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Mao S, Huang X, Chen R, Zhang C, Diao Y, Li Z, Wang Q, Tang S, Guo S. STW-MD: a novel spatio-temporal weighting and multi-step decision tree method for considering spatial heterogeneity in brain gene expression data. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae051. [PMID: 38385881 PMCID: PMC10883420 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene expression during brain development or abnormal development is a biological process that is highly dynamic in spatio and temporal. Previous studies have mainly focused on individual brain regions or a certain developmental stage. Our motivation is to address this gap by incorporating spatio-temporal information to gain a more complete understanding of brain development or abnormal brain development, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and to identify potential determinants of response. In this study, we propose a novel two-step framework based on spatial-temporal information weighting and multi-step decision trees. This framework can effectively exploit the spatial similarity and temporal dependence between different stages and different brain regions, and facilitate differential gene analysis in brain regions with high heterogeneity. We focus on two datasets: the AD dataset, which includes gene expression data from early, middle and late stages, and the brain development dataset, spanning fetal development to adulthood. Our findings highlight the advantages of the proposed framework in discovering gene classes and elucidating their impact on brain development and AD progression across diverse brain regions and stages. These findings align with existing studies and provide insights into the processes of normal and abnormal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjun Mao
- Department of Statistics, Hunan University, Shijiachong Road, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Statistics, Hunan University, Shijiachong Road, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Runjiu Chen
- Department of Statistics, Hunan University, Shijiachong Road, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Hunan University, Shijiachong Road, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Yizhu Diao
- Department of Statistics, Hunan University, Shijiachong Road, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Central University of Finance and Economics
| | - Qingzhe Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Shan Tang
- Department of Statistics, Hunan University, Shijiachong Road, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Shuixia Guo
- MOE-LCSM, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Lushan Road, Changsha 410000, China
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2
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Banerjee S, Smith IM, Hengen AC, Stroka KM. Methods for studying mammalian aquaporin biology. Biol Methods Protoc 2023; 8:bpad031. [PMID: 38046463 PMCID: PMC10689382 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane water-conducting channels, have earned a great deal of scrutiny for their critical physiological roles in healthy and disease cell states, especially in the biomedical field. Numerous methods have been implemented to elucidate the involvement of AQP-mediated water transport and downstream signaling activation in eliciting whole cell, tissue, and organ functional responses. To modulate these responses, other methods have been employed to investigate AQP druggability. This review discusses standard in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods for studying AQPs, especially for biomedical and mammalian cell biology applications. We also propose some new techniques and approaches for future AQP research to address current gaps in methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohini Banerjee
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States
| | - Ian M Smith
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States
| | - Autumn C Hengen
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States
| | - Kimberly M Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore MD 21201, United States
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore MD 21201, United States
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3
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Mohammed SR, Elmasry K, El-Gamal R, El-Shahat MA, Sherif RN. Alteration of Aquaporins 1 and 4 immunohistochemical and gene expression in the cerebellum of diabetic albino rat. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102076. [PMID: 36989704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane channel proteins. AQP1 and AQP4 are expressed in cerebellum amongst others. This study was designed to assess the effect of diabetes on AQP1 and AQP4 expression in cerebellum of rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin 45 mg/kg in 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Six rats from control and diabetic groups were sacrificed at one, four, and eight weeks post diabetic confirmation. After eight weeks, measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and cerebellar mRNA expression for AQP1 and AQP4 genes were performed. Immunohistochemical evaluation of AQP1, AQP4, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for cerebellar sections was performed for all groups. Diabetes caused degenerative changes in Purkinje cells with a significant increase in the cerebellar level of MDA and AQP1 immunoreactivity and a significant decrease in GSH level and AQP4 expression levels. However, the alteration in the AQP1 mRNA level was not statistically significant. GFAP immunoreactivity was increased in 8 W diabetic rats following its decrease in 1 W diabetic rats. Diabetes caused some alteration in the AQPs 1 and 4 expression in the cerebellum of diabetic rats which may contribute to diabetes-induced cerebellar complications.
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Yamada K. Multifaceted Roles of Aquaporins in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076528. [PMID: 37047501 PMCID: PMC10095057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is highly dependent on water, and disturbances in water homeostasis can have a significant impact on its normal functions. The regulation of water balance is, at least in part, carried out via specialized water channels called aquaporins. In the central nervous system, two major aquaporins (AQPs), AQP1 and AQP4, and their potential involvements have been long implicated in the pathophysiology of many brain disorders such as brain edema and Neuromyelitis optica. In addition to these diseases, there is growing attention to the involvement of AQPs in the removal of waste products in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This indicates that targeting fluid homeostasis is a novel and attractive approach for AD. This review article aims to summarize recent knowledge on the pathological implications of AQPs in AD, discussing unsolved questions and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yamada
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Amro Z, Ryan M, Collins-Praino LE, Yool AJ. Unexpected Classes of Aquaporin Channels Detected by Transcriptomic Analysis in Human Brain Are Associated with Both Patient Age and Alzheimer’s Disease Status. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030770. [PMID: 36979749 PMCID: PMC10045580 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The altered expression of known brain Aquaporin (AQP) channels 1, 4 and 9 has been correlated with neuropathological AD progression, but possible roles of other AQP classes in neurological disease remain understudied. The levels of transcripts of all thirteen human AQP subtypes were compared in healthy and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains by statistical analyses of microarray RNAseq expression data from the Allen Brain Atlas database. Previously unreported, AQPs 0, 6 and 10, are present in human brains at the transcript level. Three AD-affected brain regions, hippocampus (HIP), parietal cortex (PCx) and temporal cortex (TCx), were assessed in three subgroups: young controls (n = 6, aged 24–57); aged controls (n = 26, aged 78–99); and an AD cohort (n = 12, aged 79–99). A significant positive correlation (p < 10−10) was seen for AQP transcript levels as a function of the subject’s age in years. Differential expressions correlated with brain region, age, and AD diagnosis, particularly between the HIP and cortical regions. Interestingly, three classes of AQPs (0, 6 and 8) upregulated in AD compared to young controls are permeable to H2O2. Of these, AQPs 0 and 8 were increased in TCx and AQP6 in HIP, suggesting a role of AQPs in AD-related oxidative stress. The outcomes here are the first to demonstrate that the expression profile of AQP channels in the human brain is more diverse than previously thought, and transcript levels are influenced by both age and AD status. Associations between reactive oxygen stress and neurodegenerative disease risk highlight AQPs 0, 6, 8 and 10 as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zein Amro
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Matthew Ryan
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | - Andrea J. Yool
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Ishida Y, Nosaka M, Ishigami A, Kondo T. Forensic application of aquaporins. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 63:102249. [PMID: 37060638 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of water channel proteins that primarily elicit the basic functions of water transport and osmotic homeostasis. To date, at least 17 mammalian AQPs have been identified, AQP-0 to -12 have been found in higher orders including human, and AQP-13 to -16 have been described in older lineages. Moreover, these proteins have recently been shown to regulate many biological processes through unique activities, such as cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and mitochondrial metabolism. Several studies have focused on the involvement of AQPs in cell biology aspect, showing that they are involved in a variety of physiological processes and pathophysiological conditions. Furthermore, in the field of forensic medicine, studies on whether AQPs can be a useful marker for diagnosing various causes of death have been conducted using autopsy samples and animal experiments, which have produced interesting results. Herein, we review certain observations regarding AQPs and discuss their potential to contribute to the future practice of forensic research.
