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Xu X, Fan Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Hou X, Fan Y, Zhang M. Anji white tea relaxes precontracted arteries, represses voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels and voltage-gated K + channels in the arterial smooth muscle cells: Comparison with green tea main component (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:117855. [PMID: 38346524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a favorite drink worldwide. Tea extracts and green tea main component (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are recommended for various vascular diseases. Anji white tea is a very popular green tea. Its vascular effect profile, the mechanisms, and the contribution of EGCG to its integrated effect need elucidation. AIM To characterize the vasomotion effects of Anji white tea and EGCG, and to explore possible involvement of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) and voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels in their vasomotion effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anji white tea water soaking solution (AJWT) was prepared as daily tea-making process and concentrated to a concentration amounting to 200 mg/ml of dry tea leaves. The tension of rat arteries including aorta, coronary artery (RCA), cerebral basilar artery (CBA), intrarenal artery (IRA), intrapulmonary artery (IPA) and mesenteric artery (MA) was recorded with myographs. In arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) freshly isolated from RCA, the levels of intracellular Ca2+ were measured with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent probe fluo 4-AM, and Kv currents were recorded with patch clamp. The expressions of VGCCs and Kv channels were assayed with RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS At 0.4-12.8 mg/ml of dry tea leaves, AJWT profoundly relaxed all tested arteries precontracted with various vasoconstrictors about half with a small transient potentiation on the precontractions before the relaxation. KCl-induced precontraction was less sensitive than precontractions induced by phenylephrine (PE), U46619 and serotonin (5-HT). IPA was less sensitive to the relaxation compared with other arteries. AJWT pretreatment for 1 h, 24 h and 72 h time-dependently inhibited the contractile responses of RCAs. In sharp contrast, at equivalent concentrations according to its content in AJWT, EGCG intensified the precontractions in most small arteries, except that it induced relaxation in PE-precontracted aorta and MA, U46619-precontracted aorta and CBA. EGCG pretreatment for 1 h and 24 h did not significantly affect RCA contractile responses. In RCA ASMCs, AJWT reduced, while EGCG enhanced, intracellular Ca2+ elevation induced by depolarization which activates VGCCs. Patch clamp study showed that both AJWT and EGCG reduced Kv currents. RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that both AJWT and EGCG reduced the expressions of VGCCs and Kv channels. CONCLUSION AJWT, but not EGCG, consistently induces vasorelaxation. The vasomotion effects of either AJWT or EGCG vary with arterial beds and vasoconstrictors. Modulation of VGCCs, but not Kv channels, contributes to AJWT-induced vasorelaxation. It is suggested that Anji white tea water extract instead of EGCG may be a promising food supplement for vasospastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yanying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Mingsheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjiannanlu 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
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Zhao Y, Tang C, Tang W, Zhang X, Jiang X, Duoji Z, Kangzhu Y, Zhao X, Xu X, Hong F, Liu Q. The association between tea consumption and blood pressure in the adult population in Southwest China. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:476. [PMID: 36915113 PMCID: PMC10010002 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior research on the effect of tea consumption on blood pressure (BP) generated inconsistent findings. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of different types of tea consumption on BP. METHODS We included 76,673 participants aged 30-79 from the baseline data of the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) study. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the influences of different types of tea consumption on the risk of hypertensive BP. Moreover, multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between tea drinking and BP. RESULTS Tea consumption was associated with a reduced risk of hypertensive BP by 10% (AOR: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.86-0.94). While dark tea was related to a 1.79-5.31 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a 0.47-1.02 mmHg reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP), sweet tea, regardless of the duration, frequency, or amount of consumption, significantly was associated with a reduced SBP by 3.19-7.18 mmHg. Green tea also was associated with a reduced SBP by 1.21-2.98 mmHg. Although scented tea was related to reduced SBP by 1.26-2.48 mmHg, the greatest effect came from the long duration (> 40 years:β=-2.17 mmHg, 95%CI=-3.47 mmHg --0.87 mmHg), low frequency (1-2 d/w: β = -2.48 mmHg, 95%CI=-3.76 mmHg--1.20 mmHg), and low amount (≤ 2 g/d: β=-2.21 mmHg, 95%CI=-3.01 mmHg--1.40 mmHg). Additionally, scented tea was correlated to a decrease in DBP at the frequency of 1-2 d/w (β=-0.84 mmHg, 95%CI=-1.65 mmHg--0.02 mmHg). Drinking black tea only was associated with lowered SBP. The protective effect of black tea on SBP was characterized by the long-duration (> 15 years, -2.63--5.76 mmHg), high frequency (6-7 d/w, -2.43 mmHg), and medium amount (2.1-4.0 g/d, -3.06 mmHg). CONCLUSION Tea consumption was associated with lower SBP and a reduced risk of hypertensive BP. The antihypertensive effect varies across types of tea consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengmeng Tang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenge Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoman Jiang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuoma Duoji
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, 850000, Lhasa, China
| | - Yixi Kangzhu
- Tibet Center for disease control and prevention, 850000, Lhasa, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohe Xu
- Department of Sociology , University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA.,Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Hong
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Qiaolan Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China.
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Long P, Rakariyatham K, Ho CT, Zhang L. Thearubigins: Formation, structure, health benefit and sensory property. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wang W, Ohland C, Jobin C, Sang S. Gut Microbiota as a Novel Tool to Dissect the Complex Structures of Black Tea Polymers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5005-5014. [PMID: 35420414 PMCID: PMC10092905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thearubigins, polymers of tea catechins, account for more than 20% of the black tea polyphenols and have been reported to be the active components in black tea. However, the chemical structures and underlying mechanisms regarding how the thearubigins, being poorly bioavailable, generate in vivo health benefits are still largely unknown. Using germ-free and specific pathogen-free husbandry conditions combined with LC/MS-based nontargeted and targeted metabolomic analyses, we investigated the role of intestinal bacteria in thearubigin metabolism. Theaflavins and theasinensins were identified as the major microbial metabolites of thearubigins, suggesting that these molecules are the building units for the complex thearubigins. To further confirm this, thearubigin depolymerization was done using menthofuran in an acidic condition. Menthofuran-conjugated theaflavins, theasinensins, and catechins as well as their free forms were detected as the major degradation products of thearubigins. This indicated that theaflavins and theasinensins could be further polymerized through B-type proanthocyanidin linkages. Furthermore, four microbial degradation products were able to be detected in urine samples, suggesting that they can be absorbed into the circulatory system. Using the combination of microbial degradation, metabolomics, and chemical degradation, our results demonstrate that thearubigins are the complex polymers of theaflavins, theasinensins, and catechins and can be metabolized by gut microbiota to their corresponding bioactive and bioavailable smaller molecular metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Christina Ohland
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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Zhou H, Xia C, Yang Y, Warusawitharana HK, Liu X, Tu Y. The Prevention Role of Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate in Angiotensin II Induced Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy via CaN-NFAT Signal Pathway. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071391. [PMID: 35406003 PMCID: PMC9003418 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TF3) is a representative theaflavin of black tea and is remarkable for the anti-coronary heart disease effect. As an adaptive response to heart failure, pathological cardiac hypertrophy (PCH) has attracted great interest. In this study, the PCH cell model was established with H9c2 cells by angiotensin II, and the prevention effect and mechanisms of TF3 were investigated. The results showed that the cell size and fetal gene mRNA level were significantly reduced as pretreated with TF3 at the concentration range of 1–10 μM, also the balance of the redox system was recovered by TF3 at the concentration of 10 μM. The intracellular Ca2+ level decreased, Calcineurin (CaN) expression was down-regulated and the p-NFATc3 expression was up-regulated. These results indicated that TF3 could inhibit the activation of the CaN-NFAT signal pathway to prevent PCH, and TF3 may be a potentially effective natural compound for PCH and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (H.K.W.)
| | - Chen Xia
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (H.K.W.)
| | - Yaqing Yang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (H.K.W.)
| | | | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Tea Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.T.); Tel.: +86-571-88982743 (Y.T.)
| | - Youying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.Y.); (H.K.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.T.); Tel.: +86-571-88982743 (Y.T.)
