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Luo J, Lu J, Yan H, Li Q, Panfilov AV, Li TC. Unpinning and elimination of spiral waves and turbulence through local optogenetical illumination. Phys Rev E 2024; 110:024218. [PMID: 39295036 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.110.024218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Spiral waves in cardiac tissue have been identified as a significant factor leading to life-threatening arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of such waves and exploring strategies for their elimination have garnered substantial interest and emerged as crucial research objectives. Spiral waves often become pinned (trapped) at anatomical obstacles in cardiac tissue, resulting in increased stability and posing challenges for their elimination. The unpinning of spiral waves can be achieved through the application of an external electric field and has been the subject of previous research. Recently, optogenetics has emerged as an alternative method to modulate electrical activity by illumination of cardiac tissue. In this paper, we employ mathematical modeling to investigate the potential of utilizing local illumination to unpin and eliminate spiral waves in cardiac tissue. We also extend this methodology to explore the effects of more complex turbulent excitation patterns. We conduct simulations using low-dimensional (Barkley) and ionic (Fenton-Karma) models of cardiac tissue, incorporating optogenetical channels. Our findings demonstrate that local suprathreshold illumination can successfully unpin spiral waves in 100% of cases. Notably, unlike unpinning by electrical field stimulation, this approach does not necessitate precise timing of stimulus application during a specific phase of rotation. Additionally, we demonstrate that periodic optogenetical stimulation can effectively eliminate both unpinned spiral waves and turbulence by moving them toward the boundary via an antitachycardia pacing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Luo
- School of Mathematics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
- School of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Jiangsu Center for Applied Mathematics (CUMT), XuZhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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2
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Hussaini S, Mamyraiym Kyzy A, Schröder-Schetelig J, Lädke SL, Venkatesan V, Diaz-Maue L, Quiñonez Uribe RA, Richter C, Biktashev VN, Majumder R, Krinski V, Luther S. Efficient termination of cardiac arrhythmias using optogenetic resonant feedback pacing. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2024; 34:031103. [PMID: 38526981 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Malignant cardiac tachyarrhythmias are associated with complex spatiotemporal excitation of the heart. The termination of these life-threatening arrhythmias requires high-energy electrical shocks that have significant side effects, including tissue damage, excruciating pain, and worsening prognosis. This significant medical need has motivated the search for alternative approaches that mitigate the side effects, based on a comprehensive understanding of the nonlinear dynamics of the heart. Cardiac optogenetics enables the manipulation of cellular function using light, enhancing our understanding of nonlinear cardiac function and control. Here, we investigate the efficacy of optically resonant feedback pacing (ORFP) to terminate ventricular tachyarrhythmias using numerical simulations and experiments in transgenic Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts. We show that ORFP outperforms the termination efficacy of the optical single-pulse (OSP) approach. When using ORFP, the total energy required for arrhythmia termination, i.e., the energy summed over all pulses in the sequence, is 1 mJ. With a success rate of 50%, the energy per pulse is 40 times lower than with OSP with a pulse duration of 10 ms. We demonstrate that even at light intensities below the excitation threshold, ORFP enables the termination of arrhythmias by spatiotemporal modulation of excitability inducing spiral wave drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hussaini
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Lower Saxony, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - A Mamyraiym Kyzy
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - J Schröder-Schetelig
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Lower Saxony, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - S L Lädke
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - V Venkatesan
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - L Diaz-Maue
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Lower Saxony, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Research Electronics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - R A Quiñonez Uribe
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Lower Saxony, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - C Richter
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Lower Saxony, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- WG Cardiovascular Optogenetics, Lab Animal Science Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - V N Biktashev
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - R Majumder
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Lower Saxony, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - V Krinski
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - S Luther
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organisation, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Lower Saxony, Göttingen 37075, Germany
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3
