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Mardones MD, Rostam KD, Nickerson MC, Gupta K. Canonical Wnt activator Chir99021 prevents epileptogenesis in the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2024; 376:114767. [PMID: 38522659 PMCID: PMC11058011 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway mediates the development of dentate granule cell neurons in the hippocampus. These neurons are central to the development of temporal lobe epilepsy and undergo structural and physiological remodeling during epileptogenesis, which results in the formation of epileptic circuits. The pathways responsible for granule cell remodeling during epileptogenesis have yet to be well defined, and represent therapeutic targets for the prevention of epilepsy. The current study explores Wnt signaling during epileptogenesis and for the first time describes the effect of Wnt activation using Wnt activator Chir99021 as a novel anti-epileptogenic therapeutic approach. Focal mesial temporal lobe epilepsy was induced by intrahippocampal kainate (IHK) injection in wild-type and POMC-eGFP transgenic mice. Wnt activator Chir99021 was administered daily, beginning 3 h after seizure induction, and continued up to 21-days. Immature granule cell morphology was quantified in the ipsilateral epileptogenic zone and the contralateral peri-ictal zone 14 days after IHK, targeting the end of the latent period. Bilateral hippocampal electrocorticographic recordings were performed for 28-days, 7-days beyond treatment cessation. Hippocampal behavioral tests were performed after completion of Chir99021 treatment. Consistent with previous studies, IHK resulted in the development of epilepsy after a 14 day latent period in this well-described mouse model. Activation of the canonical Wnt pathway with Chir99021 significantly reduced bilateral hippocampal seizure number and duration. Critically, this effect was retained after treatment cessation, suggesting a durable antiepileptogenic change in epileptic circuitry. Morphological analyses demonstrated that Wnt activation prevented pathological remodeling of the primary dendrite in both the epileptogenic zone and peri-ictal zone, changes in which may serve as a biomarker of epileptogenesis and anti-epileptogenic treatment response in pre-clinical studies. These findings were associated with improved object location memory with Chir99021 treatment after IHK. This study provides novel evidence that canonical Wnt activation prevents epileptogenesis in the IHK mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, preventing pathological remodeling of dentate granule cells. Wnt signaling may therefore play a key role in mesial temporal lobe epileptogenesis, and Wnt modulation may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in the prevention of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel D Mardones
- Indiana University, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America; Indiana University, Department of Neurosurgery, W 16th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
| | - Kevin D Rostam
- Indiana University, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
| | - Margaret C Nickerson
- Indiana University, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
| | - Kunal Gupta
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Neurosurgery, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States of America; Medical College of Wisconsin, Neuroscience Research Center, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States of America; Indiana University, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America; Indiana University, Department of Neurosurgery, W 16th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
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Leem E, Kim S, Sharma C, Nam Y, Kim TY, Shin M, Lee SG, Kim J, Kim SR. Inhibition of Granule Cell Dispersion and Seizure Development by Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 in a Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Biomolecules 2024; 14:380. [PMID: 38540798 PMCID: PMC10968595 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although granule cell dispersion (GCD) in the hippocampus is known to be an important feature associated with epileptic seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the endogenous molecules that regulate GCD are largely unknown. In the present study, we have examined whether there is any change in AEG-1 expression in the hippocampus of a kainic acid (KA)-induced mouse model of TLE. In addition, we have investigated whether the modulation of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) expression in the dentate gyrus (DG) by intracranial injection of adeno-associated virus 1 (AAV1) influences pathological phenotypes such as GCD formation and seizure susceptibility in a KA-treated mouse. We have identified that the protein expression of AEG-1 is upregulated in the DG of a KA-induced mouse model of TLE. We further demonstrated that AEG-1 upregulation by AAV1 delivery in the DG-induced anticonvulsant activities such as the delay of seizure onset and inhibition of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) through GCD suppression in the mouse model of TLE, while the inhibition of AEG-1 expression increased susceptibility to seizures. The present observations suggest that AEG-1 is a potent regulator of GCD formation and seizure development associated with TLE, and the significant induction of AEG-1 in the DG may have therapeutic potential against epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Leem
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (E.L.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (T.Y.K.)
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
- Efficacy Evaluation Department, New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDI Hub), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (E.L.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (T.Y.K.)
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chanchal Sharma
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (E.L.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (T.Y.K.)
| | - Youngpyo Nam
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae Yeon Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (E.L.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (T.Y.K.)
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology and BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (E.L.); (S.K.); (C.S.); (T.Y.K.)
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
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Gupta T, Kaur M, Gupta M, Singla N, Kharbanda PS, Bansal YS, Radotra BD, Gupta SK. Analysis of distribution and localization of proteins of the reelin signalling pathway in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-15. [PMID: 38060511 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2292957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Granule cell dispersion (GCD) is pathognomonic of hippocampal sclerosis seen in the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Current animal studies indicate deficiency of Reelin is associated with abnormal granule cell migration leading to GCD. The present study aimed to evaluate complete Reelin signalling pathway to assess whether Reelin deficiency is related to MTLE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hippocampal sclerosis was confirmed by H and E stain. To explore the amount and cellular location of the Reelin cascade molecules, the hippocampal tissues from MTLE surgery and controls (n = 15 each) were studied using Immuno-histochemistry (IHC). Additionally, confocal imaging was used to validate the IHC findings by co-localization of different proteins. Quantification of IHC images was performed using histo-score and confocal images by Image J software. RESULTS Immune expression of active Reelin was significantly reduced in patients. Reelin receptors were deranged, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 was increased while very low-density lipoprotein receptor was reduced. Disabled-1, a downstream molecule was significantly reduced in MTLE. Its ultimate target, cofilin was thus disinhibited and expressed more in MTLE. Reelin cleaving protease, matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) and MMP-9 inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of matrix protease-1, showed reduced expression in extracellular matrix. Semi-quantification of immunohistochemistry was done using Histo (H) score. H score of Reelin in diseased patients was 15 against 125 for control patients. These results were validated by confocal fluorescence microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Reelin signalling cascade was deranged in chronic MTLE. Pharmacological manipulation of Reelin cascade can be done at various levels and it may provide novel treatment options for MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mili Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Singla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parampreet S Kharbanda
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogender S Bansal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - B D Radotra
- Department of Histopathology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S K Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Peplow P, Martinez B. MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers in temporal lobe epilepsy and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:716-726. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.354510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Ahrari A, Meseke M, Förster E. Tetrodotoxin prevents heat-shock induced granule cell dispersion in hippocampal slice cultures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:906262. [PMID: 36092698 PMCID: PMC9452958 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.906262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule cell dispersion (GCD) has been associated as a pathological feature of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Early-life epileptiform activity such as febrile seizures has been proposed to have a causal link to developing chronic TLE. During postnatal development, the hippocampus may be particularly vulnerable to hyperexcitability-induced insults since neuronal migration and differentiation are still ongoing in the hippocampus. Further, the extracellular matrix (ECM), here in particular the protein reelin, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of GCD. Thus, loss of reelin-expressing cells, Cajal-Retzius cells and subsets of interneurons, may be related to GCD. To study the possible role of febrile seizures, we previously induced GCD in vitro by subjecting hippocampal slice cultures to a transient heat-shock, which was not accompanied by loss of Cajal-Retzius cells. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in heat-shock induced GCD, the present study aimed to determine whether such dispersion could be prevented by blocking cellular electrical activity. Here we show that the extent of heat-shock induced GCD could be significantly reduced by treatment with the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX), suggesting that electrical activity is an important factor involved in heat-shock induced GCD.
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Grote A, Heiland DH, Taube J, Helmstaedter C, Ravi VM, Will P, Hattingen E, Schüre JR, Witt JA, Reimers A, Elger C, Schramm J, Becker AJ, Delev D. 'Hippocampal innate inflammatory gliosis only' in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 2022; 146:549-560. [PMID: 35978480 PMCID: PMC9924906 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant mesial-temporal lobe epilepsy is a devastating disease with seizure onset in the hippocampal formation. A fraction of hippocampi samples from epilepsy-surgical procedures reveals a peculiar histological pattern referred to as 'gliosis only' with unresolved pathogenesis and enigmatic sequelae. Here, we hypothesize that 'gliosis only' represents a particular syndrome defined by distinct clinical and molecular characteristics. We curated an in-depth multiparameter integration of systematic clinical, neuropsychological as well as neuropathological analysis from a consecutive cohort of 627 patients, who underwent hippocampectomy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. All patients underwent either classic anterior temporal lobectomy or selective amygdalohippocampectomy. On the basis of their neuropathological exam, patients with hippocampus sclerosis and 'gliosis only' were characterized and compared within the whole cohort and within a subset of matched pairs. Integrated transcriptional analysis was performed to address molecular differences between both groups. 'Gliosis only' revealed demographics, clinical and neuropsychological outcome fundamentally different from hippocampus sclerosis. 'Gliosis only' patients had a significantly later seizure onset (16.3 versus 12.2 years, P = 0.005) and worse neuropsychological outcome after surgery compared to patients with hippocampus sclerosis. Epilepsy was less amendable by surgery in 'gliosis only' patients, resulting in a significantly worse rate of seizure freedom after surgery in this subgroup (43% versus 68%, P = 0.0001, odds ratio = 2.8, confidence interval 1.7-4.7). This finding remained significant after multivariate and matched-pairs analysis. The 'gliosis only' group demonstrated pronounced astrogliosis and lack of significant neuronal degeneration in contrast to characteristic segmental neuron loss and fibrillary astrogliosis in hippocampus sclerosis. RNA-sequencing of gliosis only patients deciphered a distinct transcriptional programme that resembles an innate inflammatory response of reactive astrocytes. Our data indicate a new temporal lobe epilepsy syndrome for which we suggest the term 'Innate inflammatory gliosis only'. 'Innate inflammatory gliosis only' is characterized by a diffuse gliosis pattern lacking restricted hippocampal focality and is poorly controllable by surgery. Thus, 'innate inflammatory gliosis only' patients need to be clearly identified by presurgical examination paradigms of pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy patients; surgical treatment of this subgroup should be considered with great precaution. 'Innate inflammatory gliosis only' requires innovative pharmacotreatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Grote
- Correspondence to: Alexander Grote UKGM—Klinik für Neurochirurgie Baldingerstraße 35033 Marburg, Germany E-mail:
| | | | - Julia Taube
- Clinic for Epileptology, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Vidhya M Ravi
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paulina Will
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elke Hattingen
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital of Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan-Rüdiger Schüre
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital of Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Annika Reimers
- Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Elger
- Clinic for Neurology and Competence Center for Epilepsy, Beta Klinik Bonn GmbH, 53227 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Schramm
- Medical Faculty, University Medical Center Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Leifeld J, Förster E, Reiss G, Hamad MIK. Considering the Role of Extracellular Matrix Molecules, in Particular Reelin, in Granule Cell Dispersion Related to Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:917575. [PMID: 35733853 PMCID: PMC9207388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.917575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the nervous system can be considered as a dynamically adaptable compartment between neuronal cells, in particular neurons and glial cells, that participates in physiological functions of the nervous system. It is mainly composed of carbohydrates and proteins that are secreted by the different kinds of cell types found in the nervous system, in particular neurons and glial cells, but also other cell types, such as pericytes of capillaries, ependymocytes and meningeal cells. ECM molecules participate in developmental processes, synaptic plasticity, neurodegeneration and regenerative processes. As an example, the ECM of the hippocampal formation is involved in degenerative and adaptive processes related to epilepsy. The role of various components of the ECM has been explored extensively. In particular, the ECM protein reelin, well known for orchestrating the formation of neuronal layer formation in the cerebral cortex, is also considered as a player involved in the occurrence of postnatal granule cell dispersion (GCD), a morphologically peculiar feature frequently observed in hippocampal tissue from epileptic patients. Possible causes and consequences of GCD have been studied in various in vivo and in vitro models. The present review discusses different interpretations of GCD and different views on the role of ECM protein reelin in the formation of this morphological peculiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leifeld
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry I—Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jennifer Leifeld, ; Eckart Förster,
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jennifer Leifeld, ; Eckart Förster,
| | - Gebhard Reiss
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/ Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Mohammad I. K. Hamad
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/ Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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Chambers JK, Iwasaki S, Imamoto S, Nakamoto Y, Uchida K. A case of feline temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and dentate gyrus malformation. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:634-637. [PMID: 35342145 PMCID: PMC9177400 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-months-old, male, mixed breed cat presented with epileptic seizures. The cat was diagnosed with drug-resistant epilepsy, and died at 3-years of age. No gross lesion was found at
necropsy. Histopathologically, the dentate gyrus granule cell layer of the hippocampus was irregularly arranged. Granule cells were dispersed and ectopic cells were sporadically observed in
the molecular layer. The granule cells had an enlarged cytoplasm and swollen nucleus. Immunohistochemistry for NeuN and GFAP confirmed severe neuronal loss and mild gliosis in CA1.
