation in healthy athletes and physically active individuals. Considerable heterogeneity in probiotic selection and dosage as well as outcome measures has made clinical and mechanistic interpretation challenging for both health care practitioners and researchers. Attention to issues of randomization of participants, treatments and interventions, selection of outcomes, demographics, and reporting of adverse events will facilitate more trustworthy interpretation of probiotic study results and inform evidence-based guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Geovana Silva Fogaça Leite
- Laboratory of Functional Fermented Food, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Deborah Akins
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Jamie Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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Garvey SM, Mah E, Blonquist TM, Kaden VN, Spears JL. The probiotic Bacillus subtilis BS50 decreases gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2122668. [PMID: 36269141 PMCID: PMC9590435 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2122668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Durable spore-forming probiotics are increasingly formulated into foods, beverages, and dietary supplements. To help meet this demand, the safety and efficacy of daily supplementation of Bacillus subtilis BS50 for 6 weeks was investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial of 76 healthy adults. Before and during supplementation, gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded daily using a multi-symptom questionnaire. Clinical chemistry, hematology, plasma lipids, and intestinal permeability and inflammation markers were measured at baseline and end of study. Compared to placebo, 2 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU) BS50 per day increased the proportion of participants showing improvement from baseline to week 6 in the composite score for bloating, burping, and flatulence (47.4% vs. 22.2%), whereby the odds of detecting an improvement were higher with BS50 (OR [95% CI]: 3.2 [1.1, 8.7], p = .024). Analyses of individual gastrointestinal symptoms indicate that BS50 increased the proportion of participants showing an improvement at week 6 compared to placebo for burping (44.7% vs. 22.2%, p = .041) and bloating (31.6% vs. 13.9%, p = .071), without affecting other symptoms. There were no clinically meaningful changes in clinical chemistry, hematology, plasma lipids and intestinal permeability and other inflammation markers. In conclusion, the results suggest that dietary supplementation of 2 × 109 CFU Bacillus subtilis BS50 per day is a well-tolerated and safe strategy to alleviate gas-related gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults. ABBREVIATIONS AE adverse event; BHD bowel habits diary; BMI body mass index; BSS Bristol Stool Scale; CFU colony-forming unit; CRP C-reactive protein; FGID functional gastrointestinal disorder; GI gastrointestinal; GITQ Gastrointestinal Tolerance Questionnaire; GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1; GSRS Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IBS irritable bowel syndrome; IL-10 interleukin-10; ITT intent-to-treat; LBP lipopolysaccharide binding protein; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; PP per protocol; PYY peptide YY; TG triglyceride; total-C total cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Garvey
- BIO-CAT Microbials, LLC, Shakopee, MN, USA,BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, USA,Sean M. Garvey Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT Microbials, LLC, 689 Canterbury Rd S, Shakopee, MN55379, USA
| | - Eunice Mah
- Biofortis Research, Inc., Addison, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Jessica L. Spears
- BIO-CAT Microbials, LLC, Shakopee, MN, USA,CONTACT Jessica L. Spears
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Preclinical Safety Assessment of Bacillus subtilis BS50 for Probiotic and Food Applications. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051038. [PMID: 35630480 PMCID: PMC9144164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the commercial rise of probiotics containing Bacillaceae spp., it remains important to assess the safety of each strain before clinical testing. Herein, we performed preclinical analyses to address the safety of Bacillus subtilis BS50. Using in silico analyses, we screened the 4.15 Mbp BS50 genome for genes encoding known Bacillus toxins, secondary metabolites, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance. We also assessed the effects of BS50 lysates on the viability and permeability of cultured human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). We found that the BS50 genome does not encode any known Bacillus toxins. The BS50 genome contains several gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, but many of these antimicrobial metabolites (e.g., fengycin) are common to Bacillus spp. and may even confer health benefits related to gut microbiota health. BS50 was susceptible to seven of eight commonly prescribed antibiotics, and no antibiotic resistance genes were flanked by the complete mobile genetic elements that could enable a horizontal transfer. In cell culture, BS50 cell lysates did not diminish either Caco-2 viability or monolayer permeability. Altogether, BS50 exhibits a robust preclinical safety profile commensurate with commercial probiotic strains and likely poses no significant health risk to humans.
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