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Portero V, Deng S, Boink GJJ, Zhang GQ, de Vries A, Pijnappels DA. Optoelectronic control of cardiac rhythm: Toward shock-free ambulatory cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. J Intern Med 2024; 295:126-145. [PMID: 37964404 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, progressive in nature, and known to have a negative impact on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Patients requiring acute termination of AF to restore sinus rhythm are subjected to electrical cardioversion, which requires sedation and therefore hospitalization due to pain resulting from the electrical shocks. However, considering the progressive nature of AF and its detrimental effects, there is a clear need for acute out-of-hospital (i.e., ambulatory) cardioversion of AF. In the search for shock-free cardioversion methods to realize such ambulatory therapy, a method referred to as optogenetics has been put forward. Optogenetics enables optical control over the electrical activity of cardiomyocytes by targeted expression of light-activated ion channels or pumps and may therefore serve as a means for cardioversion. First proof-of-principle for such light-induced cardioversion came from in vitro studies, proving optogenetic AF termination to be very effective. Later, these results were confirmed in various rodent models of AF using different transgenes, illumination methods, and protocols, whereas computational studies in the human heart provided additional translational insight. Based on these results and fueled by recent advances in molecular biology, gene therapy, and optoelectronic engineering, a basis is now being formed to explore clinical translations of optoelectronic control of cardiac rhythm. In this review, we discuss the current literature regarding optogenetic cardioversion of AF to restore normal rhythm in a shock-free manner. Moreover, key translational steps will be discussed, both from a biological and technological point of view, to outline a path toward realizing acute shock-free ambulatory termination of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Portero
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shanliang Deng
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J J Boink
- Department of Medical Biology, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guo Qi Zhang
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine de Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël A Pijnappels
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Tolstik E, Lehnart SE, Soeller C, Lorenz K, Sacconi L. Cardiac multiscale bioimaging: from nano- through micro- to mesoscales. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:212-227. [PMID: 37806897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac multiscale bioimaging is an emerging field that aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the heart and its functions at various levels, from the molecular to the entire organ. It combines both physiologically and clinically relevant dimensions: from nano- and micrometer resolution imaging based on vibrational spectroscopy and high-resolution microscopy to assess molecular processes in cardiac cells and myocardial tissue, to mesoscale structural investigations to improve the understanding of cardiac (patho)physiology. Tailored super-resolution deep microscopy with advanced proteomic methods and hands-on experience are thus strategically combined to improve the quality of cardiovascular research and support future medical decision-making by gaining additional biomolecular information for translational and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Tolstik
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Translational Research, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Cellular Biophysics and Translational Cardiology Section, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 42a, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells (MBExC2067), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Collaborative Research Center SFB1190 Compartmental Gates and Contact Sites in Cells, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Soeller
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bühlplatz 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Translational Research, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy; Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Freiburg, Elsässer Strasse 2q, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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Hussaini S, Lädke SL, Schröder-Schetelig J, Venkatesan V, Quiñonez Uribe RA, Richter C, Majumder R, Luther S. Dissolution of spiral wave's core using cardiac optogenetics. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011660. [PMID: 38060618 PMCID: PMC10729946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotating spiral waves in the heart are associated with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. These arrhythmias are treated by a process called defibrillation, which forces electrical resynchronization of the heart tissue by delivering a single global high-voltage shock directly to the heart. This method leads to immediate termination of spiral waves. However, this may not be the only mechanism underlying successful defibrillation, as certain scenarios have also been reported, where the arrhythmia terminated slowly, over a finite period of time. Here, we investigate the slow termination dynamics of an arrhythmia in optogenetically modified murine cardiac tissue both in silico and ex vivo during global illumination at low light intensities. Optical imaging of an intact mouse heart during a ventricular arrhythmia shows slow termination of the arrhythmia, which is due to action potential prolongation observed during the last rotation of the wave. Our numerical studies show that when the core of a spiral is illuminated, it begins to expand, pushing the spiral arm towards the inexcitable boundary of the domain, leading to termination of the spiral wave. We believe that these fundamental findings lead to a better understanding of arrhythmia dynamics during slow termination, which in turn has implications for the improvement and development of new cardiac defibrillation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayedeh Hussaini