Binucleation and ischemic change were observed in the remaining pyramidal cells. This report describes a case of feline temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis associated with
dentate gyrus malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shinya Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Yuya Nakamoto
- Neuro Vets Animal Neurology Clinic.,Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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You J, Huang H, Chan CTY, Li L. Pathological Targets for Treating Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Discoveries From Microscale to Macroscale. Front Neurol 2022; 12:779558. [PMID: 35069411 PMCID: PMC8777077 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.779558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common and severe types of epilepsy, characterized by intractable, recurrent, and pharmacoresistant seizures. Histopathology of TLE is mostly investigated through observing hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in adults, which provides a robust means to analyze the related histopathological lesions. However, most pathological processes underlying the formation of these lesions remain elusive, as they are difficult to detect and observe. In recent years, significant efforts have been put in elucidating the pathophysiological pathways contributing to TLE epileptogenesis. In this review, we aimed to address the new and unrecognized neuropathological discoveries within the last 5 years, focusing on gene expression (miRNA and DNA methylation), neuronal peptides (neuropeptide Y), cellular metabolism (mitochondria and ion transport), cellular structure (microtubule and extracellular matrix), and tissue-level abnormalities (enlarged amygdala). Herein, we describe a range of biochemical mechanisms and their implication for epileptogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss their potential role as a target for TLE prevention and treatment. This review article summarizes the latest neuropathological discoveries at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels involving both animal and patient studies, aiming to explore epileptogenesis and highlight new potential targets in the diagnosis and treatment of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas Women University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Clement T Y Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Abstract
Neuropathological examination of the temporal lobe provides a better understanding and management of a wide spectrum of diseases. We focused on inflammatory diseases, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases, and highlighted how the temporal lobe is particularly involved in those conditions. Although all these diseases are not specific or restricted to the temporal lobe, the temporal lobe is a key structure to understand their pathophysiology. The main histological lesions, immunohistochemical markers, and molecular alterations relevant for the neuropathological diagnostic reasoning are presented in relation to epidemiology, clinical presentation, and radiological findings. The inflammatory diseases section addressed infectious encephalitides and auto-immune encephalitides. The epilepsy section addressed (i) susceptibility of the temporal lobe to epileptogenesis, (ii) epilepsy-associated hippocampal sclerosis, (iii) malformations of cortical development, (iv) changes secondary to epilepsy, (v) long-term epilepsy-associated tumors, (vi) vascular malformations, and (vii) the absence of histological lesion in some epilepsy surgery samples. The neurodegenerative diseases section addressed (i) Alzheimer's disease, (ii) the spectrum of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, (iii) limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, and (iv) α-synucleinopathies. Finally, inflammatory diseases, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases are considered as interdependent as some pathophysiological processes cross the boundaries of this classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Boluda
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Paris, France; Neuropathology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Seilhean
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Paris, France; Neuropathology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Paris, France; Neuropathology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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Haynes RL, Kinney HC, Haas EA, Duncan JR, Riehs M, Trachtenberg F, Armstrong DD, Alexandrescu S, Cryan JB, Hefti MM, Krous HF, Goldstein RD, Sleeper LA. Medullary Serotonergic Binding Deficits and Hippocampal Abnormalities in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: One or Two Entities? Front Pediatr 2021; 9:762017. [PMID: 34993162 PMCID: PMC8724302 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.762017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is understood as a syndrome that presents with the common phenotype of sudden death but involves heterogenous biological causes. Many pathological findings have been consistently reported in SIDS, notably in areas of the brain known to play a role in autonomic control and arousal. Our laboratory has reported abnormalities in SIDS cases in medullary serotonin (5-HT) receptor 1A and within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Unknown, however, is whether the medullary and hippocampal abnormalities coexist in the same SIDS cases, supporting a biological relationship of one abnormality with the other. In this study, we begin with an analysis of medullary 5-HT1A binding, as determined by receptor ligand autoradiography, in a combined cohort of published and unpublished SIDS (n = 86) and control (n = 22) cases. We report 5-HT1A binding abnormalities consistent with previously reported data, including lower age-adjusted mean binding in SIDS and age vs. diagnosis interactions. Utilizing this combined cohort of cases, we identified 41 SIDS cases with overlapping medullary 5-HT1A binding data and hippocampal assessment and statistically addressed the relationship between abnormalities at each site. Within this SIDS analytic cohort, we defined abnormal (low) medullary 5-HT1A binding as within the lowest quartile of binding adjusted for age and we examined three specific hippocampal findings previously identified as significantly more prevalent in SIDS compared to controls (granular cell bilamination, clusters of immature cells in the subgranular layer, and single ectopic cells in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus). Our data did not find a strong statistical relationship between low medullary 5-HT1A binding and the presence of any of the hippocampal abnormalities examined. It did, however, identify a subset of SIDS (~25%) with both low medullary 5-HT1A binding and hippocampal abnormalities. The subset of SIDS cases with both low medullary 5-HT1A binding and single ectopic cells in the molecular layer was associated with prenatal smoking (p = 0.02), suggesting a role for the exposure in development of the two abnormalities. Overall, our data present novel information on the relationship between neuropathogical abnormalities in SIDS and support the heterogenous nature and overall complexity of SIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L. Haynes
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hannah C. Kinney
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elisabeth A. Haas
- Department of Research, Rady's Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Molly Riehs
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Dawna D. Armstrong
- Department of Pathology (Emeritus), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sanda Alexandrescu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jane B. Cryan
- Department of Neuropathology, Children's Health Ireland and Beaumont Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marco M. Hefti
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Henry F. Krous
- Department of Pathology (Emeritus), Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics (Emeritus), University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Richard D. Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Robert's Program on Sudden Unexpected Death in Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lynn A. Sleeper
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Machaalani R, Vivekanandarajah A, Despotovski V, Rodriguez M, Waters KA. Morphology of the Dentate Gyrus in a Large Cohort of Sudden Infant Deaths-Interrelation Between Features but Not Diagnosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 81:61-75. [PMID: 34865047 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological differences in the dentate gyrus (DG) have been reported in sudden unexpected deaths in infancy (SUDI), with the feature of focal granule cell (GC) bilamination (FGCB) reported as increased in unexplained SUDI, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), compared with explained SUDI (eSUDI). However, it remains to be determined how these morphologies relate to each other and their extent along the anteroposterior length. This retrospective study evaluated the prevalence of FGCB, single or clustered ectopic GCs, granule cell dispersion (GCD), heterotopia, hyperconvolution, gaps, thinning, blood vessel dissection (BVD), and cuffing (BV cuffing), in an Australian SUDI cohort, and compared the prevalence of these features in eSUDI and unexplained SUDI. We analyzed 850 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded serial and subserial sections of the hippocampus at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus from 90 infants, and identified GCD in 97% of infants, single ectopic cells, hyperconvolution, thinning, and BVD in 60%-80%, heterotopia in 36%, gaps, clusters of ectopic cells and BV cuffing in 9%-15%, and FGCB in 18%. These features are clustered within 3-5 serial sections. The presence of FGCB correlated with single ectopic GCs and hyperconvolution. There were no differences in the prevalence of these features between unexplained SUDI (n = 74) and eSUDI (n = 16). Our findings highlight that DG morphological features are highly localized, extending 14-35 µm at their focal location(s) along the anteroposterior length. Consequently, multiple sections along the longitudinal extent are required to identify them. No feature differentiated SUDI from eSUDI in our cohort, thus we cannot conclude that any of these features are abnormal and it remains to be determined their functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Machaalani
- From the Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, AV, VD, KAW); Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, KAW); and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (MR)
| | - Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- From the Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, AV, VD, KAW); Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, KAW); and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (MR)
| | - Vanessa Despotovski
- From the Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, AV, VD, KAW); Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, KAW); and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (MR)
| | - Michael Rodriguez
- From the Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, AV, VD, KAW); Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, KAW); and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (MR)
| | - Karen A Waters
- From the Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, AV, VD, KAW); Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (RM, KAW); and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (MR)
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13
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Mierzewska H, Laure-Kamionowska M, Jezela-Stanek A, Rydzanicz M, Płoski R, Szczepanik E. The neuropathological findings of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-43 (DEE43) and delineation of a the molecular spectrum of novel case. Seizure 2021; 93:75-80. [PMID: 34717289 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) constitute an expanding group of severely disabling and, most frequently, drug-resistant disorders starting in the first year of life. Among them, there is DEE43, caused by dominant mutations in the GABRB3 gene. We present first neuropathological findings in a novel, molecularly confirmed case with the fatal course. The neuropathological analysis revealed co-existing developmental anomalies and retardation of myelination resulting from disturbed early brain growth as well as lesions caused by epileptic hypoxic-ischemic episodes. Developmental anomalies included misplaced neurons in the cerebellar white matter, heterotopic neurons in the cortical molecular layer and in the molecular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, dysmorphic cerebellar dentate nuclei and inferior olivary nuclei in the medulla oblongata. The migrational and maturational disorders leading to the neuronal network dysfunction could be the cause of both the lack of development and the ineffectiveness of antiepileptic treatment in children affected by DEE. Giving the presented neuropathological description and based on the literature, we discuss the pathomechanism of the disease, to improve current understanding of both the lack of development and the ineffectiveness of treatment of affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mierzewska