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Li X, Yang B. Non-Transport Functions of Aquaporins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:65-80. [PMID: 36717487 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been more than 20 years since the first aquaporin was discovered, the specific functions of many aquaporins are still under investigation, because various mice lacking aquaporins have no significant phenotypes. And in many studies, the function of aquaporin is not directly related to its transport function. Therefore, this chapter will focus on some unexpected functions of aquaporins, such the decreased tumor angiogenesis in AQP1 knockout mice, and AQP1 promotes cell migration, possibly by accelerating the water transport in lamellipodia of migrating cells. AQP transports glycerol, and water regulates glycerol content in epidermis and fat, thereby regulating skin hydration/biosynthesis and fat metabolism. AQPs may also be involved in neural signal transduction, cell volume regulation, and organelle physiology. AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5 are also involved in cell proliferation. In addition, AQPs have also been reported to play roles in inflammation in various tissues and organs. The functions of these AQPs may not depend on the permeability of small molecules such as water and glycerol, suggesting AQPs may play more roles in different biological processes in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Xiao M, Hou J, Xu M, Li S, Yang B. Aquaporins in Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:99-124. [PMID: 36717489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) mediate water flux between the four distinct water compartments in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present chapter, we mainly focus on the expression and function of the nine AQPs expressed in the CNS, which include five members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP8; three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9; and one member of superaquaporin subfamily: AQP11. In addition, AQP1, AQP2, and AQP4 expressed in the peripheral nervous system are also reviewed. AQP4, the predominant water channel in the CNS, is involved both in the astrocyte swelling of cytotoxic edema and the resolution of vasogenic edema and is of pivotal importance in the pathology of brain disorders such as neuromyelitis optica, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, AQP4 has been demonstrated as a functional regulator of recently discovered glymphatic system that is a main contributor to clearance of toxic macromolecule from the brain. Other AQPs are also involved in a variety of important physiological and pathological process in the brain. It has been suggested that AQPs could represent an important target in treatment of brain disorders like cerebral edema. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathological significance of AQPs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoyu Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Wang B, Liu W, Sun F. Nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 5 alleviates Alzheimer's disease-like pathological characteristics in a cell model. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1034766. [PMID: 36568274 PMCID: PMC9773259 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1034766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the most common dementias of neurodegenerative disease-related diseases. Nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 5 (NAP1L5) belongs to the NAP1L protein family, which acts as a histone chaperone. However, the function and mechanism of NAP1L5 in AD are still unclear. Bioinformatics analysis, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting results showed that NAP1L5 was downregulated in the brain tissues of AD patients and a mouse cell model of AD. NAP1L5 overexpression alleviated (Amyloid-β precursor protein) APP metabolism and Tau phosphorylation. We further demonstrated that NAP1L5 regulated the AD-like pathological characteristics through the GSK3B/Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, we showed that the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway, regulated by NAP1L5, was mediated by AQP1-mediated mechanism in N2a-APP695sw cell. In sum, these results suggested that NAP1L5 overexpression has neuroprotective effects and might act as potential biomarker and target for the diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiying Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Weiying Liu,
| | - Fengxian Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,Fengxian Sun,
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Insight into the Mammalian Aquaporin Interactome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179615. [PMID: 36077012 PMCID: PMC9456110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane water channels expressed in all living organisms. AQPs facilitate osmotically driven water flux across biological membranes and, in some cases, the movement of small molecules (such as glycerol, urea, CO2, NH3, H2O2). Protein-protein interactions play essential roles in protein regulation and function. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the AQP interactomes and addresses the molecular basis and functional significance of these protein-protein interactions in health and diseases. Targeting AQP interactomes may offer new therapeutic avenues as targeting individual AQPs remains challenging despite intense efforts.
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The Water Transport System in Astrocytes–Aquaporins. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162564. [PMID: 36010640 PMCID: PMC9406552 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highlights (AQPs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for fast water movement across cell membranes, including those of astrocytes. The expression and subcellular localization of AQPs in astrocytes are highly dynamic under physiological and pathological conditions. Besides their primary function in water homeostasis, AQPs participate in many ancillary functions including glutamate clearance in tripartite synapses and cell migration.
Abstract Astrocytes have distinctive morphological and functional characteristics, and are found throughout the central nervous system. Astrocytes are now known to be far more than just housekeeping cells in the brain. Their functions include contributing to the formation of the blood–brain barrier, physically and metabolically supporting and communicating with neurons, regulating the formation and functions of synapses, and maintaining water homeostasis and the microenvironment in the brain. Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for fast water movement across cell membranes. Various subtypes of AQPs (AQP1, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP8 and AQP9) have been reported to be expressed in astrocytes, and the expressions and subcellular localizations of AQPs in astrocytes are highly correlated with both their physiological and pathophysiological functions. This review describes and summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of astrocytes and AQPs in regard to controlling water homeostasis in the brain. Findings regarding the features of different AQP subtypes, such as their expression, subcellular localization, physiological functions, and the pathophysiological roles of astrocytes are presented, with brain edema and glioma serving as two representative AQP-associated pathological conditions. The aim is to provide a better insight into the elaborate “water distribution” system in cells, exemplified by astrocytes, under normal and pathological conditions.
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Antequera D, Carrero L, Cunha Alves V, Ferrer I, Hernández-Gallego J, Municio C, Carro E. Differentially Aquaporin 5 Expression in Submandibular Glands and Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071645. [PMID: 35884950 PMCID: PMC9312791 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired brain clearance mechanisms may result in the accumulation of aberrant proteins that define Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The water channel protein astrocytic aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is essential for brain amyloid-β clearance, but it is known to be abnormally expressed in AD brains. The expression of AQPs is differentially regulated during diverse brain injuries, but, whereas AQP4 expression and function have been studied in AD, less is known about AQP5. AQP5 functions include not only water transport but also cell migration mediated by cytoskeleton regulation. Moreover, AQP5 has been reported to be expressed in astrocytes, which are regulated after ischemic and traumatic injury. Additionally, AQP5 is particularly abundant in the salivary glands suggesting that it may be a crucial factor in gland dysfunction associated with AD. Herein, we aim to determine whether AQP5 expression in submandibular glands and the brain was altered in AD. First, we demonstrated impaired AQP5 expression in submandibular glands in APP/PS1 mice and AD patients. Subsequently, we observed that AQP5 expression was upregulated in APP/PS1 cerebral cortex and confirmed its expression both in astrocytes and neurons. Our findings propose AQP5 as a significant role player in AD pathology, in addition to AQP4, representing a potential target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Antequera
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laura Carrero
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Victoria Cunha Alves
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Hernández-Gallego
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Municio
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (E.C.); Tel.: +34-918223995 (C.M.); +34-918223995 (E.C.)
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (E.C.); Tel.: +34-918223995 (C.M.); +34-918223995 (E.C.)