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah L. Lädke
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schröder-Schetelig
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vishalini Venkatesan
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raúl A. Quiñonez Uribe
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Richter
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
- WG Cardiovascular Optogenetics, Lab Animal Science Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rupamanjari Majumder
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Luther
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, Göttingen University, Germany
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6
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Ohnemus S, Vierock J, Schneider-Warme F. Optogenetics meets physiology. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1369-1373. [PMID: 38047968 PMCID: PMC10730680 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ohnemus
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Schneider-Warme
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Pyari G, Bansal H, Roy S. Optogenetically mediated large volume suppression and synchronized excitation of human ventricular cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1479-1503. [PMID: 37415050 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in cardiac optogenetics is to have minimally invasive large volume excitation and suppression for effective cardioversion and treatment of tachycardia. It is important to study the effect of light attenuation on the electrical activity of cells in in vivo cardiac optogenetic experiments. In this computational study, we present a detailed analysis of the effect of light attenuation in different channelrhodopsins (ChRs)-expressing human ventricular cardiomyocytes. The study shows that sustained illumination from the myocardium surface used for suppression, simultaneously results in spurious excitation in deeper tissue regions. Tissue depths of suppressed and excited regions have been determined for different opsin expression levels. It is shown that increasing the expression level by 5-fold enhances the depth of suppressed tissue from 2.24 to 3.73 mm with ChR2(H134R) (ChR2 with a single point mutation at position H134), 3.78 to 5.12 mm with GtACR1 (anion-conducting ChR from cryptophyte algae Guillardia theta) and 6.63 to 9.31 mm with ChRmine (a marine opsin gene from Tiarina fusus). Light attenuation also results in desynchrony in action potentials in different tissue regions under pulsed illumination. It is further shown that gradient-opsin expression not only enables suppression up to the same level of tissue depth but also enables synchronized excitation under pulsed illumination. The study is important for the effective treatment of tachycardia and cardiac pacing and for extending the scale of cardiac optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur Pyari
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Himanshu Bansal
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Sukhdev Roy
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India.
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8
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Hussaini S, Majumder R, Krinski V, Luther S. In silico optical modulation of spiral wave trajectories in cardiac tissue. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1453-1461. [PMID: 38095694 PMCID: PMC10730633 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation are common precursors to sudden cardiac death. They are associated with the occurrence of abnormal electrical spiral waves in the heart that rotate at a high frequency. In severe cases, arrhythmias are combated with a clinical method called defibrillation, which involves administering a single global high-voltage shock to the heart to reset all its activity and restore sinus rhythm. Despite its high efficiency in controlling arrhythmias, defibrillation is associated with several negative side effects that render the method suboptimal. The best approach to optimize this therapeutic technique is to deepen our understanding of the dynamics of spiral waves. Here, we use computational cardiac optogenetics to study and control the dynamics of a single spiral wave in a two-dimensional, electrophysiologically detailed, light-sensitive model of a mouse ventricle. First, we illuminate the domain globally by applying a sequence of periodic optical pulses with different frequencies in the sub-threshold regime where no excitation wave is induced. In doing so, we obtain epicycloidal, hypocycloidal, and resonant drift trajectories of the spiral wave core. Then, to effectively control the wave dynamics, we use a method called resonant feedback pacing. In this approach, each global optical pulse is applied when the measuring electrode positioned on the domain registers a predefined value of the membrane voltage. This enables us to steer the spiral wave in a desired direction determined by the position of the electrode. Our study thus provides valuable mechanistic insights into the success or failure of global optical stimulation in executing efficient arrhythmia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayedeh Hussaini
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany.
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg, 37077, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany.
| | - Rupamanjari Majumder
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg, 37077, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Valentin Krinski
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg, 37077, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Stefan Luther
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany.
- Research Group Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg, 37077, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany.