- Clinic of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Milena Laure-Kamionowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szczepanik
- Clinic of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Leitner DF, McGuone D, William C, Faustin A, Askenazi M, Snuderl M, Guzzetta M, Jarrell HS, Maloney K, Reichard R, Smith C, Weedn V, Wisniewski T, Gould L, Devinsky O. Blinded review of hippocampal neuropathology in sudden unexplained death in childhood reveals inconsistent observations and similarities to explained paediatric deaths. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 48:e12746. [PMID: 34164845 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hippocampal findings are implicated in the pathogenesis of sudden unexplained death in childhood (SUDC), although some studies have identified similar findings in sudden explained death in childhood (SEDC) cases. We blindly reviewed hippocampal histology in SUDC and SEDC controls. METHODS Hippocampal haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides (n = 67; 36 SUDC, 31 controls) from clinical and forensic collaborators were evaluated by nine blinded reviewers: three board-certified forensic pathologists, three neuropathologists and three dual-certified neuropathologists/forensic pathologists. RESULTS Among nine reviewers, about 50% of hippocampal sections were rated as abnormal (52.5% SUDC, 53.0% controls), with no difference by cause of death (COD) (p = 0.16) or febrile seizure history (p = 0.90). There was little agreement among nine reviewers on whether a slide was within normal range (Fleiss' κ = 0.014, p = 0.47). Within reviewer groups, there were no findings more frequent in SUDC compared with controls, with variability in pyramidal neuron and dentate gyrus findings. Across reviewer groups, there was concordance for bilamination and granule cell loss. Neither SUDC (51.2%) nor control (55.9%) slides were considered contributory to determining COD (p = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS The lack of an association of hippocampal findings in SUDC and controls, as well as inconsistency of observations by multiple blinded reviewers, indicates discrepancy with previous studies and an inability to reliably identify hippocampal maldevelopment associated with sudden death (HMASD). These findings underscore a need for larger studies to standardise evaluation of hippocampal findings, identifying the range of normal variation and changes unrelated to SUDC or febrile seizures. Molecular studies may help identify novel immunohistological markers that inform on COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique F Leitner
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Declan McGuone
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,SUDC Registry and Research Collaborative (SUDCRRC) Study Group, Roseland, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christopher William
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,SUDC Registry and Research Collaborative (SUDCRRC) Study Group, Roseland, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arline Faustin
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Guzzetta
- SUDC Registry and Research Collaborative (SUDCRRC) Study Group, Roseland, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Heather S Jarrell
- SUDC Registry and Research Collaborative (SUDCRRC) Study Group, Roseland, New Jersey, USA.,New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Katherine Maloney
- SUDC Registry and Research Collaborative (SUDCRRC) Study Group, Roseland, New Jersey, USA.,New York Department of Health, Erie County Medical Examiner's Office, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ross Reichard
- SUDC Registry and Research Collaborative (SUDCRRC) Study Group, Roseland, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colin Smith
- SUDC Registry and Research Collaborative (SUDCRRC) Study Group, Roseland, New Jersey, USA.,Academic Department of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Victor Weedn
- SUDC Registry and Research Collaborative (SUDCRRC) Study Group, Roseland, New Jersey, USA.,Maryland Department of Health, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,SUDC Registry and Research Collaborative (SUDCRRC) Study Group, Roseland, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura Gould
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Sudden Unexplained Death in Childhood Foundation, Roseland, New Jersey, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Xu K, Wang X, Guan Y, Zhao M, Tang C, Zhou J, Zhai F, Wang M, Duan Z, Qi X, Li T, Luan G. Prognostic value of histopathologic pattern for long-term surgical outcomes of 198 patients with confirmed mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Pathol 2021; 115:47-55. [PMID: 34119513 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common neuropathologic findings in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The international league against epilepsy has proposed a new classification of HS based on pyramidal cell loss on different subfields to facilitate the study of HS pathology in patients after anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL), and the influence of these HS patterns on the prognosis of patients with TLE is contradictory. This study aims to investigate the relationship between different HS subtypes and postoperative seizure outcomes for intractable patients with TLE. From January 2008 to December 2018, we retrospectively reviewed 198 TLE patients with ATL surgery, and all patients had a complete preoperative evaluation, a specimen of hippocampal tissue after surgery, cognitive test after surgery, and more than 2 years of postoperative follow-up. The main findings were as follows: 1) temporal neocortical gray matter heterotopia were more common in the no-HS group; 2) HS type 1 was associated with a longer duration of epilepsy; 3) history of meningitis was the independent predictor of HS type 1; 4) no-HS patients experienced worse postoperative seizure outcomes than those with HS type1 and type 2, whereas no difference in seizure outcomes was obtained between HS type 1 and type 2; 5) no-HS patients were at increased risk for verbal memory decline after left hippocampal resection. The HS subtypes were associated with the prognosis of patients with TLE, and other variables were the predictors of different HS types. `Further study was to identify the HS subtypes by noninvasive evaluation to approve better postoperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiongfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, 100093, China
| | - Yuguang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China
| | | | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Feng Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zejun Duan
- Department of Pathlogy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xueling Qi
- Department of Pathlogy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Tianfu Li
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, 100093, China
| | - Guoming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, 100093, China.
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16
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Cid E, Marquez-Galera A, Valero M, Gal B, Medeiros DC, Navarron CM, Ballesteros-Esteban L, Reig-Viader R, Morales AV, Fernandez-Lamo I, Gomez-Dominguez D, Sato M, Hayashi Y, Bayés À, Barco A, Lopez-Atalaya JP, de la Prida LM. Sublayer- and cell-type-specific neurodegenerative transcriptional trajectories in hippocampal sclerosis. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109229. [PMID: 34107264 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis, the major neuropathological hallmark of temporal lobe epilepsy, is characterized by different patterns of neuronal loss. The mechanisms of cell-type-specific vulnerability and their progression and histopathological classification remain controversial. Using single-cell electrophysiology in vivo and immediate-early gene expression, we reveal that superficial CA1 pyramidal neurons are overactive in epileptic rodents. Bulk tissue and single-nucleus expression profiling disclose sublayer-specific transcriptomic signatures and robust microglial pro-inflammatory responses. Transcripts regulating neuronal processes such as voltage channels, synaptic signaling, and cell adhesion are deregulated differently by epilepsy across sublayers, whereas neurodegenerative signatures primarily involve superficial cells. Pseudotime analysis of gene expression in single nuclei and in situ validation reveal separated trajectories from health to epilepsy across cell types and identify a subset of superficial cells undergoing a later stage in neurodegeneration. Our findings indicate that sublayer- and cell-type-specific changes associated with selective CA1 neuronal damage contribute to progression of hippocampal sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cid
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Marquez-Galera
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Gal
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen M Navarron
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Rita Reig-Viader
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica San Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Masaaki Sato
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Hayashi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Àlex Bayés
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica San Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose P Lopez-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain.
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17
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Jardim AP, Duarte JTC, Lancellotti CLP, Carrete H, Centeno RS, Scorza CA, Cavalheiro EA, Guaranha MSB, Yacubian EMT. Granule cell dispersion is associated with hippocampal neuronal cell loss, initial precipitating injury, and other clinical features in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Seizure 2021; 90:60-66. [PMID: 34162493 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize a 10-year series of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and determine the histopathological characteristic of the association between granule cell dispersion (GCD) and hippocampal neuronal loss. METHODS The study included 108 MTLE/HS patients. Histopathological analyses were performed in NeuN-stained hippocampal sections for HS pattern, neuronal density, dentate gyrus (DG) pathology, and granule cell layer width. Statistical tests investigated the association between DG pathologies and HS patterns, as well as the correlation of DG width with total hippocampal and subfield-specific neuronal densities. RESULTS Fifty-six patients (51.9%) presented right HS. All the four ILAE HS patterns were represented (90 Type 1, 11 Type 2, 2 Type 3, and 5 no-HS). Sixty-seven patients (62.0%) presented GCD, 39 (36.1%) normal DG, and 2 (1.9%) narrow DG. GCD was associated with initial precipitating injury, higher numbers of monthly focal seizures and lifetime bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, longer epilepsy duration, and older age at surgery. GCD was prevalent in all HS patterns, except for Type 2 (81.8% normal versus 18.2% GCD, p = 0.005). GCD was associated with total hippocampal and subfield-specific neuronal loss, except for CA1. DG width correlated with total hippocampal (r = -0.201, p = 0.037) and CA4 neuronal densities (r = -0.299, p = 0.002). Patients with HS Type 1 had better surgical outcomes, with 51 (61.4%) seizure-free in the first year post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that seizure control in MTLE/HS patients submitted to surgical treatment is comparable worldwide. Moreover, histopathological analyses showed an association between GCD and hippocampal neuronal loss, especially in the CA4 subfield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaclara Prada Jardim
- Unidade de Pesquisa e Tratamento das Epilepsias, Clinical Neurology Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil.