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Cho Y, Bae HG, Okun E, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Physiology and pharmacology of amyloid precursor protein. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108122. [PMID: 35114285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein and a well-characterized precursor protein of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, which accumulate in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathologies. Aβ has been extensively investigated since the amyloid hypothesis in AD was proposed. Besides Aβ, previous studies on APP and its proteolytic cleavage products have suggested their diverse pathological and physiological functions. However, their roles still have not been thoroughly understood. In this review, we extensively discuss the evolutionarily-conserved biology of APP, including its structure and processing pathway, as well as recent findings on the physiological roles of APP and its fragments in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. We have also elaborated upon the current status of APP-targeted therapeutic approaches for AD treatment by discussing inhibitors of several proteases participating in APP processing, including α-, β-, and γ-secretases. Finally, we have highlighted the future perspectives pertaining to further research and the potential clinical role of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsuk Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Pauld Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Israel
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Uchida Y, Kan H, Sakurai K, Horimoto Y, Hayashi E, Iida A, Okamura N, Oishi K, Matsukawa N. APOE ɛ4 dose associates with increased brain iron and β-amyloid via blood-brain barrier dysfunction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:jnnp-2021-328519. [PMID: 35483916 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 dose on blood-brain barrier (BBB) clearance function, evaluated using an advanced MRI technique and analyse its correlation with brain iron and β-amyloid accumulation in the early stages of the Alzheimer's continuum. METHODS In this single-centre observational prospective cohort study, 24 APOE ɛ4 non-carriers, 22 heterozygotes and 20 homozygotes in the early stages of the Alzheimer's continuum were scanned with diffusion-prepared arterial spin labelling, which estimates the water exchange rate across the BBB (kw). Participants also underwent quantitative susceptibility mapping, [11C]Pittsburgh compound B-positron emission tomography and neuropsychological testing. Using an atlas-based approach, we compared the regional kw of the whole brain among the groups and analysed its correlation with the neuroradiological and neuropsychological findings. RESULTS The BBB kw values in the neocortices differed significantly among the groups (APOE ɛ4 non-carriers>heterozygotes>homozygotes). These values correlated with brain iron levels (frontal lobe: r=-0.476, 95% CI=-0.644 to -0.264, p=0.011; medial temporal lobe: r=-0.455, 95% CI=-0.628 to -0.239, p=0.017), β-amyloid loads (frontal lobe: r=-0.504, 95% CI=-0.731 to -0.176, p=0.015; medial temporal lobe: r=-0.452, 95% CI=-0.699 to -0.110, p=0.036) and neuropsychological scores, after adjusting for age, sex and APOE ɛ4 dose. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that an increased APOE ɛ4 dose is associated with decreased effective brain-waste clearance, such as iron and β-amyloid, through the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Uchida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Toyokawa City Hospital, Toyokawa, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kan
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keita Sakurai
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Horimoto
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City Rehabilitation Center Group, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Emi Hayashi
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City Rehabilitation Center Group, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiko Iida
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City Rehabilitation Center Group, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oishi
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Liu Y, Hu PP, Zhai S, Feng WX, Zhang R, Li Q, Marshall C, Xiao M, Wu T. Aquaporin 4 deficiency eliminates the beneficial effects of voluntary exercise in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2079-2088. [PMID: 35142700 PMCID: PMC8848602 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous study showed that the protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4), which is specifically expressed on the paravascular processes of astrocytes, is necessary for glymphatic clearance of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) from the brain, which can delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease. However, it is not known whether AQP4-regulated glymphatic clearance of extracellular Aβ is involved in beneficial effects of exercise in AD patients. Our results showed that after 2 months of voluntary wheel exercise, APP/PS1 mice that were 3 months old at the start of the intervention exhibited a decrease in Aβ burden, glial activation, perivascular AQP4 mislocalization, impaired glymphatic transport, synapse protein loss, and learning and memory defects compared with mice not subjected to the exercise intervention. In contrast, APP/PS1 mice that were 7 months old at the start of the intervention exhibited impaired AQP4 polarity and reduced glymphatic clearance of extracellular Aβ, and the above-mentioned impairments were not alleviated after the 2-month exercise intervention. Compared with age-matched APP/PS1 mice, AQP4 knockout APP/PS1 mice had more serious defects in glymphatic function, Aβ plaque deposition, and cognitive impairment, which could not be alleviated after the exercise intervention. These findings suggest that AQP4-dependent glymphatic transport is the neurobiological basis for the beneficial effects of voluntary exercises that protect against the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pan-Pan Hu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University; Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuang Zhai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University; Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Charles Marshall
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, USA
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University; Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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16
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Dutta A, Das M. Deciphering the Role of Aquaporins in Metabolic Diseases: A Mini Review. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:148-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Narrative Review of Russian, Ukrainian and English-Language Publications Investigating the Effects of Photobiomodulation on Red Blood Cell Physiology. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2022; 40:98-111. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2021.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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18
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Prangenberg J, Doberentz E, Madea B. Mini Review: Forensic Value of Aquaporines. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:793140. [PMID: 34977094 PMCID: PMC8718671 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.793140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic pathologists are routinely confronted with unclear causes of death or findings. In some scenarios, it can be difficult to answer the specific questions posed by criminal investigators or prosecutors. Such scenarios may include questions about wound vitality or causes of death when typical or landmark findings are difficult to find. In addition to the usual subsequent examinations to clarify unclear causes of death or special questions, immunohistochemical analysis has become increasingly important since its establishment in the early 40s of the 20th century. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to determine the usefulness and significance of immunohistochemical investigations on various structures and proteins. These proteins include, for example, aquaporins, which belong to the family of water channels. They enable the transport of water and of small molecules, such as glycerol, through biological channels and so far, 13 classes of aquaporins could have been identified in vertebrates. The classic aquaporin channels 1, 2, 4 and 5 are only permeable to water. The aquaporin channels 3, 7, 9, and 10 are also called aquaglycerolporins since they can also transport glycerol. This mini review discusses the immunohistochemical research on aquaporins, their range of applications, and respective forensic importance, their current limitations, and possible further implementations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elke Doberentz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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19
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Gold BT, Shao X, Sudduth TL, Jicha GA, Wilcock DM, Seago ER, Wang DJ. Water exchange rate across the blood-brain barrier is associated with CSF amyloid-β 42 in healthy older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:2020-2029. [PMID: 33949773 PMCID: PMC8717840 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested if water exchange across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), estimated with a noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, is associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neuropsychological function. METHODS Forty cognitively normal older adults (67-86 years old) were scanned with diffusion-prepared, arterial spin labeling (DP-ASL), which estimates water exchange rate across the BBB (kw ). Participants also underwent CSF draw and neuropsychological testing. Multiple linear regression models were run with kw as a predictor of CSF concentrations and neuropsychological scores. RESULTS In multiple brain regions, BBB kw was positively associated with CSF amyloid beta (Aβ)42 concentration levels. BBB kw was only moderately associated with neuropsychological performance. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that low water exchange rate across the BBB is associated with low CSF Aβ42 concentration. These findings suggest that kw may be a promising noninvasive indicator of BBB Aβ clearance functions, a possibility which should be further tested in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Gold
- Department of NeuroscienceSanders‐Brown Center on AgingLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Sanders‐Brown Center on AgingLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy CenterCollege of MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT)Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Gregory A. Jicha
- Sanders‐Brown Center on AgingLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Department of NeurologySanders‐Brown Center on AgingLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- Sanders‐Brown Center on AgingLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Department of PhysiologySanders‐Brown Center on AgingLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Elayna R. Seago
- Department of NeuroscienceSanders‐Brown Center on AgingLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Danny J.J. Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT)Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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20
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Disturbance of phylogenetic layer-specific adaptation of human brain gene expression in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20200. [PMID: 34642398 PMCID: PMC8511061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with typical neuropathological hallmarks, such as neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, preferentially found at layers III and V. The distribution of both hallmarks provides the basis for the staging of AD, following a hierarchical pattern throughout the cerebral cortex. To unravel the background of this layer-specific vulnerability, we evaluated differential gene expression of supragranular and infragranular layers and subcortical white matter in both healthy controls and AD patients. We identified AD-associated layer-specific differences involving protein-coding and non-coding sequences, most of those present in the subcortical white matter, thus indicating a critical role for long axons and oligodendrocytes in AD pathomechanism. In addition, GO analysis identified networks containing synaptic vesicle transport, vesicle exocytosis and regulation of neurotransmitter levels. Numerous AD-associated layer-specifically expressed genes were previously reported to undergo layer-specific switches in recent hominid brain evolution between layers V and III, i.e., those layers that are most vulnerable to AD pathology. Against the background of our previous finding of accelerated evolution of AD-specific gene expression, here we suggest a critical role in AD pathomechanism for this phylogenetic layer-specific adaptation of gene expression, which is most prominently seen in the white matter compartment.