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Matsui T. Polyphenols-absorption and occurrence in the body system. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.fstr-d-21-00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Matsui
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduated School of Kyushu University
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Liu L, Cheng B, Ye J, Qi X, Cheng S, Meng P, Chen Y, Yang X, Yao Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Li C, Pan C, Wen Y, Jia Y, Zhang F. Understanding the Complex Interactions between Coffee, Tea Intake and Neurologically Relevant Tissues Proteins in the Development of Anxiety and Depression. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:1070-1077. [PMID: 36519770 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coffee and tea intake might be associated with psychiatry diseases. However, it is unclear whether the effect of coffee/tea on anxiety and depression depending on the different types of proteins. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING Our datasets were downloaded from online. PARTICIPANTS Phenotypic and genotypic data for coffee intake(N=376,196) and tea intake (N=376,078) were derived from UK Biobank. GWAS data of proteins (N=1,537) from neurologically relevant tissues (brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma) were obtained from a recently published study. MEASUREMENTS Multivariate linear analysis was then used to evaluate the potential interaction effect between coffee/tea intake and proteins polygenetic risk score (PRS) on the risks of anxiety and depression controlling for age, sex, Townsend deprivation index (TDI), smoke, drinking and education level. RESULTS 34 coffee intake-proteins interactions and 15 tea intake-proteins interactions were observed in anxiety individuals, such as coffee intake-c-Jun interaction (β=0.0169, P=4.131×10-3), coffee intake-Fas interaction (β=-0.0190, P=8.132×10-4), tea intake-sL-Selectin interaction (β=0.0112, P=5.412×10-3) and tea intake-IL-1F6 (β=0.0083, P=4.471×10-2). 25 coffee intake-proteins and 14 tea intake-proteins interactions were observed in depression individuals, including coffee intake- IL-1 sRI (β=0.0171, P=4.888×10-3) and coffee intake-NXPH1 interaction (β=0.0156, P=9.819×10-3), tea intake-COLEC12 interaction (β=0.0127, P=3.280×10-3), and tea intake-Layilin interaction (β=0.0117, P=7.926×10-3). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested the important role of multiple proteins in neurologically relevant tissues in the associations between coffee/tea intake and psychiatry diseases, providing entry points to explore the mechanisms underlying anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Feng Zhang, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, P. R. China 710061,
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Kudo R, Yuui K, Kasuda S. Endothelium-Independent Relaxation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Induced by Persimmon-Derived Polyphenol Phytocomplex in Rats. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010089. [PMID: 35010964 PMCID: PMC8746468 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasorelaxant effect of polyphenols is well known, and the mortality rate due to coronary artery disease is low in people who consume polyphenol-containing foods. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which polyphenols derived from persimmon juice (PJ) and persimmon leaves (PLs) induce vasorelaxation and suppress vasocontraction in the superior mesenteric arteries isolated from male Sprague Dawley rats. Vasocontraction was induced with 1 µM phenylephrine, and polyphenol-induced vasorelaxation was expressed as a percentage of the previous tone induced by phenylephrine. PJ powder (100 mg/L) induced higher levels of vasorelaxation (mean ± standard error of the mean, 88.6% ± 4.4%) than PLs powder (1 g/L; 72.0% ± 10.8%). Nitric oxide pathway inhibitors (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester + carboxy-PTIO) did not affect persimmon-derived polyphenol-induced vasorelaxation, whereas potassium chloride, tetraethylammonium, and potassium-channel inhibitors did. Vasorelaxation was endothelium independent with both extracts. Phenylephrine-induced vasocontraction was suppressed by pretreatment with PJ and PLs powder, even when inositol triphosphate-mediated Ca2+ release and extracellular Ca2+ influx were inhibited. These results suggest that persimmon-derived polyphenol phytocomplex cause vasorelaxation and inhibit vasocontraction through hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells. Persimmon-derived polyphenols may be able to prevent cardiovascular diseases caused by abnormal contraction of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Kudo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-744-29-8843
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Doğan M, Akdoğan M, Alizada A, Eroğul Ö, Sabaner MC, Gobeka HH, Gülyeşil FF, Seylan MA. Impacts of Camellia sinensis fermentation end-product (black tea) on retinal microvasculature: an updated OCTA analysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:6265-6270. [PMID: 33934371 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea, second only to water, is one of the most regularly consumed drinks in the world. Its potentially beneficial effects on general health may be enormously important. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) now allows clinicians to examine the acute retinal morphological changes caused by black tea consumption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute impacts of a Camellia sinensis fermentation end-product (black tea) on retinal microvasculature in healthy individuals using OCTA. RESULTS In this study, 60 healthy people were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 30) received black tea (2 mg/250 mL of water) and group 2 (n = 30) received only 250 mL of water. Following consumption, AngioVue Analytics software automatically analyzed the foveal, parafoveal, perifoveal macular superficial and deep vascular plexus densities, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, FAZ perimeter and foveal vessel density in a 300 μm wide region around the FAZ (FD-300). Male-to-female ratios were 19:11 and 15:15 in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.217). Mean age was 33.27 ± 7.92 years in group 1 and 31.00 ± 7.30 years in group 2 (P = 0.254). Changes in foveal, perifoveal and parafoveal macular vessel density between groups 1 and 2 were not statistically significant. In addition, no significant differences regarding FAZ, FAZ perimeter and FD-300 were observed. CONCLUSION There were no acute effects of black tea on macular microcirculation in healthy individuals. The authors, however, believe that this study could serve as a model for future research on the relationship between regular tea consumption and general ocular physiology. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Doğan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Müberra Akdoğan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Anar Alizada
- Ermeneke State Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Özgür Eroğul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cem Sabaner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hamidu Hamisi Gobeka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University Faculty of Medicine, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Furkan Fatih Gülyeşil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Seylan
- Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Educational and Research Hospital Ophthalmology Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
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Din USU, Sian TS, Deane CS, Smith K, Gates A, Lund JN, Williams JP, Rueda R, Pereira SL, Atherton PJ, Phillips BE. Green Tea Extract Concurrent with an Oral Nutritional Supplement Acutely Enhances Muscle Microvascular Blood Flow without Altering Leg Glucose Uptake in Healthy Older Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113895. [PMID: 34836149 PMCID: PMC8619110 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial macro- and microvascular blood flow and metabolic dysfunction manifest with advancing age, so vascular transmuting interventions are desirable. In this randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, we investigated the impact of the acute administration of green tea extract (GTE; containing ~500 mg epigallocatechin-3-gallate) versus placebo (CON), alongside an oral nutritional supplement (ONS), on muscle macro- and microvascular, cerebral macrovascular (via ultrasound) and leg glucose/insulin metabolic responses (via arterialised/venous blood samples) in twelve healthy older adults (42% male, 74 ± 1 y). GTE increased m. vastus lateralis microvascular blood volume (MBV) at 180 and 240 min after ONS (baseline: 1.0 vs. 180 min: 1.11 ± 0.02 vs. 240 min: 1.08 ± 0.04, both p < 0.005), with MBV significantly higher than CON at 180 min (p < 0.05). Neither the ONS nor the GTE impacted m. tibialis anterior perfusion (p > 0.05). Leg blood flow and vascular conductance increased, and vascular resistance decreased similarly in both conditions (p < 0.05). Small non-significant increases in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation were observed in the GTE only and middle cerebral artery blood flow did not change in response to GTE or CON (p > 0.05). Glucose uptake increased with the GTE only (0 min: 0.03 ± 0.01 vs. 35 min: 0.11 ± 0.02 mmol/min/leg, p = 0.007); however, glucose area under the curve and insulin kinetics were similar between conditions (p > 0.05). Acute GTE supplementation enhances MBV beyond the effects of an oral mixed meal, but this improved perfusion does not translate to increased leg muscle glucose uptake in healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushnah S. U. Din
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (U.S.U.D.); (T.S.S.); (K.S.); (A.G.); (J.N.L.); (J.P.W.)