| | - Jeana Torres Corso Duarte
- Unidade de Pesquisa e Tratamento das Epilepsias, Clinical Neurology Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Carrete
- Diagnostic Imaging Sector, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Silva Centeno
- Neurosurgery Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - Carla Alessandra Scorza
- Neuroscience Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - Esper Abrão Cavalheiro
- Neuroscience Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - Mirian Salvadori Bittar Guaranha
- Unidade de Pesquisa e Tratamento das Epilepsias, Clinical Neurology Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - Elza Márcia Targas Yacubian
- Unidade de Pesquisa e Tratamento das Epilepsias, Clinical Neurology Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
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18
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Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonist (R-PIA) before Pilocarpine Modulates Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Factors in an Animal Model of Epilepsy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040376. [PMID: 33919533 PMCID: PMC8074097 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to characterize the mechanisms involved in neuroprotection by R-PIA administered before pilocarpine-induced seizures. Caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities were assayed using fluorimetry, and cathepsin D, HSP-70, and AKT expression levels were assayed using Western Blot of hippocampal samples. R-PIA was injected before pilocarpine (PILO), and four groups were studied at 1 h 30 min and 7 days following initiation of status epilepticus (SE): PILO, R-PIA+PILO, SALINE, and R-PIA+SALINE. At 1 h 30 min, significantly higher activities of caspase-1 and -3 were observed in the PILO group than in the SALINE group. Caspase-1 and -3 activities were higher in the R-PIA+PILO group than in the PILO group. At 7 days following SE, caspase-1 and -3 activities were higher than in the initial post-seizure phase compared to the SALINE group. The pretreatment of rats receiving PILO significantly reduced caspase activities compared to the PILO group. Expression of HSP-70, AKT, and cathepsin D was significantly higher in the PILO group than in the SALINE. In the R-PIA+PILO group, the expression of AKT and HSP-70 was greater than in rats receiving only PILO, while cathepsin D presented decreased expression. Pretreatment with R-PIA in PILO-injected rats strongly inhibited caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities and cathepsin D expression. It also increased expression levels of the neuroprotective proteins HSP-70 and AKT, suggesting an important role in modulating the cellular survival cascade.
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19
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Weninger J, Meseke M, Rana S, Förster E. Heat-Shock Induces Granule Cell Dispersion and Microgliosis in Hippocampal Slice Cultures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626704. [PMID: 33693000 PMCID: PMC7937632 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule cell dispersion (GCD) has been found in the dentate gyrus (dg) of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and a history of febrile seizures but was also recently observed in pediatric patients that did not suffer from epilepsy. This indicates that GCD might not always be disease related, but instead could reflect normal morphological variation. Thus, distribution of newborn granule cells within the hilar region is part of normal dg development at early stages but could be misinterpreted as pathological GCD. In turn, pathological GCD may be caused, for example, by genetic mutations, such as the reeler mutation. GCD in the reeler mutant goes along with an increased susceptibility to epileptiform activity. Pathological GCD in combination with epilepsy is caused by experimental administration of the glutamate receptor agonist kainic acid in rodents. In consequence, the interpretation of GCD and the role of febrile seizures remain controversial. Here, we asked whether febrile temperatures alone might be sufficient to trigger GCD and used hippocampal slice cultures as in vitro model to analyze the effect of a transient temperature increase on the dg morphology. We found that a heat-shock of 41°C for 6 h was sufficient to induce GCD and degeneration of a fraction of granule cells. Both of these factors, broadening of the granule cell layer (gcl) and increased neuronal cell death within the gcl, contributed to the development of a significantly reduced packaging density of granule cells. In contrast, Reelin expressing Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells in the molecular layer were heat-shock resistant. Thus, their number was not reduced, and we did not detect degenerating CR cells after heat-shock, implying that GCD was not caused by the loss of CR cells. Importantly, the heat-shock-induced deterioration of dg morphology was accompanied by a massive microgliosis, reflecting a robust heat-shock-induced immune response. In contrast, in the study that reported on GCD as a non-specific finding in pediatric patients, no microglia reaction was observed. Thus, our findings underpin the importance of microglia as a marker to distinguish pathological GCD from normal morphological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Weninger
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maurice Meseke
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Shaleen Rana
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eckart Förster
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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20
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Tran S, Mathon B, Morcos-Sauvain E, Lerond J, Navarro V, Bielle F. [Neuropathology of epilepsy]. Ann Pathol 2020; 40:447-460. [PMID: 33092907 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathology of epilepsy aims at diagnosing the cerebral lesions underlying epilepsy that are obtained from epilepsy surgery, or rarely from biopsy or autopsy. The main histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of several entities are described: epilepsy-associated hippocampal sclerosis, long-term epilepsy-associated tumours, cortical malformations, vascular malformations, glial scars, encephalitides, and focal neuronal lipofuscinosis. The diagnostic approach, the differential diagnosis and the histochemical and immunohistochemical tools are detailed in order to provide the pathologist with a summarized toolkit to handle the broad range of epileptogenic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Tran
- Département de neuropathologie, laboratoire Escourolle, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 46-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Mathon
- Inserm, CNRS, Paris brain institute, ICM, Sorbonne université, AP-HP, Paris, France; Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Elise Morcos-Sauvain
- Département de neuropathologie, laboratoire Escourolle, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 46-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Julie Lerond
- Inserm, CNRS, Paris brain institute, ICM, Sorbonne université, AP-HP, Paris, France; SiRIC curamus (cancer united research associating medicine, university & society), site de recherche intégrée sur le cancer IUC, Sorbonne université, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Inserm, CNRS, Paris brain institute, ICM, Sorbonne université, AP-HP, Paris, France; Service de neurologie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Centre de référence des épilepsies rares, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- Département de neuropathologie, laboratoire Escourolle, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 46-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, CNRS, Paris brain institute, ICM, Sorbonne université, AP-HP, Paris, France; SiRIC curamus (cancer united research associating medicine, university & society), site de recherche intégrée sur le cancer IUC, Sorbonne université, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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21
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Gray LG, Mills JD, Curry-Hyde A, Devore S, Friedman D, Thom M, Scott C, Thijs RD, Aronica E, Devinsky O, Janitz M. Identification of Specific Circular RNA Expression Patterns and MicroRNA Interaction Networks in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Genet 2020; 11:564301. [PMID: 33101384 PMCID: PMC7546880 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.564301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate mRNA translation by binding to microRNAs (miRNAs), and their expression is altered in diverse disorders, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Here, we compare circRNA expression patterns in the temporal cortex and hippocampus of patients with pharmacoresistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and healthy controls. Nine circRNAs showed significant differential expression, including circRNA-HOMER1, which is expressed in synapses. Further, we identified miRNA binding sites within the sequences of differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs; expression levels of mRNAs correlated with changes in complementary miRNAs. Gene set enrichment analysis of mRNA targets revealed functions in heterocyclic compound binding, regulation of transcription, and signal transduction, which maintain the structure and function of hippocampal neurons. The circRNA–miRNA–mRNA interaction networks illuminate the molecular changes in MTLE, which may be pathogenic or an effect of the disease or treatments and suggests that DE circRNAs and associated miRNAs may be novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G Gray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James D Mills
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ashton Curry-Hyde
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sasha Devore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Thom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Scott
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland D Thijs
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Janitz
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Ábrahám H, Molnár JE, Sóki N, Gyimesi C, Horváth Z, Janszky J, Dóczi T, Seress L. Etiology-related Degree of Sprouting of Parvalbumin-immunoreactive Axons in the Human Dentate Gyrus in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neuroscience 2020; 448:55-70. [PMID: 32931846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells and axons in the dentate gyrus of surgically resected tissues of therapy-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with different etiologies. Based on MRI results, five groups of patients were formed: (1) hippocampal sclerosis (HS), (2) malformation of cortical development, (3) malformation of cortical development + HS, (4) tumor-induced TLE, (5) patients with negative MRI result. Four control samples were also included in the study. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells were observed mostly in subgranular location in the dentate hilus in controls, in tumor-induced TLE, in malformation of cortical development and in MR-negative cases. In patients with HS, significant decrease in the number of hilar parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells and large numbers of ectopic parvalbumin-containing neurons were detected in the dentate gyrus' molecular layer. The ratio of ectopic/normally-located cells was significantly higher in HS than in other TLE groups. In patients with HS, robust sprouting of parvalbumin-immunoreactive axons were frequently visible in the molecular layer. The extent of sprouting was significantly higher in TLE patients with HS than in other groups. Strong sprouting of parvalbumin-immunoreactive axons were frequently observed in patients who had childhood febrile seizure. Significant correlation was found between the level of sprouting of axons and the ratio of ectopic/normally-located parvalbumin-containing cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated that sprouted parvalbumin-immunoreactive axons terminate on proximal and distal dendritic shafts as well as on dendritic spines of granule cells. Our results indicate alteration of target profile of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in HS that contributes to the known synaptic remodeling in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Ábrahám
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u 12., Pécs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Judit E Molnár
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u 12., Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Noémi Sóki
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u 12., Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Csilla Gyimesi
- Department of Neurology, University of Pécs Medical School, Rét u. 2., Pécs 7623, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Horváth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs Medical School, Rét u. 2., Pécs 7623, Hungary
| | - József Janszky
- Department of Neurology, University of Pécs Medical School, Rét u. 2., Pécs 7623, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dóczi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs Medical School, Rét u. 2., Pécs 7623, Hungary
| | - László Seress
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti u 12., Pécs 7624, Hungary
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23
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Kon FC, Vázquez RZ, Lang A, Cohen MC. Hippocampal abnormalities and seizures: a 16-year single center review of sudden unexpected death in childhood, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and SIDS. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2020; 16:423-434. [PMID: 32712908 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sudden Unexpected Death in Childhood (SUDC) is the unexplained death of children aged between 1 and 18 years old. Hippocampal abnormalities have previously been described in Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) and it is possible that SUDC shares similar pathogenic mechanisms with SUDEP. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of hippocampal abnormalities, history of seizures and demographic features in our caseload of SUDC, SUDEP and SIDS cases. A review of post-mortem reports from 2003 to 2018 was carried out to identify cases of SUDC, SUDEP and SIDS. Histological evidence of hippocampal abnormalities, patient demographics (age, gender), sleeping position, and past medical history (history of seizures and illness 72 hours prior to death) were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the three groups. 48 SUDC, 18 SUDEP and 358 SIDS cases were identified. Hippocampal abnormalities associated with temporal lobe epilepsy were found in 44.4% of SUDC cases. 5/15 SUDC cases with a history of seizures demonstrated hippocampal abnormalities. SUDC cases were also more likely to be found prone compared to SIDS cases. In comparison with SIDS, both SUDC and SUDEP cases were more likely to demonstrate hippocampal abnormalities (SUDC: (OR = 9.4, 95% CI: 3.1-29.1, p < 0.001; SUDEP: OR = 35.4, 95% CI: 8.3-151.5, p < 0.001). We found a potential link between hippocampal abnormalities and epileptic seizures in SUDC. A concerted effort should be directed towards consistent sampling and standardized description of the hippocampus and clinical correlation with a history of seizures/epilepsy in postmortem reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Chuen Kon
- Histopathology Department, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS FT, Sheffield, UK.,Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Andrew Lang
- Histopathology Department, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS FT, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marta C Cohen
- Histopathology Department, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS FT, Sheffield, UK. .,Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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24
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Roy A, Millen KJ, Kapur RP. Hippocampal granule cell dispersion: a non-specific finding in pediatric patients with no history of seizures. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:54. [PMID: 32317027 PMCID: PMC7171777 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic epilepsy has been associated with hippocampal abnormalities like neuronal loss, gliosis and granule cell dispersion. The granule cell layer of a normal human hippocampal dentate gyrus is traditionally regarded as a compact neuron-dense layer. Histopathological studies of surgically resected or autopsied hippocampal samples primarily from temporal lobe epilepsy patients, as well as animal models of epilepsy, describe variable patterns of granule cell dispersion including focal cell clusters, broader thick segments, and bilamination or “tram-tracking”. Although most studies have implicated granule cell dispersion as a specific feature of chronic epilepsy, very few “non-seizure” controls were included in these published investigations. Our retrospective survey of 147 cadaveric pediatric human hippocampi identified identical morphological spectra of granule cell dispersion in both normal and seizure-affected brains. Moreover, sections across the entire antero-posterior axis of a control cadaveric hippocampus revealed repetitive occurrence of different morphologies of the granule cell layer – compact, focally disaggregated and bilaminar. The results indicate that granule cell dispersion is within the spectrum of normal variation and not unique to patients with epilepsy. We speculate that sampling bias has been responsible for an erroneous dogma, which we hope to rectify with this investigation.