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21
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Viejo L, Noori A, Merrill E, Das S, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A. Systematic review of human post-mortem immunohistochemical studies and bioinformatics analyses unveil the complexity of astrocyte reaction in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 48:e12753. [PMID: 34297416 PMCID: PMC8766893 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Reactive astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have traditionally been demonstrated by increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity; however, astrocyte reaction is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon involving multiple astrocyte functions beyond cytoskeletal remodelling. To better understand astrocyte reaction in AD, we conducted a systematic review of astrocyte immunohistochemical studies in post-mortem AD brains followed by bioinformatics analyses on the extracted reactive astrocyte markers. METHODS NCBI PubMed, APA PsycInfo and WoS-SCIE databases were interrogated for original English research articles with the search terms 'Alzheimer's disease' AND 'astrocytes.' Bioinformatics analyses included protein-protein interaction network analysis, pathway enrichment, and transcription factor enrichment, as well as comparison with public human -omics datasets. RESULTS A total of 306 articles meeting eligibility criteria rendered 196 proteins, most of which were reported to be upregulated in AD vs control brains. Besides cytoskeletal remodelling (e.g., GFAP), bioinformatics analyses revealed a wide range of functional alterations including neuroinflammation (e.g., IL6, MAPK1/3/8 and TNF), oxidative stress and antioxidant defence (e.g., MT1A/2A, NFE2L2, NOS1/2/3, PRDX6 and SOD1/2), lipid metabolism (e.g., APOE, CLU and LRP1), proteostasis (e.g., cathepsins, CRYAB and HSPB1/2/6/8), extracellular matrix organisation (e.g., CD44, MMP1/3 and SERPINA3), and neurotransmission (e.g., CHRNA7, GABA, GLUL, GRM5, MAOB and SLC1A2), among others. CTCF and ESR1 emerged as potential transcription factors driving these changes. Comparison with published -omics datasets validated our results, demonstrating a significant overlap with reported transcriptomic and proteomic changes in AD brains and/or CSF. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review of the neuropathological literature reveals the complexity of AD reactive astrogliosis. We have shared these findings as an online resource available at www.astrocyteatlas.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Viejo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ayush Noori
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA.,MIND Data Science Lab, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Emily Merrill
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,MIND Data Science Lab, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,MIND Data Science Lab, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Charlestown, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Park J, Madan M, Chigurupati S, Baek SH, Cho Y, Mughal MR, Yu A, Chan SL, Pattisapu JV, Mattson MP, Jo DG. Neuronal Aquaporin 1 Inhibits Amyloidogenesis by Suppressing the Interaction Between Beta-Secretase and Amyloid Precursor Protein. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:23-31. [PMID: 32154567 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is a characteristic event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is a membrane water channel protein belonging to the AQP family. AQP1 levels are elevated in the cerebral cortex during the early stages of AD, but the role of AQP1 in AD pathogenesis is unclear. We first determined the expression and distribution of AQP1 in brain tissue samples of AD patients and two AD mouse models (3xTg-AD and 5xFAD). AQP1 accumulation was observed in vulnerable neurons in the cerebral cortex of AD patients, and in neurons affected by the Aβ or tau pathology in the 3xTg-AD and 5xFAD mice. AQP1 levels increased in neurons as aging progressed in the AD mouse models. Stress stimuli increased AQP1 in primary cortical neurons. In response to cellular stress, AQP1 appeared to translocate to endocytic compartments of β- and γ-secretase activities. Ectopic expression of AQP1 in human neuroblastoma cells overexpressing amyloid precussir protein (APP) with the Swedish mutations reduced β-secretase (BACE1)-mediated cleavage of APP and reduced Aβ production without altering the nonamyloidogenic pathway. Conversely, knockdown of AQP1 enhanced BACE1 activity and Aβ production. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that AQP1 decreased the association of BACE1 with APP. Analysis of a human database showed that the amount of Aβ decreases as the expression of AQP1 increases. These results suggest that the upregulation of AQP1 is an adaptive response of neurons to stress that reduces Aβ production by inhibiting the binding between BACE1 and APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Meenu Madan
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando
| | - Srinivasulu Chigurupati
- Bio-Imaging, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Yoonsuk Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mohamed R Mughal
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amin Yu
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando
| | - Sic L Chan
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando
| | - Jogi V Pattisapu
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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23
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Abstract
Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Disturbances in brain water homeostasis occur with pathologies such as brain oedema and hydrocephalus, in which fluid accumulation leads to elevated intracranial pressure. Targeted pharmacological treatments do not exist for these conditions owing to our incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing brain water transport. Historically, the transmembrane movement of brain water was assumed to occur as passive movement of water along the osmotic gradient, greatly accelerated by water channels termed aquaporins. Although aquaporins govern the majority of fluid handling in the kidney, they do not suffice to explain the overall brain water movement: either they are not present in the membranes across which water flows or they appear not to be required for the observed flow of water. Notably, brain fluid can be secreted against an osmotic gradient, suggesting that conventional osmotic water flow may not describe all transmembrane fluid transport in the brain. The cotransport of water is an unconventional molecular mechanism that is introduced in this Review as a missing link to bridge the gap in our understanding of cellular and barrier brain water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Ala M, Mohammad Jafari R, Hajiabbasi A, Dehpour AR. Aquaporins and diseases pathogenesis: From trivial to undeniable involvements, a disease-based point of view. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6115-6135. [PMID: 33559160 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs), as transmembrane proteins, were primarily identified as water channels with the ability of regulating the transmission of water, glycerol, urea, and other small-sized molecules. The classic view of AQPs involvement in therapeutic plan restricted them and their regulators into managing only a narrow spectrum of the diseases such as diabetes insipidus and the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. However, further investigations performed, especially in the third millennium, has found that their cooperation in water transmission control can be manipulated to handle other burden-imposing diseases such as cirrhosis, heart failure, Meniere's disease, cancer, bullous pemphigoid, eczema, and Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Hajiabbasi
- Guilan Rheumatology Research Center, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Sadashima S, Honda H, Suzuki SO, Shijo M, Aishima S, Kai K, Kira J, Iwaki T. Accumulation of Astrocytic Aquaporin 4 and Aquaporin 1 in Prion Protein Plaques. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:419-429. [PMID: 32167542 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease with P102L mutation and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with V180I mutation are 2 major hereditary prion diseases in Japan. GSS and some familial CJD [V180I] exhibit characteristic prion protein (PrP) plaques. Overexpression of the astrocytic water channel proteins aquaporin (AQP) 1 and AQP4 was recently reported in sporadic CJD. To clarify the pathological characteristics of AQP1 and AQP4 in prion disease patient brains with plaque-type deposition, we investigated 5 patients with GSS, 2 patients with CJD [V180I], and 2 age-matched control cases without neurological diseases using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence methods. We demonstrated that there is the intense expression of AQP1 and AQP4 around prion plaques, especially in distal astrocytic processes deep inside these plaques. Similar results have been reported in the senile plaques and ghost tangles of Alzheimer disease brains and a protective role of AQP4 in which AQP4 is redistributed toward the plaques and works as a barrier against the deleterious effects of these plaques has been suggested. Our results, which show a similar clustering of AQPs around PrP plaques, therefore support the possibility that AQPs also have a protective role in plaque formation in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Sadashima
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi O Suzuki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Junichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Tice C, McDevitt J, Langford D. Astrocytes, HIV and the Glymphatic System: A Disease of Disrupted Waste Management? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:523379. [PMID: 33134185 PMCID: PMC7550659 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.523379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the glial-lymphatic or glymphatic fluid clearance pathway in the rodent brain led researchers to search for a parallel system in humans and to question the implications of this pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed that several features of the glymphatic system may be present in humans. In both rodents and humans, this pathway promotes the exchange of interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the arterial perivascular spaces into the brain parenchyma. This process is facilitated in part by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels located primarily on astrocytic end feet that abut cerebral endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier. Decreased expression or mislocalization of AQP4 from astrocytic end feet results in decreased interstitial flow, thereby, promoting accumulation of extracellular waste products like hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau). Accumulation of pTau is a neuropathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is accompanied by mislocalization of APQ4 from astrocyte end feet to the cell body. HIV infection shares many neuropathological characteristics with AD. Similar to AD, HIV infection of the CNS contributes to abnormal aging with altered AQP4 localization, accumulation of pTau and chronic neuroinflammation. Up to 30% of people with HIV (PWH) suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), and changes in AQP4 may be clinically important as a contributor to cognitive disturbances. In this review, we provide an overview and discussion of the potential contributions of NeuroHIV to glymphatic system functions by focusing on astrocytes and AQP4. Although HAND encompasses a wide range of neurocognitive impairments and levels of neuroinflammation vary among and within PWH, the potential contribution of disruption in AQP4 may be clinically important in some cases. In this review we discuss implications for possible AQP4 disruption on NeuroHIV disease trajectory and how HIV may influence AQP4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Tice
