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Pei S, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Mei C, Yin W, Fu X, Yan D, Zhu Y, Lin T, Zhou Y, Li N. Continuous blood exchange in rats as a novel approach for experimental investigation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12194. [PMID: 38806542 PMCID: PMC11133302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood exchange therapy, specifically Whole blood exchange (WBE), is increasingly being utilized in clinical settings to effectively treat a range of diseases. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement to establish convenient and clinically applicable animal models that can facilitate the exploration of blood exchange therapy mechanisms. Our study conducted continuous WBE in rats through femoral and tail vein catheterization using dual-directional syringe pumps. To demonstrate the applicability of continuous WBE, drug-induced hemolytic anemia (DIHA) was induced through phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHZ) injection. Notability, the rats of DIHA + WBE group all survived and recovered within the subsequent period. After the implementation of continuous WBE therapy day (Day 1), the DIHA + WBE group exhibited a statistically significant increase in red blood cells (RBC) (P = 0.0343) and hemoglobin (HGB) levels (P = 0.0090) compared to DIHA group. The rats in the DIHA + WBE group exhibited a faster recovery rate compared to the DIHA group, indicating the successful establishment of a continuous blood exchange protocol. This experimental approach demonstrates not just promising efficacy in the treatment of DIHA and offers a valuable tool for investigating the underlying mechanisms of blood exchange. Furthermore, it has a great potential to the advancement of biomedical research such as drug delivery exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siya Pei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Cheng Mei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenyu Yin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiangjie Fu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Danyang Yan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tianli Lin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yiran Zhou
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
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Persello A, Souab F, Dupas T, Aillerie V, Bigot E, Denis M, Erraud A, Pelé T, Blangy-Letheule A, Miniou P, Guedat P, De Waard M, Abgueguen E, Rozec B, Lauzier B. A Rat Model of Clinically Relevant Extracorporeal Circulation Develops Early Organ Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087338. [PMID: 37108501 PMCID: PMC10139167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is associated with coagulopathy and inflammation, eventually leading to organ injuries without preventive systemic pharmacological treatment. Relevant models are needed to reproduce the pathophysiology observed in humans and preclinical tests. Rodent models are less expensive than large models but require adaptations and validated comparisons to clinics. This study aimed to develop a rat ECC model and to establish its clinical relevance. One hour of veno-arterial ECC or a sham procedure were achieved on mechanically ventilated rats after cannulations with a mean arterial pressure objective > 60 mmHg. Five hours post-surgery, the rats' behavior, plasmatic/blood biomarkers, and hemodynamics were measured. Blood biomarkers and transcriptomic changes were compared in 41 patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery. Five hours post-ECC, the rats presented hypotension, hyperlactatemia, and behavioral alterations. The same patterns of marker measurements (Lactate dehydrogenase, Creatinine kinase, ASAT, ALAT, and Troponin T) were observed in both rats and human patients. Transcriptome analyses showed similarity in both humans and rats in the biological processes involved in the ECC response. This new ECC rat model seems to resemble both ECC clinical procedures and the associated pathophysiology, but with early organ injury corresponding to a severe phenotype. Although the mechanisms at stake in the post-ECC pathophysiology of rats or humans need to be described, this new rat model appears to be a relevant and costless preclinical model of human ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Persello
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
- InFlectis BioScience, 44200 Nantes, France
| | - Fouzia Souab
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Dupas
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Aillerie
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Edith Bigot
- Department of Biochemistry, CHU de Nantes, 44800 Nantes, France
| | - Manon Denis
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Angélique Erraud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Pelé
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Michel De Waard
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Bertrand Rozec
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Lauzier
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
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miRNA-124-3p targeting of LPIN1 attenuates inflammation and apoptosis in aged male rats cardiopulmonary bypass model of perioperative neurocognitive disorders. Exp Gerontol 2021; 155:111578. [PMID: 34601076 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is recently recommended to define the cognitive decrease during the perioperative period. However, the disease's underlying mechanisms remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that play a vital role in regulating neuroregeneration and neuronal apoptosis. In this study, miR-124-3p was significantly reduced in the PND rat model after a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) procedure. MicroRNA-124 (miR-124)-3p-overexpressed lentivirus was constructed and injected via the intracerebroventricular method before CPB. Morris Water Maze test (WMW) and the Open-Field test (OFT) were used to measure behavior changes, data shows decline of cognitive function of rats after CPB. PND rats expressed higher Aβ and p-Tau Protein by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses and Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Moreover, the results of IHC, ELISA, Western Blot analysis (WB) and Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Mediated Nick End Labeling Assay (TUNEL) showed CPB procedure induced inflammation and apoptosis in rats with PND. The data also revealed the protective function of miR-124-3p overexpression against PND in relieving inflammation, cell apoptosis, and alleviating repaired cognitive function. Moreover, miR-124-3p was predicted by directly targeting LPIN1. This study gives a novel viewpoint that miR-124-3p could improve the state of PND via modulating LPIN1, therefore providing a new strategy for preventing and treating PND in a preclinical application.
