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Mou J, Ning XL, Wang XY, Hou SY, Meng FB, Zhou C, Wu JW, Li C, Jia T, Wu X, Wu Y, Chen Y, Li GB. X-ray Structure-Guided Discovery of a Potent Benzimidazole Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitor That Shows Activity in a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8730-8756. [PMID: 38817193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The secretory glutaminyl cyclase (sQC) and Golgi-resident glutaminyl cyclase (gQC) are responsible for N-terminal protein pyroglutamation and associated with various human diseases. Although several sQC/gQC inhibitors have been reported, only one inhibitor, PQ912, is currently undergoing clinic trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We report an X-ray crystal structure of sQC complexed with PQ912, revealing that the benzimidazole makes "anchor" interactions with the active site zinc ion and catalytic triad. Structure-guided design and optimization led to a series of new benzimidazole derivatives exhibiting nanomolar inhibition for both sQC and gQC. In a MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse model, BI-43 manifested efficacy in mitigating locomotor deficits through reversing dopaminergic neuronal loss, reducing microglia, and decreasing levels of the sQC/gQC substrates, α-synuclein, and CCL2. This study not only offers structural basis and new leads for drug discovery targeting sQC/gQC but also provides evidence supporting sQC/gQC as potential targets for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang-Li Ning
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin-Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shu-Yan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fan-Bo Meng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guo-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Chen X, Yu X, Cui Y, Du L, Zhou Q, Xiong W, Li C, Xu C, Wu H. Isoglutaminyl Cyclase Overexpression Enhances KYSE30 Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration via the MAPK Signaling Pathway. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1859-1870. [PMID: 38655723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
To understand how upregulated isoglutaminyl cyclase (isoQC) is involved in the initiation of diseases such as cancer, we developed a human KYSE30 carcinoma cell model in which isoQC was stably overexpressed. GO and KEGG analysis of the DEGs (228) and DEPs (254) respectively implicated isoQC on the proliferation invasion and metastasis of cells and suggested that isoQC might participate in the regulation of MAPK, RAS, circadian rhythm, and related pathways. At the functional level, isoQC-overexpressing KYSE30 cells showed enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasion capacity. Next, we decided to study the precise effect of isoQC overexpression on JNK, p-JNK, AKT, p-AKT, ERK, p-ERK, and PER2, as RNA levels of these proteins are significantly correlated with signal levels indicated in RNA-Seq analysis, and these candidates are the top correlated DEPs enriched in RT-qPCR analysis. We saw that only p-ERK expression was inhibited, while PER2 was increased. These phenotypes were inhibited upon exposure to PER2 inhibitor KL044, which allowed for the restoration of p-ERK levels. These data support upregulated isoQC being able to promote cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro, likely by helping to regulate the MAPK and RAS signaling pathways, and the circadian protein PER2 might be a potential mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xi Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yangqing Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lang Du
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chenshu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Bettinetti-Luque M, Trujillo-Estrada L, Garcia-Fuentes E, Andreo-Lopez J, Sanchez-Varo R, Garrido-Sánchez L, Gómez-Mediavilla Á, López MG, Garcia-Caballero M, Gutierrez A, Baglietto-Vargas D. Adipose tissue as a therapeutic target for vascular damage in Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:840-878. [PMID: 37706346 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue has recently been recognized as an important endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and in the immune response in many metabolic tissues. With this regard, emerging evidence indicates that an important crosstalk exists between the adipose tissue and the brain. However, the contribution of adipose tissue to the development of age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, remains poorly defined. New studies suggest that the adipose tissue modulates brain function through a range of endogenous biologically active factors known as adipokines, which can cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the target areas in the brain or to regulate the function of the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we discuss the effects of several adipokines on the physiology of the blood-brain barrier, their contribution to the development of Alzheimer's disease and their therapeutic potential. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bettinetti-Luque
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Andreo-Lopez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ángela Gómez-Mediavilla
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IIS-IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melissa Garcia-Caballero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Chen L, Qin Q, Huang P, Cao F, Yin M, Xie Y, Wang W. Chronic pain accelerates cognitive impairment by reducing hippocampal neurogenesis may via CCL2/CCR2 signaling in APP/PS1 mice. Brain Res Bull 2023; 205:110801. [PMID: 37931808 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic pain often have cognitive impairment; this is especially true in elderly patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. This was addressed in the present study by investigating the effect of chronic neuropathic pain on hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment using amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) double transgenic mice subjected to spared-nerve injury (SNI). The Von Frey test was performed to determine the mechanical threshold of mouse hind limbs after SNI. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory. Doublecortin-positive (DCX+), 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)+, BrdU+/neuronal nuclei (NeuN)+, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)+ neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis. CCL2 and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) protein levels in the mouse hippocampus were analyzed by western blotting. The results showed that APP/PS1 mice with chronic neuropathic pain induced by SNI had significant learning and memory impairment. This was accompanied by increased CCL2 and CCR2 expression and decreases in the number of DCX+, BrdU+, and BrdU+/NeuN+ neurons. These results suggest that chronic neuropathic pain is associated with cognitive impairment, which may be caused by CCL2/CCR2 signaling-mediated inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis. Thus, therapeutic strategies that alleviate neuropathic pain can potentially slow cognitive decline in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Panchuan Huang
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fangli Cao
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Maojia Yin
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yachen Xie
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wuchao Wang
- Department of Pain, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Coimbra JRM, Moreira PI, Santos AE, Salvador JAR. Therapeutic potential of glutaminyl cyclases: Current status and emerging trends. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103644. [PMID: 37244566 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclase (QC) activity has been identified as a key effector in distinct biological processes. Human glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase (QPCT) and glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase-like (QPCTL) are considered attractive therapeutic targets in many human disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases, and a range of inflammatory conditions, as well as for cancer immunotherapy, because of their capacity to modulate cancer immune checkpoint proteins. In this review, we explore the biological functions and structures of QPCT/L enzymes and highlight their therapeutic relevance. We also summarize recent developments in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors targeting these enzymes, including an overview of preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judite R M Coimbra