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jane McDevitt
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Dasdelen D, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK. Aquaporins and Roles in Brain Health and Brain Injury. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:498-512. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191018142007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the literature screening, aquaporins were found in the cerebral structures including the pia mater, choroid plexus, ependyma, piriform cortex, hippocampus, dorsal thalamus, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, white matter and subcortical organ. Among these, the most common are AQP1, AQP4, and AQP9. The roles of aquaporins have been demonstrated in several diseases such as cerebral edema, various central nervous system tumors, Alzheimer’s Disease and epilepsy. In this review, the relationship between brain/brain-injury and aquaporin, has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervis Dasdelen
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Shi Q, Wu YZ, Yang X, Xiao K, Maimaitiming A, Gao LP, Chen C, Gao C, Guo Y, Dong XP. Significant enhanced expressions of aquaporin-1, -4 and -9 in the brains of various prion diseases. Prion 2020; 13:173-184. [PMID: 31814527 PMCID: PMC6746548 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1660487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are widely expressed in various types of tissues, among them AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 are expressed predominately with relatively special distributing features in various brain regions. The aberrant changes of AQP1 and AQP4 have been observed in the brains of Alzheimer disease (AD). To evaluate the underlying alteration of brain AQPs in prion diseases, scrapie strains of 139A, ME7 and S15 infected mice were tested in this study. Western blots revealed markedly increased levels of AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 in the brain tissues of all tested scrapie-infected mice collected at terminal stage. Analyses of the AQPs levels in the brain tissues collected at different time-points during incubation period showed time-dependent increased in 139A and ME7-infected mice, especially at the middle-late stage. The AQP1 levels also increased in the cortex regions of some human prion diseases, including the patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and G114V genetic CJD (gCJD). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays verified that the AQPs-positive cells were astrocyte-like morphologically; meanwhile, numerous various sizes of AQPs-positive particles and dots were also observable in the brain sections of scrapie-infected mice. Immunofluorescent assays (IFAs) illustrated that the signals of AQPs colocalized with those of the GFAP positive proliferative astrocytes, and more interestingly, appeared to overlap also with the signals of PrP in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Moreover, IHC assays with a commercial doublestain system revealed that distributing areas of AQPs overlapped not only with that of the activated large astrocytes, but also with that of abundantly deposited PrPSc in the brain tissues of scrapie murine models. Our data here propose the solid evidences that the expressions of brain AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 are all aberrantly enhanced in various murine models of scrapie infection. The closely anatomical association between the accumulated AQPs and deposited PrPSc in the brain tissues indicates that the abnormally increased water channel proteins participate in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Zhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Adalaiti Maimaitiming
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Transcriptomic and Network Analysis Identifies Shared and Unique Pathways across Dementia Spectrum Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062050. [PMID: 32192109 PMCID: PMC7139711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dementia is a growing public health concern with an estimated prevalence of 50 million people worldwide. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular and frontotemporal dementias (VaD, FTD), share many clinical, genetical, and pathological features making the diagnosis difficult. Methods: In this study, we compared the transcriptome from the frontal cortex of patients with AD, VaD, and FTD to identify dysregulated pathways. Results: Upregulated genes in AD were enriched in adherens and tight junctions, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B/Akt signaling pathways, whereas downregulated genes associated with calcium signaling. Upregulated genes in VaD were centered on infectious diseases and nuclear factor kappa beta signaling, whereas downregulated genes are involved in biosynthesis of amino acids and the pentose phosphate pathway. Upregulated genes in FTD were associated with ECM receptor interactions and the lysosome, whereas downregulated genes were involved in glutamatergic synapse and MAPK signaling. The transcription factor KFL4 was shared among the 3 types of dementia. Conclusions: Collectively, we identified similarities and differences in dysregulated pathways and transcription factors among the dementias. The shared pathways and transcription factors may indicate a potential common etiology, whereas the differences may be useful for distinguishing dementias.
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Chen Y, Chou T, Lin I, Chen C, Kao C, Huang G, Chen L, Wang P, Lin C, Tsai T. Upregulation of Cisd2 attenuates Alzheimer's-related neuronal loss in mice. J Pathol 2020; 250:299-311. [PMID: 31837018 PMCID: PMC7065100 DOI: 10.1002/path.5374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2 (Cisd2), a protein that declines in an age-dependent manner, mediates lifespan in mammals. Cisd2 deficiency causes accelerated aging and shortened lifespan, whereas persistent expression of Cisd2 promotes longevity in mice. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of senile dementia and is without an effective therapeutic strategy. We investigated whether Cisd2 upregulation is able to ameliorate amyloid β (Aβ) toxicity and prevent neuronal loss using an AD mouse model. Our study makes three major discoveries. First, using the AD mouse model (APP/PS1 double transgenic mice), the dosage of Cisd2 appears to modulate the severity of AD phenotypes. Cisd2 overexpression (∼two-fold) significantly promoted survival and alleviated the pathological defects associated with AD. Conversely, Cisd2 deficiency accelerated AD pathogenesis. Secondly, Cisd2 overexpression protected against Aβ-mediated mitochondrial damage and attenuated loss of neurons and neuronal progenitor cells. Finally, an increase in Cisd2 shifted the expression profiles of a panel of genes that are dysregulated by AD toward the patterns observed in wild-type mice. These findings highlight Cisd2-based therapies as a potential disease-modifying strategy for AD. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Fan Chen
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and TechnologyTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tzu‐Yu Chou
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome SciencesNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - I‐Hsuan Lin
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Guang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological SciencesNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Cheng‐Heng Kao
- Center of General EducationChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Guo‐Jen Huang
- Department of Biomedical ScienceChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Liang‐Kung Chen
- Aging and Health Research CenterNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Geriatric MedicineNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and GerontologyNeurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Ning Wang
- Aging and Health Research CenterNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Brain Research CenterNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNeurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ching‐Po Lin
- Aging and Health Research CenterNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Brain Research CenterNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of NeuroscienceNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ting‐Fen Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome SciencesNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Aging and Health Research CenterNational Yang‐Ming UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanTaiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical ResearchNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanTaiwan
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31
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Lutz BM, Peng J. Deep Profiling of the Aggregated Proteome in Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathology to Disease Mechanisms. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6040046. [PMID: 30424485 PMCID: PMC6313861 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease causing dementia, include protein aggregates such as amyloid beta plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in a patient’s brain. Understanding the complete composition and structure of protein aggregates in AD can shed light on the as-yet unidentified underlying mechanisms of AD development and progression. Biochemical isolation of aggregates coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) provides a comprehensive proteomic analysis of aggregates in AD. Dissection of these AD-specific aggregate components, such as U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (U1 snRNP), provides novel insights into the deregulation of RNA splicing in the disease. In this review, we summarize the methodologies of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and differential extraction to analyze the aggregated proteomes in AD samples, and discuss the derived novel insights that may contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Lutz