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Umei N, Lai A, Miller J, Shin S, Roberts K, Ai Qatarneh S, Ichiba S, Sakamoto A, Cook KE. Establishment and evaluation of a rat model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) thrombosis using a 3D-printed mock-oxygenator. J Transl Med 2021; 19:179. [PMID: 33910585 PMCID: PMC8081007 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) research using large animals requires a significant amount of resources, slowing down the development of new means of ECMO anticoagulation. Therefore, this study developed and evaluated a new rat ECMO model using a 3D-printed mock-oxygenator. Methods The circuit consisted of tubing, a 3D-printed mock-oxygenator, and a roller pump. The mock-oxygenator was designed to simulate the geometry and blood flow patterns of the fiber bundle in full-scale oxygenators but with a low (2.5 mL) priming volume. Rats were placed on arteriovenous ECMO at a 1.9 mL/min flow rate at two different heparin doses (n = 3 each): low (15 IU/kg/h for eight hours) versus high (50 IU/kg/h for one hour followed by 25 IU/kg/h for seven hours). The experiment continued for eight hours or until the mock-oxygenator failed. The mock-oxygenator was considered to have failed when its blood flow resistance reached three times its baseline resistance. Results During ECMO, rats maintained near-normal mean arterial pressure and arterial blood gases with minimal hemodilution. The mock-oxygenator thrombus weight was significantly different (p < 0.05) between the low (0.02 ± 0.006 g) and high (0.003 ± 0.001 g) heparin delivery groups, and blood flow resistance was also larger in the low anticoagulation group. Conclusions This model is a simple, inexpensive system for investigating new anticoagulation agents for ECMO and provides low and high levels of anticoagulation that can serve as control groups for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Umei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan. .,Department of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Angela Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jennifer Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Suji Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kalliope Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Saif Ai Qatarneh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shingo Ichiba
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Keith E Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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5
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Madrahimov N, Natanov R, Boyle EC, Goecke T, Knöfel AK, Irkha V, Solovieva A, Höffler K, Maus U, Kühn C, Ismail I, Warnecke G, Shrestha ML, Cebotari S, Haverich A. Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Mouse Model: A Novel Approach. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28994765 DOI: 10.3791/56017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass becomes more essential during cardiac interventions, an increasing clinical demand arises for procedure optimization and for minimizing organ damage resulting from prolonged extracorporal circulation. The goal of this paper was to demonstrate a fully functional and clinically relevant model of cardiopulmonary bypass in a mouse. We report on the device design, perfusion circuit optimization, and microsurgical techniques. This model is an acute model, which is not compatible with survival due to the need for multiple blood drawings. Because of the range of tools available for mice (e.g., markers, knockouts, etc.), this model will facilitate investigation into the molecular mechanisms of organ damage and the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass in relation to other comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodir Madrahimov
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School;
| | - Ruslan Natanov
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Erin C Boyle
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Tobias Goecke
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Ann-Kathrin Knöfel
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Valentyna Irkha
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Anna Solovieva
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tuebingen
| | - Klaus Höffler
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Ulrich Maus
- Department of Pneumology, Hannover Medical School
| | - Christian Kühn
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Issam Ismail
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Malakh-Lal Shrestha
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Serghei Cebotari
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
| | - Axel Haverich
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School
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6
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Woods C, Shang C, Taghavi F, Downey P, Zalewski A, Rubio GR, Liu J, Homburger JR, Grunwald Z, Qi W, Bollensdorff C, Thanaporn P, Ali A, Riemer K, Kohl P, Mochly-Rosen D, Gerstenfeld E, Large S, Ali Z, Ashley E. In Vivo Post-Cardiac Arrest Myocardial Dysfunction Is Supported by Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II-Mediated Calcium Long-Term Potentiation and Mitigated by Alda-1, an Agonist of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Type 2. Circulation 2016; 134:961-977. [PMID: 27582424 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.021618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival after sudden cardiac arrest is limited by postarrest myocardial dysfunction, but understanding of this phenomenon is constrained by a lack of data from a physiological model of disease. In this study, we established an in vivo model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation, characterized the biology