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25
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Liu JYW, Dzurova N, Al-Kaaby B, Mills K, Sisodiya SM, Thom M. Granule Cell Dispersion in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Proteomics Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Migratory Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:53. [PMID: 32256318 PMCID: PMC7090224 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule cell dispersion (GCD) is a common pathological feature observed in the hippocampus of patients with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTLE). Pathomechanisms underlying GCD remain to be elucidated, but one hypothesis proposes aberrant reactivation of neurodevelopmental migratory pathways, possibly triggered by febrile seizures. This study aims to compare the proteomes of basal and dispersed granule cells in the hippocampus of eight MTLE patients with GCD to identify proteins that may mediate GCD in MTLE. Quantitative proteomics identified 1,882 proteins, of which 29% were found in basal granule cells only, 17% in dispersed only and 54% in both samples. Bioinformatics analyses revealed upregulated proteins in dispersed samples were involved in developmental cellular migratory processes, including cytoskeletal remodeling, axon guidance and signaling by Ras homologous (Rho) family of GTPases (P < 0.01). The expression of two Rho GTPases, RhoA and Rac1, was subsequently explored in immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies involving eighteen MTLE cases with or without GCD, and three normal post mortem cases. In cases with GCD, most dispersed granule cells in the outer-granular and molecular layers have an elongated soma and bipolar processes, with intense RhoA immunolabeling at opposite poles of the cell soma, while most granule cells in the basal granule cell layer were devoid of RhoA. A higher percentage of cells expressing RhoA was observed in cases with GCD than without GCD (P < 0.004). In GCD cases, the percentage of cells expressing RhoA was significantly higher in the inner molecular layer than the granule cell layer (P < 0.026), supporting proteomic findings. In situ hybridization studies using probes against RHOA and RAC1 mRNAs revealed fine peri- and nuclear puncta in granule cells of all cases. The density of cells expressing RHOA mRNAs was significantly higher in the inner molecular layer of cases with GCD than without GCD (P = 0.05). In summary, our study has found limited evidence for ongoing adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus of patients with MTLE, but evidence of differential dysmaturation between dispersed and basal granule cells has been demonstrated, and elevated expression of Rho GTPases in dispersed granule cells may contribute to the pathomechanisms underpinning GCD in MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Y W Liu
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Dzurova
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Batoul Al-Kaaby
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Mills
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Thom
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Hata Y, Oku Y, Taneichi H, Tanaka T, Igarashi N, Niida Y, Nishida N. Two autopsy cases of sudden unexpected death from Dravet syndrome with novel de novo SCN1A variants. Brain Dev 2020; 42:171-178. [PMID: 31677916 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM Dravet syndrome (DS) is characterized by high epilepsy-related premature mortality with a markedly young age at death, however, autopsy report of sudden unexpected death with DS has been fewer than expected. METHODS We report two autopsy cases with sudden unexpected death from DS. Case 1 was a 13-year-old male who drowned in a bathtub, and Case 2 was a 3-year-old female who died while sleeping. In Case 1, the blood concentration of the anticonvulsant, valproic acid, was below the recommended therapeutic range. Neuropathological investigation and genetic analysis of 402 cardiovascular disease-related and 146 epilepsy-related genes by next generation sequencing were applied. RESULTS No significant neuronal loss with gliosis was observed in the brain of either patient. Although possible mild malformations of cortical development were found in both, the degree thereof was similar to that of age-matched controls. Genetic analysis identified a novel variant in SCN1A intron 23 (c.4477-3T > C) in Case 1 that falls outside of the minor splicing consensus sequence. In vitro splicing functional assays with minigene constructs revealed that this intronic variant leads to a 2-bp insertion immediately before exon 24 that results in protein truncation. Similarly, a novel de novo missense mutation of unknown significance, SCN1A_Arg187Pro, was identified in Case 2. In both cases, we also identified cardiomyopathy-related variants classified as likely pathogenic; however, the effect of these variants at death was minimal because there was an absence of pathological change indicating inherited cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSION The present cases emphasize the need for multifaceted examination of DS cases so as to obtain a definitive autopsy diagnosis and to explore the mechanism of sudden unexpected death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hata
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuko Oku
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Taneichi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Noboru Igarashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yo Niida
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishida
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan.
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27
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Analysis of proliferating neuronal progenitors and immature neurons in the human hippocampus surgically removed from control and epileptic patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18194. [PMID: 31796832 PMCID: PMC6890740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian hippocampus is a well-known phenomenon. However, it remains controversial as to what extent adult neurogenesis actually occurs in the adult human hippocampus, and how brain diseases, such as epilepsy, affect human adult neurogenesis. To address these questions, we analyzed immature neuronal marker-expressing (PSA-NCAM+) cells and proliferating neuronal progenitor (Ki67+/HuB+/DCX+) cells in the surgically removed hippocampus of epileptic patients. In control patients, a substantial number of PSA-NCAM+ cells were distributed densely below the granule cell layer. In epileptic patients with granule cell dispersion, the number of PSA-NCAM+ cells was reduced, and aberrant PSA-NCAM+ cells were found. However, the numbers of Ki67+/HuB+/DCX+ cells were very low in both control and epileptic patients. The large number of PSA-NCAM+ cells and few DCX+/HuB+/Ki-67+ cells observed in the controls suggest that immature-type neurons are not recently generated neurons, and that the level of hippocampal neuronal production in adult humans is low. These results also suggest that PSA-NCAM is a useful marker for analyzing the pathology of epilepsy, but different interpretations of the immunohistochemical results between humans and rodents are required.
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28
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Machado RA, Benjumea-Cuartas V, Zapata Berruecos JF, Agudelo-Flóres PM, Salazar-Peláez LM. Reelin, tau phosphorylation and psychiatric complications in patients with hippocampal sclerosis and structural abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 96:192-199. [PMID: 31150999 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common adult epileptic syndrome. About 30-70% of those cases have neuropsychiatric complications. More than 10% of patients have TLE because of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type IIIa. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to review the evidence of reelin (RELN) deficiency and tau phosphorylation role in the histopathological, neuropsychiatric, and hyperexcitability features in TLE because of dysplasia type IIIa. METHODS The current literature was reviewed using Cochrane, EMBASE, PROSPERO, MEDLINE, and PubMed from 1995 to July 2018. Articles of interest were reviewed by one investigator (RAM). RESULTS Reelin deficit is related to an abnormal migration of neurons in dentate gyrus, and its deficit causes dentate gyrus abnormalities, which in turn has been associated with memory deficits in patients with TLE. A decreased in the expression of RELN ribonucleic acid (RNA) was found in patients with TLE and dysplasia type IIIa compared with patients with TLE and isolated hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Reelin might affect the distribution and dynamic instability of microtubules within neurons in the cerebral cortex and their phosphorylation. Amyloid pathology, tauopathy, or phosphorylated tau (p-tau) overexpression has been reported in epileptic human brain and in animal models of epilepsy. CONCLUSION Reelin deficit may determine an abnormal cortical lamination and dentate gyrus dispersion and might be associated with an abnormal tau phosphorylation. These processes can be associated with an abnormal hyperexcitability, neuropsychiatric complications, and a myriad of typical histopathological features seen in patients with TLE because of dysplasia type IIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanesa Benjumea-Cuartas
- Neurologist-epileptologist at Neurology Institute of Colombia. Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES
| | - José Fernando Zapata Berruecos
- Neurology at Neurology Institute of Colombia, Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES
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29
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Depression and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Expression Pattern of Calbindin Immunoreactivity in Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus of Patients Who Underwent Epilepsy Surgery with and without Comorbid Depression. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:7396793. [PMID: 31191739 PMCID: PMC6525951 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7396793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Changes in calbindin (CB) expression have been reported in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with controversial implications on hippocampal functions. The aim of this study was to determine the CB immunoreactivity in hippocampal dentate gyrus of patients who underwent epilepsy surgery for drug-resistant TLE with and without comorbid depression and/or memory deficits. Methods Selected hippocampal samples from patients with TLE who underwent epilepsy surgery were included. Clinical and complementary assessment: EEG, video-EEG, MRI, psychiatric assessment (structured clinical interview, DSM-IV), and memory assessment (Rey auditory verbal learning test, RAVLT; Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test, RCFT), were determined before surgery. Hippocampal sections were processed using immunoperoxidase with the anti-calbindin antibody. The semiquantitative analysis of CB immunoreactivity was determined in dentate gyrus by computerized image analysis (ImageJ). Results Hippocampal sections of patients with TLE and HS (n = 24) and postmortem controls (n = 5) were included. A significant reduction of CB+ cells was found in patients with TLE (p < 0.05, Student's t-test). Among TLE cases (n = 24), depression (n = 12) and memory deficit (n = 17) were determined. Depression was associated with a higher % of cells with the CB dendritic expression (CB-sprouted cells) (F(1, 20) = 11.81, p = 0.003, hp2 = 0.37), a higher CB+ area (μm2) (F(1, 20) = 5.33, p = 0.032, hp2 = 0.21), and a higher optical density (F(1, 20) = 15.09, p = 0.001, hp2 = 0.43) (two-way ANOVA). The GAF scale (general assessment of functioning) of DSM-IV inversely correlated with the % of CB-sprouted cells (r = −0.52, p = 0.008) and with the CB+ area (r = −0.46, p = 0.022). Conclusions In this exploratory study, comorbid depression was associated with a differential pattern of CB cell loss in dentate gyrus combined with a higher CB sprouting. These changes may indicate granular cell dysmaturation associated to the epileptic hyperexcitability phenomena. Further investigations should be carried out to confirm these preliminary findings.