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Junmin Peng
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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32
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Halsey AM, Conner AC, Bill RM, Logan A, Ahmed Z. Aquaporins and Their Regulation after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2018; 7:E174. [PMID: 30340399 PMCID: PMC6210264 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury to the spinal cord, edema contributes to the underlying detrimental pathophysiological outcomes that lead to worsening of function. Several related membrane proteins called aquaporins (AQPs) regulate water movement in fluid transporting tissues including the spinal cord. Within the cord, AQP1, 4 and 9 contribute to spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced edema. AQP1, 4 and 9 are expressed in a variety of cells including astrocytes, neurons, ependymal cells, and endothelial cells. This review discusses some of the recent findings of the involvement of AQP in SCI and highlights the need for further study of these proteins to develop effective therapies to counteract the negative effects of SCI-induced edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Halsey
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Alex C Conner
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Roslyn M Bill
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Perez-Nievas BG, Serrano-Pozo A. Deciphering the Astrocyte Reaction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:114. [PMID: 29922147 PMCID: PMC5996928 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes were identified as a component of senile amyloid plaques in the cortex of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients several decades ago. However, their role in AD pathophysiology has remained elusive ever since, in part owing to the extrapolation of the literature from primary astrocyte cultures and acute brain injury models to a chronic neurodegenerative scenario. Recent accumulating evidence supports the idea that reactive astrocytes in AD acquire neurotoxic properties, likely due to both a gain of toxic function and a loss of their neurotrophic effects. However, the diversity and complexity of this glial cell is only beginning to be unveiled, anticipating that astrocyte reaction might be heterogeneous as well. Herein we review the evidence from mouse models of AD and human neuropathological studies and attempt to decipher the main conundrums that astrocytes pose to our understanding of AD development and progression. We discuss the morphological features that characterize astrocyte reaction in the AD brain, the consequences of astrocyte reaction for both astrocyte biology and AD pathological hallmarks, and the molecular pathways that have been implicated in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Alzheimer's Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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34
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Astrocyte Aquaporin Dynamics in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071121. [PMID: 27420057 PMCID: PMC4964496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of aquaporins (AQPs), membrane water channels, consists of diverse types of proteins that are mainly permeable to water; some are also permeable to small solutes, such as glycerol and urea. They have been identified in a wide range of organisms, from microbes to vertebrates and plants, and are expressed in various tissues. Here, we focus on AQP types and their isoforms in astrocytes, a major glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes have anatomical contact with the microvasculature, pia, and neurons. Of the many roles that astrocytes have in the CNS, they are key in maintaining water homeostasis. The processes involved in this regulation have been investigated intensively, in particular regulation of the permeability and expression patterns of different AQP types in astrocytes. Three aquaporin types have been described in astrocytes: aquaporins AQP1 and AQP4 and aquaglyceroporin AQP9. The aim here is to review their isoforms, subcellular localization, permeability regulation, and expression patterns in the CNS. In the human CNS, AQP4 is expressed in normal physiological and pathological conditions, but astrocytic expression of AQP1 and AQP9 is mainly associated with a pathological state.
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35
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Hoshi A, Tsunoda A, Yamamoto T, Tada M, Kakita A, Ugawa Y. Increased neuronal and astroglial aquaporin-1 immunoreactivity in rat striatum by chemical preconditioning with 3-nitropropionic acid. Neurosci Lett 2016; 626:48-53. [PMID: 27181510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is a water channel expressed in the choroid plexus and participates in forming cerebrospinal fluid. Interestingly, reactive astrocytes also express AQP1 in the central nervous system under some pathological conditions. On the other hand, 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) is a mitochondrial toxin that causes selective degeneration of striatum; however, its chemical preconditioning is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia. We previously reported that mild 3NP application is accompanied with numerous reactive astrocytes in rat striatum devoid of typical necrotic lesions. Therefore, we studied whether AQP1 in the rat striatum could be upregulated with reactive astrocytosis using the 3NP model. Immunohistochemical or immunofluorescence analysis showed that reactive astrocytosis in the striatum, which upregulates glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase, was induced by mild doses of 3NP administration. Intriguingly, after 3NP treatment, AQP1 was intensely expressed not only by the subpopulation of astroglia but also by neurons. The AQP1 immunoreactivity became more intensified at the early-subtoxic stage (ES: 24-48h), but not as much in the delayed-subtoxic stage (DS: 96-120h). In contrast, AQP4 expression in the striatum was downregulated after 3NP treatment, in particular during the ES stage. AQP1 upregulation/AQP4 downregulation induced under subtoxic 3NP treatment may play a pivotal role in water homeostasis and cell viability in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hoshi
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Ayako Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Teiji Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mari Tada
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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36
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Hoshi A, Tsunoda A, Tada M, Nishizawa M, Ugawa Y, Kakita A. Expression of Aquaporin 1 and Aquaporin 4 in the Temporal Neocortex of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:160-168. [PMID: 26919570 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The astrocytic water channel proteins aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) are known to be altered in brains affected by several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. However, AQP expression in brains affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been described in detail. Recently, it has been reported that α-synuclein (α-syn)-immunolabeled astrocytes show preferential distribution in several cerebral regions, including the neocortex, in patients with PD. Here, we investigated whether AQP expression is associated with α-syn deposition in the temporal neocortex of PD patients. In accordance with the consensus criteria for dementia with Lewy bodies, the patients were classified into neocortical (PDneo), limbic (PDlim), and brain stem (PDbs) groups. Expressions of α-syn, AQP1, and AQP4 in the temporal lobes of the individual PD patients were examined immunohistochemically. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated more numerous AQP4-positive and AQP1-positive astrocytes in the PDneo group than in the PDbs, PDlim, and control groups. However, in the PDneo cases, these astrocytes were not often observed in α-syn-rich areas, and semiquantitative analysis revealed that there was a significant negative correlation between the levels of AQP4 and α-syn in layers V-VI, and between those of AQP1 and α-syn in layers II-III. These findings suggest that a defined population of AQP4- and AQP1-expressing reactive astrocytes may modify α-syn deposition in the neocortex of patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hoshi
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ayako Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mari Tada
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masatoyo Nishizawa
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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37
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Astrogliosis: An integral player in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:121-41. [PMID: 26797041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of dementia in the elderly and begins with a subtle decline in episodic memory followed by a more general decline in overall cognitive abilities. Though the exact trigger for this cascade of events remains unknown the presence of the misfolded amyloid-beta protein triggers reactive gliosis, a prominent neuropathological feature in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. The cytoskeletal and morphological changes of astrogliosis are its evident features, while changes in oxidative stress defense, cholesterol metabolism, and gene transcription programs are less manifest. However, these latter molecular changes may underlie a disruption in homeostatic regulation that keeps the brain environment balanced. Astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease show changes in glutamate and GABA signaling and recycling, potassium buffering, and in cholinergic, purinergic, and calcium signaling. Ultimately the dysregulation of homeostasis maintained by astrocytes can have grave consequences for the stability of microcircuits within key brain regions. Specifically, altered inhibition influenced by astrocytes can lead to local circuit imbalance with farther reaching consequences for the functioning of larger neuronal networks. Healthy astrocytes have a role in maintaining and modulating normal neuronal communication, synaptic physiology and energy metabolism, astrogliosis interferes with these functions. This review considers the molecular and functional changes occurring during astrogliosis in Alzheimer's disease, and proposes that astrocytes are key players in the development of dementia.