of the associated myocardial dysfunction, and tested novel therapeutic strategies. METHODS We developed rodent models of in vivo postarrest myocardial dysfunction using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation followed by invasive hemodynamics measurement. In postarrest isolated cardiomyocytes, we assessed mechanical load and Ca(2) (+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR) simultaneously using the microcarbon fiber technique and observed reduced function and myofilament calcium sensitivity. We used a novel fiberoptic catheter imaging system and a genetically encoded calcium sensor, GCaMP6f, to image CICR in vivo. RESULTS We found potentiation of CICR in isolated cells from this extracorporeal membrane oxygenation model and in cells isolated from an ischemia/reperfusion Langendorff model perfused with oxygenated blood from an arrested animal but not when reperfused in saline. We established that CICR potentiation begins in vivo. The augmented CICR observed after arrest was mediated by the activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Increased phosphorylation of CaMKII, phospholamban, and ryanodine receptor 2 was detected in the postarrest period. Exogenous adrenergic activation in vivo recapitulated Ca(2+) potentiation but was associated with lesser CaMKII activation. Because oxidative stress and aldehydic adduct formation were high after arrest, we tested a small-molecule activator of aldehyde dehydrogenase type 2, Alda-1, which reduced oxidative stress, restored calcium and CaMKII homeostasis, and improved cardiac function and postarrest outcome in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac arrest and reperfusion lead to CaMKII activation and calcium long-term potentiation, which support cardiomyocyte contractility in the face of impaired postarrest myofilament calcium sensitivity. Alda-1 mitigates these effects, normalizes calcium cycling, and improves outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Woods
- Division of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Section, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Burlingame, CA
| | - Ching Shang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Fouad Taghavi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Downey
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Gabriel R Rubio
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jing Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Zachary Grunwald
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Wei Qi
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Porama Thanaporn
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Ayyaz Ali
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kirk Riemer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, London, UK
| | - Peter Kohl
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen Large
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ziad Ali
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Euan Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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7
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Oxygenator Is the Main Responsible for Leukocyte Activation in Experimental Model of Extracorporeal Circulation: A Cautionary Tale. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:484979. [PMID: 26063972 PMCID: PMC4434202 DOI: 10.1155/2015/484979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to assess mechanisms underlying inflammatory activation during extracorporeal circulation (ECC), several small animal models of ECC have been proposed recently. The majority of them are based on home-made, nonstandardized, and hardly reproducible oxygenators. The present study has generated fundamental information on the role of oxygenator of ECC in activating inflammatory signaling pathways on leukocytes, leading to systemic inflammatory response, and organ dysfunction. The present results suggest that experimental animal models of ECC used in translational research on inflammatory response should be based on standardized, reproducible oxygenators with clinical characteristics.
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8
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A novel minimal invasive mouse model of extracorporeal circulation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:412319. [PMID: 25705092 PMCID: PMC4325217 DOI: 10.1155/2015/412319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is necessary for conventional cardiac surgery and life support, but it often triggers systemic inflammation that can significantly damage tissue. Studies of ECC have been limited to large animals because of the complexity of the surgical procedures involved, which has hampered detailed understanding of ECC-induced injury. Here we describe a minimally invasive mouse model of ECC that may allow more extensive mechanistic studies. The right carotid artery and external jugular vein of anesthetized adult male C57BL/6 mice were cannulated to allow blood flow through a 1/32-inch external tube. All animals (n = 20) survived 30 min ECC and subsequent 60 min observation. Blood analysis after ECC showed significant increases in levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and neutrophil elastase in plasma, lung, and renal tissues, as well as increases in plasma creatinine and cystatin C and decreases in the oxygenation index. Histopathology showed that ECC induced the expected lung inflammation, which included alveolar congestion, hemorrhage, neutrophil infiltration, and alveolar wall thickening; in renal tissue, ECC induced intracytoplasmic vacuolization, acute tubular necrosis, and epithelial swelling. Our results suggest that this novel, minimally invasive mouse model can recapitulate many of the clinical features of ECC-induced systemic inflammatory response and organ injury.