| | - Tanvir S. Sian
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (U.S.U.D.); (T.S.S.); (K.S.); (A.G.); (J.N.L.); (J.P.W.)
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthetics, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3NE, UK
| | - Colleen S. Deane
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK;
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ken Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (U.S.U.D.); (T.S.S.); (K.S.); (A.G.); (J.N.L.); (J.P.W.)
| | - Amanda Gates
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (U.S.U.D.); (T.S.S.); (K.S.); (A.G.); (J.N.L.); (J.P.W.)
| | - Jonathan N. Lund
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (U.S.U.D.); (T.S.S.); (K.S.); (A.G.); (J.N.L.); (J.P.W.)
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthetics, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3NE, UK
| | - John P. Williams
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (U.S.U.D.); (T.S.S.); (K.S.); (A.G.); (J.N.L.); (J.P.W.)
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthetics, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3NE, UK
| | - Ricardo Rueda
- Research and Development, Abbott Nutrition, 18004 Granada, Spain;
| | | | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (U.S.U.D.); (T.S.S.); (K.S.); (A.G.); (J.N.L.); (J.P.W.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.A.); (B.E.P.)
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (U.S.U.D.); (T.S.S.); (K.S.); (A.G.); (J.N.L.); (J.P.W.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.A.); (B.E.P.)
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Ismaeel A, Greathouse KL, Newton N, Miserlis D, Papoutsi E, Smith RS, Eidson JL, Dawson DL, Milner CW, Widmer RJ, Bohannon WT, Koutakis P. Phytochemicals as Therapeutic Interventions in Peripheral Artery Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:2143. [PMID: 34206667 PMCID: PMC8308302 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects over 200 million people worldwide, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, yet treatment options remain limited. Among the manifestations of PAD is a severe functional disability and decline, which is thought to be the result of different pathophysiological mechanisms including oxidative stress, skeletal muscle pathology, and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. Thus, compounds that target these mechanisms may have a therapeutic effect on walking performance in PAD patients. Phytochemicals produced by plants have been widely studied for their potential health effects and role in various diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. In this review, we focus on PAD and discuss the evidence related to the clinical utility of different phytochemicals. We discuss phytochemical research in preclinical models of PAD, and we highlight the results of the available clinical trials that have assessed the effects of these compounds on PAD patient functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ismaeel
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; (A.I.); (K.L.G.); (E.P.)
| | - K. Leigh Greathouse
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; (A.I.); (K.L.G.); (E.P.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Design, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Nathan Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA;
| | - Dimitrios Miserlis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Evlampia Papoutsi
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; (A.I.); (K.L.G.); (E.P.)
| | - Robert S. Smith
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA; (R.S.S.); (J.L.E.); (D.L.D.); (C.W.M.); (W.T.B.)
| | - Jack L. Eidson
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA; (R.S.S.); (J.L.E.); (D.L.D.); (C.W.M.); (W.T.B.)
| | - David L. Dawson
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA; (R.S.S.); (J.L.E.); (D.L.D.); (C.W.M.); (W.T.B.)
| | - Craig W. Milner
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA; (R.S.S.); (J.L.E.); (D.L.D.); (C.W.M.); (W.T.B.)
| | - Robert J. Widmer
- Heart & Vascular Department, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA;
| | - William T. Bohannon
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA; (R.S.S.); (J.L.E.); (D.L.D.); (C.W.M.); (W.T.B.)
| | - Panagiotis Koutakis
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; (A.I.); (K.L.G.); (E.P.)
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12
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The Effects of Systemic Use of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Thermal Injury Progression. Indian J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-02771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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Samanta S. Potential Bioactive Components and Health Promotional Benefits of Tea (Camellia sinensis). J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 41:65-93. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1827082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
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14
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Lorenz M, Lehmann S, Djordjevic I, Düsterhöft T, Zimmermann BF, Stangl K, Stangl V. Vasodilation of Tea Polyphenols Ex Vivo Is Mediated by Hydrogen Peroxide Under Rapid Compound Decay. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050390. [PMID: 32392754 PMCID: PMC7278881 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement of endothelial function represents a major health effect of tea in humans. Ex vivo, tea and tea polyphenols stimulate nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in isolated blood vessels. However, it was reported that polyphenols can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. We therefore aimed to elucidate the role of ROS production in tea polyphenol-induced vasodilation in explanted aortic rings. Vasorelaxation of rat aortic rings was assessed in an organ chamber model with low concentrations of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3), and with green and black tea, with or without pretreatment with catalase or superoxide dismutase (SOD). The stability of EGCG and TF3 was measured by HPLC, and the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were determined. EGCG and green tea-induced vasorelaxation was completely prevented by catalase and slightly increased by SOD. TF3 and black tea yielded similar results. Both EGCG and TF3 were rapidly degraded. This was associated with increasing H2O2 levels over time. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations produced in a time range compatible with tea polyphenol decay induced NO-dependent vasodilation in aortic rings. In conclusion, tea polyphenol-induced vasodilation in vitro is mediated by low levels of H2O2 generated during compound decay. The results could explain the apparent lack of vasodilatory effects of isolated tea polyphenols in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lorenz
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (T.D.); (K.S.); (V.S.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-513-186
| | - Stephanie Lehmann
- Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Institut für Veterinär-Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ilija Djordjevic
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Herzchirurgie, Herzchirurgische Intensivmedizin und Thoraxchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany;
| | - Thomas Düsterhöft
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (T.D.); (K.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Benno F. Zimmermann
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Karl Stangl
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (T.D.); (K.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Verena Stangl