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9
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Ren H, Cheng Y, Wen G, Wang J, Zhou M. Emerging optogenetics technologies in biomedical applications. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20230026. [PMID: 39188295 PMCID: PMC11235740 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20230026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a cutting-edge technology that merges light control and genetics to achieve targeted control of tissue cells. Compared to traditional methods, optogenetics offers several advantages in terms of time and space precision, accuracy, and reduced damage to the research object. Currently, optogenetics is primarily used in pathway research, drug screening, gene expression regulation, and the stimulation of molecule release to treat various diseases. The selection of light-sensitive proteins is the most crucial aspect of optogenetic technology; structural changes occur or downstream channels are activated to achieve signal transmission or factor release, allowing efficient and controllable disease treatment. In this review, we examine the extensive research conducted in the field of biomedicine concerning optogenetics, including the selection of light-sensitive proteins, the study of carriers and delivery devices, and the application of disease treatment. Additionally, we offer critical insights and future implications of optogenetics in the realm of clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryHepatobiliary InstituteNanjing Drum Tower HospitalMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Vascular SurgeryThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Gaolin Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryHepatobiliary InstituteNanjing Drum Tower HospitalMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryHepatobiliary InstituteNanjing Drum Tower HospitalMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular SurgeryThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
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Marchal GA, Biasci V, Yan P, Palandri C, Campione M, Cerbai E, Loew LM, Sacconi L. Recent advances and current limitations of available technology to optically manipulate and observe cardiac electrophysiology. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1357-1366. [PMID: 37770585 PMCID: PMC10567935 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics, utilising light-reactive proteins to manipulate tissue activity, are a relatively novel approach in the field of cardiac electrophysiology. We here provide an overview of light-activated transmembrane channels (optogenetic actuators) currently applied in strategies to modulate cardiac activity, as well as newly developed variants yet to be implemented in the heart. In addition, we touch upon genetically encoded indicators (optogenetic sensors) and fluorescent dyes to monitor tissue activity, including cardiac transmembrane potential and ion homeostasis. The combination of the two allows for all-optical approaches to monitor and manipulate the heart without any physical contact. However, spectral congestion poses a major obstacle, arising due to the overlap of excitation/activation and emission spectra of various optogenetic proteins and/or fluorescent dyes, resulting in optical crosstalk. Therefore, optogenetic proteins and fluorescent dyes should be carefully selected to avoid optical crosstalk and consequent disruptions in readouts and/or cellular activity. We here present a novel approach to simultaneously monitor transmembrane potential and cytosolic calcium, while also performing optogenetic manipulation. For this, we used the novel voltage-sensitive dye ElectroFluor 730p and the cytosolic calcium indicator X-Rhod-1 in mouse hearts expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). By exploiting the isosbestic point of ElectroFluor 730p and avoiding the ChR2 activation spectrum, we here introduce a novel optical imaging and manipulation approach with minimal crosstalk. Future developments in both optogenetic proteins and fluorescent dyes will allow for additional and more optimised strategies, promising a bright future for all-optical approaches in the field of cardiac electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Biasci
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy-LENS, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ping Yan
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Chiara Palandri
- Department NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marina Campione
- Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR) and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cerbai
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy-LENS, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Department NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Leslie M Loew
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), Florence, Italy.