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armanda E Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Xia P, Ma H, Chen J, Liu Y, Cui X, Wang C, Zong S, Wang L, Liu Y, Lu Z. Differential expression of pyroptosis-related genes in the hippocampus of patients with Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:56. [PMID: 36918839 PMCID: PMC10012531 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with insidious onset. Some scholars believe that there is a close relationship between pyroptosis and AD. However, studies with evidence supporting this relationship are lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS The microarray data of AD were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with the datasets merged using the R package inSilicoMerging. R software package Limma was used to perform the differential expression analysis to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We further performed the enrichment analyses of the DEGs based on Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases to identify the metabolic pathways with a significant difference. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was applied to identify the significant pathways. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed based on the STRING database with the hub genes identified. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses based on HT22 cells were performed to validate the findings based on the microarray analysis. Gene expression correlation heatmaps were generated to evaluate the relationships among the genes. RESULTS A new dataset was derived by merging 4 microarray datasets in the hippocampus of AD patients in the GEO database. Differential gene expression analysis yielded a volcano plot of a total of 20 DEGs (14 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated). GO analysis revealed a group of GO terms with a significant difference, e.g., cytoplasmic vesicle membrane, vesicle membrane, and monocyte chemotaxis. KEGG analysis detected the metabolic pathways with a significant difference, e.g., Rheumatoid arthritis and Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis. The results of the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of the microarray data showed that gene set ALZHEIMER_DISEASE and the gene set PYROPTOSIS were both up-regulated. PPI network showed that pyroptosis-related genes were divided into two groups. In the Aβ-induced HT22 cell model, three genes (i.e., BAX, IL18, and CYCS) were revealed with significant differences. Gene expression correlation heatmaps revealed strong correlations between pyroptotic genes and AD-related genes. CONCLUSION The pyroptosis-related genes BAX, IL18, and CYCS were significantly different between AD patients and normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huijun Ma
- Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhiming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Selective visuoconstructional impairment following mild COVID-19 with inflammatory and neuroimaging correlation findings. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:553-563. [PMID: 35701598 PMCID: PMC9196149 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
People recovered from COVID-19 may still present complications including respiratory and neurological sequelae. In other viral infections, cognitive impairment occurs due to brain damage or dysfunction caused by vascular lesions and inflammatory processes. Persistent cognitive impairment compromises daily activities and psychosocial adaptation. Some level of neurological and psychiatric consequences were expected and described in severe cases of COVID-19. However, it is debatable whether neuropsychiatric complications are related to COVID-19 or to unfoldings from a severe infection. Nevertheless, the majority of cases recorded worldwide were mild to moderate self-limited illness in non-hospitalized people. Thus, it is important to understand what are the implications of mild COVID-19, which is the largest and understudied pool of COVID-19 cases. We aimed to investigate adults at least four months after recovering from mild COVID-19, which were assessed by neuropsychological, ocular and neurological tests, immune markers assay, and by structural MRI and 18FDG-PET neuroimaging to shed light on putative brain changes and clinical correlations. In approximately one-quarter of mild-COVID-19 individuals, we detected a specific visuoconstructive deficit, which was associated with changes in molecular and structural brain imaging, and correlated with upregulation of peripheral immune markers. Our findings provide evidence of neuroinflammatory burden causing cognitive deficit, in an already large and growing fraction of the world population. While living with a multitude of mild COVID-19 cases, action is required for a more comprehensive assessment and follow-up of the cognitive impairment, allowing to better understand symptom persistence and the necessity of rehabilitation of the affected individuals.
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Glial Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810572. [PMID: 36142483 PMCID: PMC9502483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder; it is the most common cause of dementia and has no treatment. It is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Yet, those two hallmarks do not explain the full pathology seen with AD, suggesting the involvement of other mechanisms. Neuroinflammation could offer another explanation for the progression of the disease. This review provides an overview of recent advances on the role of the immune cells’ microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation. In AD, microglia and astrocytes become reactive by several mechanisms leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause further neuronal damage. We then provide updates on neuroinflammation diagnostic markers and investigational therapeutics currently in clinical trials to target neuroinflammation.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Peng W, Wang P, Xu X, Zhao C. Glutaminyl cyclases, the potential targets of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Role of Chemokines in the Development and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1929-1951. [PMID: 35821178 PMCID: PMC9392685 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurogenerative disorder manifested by gradual memory loss and cognitive decline due to profound damage of cholinergic neurons. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are intracellular deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ). Mounting evidence indicates that intensified neuroinflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Chemokines serve as signaling molecules in immune cells but also in nerve cells. Under normal conditions, neuroinflammation plays a neuroprotective role against various harmful factors. However, overexpression of chemokines initiates disruption of the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, facilitating immune cells infiltration into the brain. Then activated adjacent glial cells–astrocytes and microglia, release massive amounts of chemokines. Prolonged inflammation loses its protective role and drives an increase in Aβ production and aggregation, impairment of its clearance, or enhancement of tau hyperphosphorylation, contributing to neuronal loss and exacerbation of AD. Moreover, chemokines can be further released in response to growing deposits of toxic forms of Aβ. On the other hand, chemokines seem to exert multidimensional effects on brain functioning, including regulation of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in regions responsible for memory and cognitive abilities. Therefore, underexpression or complete genetic ablation of some chemokines can worsen the course of AD. This review covers the current state of knowledge on the role of particular chemokines and their receptors in the development and progression of AD. Special emphasis is given to their impact on forming Aβ and NFTs in humans and in transgenic murine models of AD.