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (T.D.); (K.S.); (V.S.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Ferruzzi MG, Tanprasertsuk J, Kris-Etherton P, Weaver CM, Johnson EJ. Perspective: The Role of Beverages as a Source of Nutrients and Phytonutrients. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:507-523. [PMID: 31755901 PMCID: PMC7231580 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) provide nutrition advice for Americans >2 y of age. The 2020-2025 DGA proposes a life stage approach, focusing on birth through older adulthood. Limited recommendations for beverages exist except for milk, 100% fruit juice, and alcohol. The goal of this article is to provide a better understanding of the role of beverages in the diet using current scientific evidence. A Medline search of observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses was undertaken using key beverage words. We highlight the role beverages can play as a part of the DGA and considered beverages not traditionally included, such as those that are phytonutrient dense. Our primary consideration for beverage consumption targeted healthy Americans aged ≥2 y. However, with the proposed expansion to the life span for the 2020-2025 DGA, we also reviewed evidence for infants and toddlers from birth to 24 mo. Examples are provided on how minor changes in beverage choices aid in meeting recommended intakes of certain nutrients. Guidance on beverage consumption may aid in development of better consumer products to meet broader dietary advice. For example, beverage products that are nutrient/phytonutrient dense and lower in sugar could be developed as alternatives to 100% juice to help meet the fruit and vegetable guidelines. Although beverages are not meant to replace foods, e.g., it is difficult to meet the requirements for vitamin E, dietary fiber, or essential fatty acids through beverages alone, beverages are important sources of nutrients and phytonutrients, phenolic acids and flavonoids in particular. When considering the micronutrients from diet alone, mean intakes of calcium (in women), potassium, and vitamins A, C, and D are below recommendations and sodium intakes are well above. Careful beverage choices could close these gaps and be considered a part of a healthy dietary pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Jirayu Tanprasertsuk
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Penny Kris-Etherton
- Nutritional Sciences Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Connie M Weaver
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA,Address correspondence to EJJ (e-mail: )
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16
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Yamagata K. Polyphenols Regulate Endothelial Functions and Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2443-2458. [PMID: 31333108 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190722100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that intake of polyphenols through the consumption of vegetables and fruits reduces the risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) by potentially influencing endothelial cell function. OBJECTIVE In this review, the effects and molecular mechanisms of plant polyphenols, particularly resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and quercetin, on endothelial functions, and their putative protective effects against CVD are described. METHODS Epidemiologic studies examined the effect of the CVD risk of vegetables and the fruit. Furthermore, studies within vitro models investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of the action of the flavonoid class of polyphenols. These findings help elucidate the effect of polyphenols on endothelial function and CVD risk reduction. RESULTS Epidemiologic and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the consumption of vegetables and fruits decreases the incidence of CVDs. Furthermore, it has also been indicated that dietary polyphenols are inversely related to the risk of CVD. Resveratrol, EGCG, and quercetin prevent oxidative stress by regulating the expression of oxidase and the antioxidant enzyme genes, contributing to the prevention of stroke, hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSION High intake of dietary polyphenols may help prevent CVD. Polyphenols inhibit endothelial dysfunction and induce vascular endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation viz. redox regulation and nitric oxide production. The polyphenol-induced healthy endothelial cell function may be related to CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Laboratory of Molecular Health Science of Food, Department of Food Science & Technology, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510, Japan
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17
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Luo D, Chen X, Zhu X, Liu S, Li J, Xu J, Zhao J, Ji X. Pu-Erh Tea Relaxes the Thoracic Aorta of Rats by Reducing Intracellular Calcium. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1430. [PMID: 31849675 PMCID: PMC6892945 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that pu-erh tea aqueous extract could lower blood pressure and ameliorate hypertension symptoms. However, the antihypertension mechanisms of pu-erh tea remain unclear. In this work, the direct effects of pu-erh tea on vessels and cells were investigated by detecting isometric tension and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), respectively. Additionally, to identify the main active components, the aqueous extract of pu-erh was separated by organic solvents to obtain various fractions, and the effects of these fractions on arteries were assessed. The results showed that pu-erh aqueous extract vasodilated rat thoracic aortas preconstricted by phenylephrine or KCl. These vasodilation effects were not significantly affected by the removal of the endothelium or by preincubation with potassium channel blockers (tetraethylammonium, glibenclamide, aminopyridine, or barium chloride). Moreover, pu-erh aqueous extract could reduce the vessel contractibility induced by CaCl2 and phenylephrine under KCl-depolarizing or Ca2+-free buffer conditions, respectively. Furthermore, pu-erh aqueous extract attenuated the KCl-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle A7r5 cells. In addition, the chloroform precipitate of pu-erh aqueous extract produced the most potent vasodilation. Theabrownins (the characteristic components of pu-erh tea) accounted for 41.91 ± 1.09 % of the chloroform precipitate and vasodilated arteries in an endothelium-independent manner. In addition, the vasodilation effect of caffeine was verified. In conclusion, theabrownins and caffeine should be the two main active components in pu-erh tea. Pu-erh aqueous extract vasodilated arteries in an endothelium-independent manner, which might partly be attributed to the decrease in extracellular Ca2+ influx. Moreover, our study provided data on the potential mechanism of the hypotensive actions of pu-erh tea, which might improve our understanding of the effect of pu-erh tea on the prevention and treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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18
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The Usefulness of Immunohistochemistry in the Differential Diagnosis of Lesions Originating from the Myometrium. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051136. [PMID: 30845657 PMCID: PMC6429074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (LMs), currently the most common gynecological complaint around the world, are a serious medical, social and economic problem. Accurate diagnosis is the necessary prerequisite of the diagnostic-therapeutic process. Statistically, mistakes may occur more often in case of disease entities with high prevalence rates. Histopathology, based on increasingly advanced immunohistochemistry methods, is routinely used in the diagnosis of neoplastic diseases. Markers of the highest sensitivity and specificity profiles are used in the process. As far as LMs are concerned, the crux of the matter is to identify patients with seemingly benign lesions which turn out to be suspicious (e.g., atypical LM) or malignant (e.g., leiomyosarcoma (LMS)), which is not uncommon. In this study, we present the current state of knowledge about the use of immunohistochemical markers in the differential diagnosis of LM, atypical LM, smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP), and LMS, as well as their clinical predictive value.