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38
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Benarroch EE. Choroid plexus--CSF system: Recent developments and clinical correlations. Neurology 2015; 86:286-96. [PMID: 26683646 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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39
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Kimbrough IF, Robel S, Roberson ED, Sontheimer H. Vascular amyloidosis impairs the gliovascular unit in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2015; 138:3716-33. [PMID: 26598495 PMCID: PMC5006220 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced cerebral blood flow impairs cognitive function and ultimately causes irreparable damage to brain tissue. The gliovascular unit, composed of neural and vascular cells, assures sufficient blood supply to active brain regions. Astrocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and pericytes are important players within the gliovascular unit modulating vessel diameters. While the importance of the gliovascular unit and the signals involved in regulating local blood flow to match neuronal activity is now well recognized, surprisingly little is known about this interface in disease. Alzheimer's disease is associated with reduced cerebral blood flow. Here, we studied how the gliovascular unit is affected in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, using a combination of ex vivo and in vivo imaging approaches. We specifically labelled vascular amyloid in living mice using the dye methoxy-XO4. We elicited vessel responses ex vivo using either pharmacological stimuli or cell-specific calcium uncaging in vascular smooth muscle cells or astrocytes. Multi-photon in vivo imaging through a cranial window allowed us to complement our ex vivo data in the presence of blood flow after label-free optical activation of vascular smooth muscle cells in the intact brain. We found that vascular amyloid deposits separated astrocyte end-feet from the endothelial vessel wall. High-resolution 3D images demonstrated that vascular amyloid developed in ring-like structures around the vessel circumference, essentially forming a rigid cast. Where vascular amyloid was present, stimulation of astrocytes or vascular smooth muscle cells via ex vivo Ca(2+) uncaging or in vivo optical activation produced only poor vascular responses. Strikingly, vessel segments that were unaffected by vascular amyloid responded to the same extent as vessels from age-matched control animals. We conclude that while astrocytes can still release vasoactive substances, vascular amyloid deposits render blood vessels rigid and reduce the dynamic range of affected vessel segments. These results demonstrate a mechanism that could account in part for the reduction in cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease.media-1vid110.1093/brain/awv327_video_abstractawv327_video_abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Kimbrough
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 2 Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stefanie Robel
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 2 Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 3 Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 4 Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 2 Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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40
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Satoh J, Tabunoki H, Ishida T, Saito Y, Arima K. Accumulation of a repulsive axonal guidance molecule RGMa in amyloid plaques: a possible hallmark of regenerative failure in Alzheimer's disease brains. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 39:109-20. [PMID: 22582881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS RGMa is a repulsive guidance molecule that induces the collapse of axonal growth cones by interacting with the receptor neogenin in the central nervous system during development. It remains unknown whether RGMa plays a role in the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesize that RGMa, if it is concentrated on amyloid plaques, might contribute to a regenerative failure of degenerating axons in AD brains. METHODS By immunohistochemistry, we studied RGMa and neogenin (NEO1) expression in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus of 6 AD and 12 control cases. The levels of RGMa expression were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot in cultured human astrocytes following exposure to cytokines and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. RESULTS In AD brains, an intense RGMa immunoreactivity was identified on amyloid plaques and in the glial scar. In the control brains, the glial scar and vascular foot processes of astrocytes expressed RGMa immunoreactivity, while oligodendrocytes and microglia were negative for RGMa. In AD brains, a small subset of amyloid plaques expressed a weak NEO1 immunoreactivity, while some reactive astrocytes in both AD and control brains showed an intense NEO1 immunoreactivity. In human astrocytes, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1 ), Aβ 1-40 or Aβ 1-42 markedly elevated the levels of RGMa, and TGFβ1 also increased its own levels. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis validated the molecular interaction between RGMa and the C-terminal fragment β of amyloid beta precursor protein (APP). Furthermore, recombinant RGMa protein interacted with amyloid plaques in situ. CONCLUSIONS RGMa, produced by TGFβ-activated astrocytes and accumulated in amyloid plaques and the glial scar, could contribute to the regenerative failure of degenerating axons in AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Satoh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Departments ofLaboratory MedicinePsychiatry, National Center Hospital, NCNP, TokyoDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, NCGM, Chiba, Japan
| | - H Tabunoki
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Departments ofLaboratory MedicinePsychiatry, National Center Hospital, NCNP, TokyoDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, NCGM, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Ishida
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Departments ofLaboratory MedicinePsychiatry, National Center Hospital, NCNP, TokyoDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, NCGM, Chiba, Japan
| | - Y Saito
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Departments ofLaboratory MedicinePsychiatry, National Center Hospital, NCNP, TokyoDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, NCGM, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Arima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Departments ofLaboratory MedicinePsychiatry, National Center Hospital, NCNP, TokyoDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, NCGM, Chiba, Japan
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Erickson MA, Banks WA. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction as a cause and consequence of Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1500-13. [PMID: 23921899 PMCID: PMC3790938 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays critical roles in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Dysfunction of the BBB occurs in a number of CNS diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). A prevailing hypothesis in the AD field is the amyloid cascade hypothesis that states that amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the CNS initiates a cascade of molecular events that cause neurodegeneration, leading to AD onset and progression. In this review, the participation of the BBB in the amyloid cascade and in other mechanisms of AD neurodegeneration will be discussed. We will specifically focus on three aspects of BBB dysfunction: disruption, perturbation of transporters, and secretion of neurotoxic substances by the BBB. We will also discuss the interaction of the BBB with components of the neurovascular unit in relation to AD and the potential contribution of AD risk factors to aspects of BBB dysfunction. From the results discussed herein, we conclude that BBB dysfunction contributes to AD through a number of mechanisms that could be initiated in the presence or absence of Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- 1] GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA [2] Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA [3] Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Yamamoto M, Takeya M, Ikeshima-Kataoka H, Yasui M, Kawasaki Y, Shiraishi M, Majima E, Shiraishi S, Uezono Y, Sasaki M, Eto K. Increased expression of aquaporin-4 with methylmercury exposure in the brain of the common marmoset. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:749-63. [PMID: 22863855 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between methylmercury (MeHg) exposure and aquaporin (AQP) expression in the brain is currently unknown. To investigate this, we used a common marmoset model of acute MeHg exposure to examine AQP1, AQP4 and AQP11 gene expression. MeHg (1.5 mg Hg/kg/day p.o.) was given to three marmosets for 14 days, followed by 14 days without. All treated marmosets showed slight akinesia before sacrifice. In the frontal lobe, occipital lobe and cerebellum, total mercury concentrations following MeHg administration were 26.7, 31.4, and 22.6 µg/g, respectively. Slight apoptosis was observed in the occipital lobe. Immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, its mRNA and Iba1 with MeHg, indicating that neuronal injury activated astrocytes and microglia. There was no significant difference between control and MeHg-administered groups in AQP1 protein or AQP11 mRNA in the frontal lobe, occipital lobe or cerebellum. The ratio of AQP4 mRNA expression in MeHg-administered marmosets to the mean AQR4 expression in the controls (n = 3) were 1.3, 1.5 and 1.2, 1.7, 1.9 and 1.5, and 1.5, 1.6 and 1.2 for the frontal lobe, occipital lobe and cerebellum, respectively. Western blotting showed significantly increased AQP4 protein in the occipital lobe and cerebellum with MeHg administration, but no obvious up-regulation in the frontal lobe. Immunofluorescence analysis with double staining revealed low AQP4 expression in the cell body of reactive astrocytes in the MeHg-administered group. These results indicate that AQP4 expression might be stimulated by MeHg exposure in astrocytes in the occipital lobe and cerebellum, suggesting a role for AQP4 in MeHg neurotoxicity via astrocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Characteristics of aquaporin expression surrounding senile plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:750-9. [PMID: 22805778 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182632566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques (SPs) containing amyloid β peptide (Aβ) 1-42 are the major species present in Alzheimer disease (AD), whereas Aβ1-40 is the major constituent of arteriolar walls affected by cerebral amyloid angiopathy. The water channel proteins astrocytic aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) are known to be abnormally expressed in AD brains, but the expression of AQPs surrounding SPs and cerebral amyloid angiopathy has not been described in detail. Here, we investigated whether AQP expression is associated with each species of Aβ deposited in human brains affected by either sporadic or familial AD. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated more numerous AQP1-positive reactive astrocytes in the AD cerebral cortex than in controls, located close to Aβ42- or Aβ40-positive SPs. In AD cases, however, AQP1-positive astrocytes were not often observed in Aβ-rich areas, and there was a significant negative correlation between the levels of AQP1 and Aβ42 assessed semiquantitatively. We also found that Aβ plaque-like AQP4 was distributed in association with Aβ42- or Aβ40-positive SPs and that the degree of AQP4 expression around Aβ40-positive vessels was variable. These findings suggest that a defined population of AQP1-positive reactive astrocytes may modify Aβ deposition in the AD brain, whereas the Aβ deposition process might alter astrocytic expression of AQP4.