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Schwarze B, Korn A, Höfling C, Zeitschel U, Krueger M, Roßner S, Huster D. Peptide backbone modifications of amyloid β (1-40) impact fibrillation behavior and neuronal toxicity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23767. [PMID: 34887476 PMCID: PMC8660793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibril formation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides is one of the key molecular events connected to Alzheimer's disease. The pathway of formation and mechanism of action of Aβ aggregates in biological systems is still object of very active research. To this end, systematic modifications of the Phe19-Leu34 hydrophobic contact, which has been reported in almost all structural studies of Aβ40 fibrils, helps understanding Aβ folding pathways and the underlying free energy landscape of the amyloid formation process. In our approach, a series of Aβ40 peptide variants with two types of backbone modifications, namely incorporation of (i) a methylene or an ethylene spacer group and (ii) a N-methylation at the amide functional group, of the amino acids at positions 19 or 34 was applied. These mutations are expected to challenge the inter-β-strand side chain contacts as well as intermolecular backbone β-sheet hydrogen bridges. Using a multitude of biophysical methods, it is shown that these backbone modifications lead, in most of the cases, to alterations in the fibril formation kinetics, a higher local structural heterogeneity, and a somewhat modified fibril morphology without generally impairing the fibril formation capacity of the peptides. The toxicological profile found for the variants depend on the type and extent of the modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schwarze
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16/18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Korn
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16/18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zeitschel
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16/18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
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12
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Patel AG, Nehete PN, Krivoshik SR, Pei X, Cho EL, Nehete BP, Ramani MD, Shao Y, Williams LE, Wisniewski T, Scholtzova H. Innate immunity stimulation via CpG oligodeoxynucleotides ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology in aged squirrel monkeys. Brain 2021; 144:2146-2165. [PMID: 34128045 PMCID: PMC8502485 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and the only illness among the top 10 causes of death for which there is no disease-modifying therapy. The failure rate of clinical trials is very high, in part due to the premature translation of successful results in transgenic mouse models to patients. Extensive evidence suggests that dysregulation of innate immunity and microglia/macrophages plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Activated resident microglia and peripheral macrophages can display protective or detrimental phenotypes depending on the stimulus and environment. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune regulators known to play an important role in governing the phenotypic status of microglia. We have shown in multiple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse models that harnessing innate immunity via TLR9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) modulates age-related defects associated with immune cells and safely reduces amyloid plaques, oligomeric amyloid-β, tau pathology, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) while promoting cognitive benefits. In the current study we have used a non-human primate model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease pathology that develops extensive CAA-elderly squirrel monkeys. The major complications in current immunotherapeutic trials for Alzheimer's disease are amyloid-related imaging abnormalities, which are linked to the presence and extent of CAA; hence, the prominence of CAA in elderly squirrel monkeys makes them a valuable model for studying the safety of the CpG ODN-based concept of immunomodulation. We demonstrate that long-term use of Class B CpG ODN 2006 induces a favourable degree of innate immunity stimulation without producing excessive or sustained inflammation, resulting in efficient amelioration of both CAA and tau Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies in association with behavioural improvements and in the absence of microhaemorrhages in aged elderly squirrel monkeys. CpG ODN 2006 has been well established in numerous human trials for a variety of diseases. The present evidence together with our earlier, extensive preclinical research, validates the beneficial therapeutic outcomes and safety of this innovative immunomodulatory approach, increasing the likelihood of CpG ODN therapeutic efficacy in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash G Patel
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pramod N Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sara R Krivoshik
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xuewei Pei
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Cho
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bharti P Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Margish D Ramani
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Division of Biostatistics, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lawrence E Williams
- Department of Comparative Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Henrieta Scholtzova
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
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13
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Coimbra JRM, Salvador JAR. A patent review of glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors (2004-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:809-836. [PMID: 33896339 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1917549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Glutaminyl cyclase (QC) enzymes catalyze the post-translational processing of several substrates with N-terminal glutamine or glutamate to form pyroglutamate (pE) residue. In addition to physiological functions, emerging evidence demonstrates that human QCs play a part in pathological processes in diverse diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), inflammatory and cancer diseases.Areas covered: In recent years, efforts to effectively develop QC small-molecule inhibitors have been made and different chemical classes have been disclosed. This review summarizes the patents/applications regarding QC inhibitors released from 2004 (first patent) to now. The patents are mostly described in terms of chemical structures, biochemical/pharmacological activities, and potential clinical applications.Expert opinion: For more than 15 years of research, the knowledge on the QC activity domain has considerably increased and therapeutic potential of QC inhibitors has been explored. An important number of studies and patents have been published to expand the use of QC inhibitors. QC enzymes are pharmacologically interesting targets to be used as an AD-modifying therapy, or for other QC-associated disorder. Distinct classes of chemical scaffolds and potential clinical uses have been claimed by various organizations. For the coming years, there is much to experience in the QC field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judite R M Coimbra
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Curzytek K, Leśkiewicz M. Targeting the CCL2-CCR2 axis in depressive disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1052-1062. [PMID: 34031863 PMCID: PMC8142870 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Since affective disorders are considered to be underlain by the immune system malfunction, an important role in their pathophysiology is assigned to the proinflammatory mediators. Recently, chemokines, the group of chemotactic cytokines, have become a focus for basic and clinical scientists in the context of the development and treatment of brain diseases. Among them, chemokine CCL2 and its main receptor CCR2 have become candidate mediators of abnormal brain-immune system dialogue in depression. Besides the chemotactic activity, the CCL2-CCR2 axis is involved in various neurobiological processes, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, as well as neuroregeneration. Given the range of immunomodulatory possibilities that the CCL2-CCR2 pair can exert on the nervous system, its proinflammatory properties were initially thought to be a major contributor to the development of depressive disorders. However, further research suggests that the malfunctions of the nervous system are rather associated with impaired homeostatic properties manifested by the CCL2-CCR2 dyad dysfunctions. This review aims to present literature data on the action of the CCL2-CCR2 axis in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the contribution of this ligand-receptor system to the processes underlying affective disorders. Additionally, this article draws attention to the importance of the CCL2-CRR2 pathway as a potential pharmacological target with antidepressant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Curzytek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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15