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19
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Adeghate J, Rahmatnejad K, Waisbourd M, Katz LJ. Intraocular pressure-independent management of normal tension glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 64:101-110. [PMID: 30300625 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Adeghate
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Ophthalmology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kamran Rahmatnejad
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Waisbourd
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Tel-Aviv University Medical Center, Glaucoma Research Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - L Jay Katz
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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20
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Le CT, Leenders WPJ, Molenaar RJ, van Noorden CJF. Effects of the Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Glioma: A Critical Evaluation of the Literature. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:317-333. [PMID: 29570984 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1446090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Gallate (EGCG) on glioma as a basis for future research on clinical application of EGCG. Epidemiological studies on the effects of green tea or EGCG on the risk of glioma is inconclusive due to the limited number of studies, the inclusion of all tea types in these studies, and the focus on caffeine rather than EGCG. In vivo experiments using EGCG monotherapy are inconclusive. Nevertheless, EGCG induces cell death, prevents cellular proliferation, and limits invasion in multiple glioma cell lines. Furthermore, EGCG enhances the efficacy of anti-glioma therapies, including irradiation, temozolomide, carmustine, cisplatin, tamoxifen, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, but reduces the effect of bortezomib. Pro-drugs, co-treatment, and encapsulation are being investigated to enhance clinical applicability of EGCG. Mechanisms of actions of EGCG have been partly elucidated. EGCG has both anti-oxidant and oxidant properties. EGCG inhibits pro-survival proteins, such as telomerase, survivin, GRP78, PEA15, and P-gp. EGCG inhibits signaling of PDGFR, IGF-1R, and 67LR. EGCG reduces invasiveness of cancer cells by inhibiting the activities of various metalloproteinases, cytokines, and chemokines. Last, EGCG inhibits some NADPH-producing enzymes, thus disturbing redox status and metabolism of glioma cells. In conclusion, EGCG may be a suitable adjuvant to potentiate anti-glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung T Le
- a Department of Medical Biology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Remco J Molenaar
- a Department of Medical Biology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- a Department of Medical Biology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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21
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Wang D, Gao Q, Wang T, Zhao G, Qian F, Huang J, Wang H, Zhang X, Wang Y. Green tea infusion protects against alcoholic liver injury by attenuating inflammation and regulating the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway in C57BL/6 mice. Food Funct 2018; 8:3165-3177. [PMID: 28782772 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00791d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol intake is a major risk factor for the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that green tea protects against alcoholic liver injury; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigated the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the protective effects of green tea against alcohol-induced liver injury and inflammation. Ethanol was intragastrically administered to male C57BL/6 mice once a day, and the mice were allowed free access to green tea infusion or water for two weeks. We assessed the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, hepatic contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, malondialdehyde and triglyceride and hepatic mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6). Our results showed that compared with water alone, green tea infusion markedly reduced liver damage, hepatic oxidative stress, hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammatory response. Green tea infusion also significantly reduced hepatic nuclear factor-κB expression and its downstream inflammatory mediators (inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2) mRNA levels in ethanol-treated mice. Additionally, green tea infusion significantly activated hepatic phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), which are associated with the upregulation of phosphorylated eNOS expression and the increase of plasma nitric oxide levels in ethanol-treated mice. Furthermore, the protective effects of green tea infusion were considerably inhibited by the eNOS inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester in ethanol-treated mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the protective effects of green tea infusion on alcohol-induced liver injury and inflammation involve the modulation of the PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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22
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He HF. Research progress on theaflavins: efficacy, formation, and preparation. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1344521. [PMID: 28747864 PMCID: PMC5510227 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1344521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Theaflavins (TFs) are a category of natural compounds characterized with the benzotropolone skeleton. The prominent benefits of TFs have been well documented. Amount of research were conducted and excellent achievements were disclosed during the past years. However, as far as we know, there is no comprehensive review about TFs. Scope and approach: This review summarized the recent research progress. The activity of TFs on anti-oxidation, anti-mutagenicity, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral effect as well as the epidemiological cure were sorted. Converging pioneer literature and deduction, the underlying formation mechanism of TFs was proposed. Subsequently, acquisition of TFs was pointed out to be the fundament for further research. Accelerated by enzyme, bio-synthesis of TFs were reviewed simultaneously. At the end, employing modern analysis instrument and technology, isolations of TFs were enumerated. Key findings and conclusions: Structure of the skeleton as well as functional groups were paramount related with the bio-activity of TFs. Meanwhile, oxidation pathway of two catechin molecules to form TFs were hypothesized. Also, ascertainment of the several therapeutic efficiency of the family members of TFs would be the next step in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Tea Processing Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, HangZhou, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Tea Industry, HangZhou, China
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23
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Tea-induced improvement of endothelial function in humans: No role for epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Sci Rep 2017; 7:2279. [PMID: 28536463 PMCID: PMC5442103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of tea is inversely associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, the active compound(s) responsible for the protective effects of tea are unknown. Although many favorable cardiovascular effects in vitro are mediated by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), its contribution to the beneficial effects of tea in vivo remains unresolved. In a randomised crossover study, a single dose of 200 mg EGCG was applied in three different formulas (as green tea beverage, green tea extract (GTE), and isolated EGCG) to 50 healthy men. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and endothelial-independent nitro-mediated dilation (NMD) was measured before and two hours after ingestion. Plasma levels of tea compounds were determined after each intervention and correlated with FMD. FMD significantly improved after consumption of green tea containing 200 mg EGCG (p < 0.01). However, GTE and EGCG had no significant effect on FMD. NMD did not significantly differ between interventions. EGCG plasma levels were highest after administration of EGCG and lowest after consumption of green tea. Plasma levels of caffeine increased after green tea consumption. The results show that EGCG is most likely not involved in improvement of flow-mediated dilation by green tea. Instead, other tea compounds, metabolites or combinations thereof may play a role.
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24
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Orem A, Alasalvar C, Vanizor Kural B, Yaman S, Orem C, Karadag A, Pelvan E, Zawistowski J. Cardio-protective effects of phytosterol-enriched functional black tea in mild hypercholesterolemia subjects. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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25
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Interplay of myosin phosphatase and protein phosphatase-2A in the regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase phosphorylation and nitric oxide production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44698. [PMID: 28300193 PMCID: PMC5353758 DOI: 10.1038/srep44698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) at Thr497 (eNOSpThr497) by protein kinase C or RhoA-activated kinase is a major regulatory determinant of eNOS activity. The signalling mechanisms involved in the dephosphorylation of eNOSpThr497 have not yet been clarified. This study identifies myosin phosphatase (MP) holoenzyme consisting of protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunit (PP1c) and MP target subunit-1 (MYPT1) as an eNOSpThr497 phosphatase. In support of this finding are: (i) eNOS and MYPT1 interacts in various endothelial cells (ECs) and in in vitro binding assays (ii) MYPT1 targets and stimulates PP1c toward eNOSpThr497 substrate (iii) phosphorylation of MYPT1 at Thr696 (MYPT1pThr696) controls the activity of MP on eNOSpThr497. Phosphatase inhibition suppresses both NO production and transendothelial resistance (TER) of ECs. In contrast, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) signals ECs via the 67 kDa laminin-receptor (67LR) resulting in protein kinase A dependent activation of protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A). PP2A dephosphorylates MYPT1pThr696 and thereby stimulates MP activity inducing dephosphorylation of eNOSpThr497 and the 20 kDa myosin II light chains. Thus an interplay of MP and PP2A is involved in the physiological regulation of EC functions implying that an EGCG dependent activation of these phosphatases leads to enhanced NO production and EC barrier improvement.
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Lei S, Xie M, Hu B, Zhou L, Sun Y, Saeeduddin M, Zhang H, Zeng X. Effective synthesis of theaflavin-3,3′-digallate with epigallocatechin-3- O -gallate and epicatechin gallate as substrates by using immobilized pear polyphenol oxidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 94:709-718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Influence of Steep Time on Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Black, Green, Rooibos, and Herbal Teas. BEVERAGES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages2030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Extract from spent hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reduces blood platelet aggregation and improves anticoagulant activity of human endothelial cells in vitro. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Syntheses of methylated catechins and theaflavins using 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl group to protect and deactivate phenol. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:299-312. [PMID: 26905756 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and versatile synthetic method for labile polyphenols was established using 2-nitrobenzenesulfonate (Ns) as a protecting group for phenol. This methodology provides regio- and stereoselective access to a range of methylated catechins, such as methylated epigallocatechin gallates, that are not readily available from natural sources. In addition, biomimetic synthesis of theaflavins from catechins was accomplished using Ns protection to minimize undesired side reactions of electron-rich aromatic rings during oxidation, enabling construction of the complex benzotropolone core in a single-step oxidative coupling reaction. Availability of these compounds will aid detailed structure-biological activity relationship studies of catechins.