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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Nyns ECA, Portero V, Deng S, Jin T, Harlaar N, Bart CI, van Brakel TJ, Palmen M, Hjortnaes J, Ramkisoensing AA, Zhang GQ, Poelma RH, Ördög B, de Vries AAF, Pijnappels DA. Light transmittance in human atrial tissue and transthoracic illumination in rats support translatability of optogenetic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. J Intern Med 2023; 294:347-357. [PMID: 37340835 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optogenetics could offer a solution to the current lack of an ambulatory method for the rapid automated cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF), but key translational aspects remain to be studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether optogenetic cardioversion of AF is effective in the aged heart and whether sufficient light penetrates the human atrial wall. METHODS Atria of adult and aged rats were optogenetically modified to express light-gated ion channels (i.e., red-activatable channelrhodopsin), followed by AF induction and atrial illumination to determine the effectivity of optogenetic cardioversion. The irradiance level was determined by light transmittance measurements on human atrial tissue. RESULTS AF could be effectively terminated in the remodeled atria of aged rats (97%, n = 6). Subsequently, ex vivo experiments using human atrial auricles demonstrated that 565-nm light pulses at an intensity of 25 mW/mm2 achieved the complete penetration of the atrial wall. Applying such irradiation onto the chest of adult rats resulted in transthoracic atrial illumination as evidenced by the optogenetic cardioversion of AF (90%, n = 4). CONCLUSION Transthoracic optogenetic cardioversion of AF is effective in the aged rat heart using irradiation levels compatible with human atrial transmural light penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile C A Nyns
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Portero
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shanliang Deng
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tianyi Jin
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Harlaar
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy I Bart
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Meindert Palmen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jesper Hjortnaes
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arti A Ramkisoensing
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guo Qi Zhang
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - René H Poelma
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Balázs Ördög
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine A F de Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daniël A Pijnappels
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
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12
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Bruegmann T, Sacconi L. The promise of optogenetic arrhythmia termination. J Intern Med 2023; 294:248-250. [PMID: 37308326 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), Florence, Italy
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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13
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Yan P, Acker CD, Biasci V, Judge G, Monroe A, Sacconi L, Loew LM. Near-infrared voltage-sensitive dyes based on chromene donor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305093120. [PMID: 37579138 PMCID: PMC10450434 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305093120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) are used to image electrical activity in cells and tissues with submillisecond time resolution. Most of these fast sensors are constructed from push-pull chromophores whose fluorescence spectra are modulated by the electric field across the cell membrane. It was found that the substitution of naphthalene with chromene produces a 60 to 80 nm red-shift in absorption and emission spectra while maintaining fluorescence quantum efficiency and voltage sensitivity. One dye was applied to ex vivo murine heart with excitation at 730 nm, by far the longest wavelength reported in voltage imaging. This VSD resolves cardiac action potentials in single trials with 12% ΔF/F per action potential. The well-separated excitation spectra between these long-wavelength VSDs and channelrhodopsin (ChR2) enabled monitoring of action potential propagation in ChR2 hearts without any perturbation of electrical dynamics. Importantly, by employing spatially localized optogenetic manipulation, action potential dynamics can be assessed in an all-optical fashion with no artifact related to optical cross-talk between the reporter and actuator. These new environmentally sensitive chromene-based chromophores are also likely to have applications outside voltage imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yan
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT06030
| | - Corey D. Acker
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT06030
| | - Valentina Biasci
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Giuliana Judge
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT06030
| | - Alexa Monroe
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT06030
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Florence50139, Italy
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79110, Germany
| | - Leslie M. Loew
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT06030
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14