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30
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Witt JA, Coras R, Becker AJ, Elger CE, Blümcke I, Helmstaedter C. When does conscious memory become dependent on the hippocampus? The role of memory load and the differential relevance of left hippocampal integrity for short- and long-term aspects of verbal memory performance. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1599-1607. [PMID: 30863886 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supraspan list learning tests are sensitive measures used to assess temporal lobe dysfunction. Most frequently employed is the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning and Memory Test (RAVLT). The test's structure is determined by a short- and long-term memory component. During the first of five learning trials, the short-term memory component is the highest and steadily decreases over the following trials, while the long-term memory component concurrently increases and reaches its maximum at the delayed recall after a retention interval of 30 min. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that the functional relevance of left hippocampal integrity for conscious memory rises along with the increasing degree of the long-term memory component. Moreover, we investigated whether classical measures of short-term and working memory are also dependent on the hippocampus. The analysis was based on 37 adult patients who had undergone surgery for left mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuronal cell densities of the resected left hippocampus were correlated with the presurgical memory performance across trials of the VLMT (the German RAVLT) and with digit span and working memory capacity (WMS-R). Whereas digit span and working memory capacity were not related to hippocampal cell counts, there was a significant correlation between left hippocampal integrity and VLMT memory performance, already regarding the first supraspan learning trial. Correlations steadily increased during the learning course. The highest correlation was seen regarding the delayed free recall. The results indicate an increasing correspondence between the integrity of the left hippocampus and verbal memory with an increasing long-term memory component. Immediate recall of verbal material became already dependent on left hippocampal integrity when the verbal memory load exceeded the memory span (supraspan list learning), while classical span measures that assess verbal short-term and working memory were not affected by left hippocampal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri-Alexander Witt
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian E Elger
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Helmstaedter
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
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31
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Thom M, Boldrini M, Bundock E, Sheppard MN, Devinsky O. Review: The past, present and future challenges in epilepsy-related and sudden deaths and biobanking. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 44:32-55. [PMID: 29178443 PMCID: PMC5820128 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Awareness and research on epilepsy-related deaths (ERD), in particular Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP), have exponentially increased over the last two decades. Most publications have focused on guidelines that inform clinicians dealing with these deaths, educating patients, potential risk factors and mechanisms. There is a relative paucity of information available for pathologists who conduct these autopsies regarding appropriate post mortem practice and investigations. As we move from recognizing SUDEP as the most common form of ERD toward in-depth investigations into its causes and prevention, health professionals involved with these autopsies and post mortem procedure must remain fully informed. Systematizing a more comprehensive and consistent practice of examining these cases will facilitate (i) more precise determination of cause of death, (ii) identification of SUDEP for improved epidemiological surveillance (the first step for an intervention study), and (iii) biobanking and cell-based research. This article reviews how pathologists and healthcare professionals have approached ERD, current practices, logistical problems and areas to improve and harmonize. The main neuropathology, cardiac and genetic findings in SUDEP are outlined, providing a framework for best practices, integration of clinical, pathological and molecular genetic investigations in SUDEP, and ultimately prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - M Boldrini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Centre, Divisions of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Bundock
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M N Sheppard
- Department of Pathology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - O Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, NYU Epilepsy Center, New York, NY, USA
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Peixoto-Santos JE, de Carvalho LED, Kandratavicius L, Diniz PRB, Scandiuzzi RC, Coras R, Blümcke I, Assirati JA, Carlotti CG, Matias CCMS, Salmon CEG, Dos Santos AC, Velasco TR, Moraes MFD, Leite JP. Manual Hippocampal Subfield Segmentation Using High-Field MRI: Impact of Different Subfields in Hippocampal Volume Loss of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients. Front Neurol 2018; 9:927. [PMID: 30524352 PMCID: PMC6256705 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), presurgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) often reveals hippocampal atrophy, while neuropathological assessment indicates the different types of hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Different HS types are not discriminated in MRI so far. We aimed to define the volume of each hippocampal subfield on MRI manually and to compare automatic and manual segmentations for the discrimination of HS types. The T2-weighted images from 14 formalin-fixed age-matched control hippocampi were obtained with 4.7T MRI to evaluate the volume of each subfield at the anatomical level of the hippocampal head, body, and tail. Formalin-fixed coronal sections at the level of the body of 14 control cases, as well as tissue samples from 24 TLE patients, were imaged with a similar high-resolution sequence at 3T. Presurgical three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted images from TLE went through a FreeSurfer 6.0 hippocampal subfield automatic assessment. The manual delineation with the 4.7T MRI was identified using Luxol Fast Blue stained 10-μm-thin microscopy slides, collected at every millimeter. An additional section at the level of the body from controls and TLE cases was submitted to NeuN immunohistochemistry for neuronal density estimation. All TLE cases were classified according to the International League Against Epilepsy's (ILAE's) HS classification. Manual volumetry in controls revealed that the dentate gyrus (DG)+CA4 region, CA1, and subiculum accounted for almost 90% of the hippocampal volume. The manual 3T volumetry showed that all TLE patients with type 1 HS (TLE-HS1) had lower volumes for DG+CA4, CA2, and CA1, whereas those TLE patients with HS type 2 (TLE-HS2) had lower volumes only in CA1 (p ≤ 0.038). Neuronal cell densities always decreased in CA4, CA3, CA2, and CA1 of TLE-HS1 but only in CA1 of TLE-HS2 (p ≤ 0.003). In addition, TLE-HS2 had a higher volume (p = 0.016) and higher neuronal density (p < 0.001) than the TLE-HS1 in DG + CA4. Automatic segmentation failed to match the manual or histological findings and was unable to differentiate TLE-HS1 from TLE-HS2. Total hippocampal volume correlated with DG+CA4 and CA1 volumes and neuronal density. For the first time, we also identified subfield-specific pathology patterns in the manual evaluation of volumetric MRI scans, showing the importance of manual segmentation to assess subfield-specific pathology patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Eduardo Peixoto-Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Neuropathology Institute, University Hospitals Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Ludmyla Kandratavicius
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Caldo Scandiuzzi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Roland Coras
- Neuropathology Institute, University Hospitals Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Neuropathology Institute, University Hospitals Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joao Alberto Assirati
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gilberto Carlotti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Languages of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Tonicarlo R Velasco
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcio Flavio D Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Technology and Research in Magneto-Resonance, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Joao Pereira Leite
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Giulioni M, Vornetti G, Marucci G. Letter to the Editor. Focal cortical dysplasia type IIIa and isolated hippocampal sclerosis. J Neurosurg 2018; 128:1898-1899. [DOI: 10.3171/2017.8.jns171954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giulioni
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; and
| | - Gianfranco Vornetti
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; and
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milan, Italy
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Yu Y, Hasegawa D, Hamamoto Y, Mizoguchi S, Kuwabara T, Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Tsuboi M, Chambers JK, Fujita M, Uchida K. Neuropathologic features of the hippocampus and amygdala in cats with familial spontaneous epilepsy. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:324-332. [PMID: 29466043 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.3.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate epilepsy-related neuropathologic changes in cats of a familial spontaneous epileptic strain (ie, familial spontaneous epileptic cats [FSECs]). ANIMALS 6 FSECs, 9 age-matched unrelated healthy control cats, and 2 nonaffected (without clinical seizures)dams and 1 nonaffected sire of FSECs. PROCEDURES Immunohistochemical analyses were used to evaluate hippocampal sclerosis, amygdaloid sclerosis, mossy fiber sprouting, and granule cell pathological changes. Values were compared between FSECs and control cats. RESULTS Significantly fewer neurons without gliosis were detected in the third subregion of the cornu ammonis (CA) of the dorsal and ventral aspects of the hippocampus as well as the central nucleus of the amygdala in FSECs versus control cats. Gliosis without neuronal loss was also observed in the CA4 subregion of the ventral aspect of the hippocampus. No changes in mossy fiber sprouting and granule cell pathological changes were detected. Moreover, similar changes were observed in the dams and sire without clinical seizures, although to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that the lower numbers of neurons in the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus and the central nucleus of the amygdala were endophenotypes of familial spontaneous epilepsy in cats. In contrast to results of other veterinary medicine reports, severe epilepsy-related neuropathologic changes (eg, hippocampal sclerosis, amygdaloid sclerosis, mossy fiber sprouting, and granule cell pathological changes) were not detected in FSECs. Despite the use of a small number of cats with infrequent seizures, these findings contributed new insights on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of genetic-related epilepsy in cats.