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Xu C, Wang YN, Wu H. Glutaminyl Cyclase, Diseases, and Development of Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6549-6565. [PMID: 34000808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate (pE) modification, catalyzed mainly by glutaminyl cyclase (QC), is prevalent throughout nature and is particularly important in mammals including humans for the maturation of hormones, peptides, and proteins. In humans, the upregulation of QC is involved in multiple diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, melanomas, thyroid carcinomas, accelerated atherosclerosis, septic arthritics, etc. This upregulation catalyzes the generation of modified mediators such as pE-amyloid beta (Aß) and pE-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) peptides. Not surprisingly, QC has emerged as a reasonable target for the development of therapeutics to combat these diseases and conditions. In this manuscript the deleterious effects of upregulated QC resulting in disease manifestation are reviewed, along with progress on the development of QC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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16
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Zhou F, Chen D, Chen G, Liao P, Li R, Nong Q, Meng Y, Zou D, Li X. Gene Set Index Based on Different Modules May Help Differentiate the Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:451-463. [PMID: 33737807 PMCID: PMC7961151 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s297483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia shared similar symptoms, the aim of the present study was to identify potential differences in the mechanisms underlying the two diseases. Materials and Methods The data set including AD, vascular dementia, and control samples was carried out gene differential expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, functional enrichment, protein–protein interaction network construction, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis to reveal the differences in the mechanisms underlying the two diseases and potential diagnostic gene signature. Results We identified the gene modules related to AD or vascular dementia. Enrichment analysis of module genes and construction of a protein–protein interaction network suggested that the “brown” module may be involved in a chemokine pathway, the “blue” module may be involved in cortisol synthesis and secretion, and the “turquoise” module may be involved in cholinergic synapse transmission. The hub gene-based signature index may be a biomarker of AD and vascular dementia and may even differentiate the two diseases from each other with high area under curve. Conclusion Our results identified not only core pathways involved in both AD and vascular disease, but also their potentially specific pathways. We proposed the hub gene-based signature index may be useful for diagnosing AD and vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengkun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiling Liao
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjie Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfang Nong
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Youshi Meng
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
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17
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McGrowder DA, Miller F, Vaz K, Nwokocha C, Wilson-Clarke C, Anderson-Cross M, Brown J, Anderson-Jackson L, Williams L, Latore L, Thompson R, Alexander-Lindo R. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Brain Sci 2021; 11:215. [PMID: 33578866 PMCID: PMC7916561 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, clinically heterogeneous, and particularly complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by a decline in cognition. Over the last two decades, there has been significant growth in the investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. This review presents current evidence from many clinical neurochemical studies, with findings that attest to the efficacy of existing core CSF biomarkers such as total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid-β (Aβ42), which diagnose Alzheimer's disease in the early and dementia stages of the disorder. The heterogeneity of the pathophysiology of the late-onset disease warrants the growth of the Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarker toolbox; more biomarkers showing other aspects of the disease mechanism are needed. This review focuses on new biomarkers that track Alzheimer's disease pathology, such as those that assess neuronal injury (VILIP-1 and neurofilament light), neuroinflammation (sTREM2, YKL-40, osteopontin, GFAP, progranulin, and MCP-1), synaptic dysfunction (SNAP-25 and GAP-43), vascular dysregulation (hFABP), as well as CSF α-synuclein levels and TDP-43 pathology. Some of these biomarkers are promising candidates as they are specific and predict future rates of cognitive decline. Findings from the combinations of subclasses of new Alzheimer's disease biomarkers that improve their diagnostic efficacy in detecting associated pathological changes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A. McGrowder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Fabian Miller
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Mico University College, 1A Marescaux Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Kurt Vaz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
| | - Cameil Wilson-Clarke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
| | - Melisa Anderson-Cross
- School of Allied Health and Wellness, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Jabari Brown
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Lennox Anderson-Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Lowen Williams
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Lyndon Latore
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Rory Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Ruby Alexander-Lindo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
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18
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Vijayan D, Chandra R. Amyloid Beta Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease: Major Culprits and Recent Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:148-166. [PMID: 31385768 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190806153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and has been a global concern for several years. Due to the multi-factorial nature of the disease, AD has become irreversible, fatal and imposes a tremendous socio-economic burden. Even though experimental medicines suggested moderate benefits, AD still lacks an effective treatment strategy for the management of symptoms or cure. Among the various hypotheses that describe development and progression of AD, the amyloid hypothesis has been a long-term adherent to the AD due to the involvement of various forms of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the impairment of neuronal and cognitive functions. Hence, majority of the drug discovery approaches in the past have focused on the prevention of the accumulation of Aβ peptides. Currently, there are several agents in the phase III clinical trials that target Aβ or the various macromolecules triggering Aβ deposition. In this review, we present the state of the art knowledge on the functional aspects of the key players involved in the amyloid hypothesis. Furthermore, we also discuss anti-amyloid agents present in the Phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Vijayan
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Remya Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Thalassery Campus, Kannur University, Kerala Pin 670 661, India
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19
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Rivas-Fuentes S, Salgado-Aguayo A, Arratia-Quijada J, Gorocica-Rosete P. Regulation and biological functions of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis and its relevance in solid cancer: A mini-review. J Cancer 2021; 12:571-583. [PMID: 33391453 PMCID: PMC7738983 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CX3CL1 is a transmembrane protein from which a soluble form can be generated by proteolytic shedding. Membranal and soluble forms of CX3CL1 exhibit different functions, although both bind to the CX3CR1 chemokine receptor. The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis mediates the adhesion of leukocytes and is also involved in cell survival and recruitment of immune cell subpopulations. The function of CX3CL1 is finely tuned by cytokines and transcription factors regulating its expression and post-translational modifications. On homeostasis, the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis participates in the removal of damaged neurons and neurogenesis, and it is also involved on several pathological contexts. The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis induces several cellular responses relevant to cancer such as proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis resistance. In this review, we address biological aspects of this molecular axis with important therapeutic potential, emphasizing its role in cancer, one of the most prevalent chronic diseases which significantly affect the quality of life and life expectancy of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Rivas-Fuentes