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Kimutai S, Wanyoko J, Kinyanjui T, Karori S, Muthiani A, Wachira F. Determination of Residual Catechins, Polyphenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Developed Theaflavin-3,3’-Digallate Rich Black Teas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2016.73020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Inai M, Asakawa T, Kan T. Synthesis of Food Effective Constituents toward the Development for Chemical Biology Investigations. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Janssen CI, Zerbi V, Mutsaers MP, Jochems M, Vos CA, Vos JO, Berg BM, van Tol EA, Gross G, Jouni ZE, Heerschap A, Kiliaan AJ. Effect of perinatally supplemented flavonoids on brain structure, circulation, cognition, and metabolism in C57BL/6J mice. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:157-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Matsui T. Condensed catechins and their potential health-benefits. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:495-502. [PMID: 26386288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Condensed catechins are commonly present in fermented tea, and are produced by the oxidation of monomeric catechins. Due to their auto-oxidation, catechins have diverse structural features, including different binding modes and degrees of polymerization. Because of their structural complexity, their physiological functions and possible health-benefits have not yet been fully investigated. This review focuses on the physiological potentials of dimeric and trimeric catechins in the intestine (regulation of absorption across the intestinal membrane), blood vessels (vasorelaxation in vessel regulation), and muscle organs (promotion of glucose uptake resulting in an anti-diabetic effect). Furthermore, the roles of non-absorbable theaflavins (dimeric catechins), absorbable theasinensins (dimeric catechins), and absorbable procyanidins (dimeric and trimeric catechins) on target organs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Matsui
- Division of Bioresources and Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Leung FP, Yung LM, Ngai CY, Cheang WS, Tian XY, Lau CW, Zhang Y, Liu J, Chen ZY, Bian ZX, Yao X, Huang Y. Chronic black tea extract consumption improves endothelial function in ovariectomized rats. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1963-72. [PMID: 26276555 PMCID: PMC4949301 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Menopause escalates the risk of cardiovascular diseases in women. There is an unmet need for better treatment strategy for estrogen-deficiency-related cardiovascular complications. Here we investigated the impact of chronic black tea extract (BT) consumption on cardiovascular function and lipid metabolism using a rat model of estrogen deficiency. Methods Female Sprague–Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with BT (15 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks; active ingredients: theaflavins) or estrogen (E2) treatment for 4 weeks. Serum was collected for measuring cholesterol, triacylglycerol and estradiol levels. Changes in vascular reactivity were examined. The protein levels of NADPH oxidases were assessed by Western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured using dihydroethidium fluorescence imaging. The concentrations of cGMP were measured using ELISA kit. Results Aortic rings from control, BT-treated and E2-treated OVX rats exhibited a greater increase in Phe-induced contraction after inhibition of NO synthase compared with those from OVX rats. ACh-induced endothelium-dependent relaxations were augmented in aortae and renal arteries in BT/E2-treated OVX rats than in OVX rats. BT/E2 treatment improved flow-mediated dilatation in small mesenteric resistance arteries of OVX rats. BT/E2 treatment restored the eNOS phosphorylation level and reversed the up-regulation of NADPH oxidases and ROS overproduction in OVX rat aortae. ACh-stimulated cGMP production was significantly elevated in the aortae from BT- and E2-treated rats compared with those from OVX rats. BT/E2 treatment reduced circulating levels of total cholesterol. Conclusions The present study reveals the novel benefits of chronic BT consumption to reverse endothelial dysfunction and favorably modifying cholesterol profile in a rat model of estrogen deficiency and provides insights into developing BT as beneficial dietary supplements for postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fung Ping Leung
- Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lai Ming Yung
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ching Yuen Ngai
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai San Cheang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Yu Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Anti-atherosclerotic activity of catechins depends on their stereoisomerism. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Suresh D, Nethravathi PC, Lingaraju K, Rajanaika H, Sharma SC, Nagabhushana H. EGCG assisted green synthesis of ZnO nanopowders: Photodegradative, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 136 Pt C:1467-1474. [PMID: 25459708 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanopowders were synthesized by solution combustion method using Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) a tea catechin as fuel. The structure and morphology of the product was characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, photoluminescence and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The nanopowders (Nps) were subjected to photocatalytic and biological activities such as antimicrobial and antioxidant studies. PXRD patterns demonstrate that the formed product belongs to hexagonal wurtzite system. SEM images show that the particles are agglomerated to form sponge like structure and the average crystallite sizes were found to be ∼10-20nm. PL spectra exhibit broad and strong peak at 590nm due to the Zn-vacancies, and O-vacancies. The prepared ZnO Nps exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity for the photodegradation of malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB) indicating that the ZnO NPs are potential photocatalytic semiconductor materials. ZnO NPs exhibit significant bactericidal activity against Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar well diffusion method. Furthermore, the ZnO nano powders show good antioxidant activity by potentially scavenging DPPH radicals. The study successfully demonstrates synthesis of ZnO NPs by simple ecofriendly route employing EGCG as fuel that exhibit superior photodegradative, antibacterial and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Suresh
- Department of Studies and Research in Chemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur, Karnataka 572 103, India.
| | - P C Nethravathi
- Department of Studies and Research in Chemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur, Karnataka 572 103, India
| | - K Lingaraju
- Department of Studies and Research in Environmental Science, Tumkur University, Tumkur, Karnataka 572 103, India
| | - H Rajanaika
- Department of Studies and Research in Environmental Science, Tumkur University, Tumkur, Karnataka 572 103, India
| | - S C Sharma
- Chattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, Chattisgarh, India
| | - H Nagabhushana
- Prof. C.N.R. Rao Centre for Advanced Materials, Tumkur University, Tumkur, Karnataka 572 103, India
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Fußbroich D, Schubert R, Schneider P, Zielen S, Beermann C. Impact of soyasaponin I on TLR2 and TLR4 induced inflammation in the MUTZ-3-cell model. Food Funct 2015; 6:1001-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory capacity of SoSa I is based on influencing both monocytic TLR2- and TLR4-induced inflammation by inhibiting whole bacteria more effectively than their appropriate PAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fußbroich
- Department of Food Technology
- University of Applied Sciences
- Fulda
- Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Department of Allergology
- Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis
- Children's Hospital
- Goethe-University
- Frankfurt/Main
| | - Petra Schneider
- Department of Food Technology
- University of Applied Sciences
- Fulda
- Germany
| | - Stefan Zielen
- Department of Allergology
- Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis
- Children's Hospital
- Goethe-University
- Frankfurt/Main
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Siddique YH, Jyoti S, Naz F. Effect of epicatechin gallate dietary supplementation on transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. J Diet Suppl 2014; 11:121-30. [PMID: 24670116 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.859207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and aggregation of alpha synuclein (αS) in the brain. The role of epicatechin gallate (EG) was studied on the transgenic Drosophila model of flies expressing normal human alpha synuclein (h-αS) in the neurons. The objectives of the present work include the study of the effect of EG on the climbing ability, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in the brain of PD model flies. These flies exhibit locomotor dysfunction as the age progresses. EG at final concentration of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 μg/mL was supplemented in diet and flies were allowed to feed for 24 days. The climbing ability was assessed after 24 days. The supplementation of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 μg/mL of EG showed a dose-dependent significant delay in the loss of climbing ability and reduced the oxidative stress and apoptosis in the brain of PD model flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
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Dias PM, Changarath J, Damodaran A, Joshi MK. Compositional variation among black tea across geographies and their potential influence on endothelial nitric oxide and antioxidant activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6655-6668. [PMID: 24990074 DOI: 10.1021/jf501611w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Black tea (C. sinensis) consumption is well associated with enhanced endothelial function (EF) and reduced cardiovascular (CV) risk. This clinical end benefit is endorsed to flavonoids in tea. The black tea flavonoid composition varies across geographies and may impact its health benefits. Moreover, the underlying functional species and a precise working mechanism responsible for the observed health benefit also remain to be investigated. In this Article, we investigated the effect of black teas from various geographies (WoBTs) on different working mechanisms (antioxidant potential and endothelial function) proposed to influence certain risk factors of CVH, in vitro. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the antioxidant benefits are fairly influenced by majority of tea actives such as catechins, theaflavins, thearubigins, and phenolic acids, while NO potentiating effects are mainly regulated by catechins in black tea. The data also suggest that the net vascular function benefit of black tea is majorly influenced by NO enhancement, while mildly contributed by its antioxidant benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mark Dias