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Reyes-Garcia SZ, Scorza CA, Araújo NS, Ortiz-Villatoro NN, Jardim AP, Centeno R, Yacubian EMT, Faber J, Cavalheiro EA. Different patterns of epileptiform-like activity are generated in the sclerotic hippocampus from patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7116. [PMID: 29740014 PMCID: PMC5940759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hippocampal slice preparations from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) are excellent material for the characterization of epileptiform-like activity. However, it is still unknown if hippocampal regions as cornu Ammonis (CA) 1, CA3 and CA4, generate population epileptiform-like activity. Here, we investigated epileptiform activities of the subiculum, CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4 (induced by elevation of extracellular potassium concentration) and the dentate gyrus (induced with hilar stimulation and elevation of potassium concentration) from sclerotic hippocampi of patients with drug-resistant TLE. Five types of epileptiform-like activity were observed: interictal-like events; periodic ictal spiking; seizure-like events; spreading depression-like events; tonic seizure-like events and no activity. Different susceptibilities to generate epileptiform activity among hippocampal regions were observed; the dentate gyrus was the most susceptible region followed by the subiculum, CA4, CA1, CA2 and CA3. The incidence of epileptiform activity pattern was associated with specific regions of the hippocampal formation. Moreover, it was observed that each region of the hippocampal formation exhibits frequency-specific ranges in each subfield of the sclerotic human tissue. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that epileptiform-like activity may be induced in different regions of the hippocampal formation, including regions that are severely affected by neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin Z Reyes-Garcia
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Carla A Scorza
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noemi S Araújo
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nancy N Ortiz-Villatoro
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anaclara Prada Jardim
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Centeno
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elza Márcia Targas Yacubian
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Faber
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper A Cavalheiro
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Calderon-Garcidueñas AL, Mathon B, Lévy P, Bertrand A, Mokhtari K, Samson V, Thuriès V, Lambrecq V, Nguyen VHM, Dupont S, Adam C, Baulac M, Clémenceau S, Duyckaerts C, Navarro V, Bielle F. New clinicopathological associations and histoprognostic markers in ILAE types of hippocampal sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:644-655. [PMID: 29476662 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) is a heterogeneous syndrome. Surgery results in seizure freedom for most pharmacoresistant patients, but the epileptic and cognitive prognosis remains variable. The 2013 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) histopathological classification of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) has fostered research to understand MTLE-HS heterogeneity. We investigated the associations between histopathological features (ILAE types, hypertrophic CA4 neurons, granule cell layer alterations, CD34 immunopositive cells) and clinical features (presurgical history, postsurgical outcome) in a monocentric series of 247 MTLE-HS patients treated by surgery. NeuN, GFAP and CD34 immunostainings and a double independent pathological examination were performed. 186 samples were type 1, 47 type 2, 7 type 3 and 7 samples were gliosis only but no neuronal loss (noHS). In the type 1, hypertrophic CA4 neurons were associated with a worse postsurgical outcome and granule cell layer duplication was associated with generalized seizures and episodes of status epilepticus. In the type 2, granule cell layer duplication was associated with generalized seizures. CD34+ stellate cells were more frequent in the type 2, type 3 and in noHS. These cells had a Nestin and SOX2 positive, immature neural immunophenotype. Patients with nodules of CD34+ cells had more frequent dysmnesic auras. CD34+ stellate cells in scarce pattern were associated with higher ratio of normal MRI and of stereo-electroencephalographic studies. CD34+ cells were associated with a trend for a better postsurgical outcome. Among CD34+ cases, we proposed a new entity of BRAF V600E positive HS and we described three hippocampal multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors. To conclude, our data identified new clinicopathological associations with ILAE types. They showed the prognostic value of CA4 hypertrophic neurons. They highlighted CD34+ stellate cells and BRAF V600E as biomarkers to further decipher MTLE-HS heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Calderon-Garcidueñas
- Department of Neuropathology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France.,Institute of Forensic Medicine, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Río, Mexico
| | - Bertrand Mathon
- Department of Neurosurgery, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lévy
- Sorbonne University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,UPMC and Inserm UMR S 1136 (EPAR team), Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Tenon, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire de l'Est Parisien, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bertrand
- Sorbonne University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM; INSERM, UMRS 1127; CNRS, UMR 7225), Paris, France.,Inria Paris, Aramis project-team, Paris, France.,Department of Radiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Department of Neuropathology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM; INSERM, UMRS 1127; CNRS, UMR 7225), Paris, France
| | - Véronique Samson
- Department of Epileptology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Thuriès
- Department of Neuropathology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Lambrecq
- Sorbonne University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM; INSERM, UMRS 1127; CNRS, UMR 7225), Paris, France.,Department of Epileptology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Vi-Huong Michel Nguyen
- Department of Epileptology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dupont
- Sorbonne University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM; INSERM, UMRS 1127; CNRS, UMR 7225), Paris, France.,Department of Epileptology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France.,Department of Rehabilitation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Claude Adam
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM; INSERM, UMRS 1127; CNRS, UMR 7225), Paris, France.,Department of Epileptology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Michel Baulac
- Sorbonne University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM; INSERM, UMRS 1127; CNRS, UMR 7225), Paris, France.,Department of Epileptology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Clémenceau
- Department of Neurosurgery, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Department of Neuropathology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM; INSERM, UMRS 1127; CNRS, UMR 7225), Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Sorbonne University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM; INSERM, UMRS 1127; CNRS, UMR 7225), Paris, France.,Department of Epileptology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- Department of Neuropathology, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM; INSERM, UMRS 1127; CNRS, UMR 7225), Paris, France
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Papageorgiou IE, Valous NA, Lahrmann B, Janova H, Klaft ZJ, Koch A, Schneider UC, Vajkoczy P, Heppner FL, Grabe N, Halama N, Heinemann U, Kann O. Astrocytic glutamine synthetase is expressed in the neuronal somatic layers and down-regulated proportionally to neuronal loss in the human epileptic hippocampus. Glia 2018; 66:920-933. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismini E. Papageorgiou
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
- Present address: Institute of Radiology, Südharz Klinikum Nordhausen gGmbH, Dr.-Robert-Koch-Str. 39; Nordhausen D-99734 Germany
| | - Nektarios A. Valous
- Applied Tumor Immunity Clinical Cooperation Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology; National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
| | - Bernd Lahrmann
- Hamamatsu Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center (TIGA), National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
- Steinbeis Transfer Center for Medical Systems Biology, Heckerstr. 9; Heidelberg D-69124 Germany
| | - Hana Janova
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-str. 3; Göttingen D-37075 Germany
| | - Zin-Juan Klaft
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin D-10117 Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin D-10117 Germany
| | - Arend Koch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin D-10117 Germany
| | - Ulf C. Schneider
- Department of Neurosurgery; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Medical Center, Augustenplatz 1; Berlin D-11353 Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Medical Center, Augustenplatz 1; Berlin D-11353 Germany
| | - Frank L. Heppner
- Institute of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin D-10117 Germany
| | - Niels Grabe
- Hamamatsu Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center (TIGA), National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
- Steinbeis Transfer Center for Medical Systems Biology, Heckerstr. 9; Heidelberg D-69124 Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology; National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
| | - Uwe Heinemann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin D-10117 Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1; Berlin D-10117 Germany
| | - Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364; Heidelberg D-69120 Germany
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39
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Crandall L, Devinsky O. Sudden unexplained death in children. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2017; 1:8-9. [PMID: 30169231 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(17)30003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Crandall
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York, NY 110016, USA.
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York, NY 110016, USA
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40
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Uemori T, Toda K, Seki T. Seizure severity-dependent selective vulnerability of the granule cell layer and aberrant neurogenesis in the rat hippocampus. Hippocampus 2017; 27:1054-1068. [PMID: 28608989 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rodent model has been commonly used to analyze the mechanisms of human temporal lobe epilepsy. Recent studies using this model have demonstrated that epileptic seizures lead to increased adult neurogenesis of the dentate granule cells, and cause abnormal cellular organization in dentate neuronal circuits. In this study, we examined these structural changes in rats with seizures of varying severity. In rats with frequent severe seizures, we found a clear loss of Prox1 and NeuN expression in the dentate granule cell layer (GCL), which was confined mainly to the suprapyramidal blade of the GCL at the septal and middle regions of the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus. In the damaged suprapyramidal region, the number of immature neurons in the subgranular zone was markedly reduced. In contrast, in rats with less frequent severe seizures, there was almost no loss of Prox1 and NeuN expression, and the number of immature neurons was increased. In rats with no or slight loss of Prox1 expression in the GCL, ectopic immature neurons were detected in the molecular layer of the suprapyramidal blade in addition to the hilus, and formed chainlike aggregated structures along the blood vessels up to the hippocampal fissure, suggesting that newly generated neurons migrate at least partially along blood vessels to the hippocampal fissure. These results suggest that seizures of different severity cause different effects on GCL damage, neurogenesis, and the migration of new neurons, and that these structural changes are selective to subdivisions of the GCL and the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uemori
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Toda
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Farrell JS, Wolff MD, Teskey GC. Neurodegeneration and Pathology in Epilepsy: Clinical and Basic Perspectives. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:317-334. [PMID: 28674987 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is commonly associated with a number of neurodegenerative and pathological alterations in those areas of the brain that are involved in repeated electrographic seizures. These most prominently include neuron loss and an increase in astrocyte number and size but may also include enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability, the formation of new capillaries, axonal sprouting, and central inflammation. In animal models in which seizures are either repeatedly elicited or are self-generated, a similar set of neurodegenerative and pathological alterations in brain anatomy are observed. The primary causal agent responsible for these alterations may be the cascade of events that follow a seizure and lead to an hypoperfusion/hypoxic episode. While epilepsy has long and correctly been considered an electrical disorder, the vascular system likely plays an important causal role in the neurodegeneration and pathology that occur as a consequence of repeated seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Farrell
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Marshal D Wolff
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Extent of mossy fiber sprouting in patients with mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy correlates with neuronal cell loss and granule cell dispersion. Epilepsy Res 2017; 129:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schaefermeier P, Heinze S. Hippocampal Characteristics and Invariant Sequence Elements Distribution of GLRA2 and GLRA3 C-to-U Editing. Mol Syndromol 2016; 8:85-92. [PMID: 28611548 DOI: 10.1159/000453300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptor α2 and α3 subunit (GLRA2/GLRA3) high-affinity variants, of which the subjacent amino acid substitutions issue from C-to-U RNA editing, are thought to influence tonic inhibition and pathophysiology. In light of the detection of GLRA3 NM_006529:r.1157C>U and GLRA2 NM_002063:r.1416C>U exchanges in hippocampus explants of temporal lobe epilepsy patients, we now examine the healthy situation and relate it to the epileptic situation by ascertaining controls in a legitimate reanalysis. The GLRA2 and GLRA3 editing events that would ultimately result in a glycine receptor with increased affinity occur in the postmortem nonepileptic hippocampus. Most notably, their relative amounts do not significantly differ from those in increased damaged hippocampus explants, whereas curbed relative amounts in epileptic explants without cell loss come out statistically significant. Local sequence alignment reveals invariant sequence stretches consistent in GLRA2/ GLRA3 and other edited transcripts that coincide with known APOB sequence elements. Concerning the essential mooring element, GLRA2/GLRA3 comply strictly only with the motif's 5' part. While this lack of canonical mooring elements and uncertain action of the famous deaminase APOBEC1 suggest a specific regulation of GLRA2/GLRA3 editing, its reduction in the less-damaged epileptic hippocampus could be attributed to anomalous epileptic neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schaefermeier