- Department of Research on Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Salgado-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Research on Rheumatic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jenny Arratia-Quijada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Patricia Gorocica-Rosete
- Department of Research on Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Dileep KV, Sakai N, Ihara K, Kato-Murayama M, Nakata A, Ito A, Sivaraman DM, Shin JW, Yoshida M, Shirouzu M, Zhang KYJ. Piperidine-4-carboxamide as a new scaffold for designing secretory glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 170:415-423. [PMID: 33373636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common chronic neurodegenerative disease, has become a major public health concern. Despite years of research, therapeutics for AD are limited. Overexpression of secretory glutaminyl cyclase (sQC) in AD brain leads to the formation of a highly neurotoxic pyroglutamate variant of amyloid beta, pGlu-Aβ, which acts as a potential seed for the aggregation of full length Aβ. Preventing the formation of pGlu-Aβ through inhibition of sQC has become an attractive disease-modifying therapy in AD. In this current study, through a pharmacophore assisted high throughput virtual screening, we report a novel sQC inhibitor (Cpd-41) with a piperidine-4-carboxamide moiety (IC50 = 34 μM). Systematic molecular docking, MD simulations and X-ray crystallographic analysis provided atomistic details of the binding of Cpd-41 in the active site of sQC. The unique mode of binding and moderate toxicity of Cpd-41 make this molecule an attractive candidate for designing high affinity sQC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Dileep
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakai
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ihara
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kato-Murayama
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakata
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Signaling, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - D M Sivaraman
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Department of Pathology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 011, Kerala, India
| | - Jay W Shin
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics Circuit, Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit for Drug Discovery Platform, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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21
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Jiang BC, Liu T, Gao YJ. Chemokines in chronic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Yu M, Zheng N, Jiang D, Wang L, Zhan Q, Zhao J. Chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 suppressed the growth of human brain astrocytes under Ischemic/hypoxic conditions via regulating ERK1/2 pathway. Brain Inj 2020; 34:1277-1282. [PMID: 32749897 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2020.1797167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) plays a critical role in inflammation-related diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of CCL2 in ischemic stroke remains unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN To investigate the role of CCL2 in ischemic stroke, we performed oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) on human brain astrocytes. METHODS AND PROCEDURES To assess cell proliferation, the CCK-8 assay was performed. Cell apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry. qRT-PCR and western blotting were utilized to measure gene expression. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Our results suggest that CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 are upregulated in OGD cells. Moreover, a CCL2 antibody significantly alleviated the ischemic/hypoxic-induced suppression of growth in human brain astrocytes. Human recombinant protein, CCL2, inhibited the growth of human brain astrocytes under normoxia conditions. These results demonstrate that CCL2 upregulation suppresses the recovery of human brain astrocytes under ischemic/hypoxic conditions. This effect was abolished by the ERK inhibitor PD98059. Therefore, CCL2/CCR2 activation may suppress the growth of human brain astrocytes through enhancing the activity of ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS Our results not only developed a deeper understanding of the role of CCL2 in human brain astrocytes but also provided novel insight into potential treatments for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of Neurology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Ni Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Dudu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangmin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
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23
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Gunn AP, Wong BX, McLean C, Fowler C, Barnard PJ, Duce JA, Roberts BR. Increased glutaminyl cyclase activity in brains of Alzheimer's disease individuals. J Neurochem 2020; 156:979-987. [PMID: 32614980 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclases (QC) catalyze the formation of neurotoxic pGlu-modified amyloid-β peptides found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reports of several-fold increases in soluble QC (sQC) expression in the brain and peripheral circulation of AD individuals has prompted the development of QC inhibitors as potential AD therapeutics. There is, however, a lack of standardized quantitative data on QC expression in human tissues, precluding inter-laboratory comparison and validation. We tested the hypothesis that QC is elevated in AD tissues by quantifying levels of sQC protein and activity in post-mortem brain tissues from AD and age-matched control individuals. We found a modest but statistically significant increase in sQC protein, which paralleled a similar increase in enzyme activity. In plasma samples sourced from the Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle study we determined that QC activity was not different between the AD and control group, though a modest increase was observed in female AD individuals compared to controls. Plasma QC activity was further correlated with levels of circulating monocytes in AD individuals. These data provide quantitative evidence that alterations in QC expression are associated with AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Gunn
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bruce X Wong
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Catriona McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Vic, Australia
| | - Chris Fowler
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter J Barnard
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Vic, Australia
| | - James A Duce
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-V41A has decreased CCL2 binding, scavenging, and activation, supporting sustained inflammation and increased Alzheimer's disease risk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8019. [PMID: 32415244 PMCID: PMC7229167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 59 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins with a connection to Alzheimer's disease (AD) demonstrated an association between increased levels of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) with an atypical chemokine receptor chemokine-binding protein 2 variant V41A (ACKR2-V41A; rs2228467). High levels of CCL2 are associated with increased risk of AD development as well as other inflammatory diseases. In this study we characterized the biological function of the ACKR2-V41A receptor compared to the wild type allele by measuring its ligand binding affinity, CCL2 scavenging efficiency, and cell activation sensitivity. We transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells with plasmids carrying wild type ACKR2 (ACKR2-WT) or the mutant ACKR2-V41A receptor. Binding affinity assays showed that ACKR2-V41A has a lower binding affinity for CCL2 and CCL4 than ACKR2-WT. CCL2 scavenging results aligned with binding affinity assays, with ACKR2-V41A cells scavenging CCL2 with a lower efficiency than ACKR2-WT. Cell activation assays also showed that ACKR2-V41A cells had significantly lower receptor upregulation (β-Arrestin-dependent signaling pathway) upon stimulation compared to ACKR2-WT cells. These findings provide molecular and biological mechanistic insights into the GWAS association of ACKR2-V41A with increased levels of CCL2 in CSF and possibly other chemokine ligands. Increased CCL2 levels are associated with accelerated cognitive decline and increased risk of AD. Understanding how this atypical chemokine receptor allele increases serum markers of inflammation could lead to novel therapeutic solutions for AD.