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Ochs AR, Boyle PM. Optogenetic Modulation of Arrhythmia Triggers: Proof-of-Concept from Computational Modeling. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:243-259. [PMID: 37810996 PMCID: PMC10550900 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) are secondary voltage depolarizations associated with reduced repolarization reserve (RRR) that can trigger lethal arrhythmias. Relating EADs to triggered activity is difficult to study, so the ability to suppress or provoke EADs would be experimentally useful. Here, we use computational simulations to assess the feasibility of subthreshold optogenetic stimulation modulating the propensity for EADs (cell-scale) and EAD-associated ectopic beats (organ-scale). Methods We modified a ventricular ionic model by reducing rapid delayed rectifier potassium (0.25-0.1 × baseline) and increasing L-type calcium (1.0-3.5 × baseline) currents to create RRR conditions with varying severity. We ran simulations in models of single cardiomyocytes and left ventricles from post-myocardial infarction patient MRI scans. Optogenetic stimulation was simulated using either ChR2 (depolarizing) or GtACR1 (repolarizing) opsins. Results In cell-scale simulations without illumination, EADs were seen for 164 of 416 RRR conditions. Subthreshold stimulation of GtACR1 reduced EAD incidence by up to 84.8% (25/416 RRR conditions; 0.1 μW/mm2); in contrast, subthreshold ChR2 excitation increased EAD incidence by up to 136.6% (388/416 RRR conditions; 50 μW/mm2). At the organ scale, we assumed simultaneous, uniform illumination of the epicardial and endocardial surfaces. GtACR1-mediated suppression (10-50 μW/mm2) and ChR2-mediated unmasking (50-100 μW/mm2) of EAD-associated ectopic beats were feasible in three distinct ventricular models. Conclusions Our findings suggest that optogenetics could be used to silence or provoke both EADs and EAD-associated ectopic beats. Validation in animal models could lead to exciting new experimental regimes and potentially to novel anti-arrhythmia treatments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00781-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R. Ochs
- Department of Bioengineering, UW Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE N107, UW Mailbox 355061, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Patrick M. Boyle
- Department of Bioengineering, UW Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE N107, UW Mailbox 355061, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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15
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Marchal GA, Biasci V, Loew LM, Biggeri A, Campione M, Sacconi L. Optogenetic manipulation of cardiac repolarization gradients using sub-threshold illumination. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1167524. [PMID: 37215182 PMCID: PMC10196067 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1167524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mechanisms underlying cardiac arrhythmias are typically driven by abnormalities in cardiac conduction and/or heterogeneities in repolarization time (RT) across the heart. While conduction slowing can be caused by either electrophysiological defects or physical blockade in cardiac tissue, RT heterogeneities are mainly related to action potential (AP) prolongation or abbreviation in specific areas of the heart. Importantly, the size of the area with altered RT and the difference between the short RT and long RT (RT gradient) have been identified as critical determinators of arrhythmogenicity. However, current experimental methods for manipulating RT gradient rely on the use of ion channel inhibitors, which lack spatial and temporal specificity and are commonly only partially reversible. Therefore, the conditions facilitating sustained arrhythmia upon the presence of RT heterogeneities and/or defects in cardiac conduction remain to be elucidated. Methods: We here employ an approach based on optogenetic stimulation in a low-intensity fashion (sub-threshold illumination), to selectively manipulate cardiac electrical activity in defined areas of the heart. Results: As previously described, subthreshold illumination is a robust tool able to prolong action potentials (AP), decrease upstroke velocity as well as slow cardiac conduction, in a fully reversible manner. By applying a patterned sub-threshold illumination in intact mouse hearts constitutively expressing the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), we optically manipulate RT gradients and cardiac conduction across the heart in a spatially selective manner. Moreover, in a proof-of-concept assessment we found that in the presence of patterned sub-threshold illumination, mouse hearts were more susceptible to arrhythmias. Hence, this optogenetic-based approach may be able to mimic conduction slowing and RT heterogeneities present in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A. Marchal
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy—LENS, Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics (INO-CNR), Florence, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Biasci
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy—LENS, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Leslie M. Loew
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Annibale Biggeri
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marina Campione
- Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR) and Department of Biomedical Science University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Nakao M, Watanabe M, Miquerol L, Natsui H, Koizumi T, Kadosaka T, Koya T, Hagiwara H, Kamada R, Temma T, de Vries AAF, Anzai T. Optogenetic termination of atrial tachyarrhythmias by brief pulsed light stimulation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 178:9-21. [PMID: 36965700 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The most efficient way to acutely restore sinus rhythm from atrial fibrillation (AF) is electrical cardioversion, which is painful without adequate sedation. Recent studies in various experimental models have indicated that optogenetic termination of AF using light-gated ion channels may provide a myocardium-specific and potentially painless alternative future therapy. However, its underlying mechanism(s) remain(s) incompletely understood. As brief pulsed light stimulation, even without global illumination, can achieve optogenetic AF termination, besides direct conduction block also modulation of action potential (AP) properties may be involved in the termination mechanism. We studied the relationship between optogenetic AP duration (APD) and effective refractory period (ERP) prolongation by brief pulsed light