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9
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Peterss S, Guenther S, Kellermann K, Jungwirth B, Lichtinghagen R, Haverich A, Hagl C, Khaladj N. An experimental model of myocardial infarction and controlled reperfusion using a miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass in rats. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 19:561-6. [PMID: 24987016 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Different revascularization strategies for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) exist. It remains unclear whether ventricular unloading using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or extracorporeal life support (ECLS) has an impact on early postischaemic ventricular function. Here, we report on the results of an approach using a miniaturized CPB in a well-established animal model of AMI. METHODS In a randomized fashion, 30 male Wistar rats were assigned to temporary left anterior descending (LAD) ligation (30 min) followed by 180 min of reperfusion either with or without 60 min of CPB (70 ml/min, 36°C). The CPB circuit consisted of a venous reservoir, a peristaltic roller pump and a membrane oxygenator with heat exchanger. Cardiac function was measured at 60 and 120 min after reperfusion (F60, F120) using a conductance catheter. RESULTS The mortality rate was 37% (11/30). Thus, 19 animals could be included into the analysis (8 CPB). The mean cardiac output did not differ between the groups at F60 [63 ± 29 vs 54 ± 25 ml/min (CPB), P = 0.56] and F120 [73 ± 27 vs 53 ± 24 ml/min (CPB), P = 0.21]. During reperfusion, the mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was stable in both the control (F60 37 ± 5% vs F120 33 ± 8%, P = 0.42) and the CPB groups (F60 52 ± 11% vs F120 51 ± 13%, P = 0.71). CPB animals had a significantly better LVEF after reperfusion (F60 P = 0.007, F120 P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this animal model of AMI, the establishment of CPB resulted in a significantly better LVEF in comparison with conventional reperfusion only. This beneficial effect may have an impact on revascularization strategies and timing in patients presenting with AMI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Peterss
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Guenther
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Kellermann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, University of Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, University of Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Hagl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nawid Khaladj
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Troubleshooting the rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass: effects of avoiding blood transfusion on long-term survival, inflammation and organ damage. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 67:82-90. [PMID: 23328058 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rat models of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been used to examine the mechanisms of associated organ damage and to test intervention strategies. However, these models only partly mimic the clinical situation, because of the use of blood transfusion and arterial inflow via the tail artery. Thus a model using arterial inflow in the aorta and a miniaturized CPB circuit without need of transfusion was validated by examining intra-procedure characteristics, mortality and the effects of CPB on biomarkers of inflammation and cerebral injury during 5days follow-up. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n=95) were anesthetized with isoflurane (2.5%) and fentanyl/midazolam during CPB. Animals were assigned to Control (n=6), Sham (n=40) or normothermic CPB (n=49) groups. Both Sham and CPB were cannulated in the aorta via the left carotid artery and in the right common jugular vein for access into the right heart. Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) was instituted for 60min only in CPB at a flow rate of 120mLkg(-1)min(-1) employing a CPB circuit of 15ml primed with 6% hydroxyethyl starch 60mgml(-1) solution. Rats were sacrificed at either 1h or 1, 2 or 5days after Sham or weaning from CPB. Plasma IL-6 and s100Beta levels were measured and blood cell counts were performed. RESULTS Mortality in CPB animals (3 out of 49) and Sham (4 out of 40) did not differ (chi-square=0.46, dF=1, P>0.5). Compared to baseline (1.87±0.46∗10^9cells/L), Sham procedure (cannulation and anesthesia) significantly increased blood neutrophil count at the end of the period matching ECC (6.34±2.36∗10^9cells/L, P<0.05). CPB induced neutrophilia which persisted during 24h recovery. Also, CPB caused a rapid and prominent increase in plasma IL-6 from the first hour of the postoperative period (~1200pg/ml) with continuation (50-90pg/ml) up to 5th day of recovery. S100Beta levels were above detection level only in 3 out of 42 samples from CPB animals. DISCUSSION Our rat model of CPB without homologous blood transfusion produces a reproducible and reliable systemic inflammatory response, with low mortality rates on long term follow up. The model more closely mimics the human situation in respect to arterial inflow site and avoidance of blood transfusion. Thus, our CPB model is suitable to study its influence on systemic inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, microcirculation and vascular dysfunction in vivo, and to evaluate potential therapeutic interventions.