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25
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Korn A, Höfling C, Zeitschel U, Krueger M, Roßner S, Huster D. Incorporation of the Nonproteinogenic Amino Acid β-Methylamino-alanine Affects Amyloid β Fibril Properties and Toxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1038-1047. [PMID: 32141731 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonproteinogenic amino acid β-methylamino alarelevant example for environmental hazards are nonnine (BMAA) is a neurotoxin and represents a potential risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Despite intense research over the last years, the pathological mechanism of BMAA is still unclear. One of the main open questions is whether BMAA can be misincorporated into proteins, especially as a substitute for serine, and whether this has structural and functional consequences for the afflicted proteins leading to early onset neurodegeneration. In this study, we hypothesize that BMAA was indeed incorporated into Aβ40 molecules and study the structural and dynamical consequences of such misincorporation along with the effect such mutated Aβ40 peptides have on neuronal cells. We used the synthetic β-amyloid peptide (Aβ40), a known key player in the development of Alzheimer's disease, to incorporate BMAA substitutions at three different positions in the peptide sequence: Ser8BMAA at the peptide's N-terminus, Phe19BMAA in the hydrophobic core region, and S26BMAA in the flexible turn region of Aβ40 fibrils. We performed a set of biophysical experiments including fluorescence, circular dichroism, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction to investigate structural and functional aspects of the mutated peptides compared to wildtype Aβ40. All variants showed high structural tolerance to BMAA misincorporation. In contrast, the cellular response and neuronal survival were affected in a mutation site-specific manner. As a consequence, we can state from the physicochemical point of view that, if BMAA was misincorporated into proteins, it could indeed represent a risk factor that could potentially play a role in neurodegeneration. Further research addressing the role of BMAA, especially its protein-associated form, should be performed to obtain a better understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Korn
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zeitschel
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstr 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Wang X, Wang L, Yu X, Li Y, Liu Z, Zou Y, Zheng Y, He Z, Wu H. Glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in both AD and LPS-induced inflammatory model mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Xi Y, Liu M, Xu S, Hong H, Chen M, Tian L, Xie J, Deng P, Zhou C, Zhang L, He M, Chen C, Lu Y, Reiter RJ, Yu Z, Pi H, Zhou Z. Inhibition of SERPINA3N-dependent neuroinflammation is essential for melatonin to ameliorate trimethyltin chloride-induced neurotoxicity. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12596. [PMID: 31332839 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is a potent neurotoxin that causes neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. Melatonin is a well-known anti-inflammatory agent with significant neuroprotective activity. Male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of melatonin (10 mg/kg) before exposure to TMT (2.8 mg/kg, ip). Thereafter, the mice received melatonin (10 mg/kg, ip) once a day for another three consecutive days. Melatonin dramatically alleviated TMT-induced neurotoxicity in mice by attenuating hippocampal neuron loss, inhibiting epilepsy-like seizures, and ameliorating memory deficits. Moreover, melatonin markedly suppressed TMT-induced neuroinflammatory responses and astrocyte activation, as shown by a decrease in inflammatory cytokine production as well as the downregulation of neurotoxic reactive astrocyte phenotype markers. Mechanistically, serine peptidase inhibitor clade A member 3N (SERPINA3N) was identified as playing a central role in the protective effects of melatonin based on quantitative proteome and bioinformatics analysis. Most importantly, melatonin significantly suppressed TMT-induced SERPINA3N upregulation at both the mRNA and protein levels. The overexpression of Serpina3n in the mouse hippocampus abolished the protective effects of melatonin on TMT-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. Melatonin protected cells against TMT-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting SERPINA3N-mediated neuroinflammation. Melatonin may be a promising and practical agent for reducing TMT-induced neurotoxicity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xi
- Department of Environmental Medicine, and Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuzhen Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, and Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Hong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, and Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyan Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghui Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, and Department of Emergency Medicine of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Xu A, He F, Yu C, Qu Y, Zhang Q, Lv J, Zhang X, Ran Y, Wei C, Wu J. The Development of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Glutaminyl Cyclase and Isoglutaminyl Cyclase for Alzheimer's Disease. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Xu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Feng He
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Chenggong Yu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Ying Qu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Qiuqiong Zhang
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Jiahui Lv
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Xiangna Zhang
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Yingying Ran
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Chao Wei
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
| | - Jingde Wu
- College of PharmacyShanDong University, 4 4 West WenHua Road JiNan 250012 China
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29
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Vijayan DK, Zhang KY. Human glutaminyl cyclase: Structure, function, inhibitors and involvement in Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Ratz V, Zeitschel U, Finzel L, Machner L, Köppen J, Schulze A, Demuth HU, von Hörsten S, Höfling C, Roßner S. Endogenous mouse huntingtin is highly abundant in cranial nerve nuclei, co-aggregates to Abeta plaques and is induced in reactive astrocytes in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:79. [PMID: 31109380 PMCID: PMC6526682 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants of the huntingtin (HTT) protein and their aggregation have been investigated in great detail in brains of Huntington’s disease patients and HTT-transgenic animals. However, little is known about the physiological brain region- and cell type-specific HTT expression pattern in wild type mice and a potential recruitment of endogenous HTT to other pathogenic protein aggregates such as amyloid plaques in cross seeding events. Employing a monoclonal anti-HTT antibody directed against the HTT mid-region and using brain tissue of three different mouse strains, we detected prominent immunoreactivity in a number of brain areas, particularly in cholinergic cranial nerve nuclei, while ubiquitous neuronal staining appeared faint. The region-specific distribution of endogenous HTT was found to be comparable in wild type rat and hamster brain. In human amyloid precursor protein transgenic Tg2576 mice with amyloid plaque pathology, similar neuronal HTT expression patterns and a distinct association of HTT with Abeta plaques were revealed by immunohistochemical double labelling. Additionally, the localization of HTT in reactive astrocytes was demonstrated for the first time in a transgenic Alzheimer’s disease animal model. Both, plaque association of HTT and occurrence in astrocytes appeared to be age-dependent. Astrocytic HTT gene and protein expression was confirmed in primary cultures by RT-qPCR and by immunocytochemistry. We provide the first detailed analysis of physiological HTT expression in rodent brain and, under pathological conditions, demonstrate HTT aggregation in proximity to Abeta plaques and Abeta-induced astrocytic expression of endogenous HTT in Tg2576 mice.