- Unilever R&D , Bangalore, #64, Main Road Whitefield, Bangalore-560066, India
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Murad HAS, Abdallah HM. Black tea extract and its thearubigins relieve the sildenafil-induced delayed gut motility in mice: a possible role of nitric oxide. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1687-91. [PMID: 24895242 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study we hypothesize that a standardized black tea aqueous extract (BTE) and thearubigins, its main polyphenolic pigments, will improve sildenafil-induced delay in gastric emptying (GE) and small intestinal transit (SIT) in mice. Twenty groups of mice (n = 8) were given a phenol red meal, and three sets of experiments were performed. In the first and second sets, effects of different concentrations of BTE, thearubigins (TRs), and sildenafil (SLD), alone and in combinations, on GE and SIT were measured. In the third set, influence of nω -Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME) pretreatment on effects of these treatments was tested. Black tea extract (3% and 4.5%) and thearubigins (50 and 60 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased GE and SIT, whereas BTE 6% and thearubigins 70 mg/kg did not affect them. Sildenafil dose-dependently reduced both GE and SIT. Combination of metoclopramide, BTE 4.5%, thearubigins 60, or l-NAME with sildenafil (5 mg/kg) reversed its motility-delaying effects. Pretreatment with l-NAME followed by BTE 4.5%, thearubigins 60, BTE 4.5% + sildenafil 5, or thearubigins 60 + sildenafil 5 only partially affected the accelerating effects of BTE 4.5% and thearubigins 60. In conclusion, a standardized BTE and its thearubigins improve the sildenafil-induced delayed gut motility in mice. This improvement was partially blocked by l-NAME suggesting a possible role of nitric oxide. Thus, BTE 4.5% or TRs 60 mg/kg solution could be considered a reliever therapy for the sildenafil-induced dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam A S Murad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Narotzki B, Reznick AZ, Navot-Mintzer D, Dagan B, Levy Y. Green tea and vitamin E enhance exercise-induced benefits in body composition, glucose homeostasis, and antioxidant status in elderly men and women. J Am Coll Nutr 2014; 32:31-40. [PMID: 24015697 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.767661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of green tea plus vitamin E in addition to exercise on body composition and metabolic and antioxidant parameters in healthy elderly individuals. DESIGN Interventional randomized controlled prospective trial. METHODS For 12 weeks, 22 elderly men and women (age: 71.1 ± 1.2 years; body mass index: 28.3 ± 0.5 kg/m(2) [mean ± SE]) undertook 30 minutes of moderately intense walking 6 d/wk. They were randomly assigned to ingest either green tea plus vitamin E (GTVE; 3 cups and 400 IU, respectively; n = 11) or placebo (n = 11). Data on anthropometrics, fasting insulin and glucose levels, physical fitness, dietary intake, safety parameters, and biomarkers of oxidation status were recorded and analyzed at the start and end of the study. RESULTS Though dietary intake was unchanged, improved exercise capacity was followed by a significant reduction in body weight and fasting insulin levels in all participants. Additional consumption of GTVE resulted in a twofold increase in serum vitamin E (from 20.4 to 40.6 μmol/L, p < 0.001) and a decrease of men's and women's waist circumferences (from 100.8 and 95.7 to 96.9 and 85.0 cm, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) and fasting glucose levels (from 5.30 to 4.98 mmol/L, p < 0.01). Plasma protein carbonyls dropped (from 0.93 to 0.77 nmol/mg protein, p < 0.05), whereas erythrocyte catalase activities increased (from 26.7 to 29.7 U/g hemoglobin, p < 0.05) in the GTVE group only. Oral peroxidase activities were increased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS A daily dose of GTVE in healthy elderly men and women may improve exercise-induced benefits in body composition and glucose tolerance and may also lower oxidative burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Narotzki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Grassi D, Desideri G, Di Giosia P, De Feo M, Fellini E, Cheli P, Ferri L, Ferri C. Tea, flavonoids, and cardiovascular health: endothelial protection. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1660S-1666S. [PMID: 24172308 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that tea consumption might protect against the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The endothelium plays a pivotal role in arterial homeostasis. Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability with endothelial dysfunction is considered the earliest step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction has been considered an important and independent predictor of future development of cardiovascular risk and events. The association between brachial NO-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and cardiovascular disease risk has been investigated in several prospective studies, suggesting that FMD is inversely associated with future cardiovascular events. Dietary flavonoids and tea consumption have been described to improve endothelial function and FMD. A proposed mechanism by which dietary flavonoids could affect FMD is that they improve the bioactivity of the endothelium-derived vasodilator NO by enhancing NO synthesis or by decreasing superoxide-mediated NO breakdown. This could be of clinical relevance and may suggest a mechanistic explanation for the reduced risk of cardiovascular events and stroke observed among tea drinkers in the different studies. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the relation between tea consumption and cardiovascular disease, with a focus on clinical implications resulting from the beneficial effects of tea consumption on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Grassi
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy (DG, GD, PDG, MDF, EF, PC, and CF); and University "Sapienza"-II Faculty of Medicine, Rome, Italy (LF)
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Abstract
Green and black teas contain different biologically active polyphenolic compounds that might offer protection against a variety of human diseases. Although promising experimental and clinical data have shown protective effects, limited information is available on how these beneficial effects of tea polyphenols are mediated at the cellular level. Evidence is accumulating that catechins in green tea as well as theaflavins and thearubigins from black tea are the substances responsible for the physiologic effects of tea in vitro. The green tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is generally considered to be the biologically most active compound in vitro. The changes in the activities of various protein kinases, growth factors, and transcription factors represent a common mechanism involved in cellular effects of tea polyphenols. In addition to modification of intracellular signaling by activation of cellular receptors, it was shown that, at least for EGCG, tea polyphenols can enter the cells and directly interact with their molecular targets within cells. There, they frequently result in opposite effects in primary compared with tumor cells. Although tea polyphenols were long regarded as antioxidants, research in recent years has uncovered their prooxidant properties. The use of high nonphysiologic concentrations in many cell culture studies raises questions about the biological relevance of the observed effects for the in vivo situation. Efforts to attribute functional effects in vivo to specific molecular targets at the cellular level are still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lorenz
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, CCM, Berlin, Germany
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Green tea diet decreases PCB 126-induced oxidative stress in mice by up-regulating antioxidant enzymes. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:126-35. [PMID: 24378064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Superfund chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls pose a serious human health risk due to their environmental persistence and link to multiple diseases. Selective bioactive food components such as flavonoids have been shown to ameliorate PCB toxicity, but primarily in an in vitro setting. Here, we show that mice fed a green tea-enriched diet and subsequently exposed to environmentally relevant doses of coplanar PCB exhibit decreased overall oxidative stress primarily due to the up-regulation of a battery of antioxidant enzymes. C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat diet supplemented with green tea extract (GTE) for 12 weeks and exposed to 5 μmol PCB 126/kg mouse weight (1.63 mg/kg-day) on weeks 10, 11 and 12 (total body burden: 4.9 mg/kg). F2-isoprostane and its metabolites, established markers of in vivo oxidative stress, measured in plasma via HPLC-MS/MS exhibited fivefold decreased levels in mice supplemented with GTE and subsequently exposed to PCB compared to animals on a control diet exposed to PCB. Livers were collected and harvested for both messenger RNA and protein analyses, and it was determined that many genes transcriptionally controlled by aryl hydrocarbon receptor and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 proteins were up-regulated in PCB-exposed mice fed the green tea-supplemented diet. An increased induction of genes such as SOD1, GSR, NQO1 and GST, key antioxidant enzymes, in these mice (green tea plus PCB) may explain the observed decrease in overall oxidative stress. A diet supplemented with green tea allows for an efficient antioxidant response in the presence of PCB 126, which supports the emerging paradigm that healthful nutrition may be able to bolster and buffer a physiological system against the toxicities of environmental pollutants.