stimulation and termination of atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT). METHODS AND RESULTS Hearts from transgenic mice expressing the H134R variant of channelrhodopsin-2 in atrial myocytes were explanted and perfused retrogradely. AT induced by electrical stimulation was terminated by brief pulsed blue light stimulation (470 nm, 10 ms, 16 mW/mm2) with 68% efficacy. The termination rate was dependent on pulse duration and light intensity. Optogenetically imposed APD and ERP changes were systematically examined and optically monitored. Brief pulsed light stimulation (10 ms, 6 mW/mm2) consistently prolonged APD and ERP when light was applied at different phases of the cardiac action potential. Optical tracing showed light-induced APD prolongation during the termination of AT. CONCLUSION Our results directly demonstrate that cationic channelrhodopsin activation by brief pulsed light stimulation prolongs the atrial refractory period suggesting that this is one of the key mechanisms of optogenetic termination of AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Nakao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaya Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Lucile Miquerol
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, Campus de Luminy Case 907, CEDEX 9, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Hiroyuki Natsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Koizumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahide Kadosaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taro Koya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hagiwara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rui Kamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taro Temma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Antoine A F de Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Toshihisa Anzai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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Optical modulation of excitation-contraction coupling in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. iScience 2023; 26:106121. [PMID: 36879812 PMCID: PMC9984557 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-genetic photostimulation is a novel and rapidly growing multidisciplinary field that aims to induce light-sensitivity in living systems by exploiting exogeneous phototransducers. Here, we propose an intramembrane photoswitch, based on an azobenzene derivative (Ziapin2), for optical pacing of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). The light-mediated stimulation process has been studied by applying several techniques to detect the effect on the cell properties. In particular, we recorded changes in membrane capacitance, in membrane potential (Vm), and modulation of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. Finally, cell contractility was analyzed using a custom MATLAB algorithm. Photostimulation of intramembrane Ziapin2 causes a transient Vm hyperpolarization followed by a delayed depolarization and action potential firing. The observed initial electrical modulation nicely correlates with changes in Ca2+ dynamics and contraction rate. This work represents the proof of principle that Ziapin2 can modulate electrical activity and contractility in hiPSC-CMs, opening up a future development in cardiac physiology.
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18
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Ripplinger CM, Glukhov AV, Kay MW, Boukens BJ, Chiamvimonvat N, Delisle BP, Fabritz L, Hund TJ, Knollmann BC, Li N, Murray KT, Poelzing S, Quinn TA, Remme CA, Rentschler SL, Rose RA, Posnack NG. Guidelines for assessment of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias in small animals. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1137-H1166. [PMID: 36269644 PMCID: PMC9678409 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00439.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although recent advances in cell-based models, including human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM), are contributing to our understanding of electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms, preclinical animal studies of cardiovascular disease remain a mainstay. Over the past several decades, animal models of cardiovascular disease have advanced our understanding of pathological remodeling, arrhythmia mechanisms, and drug effects and have led to major improvements in pacing and defibrillation therapies. There exist a variety of methodological approaches for the assessment of cardiac electrophysiology and a plethora of parameters may be assessed with each approach. This guidelines article will provide an overview of the strengths and limitations of several common techniques used to assess electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms at the whole animal, whole heart, and tissue level with a focus on small animal models. We also define key electrophysiological parameters that should be assessed, along with their physiological underpinnings, and the best methods with which to assess these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Ripplinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Alexey V Glukhov
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department Physiology, University Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
- Veterans Affairs Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, California
| | - Brian P Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf with DZHK Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J Hund
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Na Li
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine T Murray
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Steven Poelzing
- Virginia Tech Carilon School of Medicine, Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - T Alexander Quinn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stacey L Rentschler
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert A Rose
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nikki G Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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