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Brain water channel proteins in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:562-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Satoh J, Tabunoki H, Ishida T, Saito Y, Arima K. Immunohistochemical characterization of γ-secretase activating protein expression in Alzheimer's disease brains. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:132-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Blocher J, Eckert I, Elster J, Wiefek J, Eiffert H, Schmidt H. Aquaporins AQP1 and AQP4 in the cerebrospinal fluid of bacterial meningitis patients. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:23-7. [PMID: 21896312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins facilitate water transport through cell membranes. Due to the localization of AQP1 and AQP4 in the brain, they might contribute to cerebral edema. Our study aimed to determine whether AQP1 and AQP4 can be measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and whether there is a difference in AQP1 and AQP4 concentration between patients with bacterial meningitis (BM) and healthy controls. AQP1 and AQP4 concentrations in CSF from 35 patients with BM and 27 controls were analyzed using a commercial ELISA. The mean concentration of AQP1 in CSF was significantly elevated in patients with BM (BM: 3.8±3.4ng/ml, controls: 0.8±0.5ng/ml; p<0.001). AQP4 had a tendency to be increased, however the difference was not significant (BM: 1.8±3.1ng/ml, controls: 0.1±0.2ng/ml; p=0.092). AQP1 and AQP4 in CSF of BM patients were inversely correlated (r=-0.47, p=0.004). We could not find any other correlation between concentration of AQP1 or AQP4 in CSF and CSF leukocytes, lactate, protein, albumin CSF/serum ratio, age, a prediction score, an outcome score or the Glasgow Coma Scale at admission in patients with BM. Control patients displayed a correlation between AQP1 and the albumin CSF/serum ratio (r=0.390, p=0.040). This is the first study that detected AQP1 and AQP4 in CSF. Whether the significant elevation of AQP1 is due to a higher expression and subsequent shedding into CSF or a BM-induced cell damage needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blocher
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Paul L, Madan M, Rammling M, Chigurupati S, Chan SL, Pattisapu JV. Expression of aquaporin 1 and 4 in a congenital hydrocephalus rat model. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:462-73. [PMID: 21135737 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182011860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrocephalus occurs because of an imbalance of bulk fluid flow in the brain, and aquaporins (AQPs) play pivotal roles in cerebral water movement as essential mediators during edema and fluid accumulation. AQP1 is a water channel found in the choroid plexus (CP), and AQP4 is expressed at the brain-CSF interfaces and astrocytic end feet; excessive fluid accumulation may involve expression of changes in these AQPs during various stages of hydrocephalus. OBJECTIVE To determine the alterations of CP AQP1 expression in congenital hydrocephalus; detect hydrocephalus-induced AQP1 expression in the cortical parenchyma, ependyma, and pia mater of hydrocephalic animals; and evaluate AQP4 expression in congenital hydrocephalus through progressive stages of the condition. METHODS We evaluated differential expression of AQPs 1 and 4 in the congenital hydrocephalus Texas rat at postnatal days 5, 10, and 26 in isolated CP and cortex by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The CP exhibited a 34% decrease in AQP1 expression in young hydrocephalic pups (postnatal days 5 and 10), which became normal (postnatal day 26) just before death. With advancing hydrocephalus, expression of AQPs 1 and 4 increased at the brain-CSF interfaces; AQP1 was localized to the endothelium of cortical capillaries with increased AQP4 expression in surrounding astrocytes end feet. AQP1 expression level was increased in the pia mater, with prominent AQP4 expression in the subpial layers. Subependymal capillaries expressed AQP1 in the endothelium, with increasing AQP4 expression in surrounding astrocytes. Hydrocephalic animals (postnatal day 26) had significant nonendothelial (CD34) AQP1 expression in the septal nucleus of the basal forebrain, an area affected by increased intracranial pressure. CONCLUSION Biphasic AQP1 expression in the CP with increased AQPs 1 and 4 at the brain-fluid interfaces may indicate compensatory mechanisms to regulate choroidal cerebrospinal fluid secretion and increase parenchymal fluid absorption in the high-pressure hydrocephalic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Paul
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida, USA.
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Morel B, Varela L, Azuaga AI, Conejero-Lara F. Environmental conditions affect the kinetics of nucleation of amyloid fibrils and determine their morphology. Biophys J 2011; 99:3801-10. [PMID: 21112305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand and tackle amyloid-related diseases, it is crucial to investigate the factors that modulate amyloid formation of proteins. Our previous studies proved that the N47A mutant of the α-spectrin SH3 (Spc-SH3) domain forms amyloid fibrils quickly under mildly acidic conditions. Here, we analyze how experimental conditions influence the kinetics of assembly and the final morphology of the fibrils. Early formation of curly fibrils occurs after a considerable conformational change of the protein and the concomitant formation of small oligomers. These processes are strongly accelerated by an increase in salt concentration and temperature, and to a lesser extent by a reduction in pH. The rate-limiting step in these events has a high activation enthalpy, which is significantly reduced by an increase in NaCl concentration. At low-to-moderate NaCl concentrations, the curly fibrils convert to straight and twisted amyloid fibrils after long incubation times, but only in the presence of soluble species in the mixture, which suggests that the curly fibrils and the twisted amyloid fibrils are diverging assembly pathways. The results suggest that the influence of environmental variables on protein solvation is crucial in determining the nucleation kinetics, the pathway of assembly, and the final fibril morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Morel
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Oliva AA, Kang Y, Truettner JS, Sanchez-Molano J, Furones C, Yool AJ, Atkins CM. Fluid-percussion brain injury induces changes in aquaporin channel expression. Neuroscience 2011; 180:272-9. [PMID: 21329742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Edema, the accumulation of excess fluid, is a major pathological change in the brain that contributes significantly to pathology and mortality after moderate to severe brain injury. Edema is regulated by aquaporin (AQP) channels which transport water across cellular membranes. Six AQPs are found in the brain (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9), and previous studies have found that AQP4 is regulated after traumatic brain injury (TBI). To further understand how AQPs contribute to brain edema, we investigated whether expression of AQP1, 3, and 9 are also regulated after TBI. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats received moderate parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury (FPI) or sham surgery. After induction of FPI, the injured, ipsilateral parietal cortex and hippocampus were dissected and analyzed by Western blotting. We observed a small decrease in AQP3 and 4 levels at 7 days after FPI in the ipsilateral, parietal cortex. Both AQP1 and 9 significantly increased within 30 min post-injury and remained elevated for up to 6 h in the ipsilateral, parietal cortex. Aqp1 and 9 mRNA levels were also significantly increased at 30 min post-FPI. Administration of an AQP1 and 4 antagonist, AqB013, non-significantly increased brain water content in sham, non-injured animals, and did not prevent edema formation 24 h after trauma in either the parietal cortex or hippocampus. These results indicate that Aqp1 and 9 mRNA and protein levels increase after moderate parasagittal FPI and that an inhibitor of AQP1 and 4 does not decrease edema after moderate parasagittal FPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Oliva
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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