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31
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Yu X, Li Y, Zou Y, Zheng Y, He Z, Liu Z, Xie W, Wu H. Glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor contributes to the regulation of HSP70, HSP90, actin, and ribosome on gene and protein levels in vitro. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9460-9471. [PMID: 30582198 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Because of the crucial roles of upregulated glutaminyl cyclase (QC) in the initiation and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), QC inhibitors are supposed as disease-modifying agents for the treatment of AD. And reported compounds encourage this hypothesis greatly based on the remarkable anti-AD effects in vivo. To illustrate the mechanism in detail, the actions of a selected QC inhibitor (23) were assessed firstly in a cell system here. It was demonstrated that QC activities and the generation of pyroglutamate-modified β-amyloids in PC12 cells were both inhibited obviously after the treatment of 23. A total of 13 and 15 genes were up- and downregulated significantly in treated cells by RNA-sequencing analysis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, WB, and immunofluorescence analysis supported the effects of 23 on the transcriptome of PC12 cells consequently. The expressions of chaperones, heat shock proteins (HSP) 70, and 90, were upreglutated, while gene expression of actin and the level of encoded protein were reduced significantly in PC12 cells with the treatment. Furthermore, the regulations of ribosome were observed after the treatment. These results indicate the potency of 23 to improve the translation, expression and folding regulation of proteins and affect the multivalent cross-linking of cytoskeletal protein and other proteins subsequently in the cell system and might contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of QC inhibitor as potential anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongdong Zou
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yizhi Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhendan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenlin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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32
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Heiland T, Zeitschel U, Puchades MA, Kuhn PH, Lichtenthaler SF, Bjaalie JG, Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Roßner S, Höfling C. Defined astrocytic expression of human amyloid precursor protein in Tg2576 mouse brain. Glia 2018; 67:393-403. [PMID: 30485540 PMCID: PMC6588085 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic Tg2576 mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) with the Swedish mutation are among the most frequently used animal models to study the amyloid pathology related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The transgene expression in this model is considered to be neuron‐specific. Using a novel hAPP‐specific antibody in combination with cell type‐specific markers for double immunofluorescent labelings and laser scanning microscopy, we here report that—in addition to neurons throughout the brain—astrocytes in the corpus callosum and to a lesser extent in neocortex express hAPP. This astrocytic hAPP expression is already detectable in young Tg2576 mice before the onset of amyloid pathology and still present in aged Tg2576 mice with robust amyloid pathology in neocortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum. Surprisingly, hAPP immunoreactivity in cortex is restricted to resting astrocytes distant from amyloid plaques but absent from reactive astrocytes in close proximity to amyloid plaques. In contrast, neither microglial cells nor oligodendrocytes of young or aged Tg2576 mice display hAPP labeling. The astrocytic expression of hAPP is substantiated by the analyses of hAPP mRNA and protein expression in primary cultures derived from Tg2576 offspring. We conclude that astrocytes, in particular in corpus callosum, may contribute to amyloid pathology in Tg2576 mice and thus mimic this aspect of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Heiland
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zeitschel
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maja A Puchades
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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33
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Scheltens P, Hallikainen M, Grimmer T, Duning T, Gouw AA, Teunissen CE, Wink AM, Maruff P, Harrison J, van Baal CM, Bruins S, Lues I, Prins ND. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of the glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor PQ912 in Alzheimer's disease: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2a study. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:107. [PMID: 30309389 PMCID: PMC6182869 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background PQ912 is an inhibitor of the glutaminyl cyclase enzyme that plays a central role in the formation of synaptotoxic pyroglutamate-A-beta oligomers. We report on the first clinical study with PQ912 in subjects with biomarker-proven Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim was to determine the maximal tolerated dose, target occupancy and treatment-related pharmacodynamic effects. The exploratory efficacy readouts selected were tailored to the patient population with early AD. The therapeutic approach focuses on synaptic dysfunction as captured by various measures such as electroencephalography (EEG), synaptic biomarkers and sensitive cognitive tests. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety, tolerability and efficacy of PQ912 800 mg twice daily (bid) for 12 weeks in subjects with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia due to AD. The 120 enrolled subjects were treatment-naïve at the start of the study, had confirmed AD biomarkers in their cerebrospinal fluid at screening and had a Mini Mental State Examination score between 21 and 30. After 1 week of treatment with 400 mg bid, patients were up-titrated to 800 mg bid for 11 weeks. Patients were randomized 1:1 to either PQ912 or placebo. The primary composite endpoints were to assess safety and tolerability based on the number of patients who discontinued due to (serious) adverse events (safety), and based on dose adjustment during the treatment period and/or nonadherence to randomized treatment (tolerability). All randomized subjects who took at least one dose of the study treatment or placebo were used for safety analyses. Results There was no significant difference between treatments in the number of subjects with (serious) adverse events, although there were slightly more patients with a serious adverse event in the PQ912 group compared to placebo. More subjects treated with PQ912 discontinued treatment due to adverse events, mostly related to gastrointestinal and skin/subcutaneous tissue disorders. PQ912 treatment resulted in a significant reduction in glutaminyl cyclase activity, which resulted in an average target occupancy of > 90%. A significant reduction of theta power in the EEG frequency analysis and a significant improvement in the One Back test of our Neuropsychological Test Battery was observed. The exploratory biomarker readouts, neurogranin for synaptic toxicity and YKL-40 as a marker of inflammation, appear to be sensitive enough to serve as efficacy markers in the next phase 2b study. Conclusions The maximal tolerated dose of PQ912 has been identified and the results support future studies at still lower doses reaching > 50% target occupancy, a longer up-titration phase to potentially induce adaptation and longer treatment periods to confirm the early signals of efficacy as seen in this study. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT 02389413. Registered on 17 March 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-018-0431-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Merja Hallikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Duning
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alida A Gouw
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and MEG Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alle Meije Wink
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Harrison
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline M van Baal
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Niels D Prins
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Brain Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Baranger K, Giannoni P, Girard SD, Girot S, Gaven F, Stephan D, Migliorati M, Khrestchatisky M, Bockaert J, Marchetti-Gauthier E, Rivera S, Claeysen S, Roman FS. Chronic treatments with a 5-HT 4 receptor agonist decrease amyloid pathology in the entorhinal cortex and learning and memory deficits in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:128-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Scheidt HA, Adler J, Zeitschel U, Höfling C, Korn A, Krueger M, Roßner S, Huster D. Pyroglutamate-Modified Amyloid β (11- 40) Fibrils Are More Toxic than Wildtype Fibrils but Structurally Very Similar. Chemistry 2017; 23:15834-15838. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger A. Scheidt
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics; Leipzig University; Härtelstr. 16-18 04107 Leipzig Germany
| | - Juliane Adler
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics; Leipzig University; Härtelstr. 16-18 04107 Leipzig Germany
| | - Ulrike Zeitschel
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research; Leipzig University; Liebigstr. 19 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research; Leipzig University; Liebigstr. 19 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexander Korn
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics; Leipzig University; Härtelstr. 16-18 04107 Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy; Leipzig University; Eilenburger Str. 14-15 04317 Leipzig Germany
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research; Leipzig University; Liebigstr. 19 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics; Leipzig University; Härtelstr. 16-18 04107 Leipzig Germany
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Stone MJ, Hayward JA, Huang C, E Huma Z, Sanchez J. Mechanisms of Regulation of the Chemokine-Receptor Network. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E342. [PMID: 28178200 PMCID: PMC5343877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of chemokines with their G protein-coupled receptors promote the migration of leukocytes during normal immune function and as a key aspect of the inflammatory response to tissue injury or infection. This review summarizes the major cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which the interactions of chemokines with chemokine receptors are regulated, including: selective and competitive binding interactions; genetic polymorphisms; mRNA splice variation; variation of expression, degradation and localization; down-regulation by atypical (decoy) receptors; interactions with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans; post-translational modifications; oligomerization; alternative signaling responses; and binding to natural or pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Stone
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Jenni A Hayward
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Zil E Huma
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Unger MS, Marschallinger J, Kaindl J, Höfling C, Rossner S, Heneka MT, Van der Linden A, Aigner L. Early Changes in Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Transgenic Mouse Models for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:5796-806. [PMID: 27544234 PMCID: PMC5012146 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the Western world and is characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive functions leading to dementia. One major histopathological hallmark of AD is the formation of amyloid-beta plaques, which is reproduced in numerous transgenic animal models overexpressing pathogenic forms of amyloid precursor protein (APP). In human AD and in transgenic amyloid plaque mouse models, several studies report altered rates of adult neurogenesis, i.e. the formation of new neurons from neural stem and progenitor cells, and impaired neurogenesis has also been attributed to contribute to the cognitive decline in AD. So far, changes in neurogenesis have largely been considered to be a consequence of the plaque pathology. Therefore, possible alterations in neurogenesis before plaque formation or in prodromal AD have been largely ignored. Here, we analysed adult hippocampal neurogenesis in amyloidogenic mouse models of AD at different points before and during plaque progression. We found prominent alterations of hippocampal neurogenesis before plaque formation. Survival of newly generated cells and the production of new neurons were already compromised at this stage. Moreover and surprisingly, proliferation of doublecortin (DCX) expressing neuroblasts was significantly and specifically elevated during the pre-plaque stage in the APP-PS1 model, while the Nestin-expressing stem cell population was unaffected. In summary, changes in neurogenesis are evident already before plaque deposition and might contribute to well-known early hippocampal dysfunctions in prodromal AD such as hippocampal overactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Unger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Marschallinger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Kaindl
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Rossner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Van der Linden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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