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany,Helmholtz Group RNA Editing and Hyperexcitability Disorders, Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Heinze
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Klinikum Oldenburg gGmbH, Oldenburg, Germany,Institute of Forensic Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Kinney HC, Poduri AH, Cryan JB, Haynes RL, Teot L, Sleeper LA, Holm IA, Berry GT, Prabhu SP, Warfield SK, Brownstein C, Abram HS, Kruer M, Kemp WL, Hargitai B, Gastrang J, Mena OJ, Haas EA, Dastjerdi R, Armstrong DD, Goldstein RD. Hippocampal Formation Maldevelopment and Sudden Unexpected Death across the Pediatric Age Spectrum. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:981-997. [PMID: 27612489 PMCID: PMC6281079 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and sudden unexplained death in childhood (SUDC) are defined as sudden death in a child remaining unexplained despite autopsy and death scene investigation. They are distinguished from each other by age criteria, i.e. with SIDS under 1 year and SUDC over 1 year. Our separate studies of SIDS and SUDC provide evidence of shared hippocampal abnormalities, specifically focal dentate bilamination, a lesion classically associated with temporal lobe epilepsy, across the 2 groups. In this study, we characterized the clinicopathologic features in a retrospective case series of 32 children with sudden death and hippocampal formation (HF) maldevelopment. The greatest frequency of deaths was between 3 weeks and 3 years (81%, 26/32). Dentate anomalies were found across the pediatric age spectrum, supporting a common vulnerability that defies the 1-year age cutoff between SIDS and SUDC. Twelve cases (38%) had seizures, including 7 only with febrile seizures. Subicular anomalies were found in cases over 1 year of age and were associated with increased risk of febrile seizures. Sudden death associated with HF maldevelopment reflects a complex interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that lead to death at different pediatric ages, and may be analogous to sudden unexplained death in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Kinney
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Annapurna H Poduri
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Jane B Cryan
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Robin L Haynes
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Lisa Teot
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Lynn A Sleeper
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Ingrid A Holm
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Gerald T Berry
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Sanjay P Prabhu
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Simon K Warfield
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Catherine Brownstein
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Harry S Abram
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Michael Kruer
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Walter L Kemp
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Beata Hargitai
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Joanne Gastrang
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Othon J Mena
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Elisabeth A Haas
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Roya Dastjerdi
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Dawna D Armstrong
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
| | - Richard D Goldstein
- From the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (HCK, RLH, LT, RD); Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (AHP); Division of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (JBC); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (LAS); Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (IAH, GTB, CB); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (SPP, SKW); Division of Child Neurology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, Florida (HAS); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (MK); Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota (WLK); Department of Cellular Pathology Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK (BH); Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, and Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK (JG); Office of the Medical Examiner, County of San Diego, California (OJM); Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (EAH); Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Retired Professor of Pathology, Houston, Texas (DDA); Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (RDG)
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Sato S, Iwasaki M, Suzuki H, Mugikura S, Jin K, Tominaga T, Takase K, Takahashi S, Nakasato N. T2 relaxometry improves detection of non-sclerotic epileptogenic hippocampus. Epilepsy Res 2016; 126:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Trattnig S, Bogner W, Gruber S, Szomolanyi P, Juras V, Robinson S, Zbýň Š, Haneder S. Clinical applications at ultrahigh field (7 T). Where does it make the difference? NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1316-34. [PMID: 25762432 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Presently, three major MR vendors provide commercial 7-T units for clinical research under ethical permission, with the number of operating 7-T systems having increased to over 50. This rapid increase indicates the growing interest in ultrahigh-field MRI because of improved clinical results with regard to morphological as well as functional and metabolic capabilities. As the signal-to-noise ratio scales linearly with the field strength (B0 ) of the scanner, the most obvious application at 7 T is to obtain higher spatial resolution in the brain, musculoskeletal system and breast. Of specific clinical interest for neuro-applications is the cerebral cortex at 7 T, for the detection of changes in cortical structure as a sign of early dementia, as well as for the visualization of cortical microinfarcts and cortical plaques in multiple sclerosis. In the imaging of the hippocampus, even subfields of the internal hippocampal anatomy and pathology can be visualized with excellent resolution. The dynamic and static blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast increases linearly with the field strength, which significantly improves the pre-surgical evaluation of eloquent areas before tumor removal. Using susceptibility-weighted imaging, the plaque-vessel relationship and iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis can be visualized for the first time. Multi-nuclear clinical applications, such as sodium imaging for the evaluation of repair tissue quality after cartilage transplantation and (31) P spectroscopy for the differentiation between non-alcoholic benign liver disease and potentially progressive steatohepatitis, are only possible at ultrahigh fields. Although neuro- and musculoskeletal imaging have already demonstrated the clinical superiority of ultrahigh fields, whole-body clinical applications at 7 T are still limited, mainly because of the lack of suitable coils. The purpose of this article was therefore to review the clinical studies that have been performed thus far at 7 T, compared with 3 T, as well as those studies performed at 7 T that cannot be routinely performed at 3 T. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Trattnig
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CD Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Gruber
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavol Szomolanyi
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimir Juras
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Simon Robinson
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Štefan Zbýň
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Haneder
- Vascular and Abdominal Imaging, Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Sone D, Sato N, Maikusa N, Ota M, Sumida K, Yokoyama K, Kimura Y, Imabayashi E, Watanabe Y, Watanabe M, Okazaki M, Onuma T, Matsuda H. Automated subfield volumetric analysis of hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy using high-resolution T2-weighed MR imaging. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 12:57-64. [PMID: 27489767 PMCID: PMC4960104 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Automated subfield volumetry of hippocampus is desirable for use in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but its utility has not been established. Automatic segmentation of hippocampal subfields (ASHS) and the new version of FreeSurfer software (ver.6.0) using high-resolution T2-weighted MR imaging are candidates for this volumetry. The aim of this study was to evaluate hippocampal subfields in TLE patients using ASHS as well as the old and new versions of FreeSurfer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 50 consecutive unilateral TLE patients including 25 with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) and 25 without obvious etiology (TLE-nonHS). All patients and 45 healthy controls underwent high-resolution T2-weighted and 3D-volume T1-weighted MRI scanning. We analyzed all of their MR images by FreeSurfer ver.5.3, ver.6.0 and ASHS. For each subfield, normalized z-scores were calculated and compared among groups. RESULTS In TLE-HS groups, ASHS and FreeSurfer ver.6.0 revealed maximal z-scores in ipsilateral cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA4 and dentate gyrus (DG), whereas in FreeSurfer ver.5.3 ipsilateral subiculum showed maximal z-scores. In TLE-nonHS group, there was no significant volume reduction by either ASHS or FreeSurfer. CONCLUSIONS ASHS and the new version of FreeSurfer may have an advantage in compatibility with existing histopathological knowledge in TLE patients with HS compared to the old version of FreeSurfer (ver.5.3), although further investigations with pathological findings and/or surgical outcomes are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sone
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Norihide Maikusa
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sumida
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Kota Yokoyama
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yukio Kimura
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Etsuko Imabayashi
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yutaka Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Masako Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Teiichi Onuma
- Musashino-Kokubunji Clinic, 4-1-9-3, Honcho, Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
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Cattani AA, Allene C, Seifert V, Rosenow F, Henshall DC, Freiman TM. Involvement of microRNAs in epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 2016; 57:1015-26. [PMID: 27207608 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients who have sustained brain injury or had developmental brain lesions present a non-negligible risk for developing delayed epilepsy. Finding therapeutic strategies to prevent development of epilepsy in at-risk patients represents a crucial medical challenge. Noncoding microRNA molecules (miRNAs) are promising candidates in this area. Indeed, deregulation of diverse brain-specific miRNAs has been observed in animal models of epilepsy as well as in patients with epilepsy, mostly in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Herein we review deregulated miRNAs reported in epilepsy with potential roles in key molecular and cellular processes underlying epileptogenesis, namely neuroinflammation, cell proliferation and differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and synaptic remodeling. We provide an up-to-date listing of miRNAs altered in epileptogenesis and assess recent functional studies that have interrogated their role in epilepsy. Last, we discuss potential applications of these findings for the future development of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for antiepileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker Seifert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Epileptology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David C Henshall
- Physiology & Medical Physics Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas M Freiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Martinoni M, Berti PP, Marucci G, Rubboli G, Volpi L, Riguzzi P, Marliani F, Toni F, Bisulli F, Tinuper P, Michelucci R, Baruzzi A, Giulioni M. Pathology-Based Approach to Seizure Outcome After Surgery for Pharmacoresistant Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. World Neurosurg 2016; 90:448-453. [PMID: 26968448 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common cause of drug-resistant medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Structural abnormalities such as HS, granule cell pathology (GCP), and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) have been classified histopathologically, possibly allowing a more accurate assessment of prognostic seizure and neuropsychologic outcomes. We correlated seizure outcome with comprehensive temporal lobe pathologic findings, identified according to the most recent classification systems of HS, GCP, and FCD. METHODS All the 83 patients who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) for drug-resistant MTLE and with a proven diagnosis of HS between April 2001 and May 2014 were collected. Patients were divided in 2 main groups: 1) isolated HS with/without GCP (HS +/- GCP); and 2) HS associated with FCD with/without GCP (HS+FCD +/- GCP). Patients were followed up at least 1 year, and seizure outcome was reported in accordance with Engel classification. RESULTS Group I: HS +/- GCP: Statistical analysis confirmed a better outcome in HS + GCP patients than in HS-no GCP (P < 0.05). Moreover, a better outcome for the patients affected by GCP type I was observed (P < 0.05). Group II: HS+FCD +/- GCP: Patients with HS variant type I presented a better seizure outcome than the patients with HS type II (Engel class IA HS type I vs. type II: 69% vs. 40%). CONCLUSIONS A pathology-based approach to epilepsy surgery might improve the interpretation of the results, could predict which cases will enjoy a better seizure outcome, and could help to the comprehension of the causes of failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martinoni
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neurosurgery, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Berti
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neurosurgery, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Section of Pathology, "M. Malpighi," Bellaria Hospital, Azienda USL-IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Rubboli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Lilia Volpi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riguzzi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Marliani
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neuroradiology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Toni
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neuroradiology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agostino Baruzzi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Giulioni
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science of Bologna, Division of Neurosurgery, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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50
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Giulioni M, Martinoni M, Marucci G. Temporal plus epilepsy is a major determinant of temporal lobe surgery failures. Brain 2016; 139:e35. [PMID: 26966137 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giulioni
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Section of Neurosurgery, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Martinoni
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Section of Neurosurgery, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Section of Pathology "M. Malpighi", Bellaria Hospital, Azienda USL - IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
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