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Feng L, Yan Z, Sun B, Cai C, Jiang H, Kua EH, Ng TP, Qiu C. Tea consumption and depressive symptoms in older people in rural China. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61:1943-7. [PMID: 24117348 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between tea consumption and depressive symptoms in Chinese older people and to explore the mediating role of cerebrovascular disease in the association. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional study. SETTING A rural community near Qufu in Shandong, China. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling individuals aged 60 and older (mean 68.6; 59.3% female) from the Confucius Hometown Aging Project (N = 1,368). MEASUREMENTS Data were collected through interviews, clinical examinations, and psychological testing, following a standard procedure. Presence of high depressive symptoms was defined as a score of 5 or greater on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. RESULTS Of the 1,368 participants, 165 (12.1%) were weekly and 489 (35.7%) were daily tea consumers. Compared with no or irregular tea consumption, controlling for age, sex, education, leisure activities, number of comorbidities, and Mini-Mental State Examination score, the odds ratios of having high depressive symptoms were 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.56-1.32) for weekly and 0.59 (95% CI = 0.43-0.81) for daily tea consumption (P for linear trend = .001); the linear trend of the association remained statistically significant when further controlling for history of stroke, transient ischemic attacks, and presence of carotid plaques. CONCLUSIONS Daily tea consumption is associated with a lower likelihood of depressive symptoms in Chinese older people living in a rural community. The association appears to be independent of cerebrovascular disease and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
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Synthesis of alginate-curcumin nanocomposite and its protective role in transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 2013:794582. [PMID: 24171120 PMCID: PMC3793296 DOI: 10.1155/2013/794582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genetic models in Drosophila provide a platform to understand the mechanism associated with degenerative diseases. The model for Parkinson's disease (PD) based on normal human alpha-synuclein (αS) expression was used in the present study. The aggregation of αS in brain leads to the formation of Lewy bodies and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons due to oxidative stress. Polyphenols generally have the reduced oral bioavailability, increased metabolic turnover, and lower permeability through the blood brain barrier. In the present study, the effect of synthesized alginate-curcumin nanocomposite was studied on the climbing ability of the PD model flies, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in the brain of PD model flies. The alginate-curcumin nanocomposite at final doses of 10−5, 10−3, and 10−1 g/mL was supplemented with diet, and the flies were allowed to feed for 24 days. A significant dose-dependent delay in the loss of climbing ability and reduction in the oxidative stress and apoptosis in the brain of PD model flies were observed. The results suggest that alginate-curcumin nanocomposite is potent in delaying the climbing disability of PD model flies and also reduced the oxidative stress as well as apoptosis in the brain of PD model flies.
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Vidyasagar R, Greyling A, Draijer R, Corfield DR, Parkes LM. The effect of black tea and caffeine on regional cerebral blood flow measured with arterial spin labeling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:963-8. [PMID: 23486295 PMCID: PMC3677118 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Black tea consumption has been shown to improve peripheral vascular function. Its effect on brain vasculature is unknown, though tea contains small amounts of caffeine, a psychoactive substance known to influence cerebral blood flow (CBF). We investigated the effects on CBF due to the intake of tea components in 20 healthy men in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study. On separate days, subjects received a single dose of 184 mg caffeine (equivalent to one strong espresso coffee), 2,820 mg black tea solids containing 184 mg caffeine (equivalent to 6 cups of tea), 2,820 mg decaffeinated black tea solids, or placebo. The CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to hypercapnia were measured with arterial spin labeled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and 2 hours after administration. We found a significant global reduction with caffeine (20%) and tea (21%) in gray matter CBF, with no effect of decaffeinated tea, suggesting that only caffeine influences CBF acutely. Voxelwise analysis revealed the effect of caffeine to be regionally specific. None of the interventions had an effect on CVR. Additional research is required to conclude on the physiologic relevance of these findings and the chronic effects of caffeine and tea intake on CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishma Vidyasagar
- Centre for Imaging Sciences, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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GC–MS analysis of Eucalyptus citriodora leaf extract and its role on the dietary supplementation in transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hossain MZ, Gilbert SF, Patel K, Ghosh S, Bhunia AK, Kern SE. Biological clues to potent DNA-damaging activities in food and flavoring. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:557-67. [PMID: 23402862 PMCID: PMC3608747 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Population differences in age-related diseases and cancer could stem from differences in diet. To characterize DNA strand-breaking activities in selected foods/beverages, flavorings, and some of their constituent chemicals, we used p53R cells, a cellular assay sensitive to such breaks. Substances testing positive included reference chemicals: quinacrine (peak response, 51×) and etoposide (33×); flavonoids: EGCG (19×), curcumin (12×), apigenin (9×), and quercetin (7×); beverages: chamomile (11×), green (21×), and black tea (26×) and coffee (3-29×); and liquid smoke (4-28×). Damage occurred at dietary concentrations: etoposide near 5μg/ml produced responses similar to a 1:1000 dilution of liquid smoke, a 1:20 dilution of coffee, and a 1:5 dilution of tea. Pyrogallol-related chemicals and tannins are present in dietary sources and individually produced strong activity: pyrogallol (30×), 3-methoxycatechol (25×), gallic acid (21×), and 1,2,4-benzenetriol (21×). From structure-activity relationships, high activities depended on specific orientations of hydroxyls on the benzene ring. Responses accompanied cellular signals characteristic of DNA breaks such as H2AX phosphorylation. Breaks were also directly detected by comet assay. Cellular toxicological effects of foods and flavorings could guide epidemiologic and experimental studies of potential disease risks from DNA strand-breaking chemicals in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zulfiquer Hossain
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Samuel F. Gilbert
- Graduate Program in Human Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Kalpesh Patel
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Soma Ghosh
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Anil K. Bhunia
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Scott E. Kern
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Abstract
Research into the cognitive and mood effects of caffeine in human subjects has highlighted some fairly robust and well-accepted effects. However, the majority of these studies have focused on caffeine in isolation; whilst caffeine is normally consumed in the form of plant-derived products and extracts that invariably contain other potentially bioactive phytochemicals. The aim of the present review is to consider the possible mechanisms of action of co-occurring phytochemicals, and any epidemiological evidence suggesting that they contribute to potential health benefits ascribed to caffeine. Intervention studies to date that have been conducted to explore the effects on brain function of the non-caffeine components in caffeine-bearing plants (coffee, tea, cocoa, guaraná), either alone or in combination with caffeine, will also be summarised. Research is beginning to accumulate showing independent effects for several of the phytochemicals that co-occur with caffeine, and/or a modulation of the effects of caffeine when it is co-consumed with these naturally concomitant phytochemicals. The present review highlights that more research aimed at understanding the effects of these compounds is needed and, more importantly, the synergistic relationship that they may have with caffeine.
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