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Lee P, Taghavi F, Yan P, Ewart P, Ashley EA, Loew LM, Kohl P, Bollensdorff C, Woods CE. In situ optical mapping of voltage and calcium in the heart. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42562. [PMID: 22876327 PMCID: PMC3411684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroanatomic mapping the interrelation of intracardiac electrical activation with anatomic locations has become an important tool for clinical assessment of complex arrhythmias. Optical mapping of cardiac electrophysiology combines high spatiotemporal resolution of anatomy and physiological function with fast and simultaneous data acquisition. If applied to the clinical setting, this could improve both diagnostic potential and therapeutic efficacy of clinical arrhythmia interventions. The aim of this study was to explore this utility in vivo using a rat model. To this aim, we present a single-camera imaging and multiple light-emitting-diode illumination system that reduces economic and technical implementation hurdles to cardiac optical mapping. Combined with a red-shifted calcium dye and a new near-infrared voltage-sensitive dye, both suitable for use in blood-perfused tissue, we demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo multi-parametric imaging of the mammalian heart. Our approach combines recording of electrophysiologically-relevant parameters with observation of structural substrates and is adaptable, in principle, to trans-catheter percutaneous approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fouad Taghavi
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Papworth Hosptial, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Yan
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paul Ewart
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Euan A. Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie M. Loew
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Peter Kohl
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Bollensdorff
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CB); (CEW)
| | - Christopher E. Woods
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CB); (CEW)
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Ma S, Zhu B. The cardiopulmonary bypass model in rats. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:286-7; author reply 287. [PMID: 22710057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lu S, Pan S, Wang C, Hu K, Hong T. Establishment of an animal model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in rabbits. Perfusion 2012; 27:414-8. [PMID: 22619272 DOI: 10.1177/0267659112447653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to establish an animal model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in rabbits. METHODS Ten New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2573±330 g were used in this study. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was established in these animals through cannulation of the right carotid artery and jugular vein for arterial perfusion and venous return. The components of the perfusion circuit were specially designed. Arterial blood pressure was measured with a blood pressure meter through cannulation of the right femoral artery. The heart rate and blood gas parameters were also monitored by electrocardiography and a blood gas analyzer (Radiometer ABL800, Bronshøj, Denmark), respectively. RESULTS The rabbit model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was established successfully. The hemodynamic and blood gas parameters were changed within an acceptable range during the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation process. The specially designed miniature membrane oxygenator was sufficient to meet the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation needs in this animal model. CONCLUSION The rabbit model of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation established through right carotid artery and jugular vein cannulation is feasible, easily operated and economical. It is an ideal model for further research of the pathophysiology and organ protection offered through the application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Guenzinger R, Lahm H, Wottke M, Lange R. Role of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases during cardiopulmonary bypass in rats. ASAIO J 2012; 58:204-11. [PMID: 22395114 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e31824709d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate matrix remodeling in the heart. Changes in synthesis and release of MMPs and TIMPs are observed after extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Thus, MMPs and TIMPs are supposed to be involved in ECC-mediated cardiac dysfunction. The aim was to examine the role of MMPs and TIMPs in ECC-mediated cardiac dysfunction. Extracorporeal circulation was instituted in rats for 60 min at a flow rate of 120 ml/kg/min. Three groups (n = 10) were studied: group CAO: 60 min ECC without aortic cross-clamping, group CAC: 60 min ECC including 30 min aortic cross-clamping (crystalloid Inzolen(®) cardioplegia), and group CAB: 60 min ECC including 30 min aortic cross-clamping (blood cardioplegia). Left ventricular (LV) function was measured with conductance catheter. Matrix metalloproteinase-activity was determined by zymography and TIMP activity was determined by reverse zymography. Gene expression of MMPs and TIMPs was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Sixty minutes after weaning from bypass, there was a preserved LV function in the CAO and CAB group and an impaired LV function in the CAC group. We observed an increased myocardial activity and an increased myocardial messenger RNA expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-4 in all ECC groups, when compared with sham animals. With regard to enzyme activity, there was an imbalance of MMP/TIMP ratio leading to an increased activity of MMP in the CAC group. In terms of gene expression, there was an imbalance of MMP-2/TIMP-4 ratio leading to an increased expression of MMP-2 in the CAC group. MMP-2 contributes to myocardial reperfusion injury in this in vivo model of ECC with cardioplegic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Guenzinger
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Development of an ultra mini-oxygenator for use in low-volume, buffer-perfused preparations. Int J Artif Organs 2012; 35:308-15. [PMID: 22505202 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small animal models are widely used in basic research. However, experimental systems requiring extracorporeal circuits are frequently confronted with limitations related to equipment size. This is particularly true for oxygenators in systems with limited volumes. Thus we aimed to develop and validate an ultra mini-oxygenator for low-volume, buffer-perfused systems. METHODS We have manufactured a series of ultra mini-oxygenators with approximately 175 aligned, microporous, polypropylene hollow fibers contained inside a shell, which is sealed at each of the two extremities to isolate perfusate and gas compartments. With this construction, gas passes through hollow fibers, while perfusate circulates around fibers. Performance of ultra mini-oxygenators (oxygen partial pressure (PO2), gas and perfusate flow, perfusate pressure and temperature drop) were assessed with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer in an in vitro perfusion circuit and an ex vivo rat heart preparation. RESULTS Mean priming volume of ultra mini-oxygenators was 1.2±0.5 mL and, on average, 86±6% of fibers were open (n=17). In vitro, effective oxygenation (PO2=400-500 mmHg) was achieved for all flow rates up to 50 mL/min and remained stable for at least 2 hours (n=5). Oxygenation was also effective and stable (PO2=456±40 mmHg) in the isolated heart preparation for at least 60 minutes ("venous" PO2=151±11 mmHg; n=5). CONCLUSIONS We have established a reproducible procedure for fabrication of ultra mini-oxygenators, which provide reliable and stable oxygenation for at least 60-120 min. These oxygenators are especially attractive for pre-clinical protocols using small, rather than large, animals.
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Validation of a Rat Model of Cardiopulmonary Bypass With a New Miniaturized Hollow Fiber Oxygenator. ASAIO J 2008; 54:514-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e3181877a38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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de Lange F, Yoshitani K, Podgoreanu MV, Grocott HP, Mackensen GB. A novel survival model of cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass in rats: a methodology paper. J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 3:51. [PMID: 18713467 PMCID: PMC2553064 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-3-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given the growing population of cardiac surgery patients with impaired preoperative cardiac function and rapidly expanding surgical techniques, continued efforts to improve myocardial protection strategies are warranted. Prior research is mostly limited to either large animal models or ex vivo preparations. We developed a new in vivo survival model that combines administration of antegrade cardioplegia with endoaortic crossclamping during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in the rat. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated for CPB (n = 10). With ultrasound guidance, a 3.5 mm balloon angioplasty catheter was positioned via the right common carotid artery with its tip proximal to the aortic valve. To initiate cardioplegic arrest, the balloon was inflated and cardioplegia solution injected. After 30 min of cardioplegic arrest, the balloon was deflated, ventilation resumed, and rats were weaned from CPB and recovered. To rule out any evidence of cerebral ischemia due to right carotid artery ligation, animals were neurologically tested on postoperative day 14, and their brains histologically assessed. Results Thirty minutes of cardioplegic arrest was successfully established in all animals. Functional assessment revealed no neurologic deficits, and histology demonstrated no gross neuronal damage. Conclusion This novel small animal CPB model with cardioplegic arrest allows for both the study of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury as well as new cardioprotective strategies. Major advantages of this model include its overall feasibility and cost effectiveness. In future experiments long-term echocardiographic outcomes as well as enzymatic, genetic, and histologic characterization of myocardial injury can be assessed. In the field of myocardial protection, rodent models will be an important avenue of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fellery de Lange
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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