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Jiang C, Sun C, Wang X, Ma S, Jia W, Zhang D. BTK Expression Level Prediction and the High-Grade Glioma Prognosis Using Radiomic Machine Learning Models. JOURNAL OF IMAGING INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE 2024; 37:1359-1374. [PMID: 38381384 PMCID: PMC11300408 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-024-01026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to study whether the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) expression is correlated with the prognosis of patients with high-grade gliomas (HGGs) and predict its expression level prior to surgery, by constructing radiomic models. Clinical and gene expression data of 310 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were included for gene-based prognostic analysis. Among them, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (T1WI + C) from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) with genomic data was selected from 82 patients for radiomic models, including support vector machine (SVM) and logistic regression (LR) models. Furthermore, the nomogram incorporating radiomic signatures was constructed to evaluate its clinical efficacy. BTK was identified as an independent risk factor for HGGs through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Three radiomic features were selected to construct the SVM and LR models, and the validation set showed area under curve (AUCs) values of 0.711 (95% CI, 0.598-0.824) and 0.736 (95% CI, 0.627-0.844), respectively. The median survival times of the high Rad_score and low-Rad_score groups based on LR model were 15.53 and 23.03 months, respectively. In addition, the total risk score of each patient was used to construct a predictive nomogram, and the AUCs calculated from the corresponding time-dependent ROC curves were 0.533, 0.659, and 0.767 for 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. BTK is an independent risk factor associated with poor prognosis in patients, and the radiomic model constructed in this study can effectively and non-invasively predict preoperative BTK expression levels and patient prognosis based on T1WI + C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 West Road, South Fourth Ring Road, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 West Road, South Fourth Ring Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 West Road, South Fourth Ring Road, Beijing, China
| | - Shunchang Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 West Road, South Fourth Ring Road, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 West Road, South Fourth Ring Road, Beijing, China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 West Road, South Fourth Ring Road, Beijing, China.
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2
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Mlika M, Mokni M, Mezni F, Rammeh S. Daily management of gliomas, glioneuronal, and neuronal tumors in the era of the 2021 WHO classification of nervous tumors. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1407572. [PMID: 39135755 PMCID: PMC11317277 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1407572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mlika
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Pathology, Trauma and Major Burn Center, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Mokni
- Department of Pathology, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Mezni
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soumeya Rammeh
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Pathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
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3
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Gorodezki D, Schuhmann MU, Ebinger M, Schittenhelm J. Dissecting the Natural Patterns of Progression and Senescence in Pediatric Low-Grade Glioma: From Cellular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. Cells 2024; 13:1215. [PMID: 39056798 PMCID: PMC11274692 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGGs) comprise a heterogeneous set of low-grade glial and glioneuronal tumors, collectively representing the most frequent CNS tumors of childhood and adolescence. Despite excellent overall survival rates, the chronic nature of the disease bears a high risk of long-term disease- and therapy-related morbidity in affected patients. Recent in-depth molecular profiling and studies of the genetic landscape of PLGGs led to the discovery of the paramount role of frequent upregulation of RAS/MAPK and mTOR signaling in tumorigenesis and progression of these tumors. Beyond, the subsequent unveiling of RAS/MAPK-driven oncogene-induced senescence in these tumors may shape the understanding of the molecular mechanisms determining the versatile progression patterns of PLGGs, potentially providing a promising target for novel therapies. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies moreover indicate a strong dependence of PLGG formation and growth on the tumor microenvironment. In this work, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the multilayered cellular mechanisms and clinical factors determining the natural progression patterns and the characteristic biological behavior of these tumors, aiming to provide a foundation for advanced stratification for the management of these tumors within a multimodal treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gorodezki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Martin U. Schuhmann
- Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Ebinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Jens Schittenhelm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Sievers P, Bielle F, Göbel K, Schrimpf D, Nichelli L, Mathon B, Appay R, Boldt HB, Dohmen H, Selignow C, Acker T, Vicha A, Martinetto H, Schweizer L, Schüller U, Brandner S, Wesseling P, Schmid S, Capper D, Abdullaev Z, Aldape K, Korshunov A, Krieg SM, Wick W, Pfister SM, von Deimling A, Reuss DE, Jones DTW, Sahm F. Identification of a putative molecular subtype of adult-type diffuse astrocytoma with recurrent MAPK pathway alterations. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 148:7. [PMID: 39026106 PMCID: PMC11258072 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Sievers
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Franck Bielle
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, 75013, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Kirsten Göbel
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schrimpf
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Nichelli
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, 75013, Paris, France
- Department of Neuroradiology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Mathon
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, 75013, Paris, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Romain Appay
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, APHM, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
- Institute of Neurophysiopathol, CNRS, INP, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Henning B Boldt
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hildegard Dohmen
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carmen Selignow
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Till Acker
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ales Vicha
- Prague Brain Tumor Research Group, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Horacio Martinetto
- Departamento de Neuropatología y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Dr Raúl Carrea (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonille Schweizer
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc and Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmid
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Capper
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro M Krieg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Neurooncology Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David E Reuss
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Shintaku M, Hashiba T, Nonaka M, Asai A, Tsuta K. H3 K27-altered diffuse midline glioma of the thalamus with formation of glio-fibrillary globular structures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2024; 17:227-233. [PMID: 39114504 PMCID: PMC11301414 DOI: 10.62347/srzr7392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
A case of diffuse midline glioma (DMG), H3 K27-altered, that arose in the right thalamus of a 14-year-old boy is reported. The patient died of tumor spread after a progressive clinical course of approximately 13 months. Histopathologically, the tumor consisted of a mixture of loose proliferation of stellate cells and compact fascicular growth of spindle cells showing a "piloid" feature. Aggregates of globular structures composed of entangled fine glial fibrils ("glio-fibrillary globules, GFGs") were observed. Tumor cells were immunoreactive for S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and showed nuclear immunoreactivity for histone H3 K27M and loss of expression of H3 K27me3. Tumor cell nuclei were also negative for alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked protein (ATRX) and p16. Although GFGs morphologically resembled "neuropil-like islands" or "neurocytic rosettes" seen in glial or glio-neuronal tumors, they showed immunoreactivity for GFAP, but not for synaptophysin. A GFG is a unique structure that has been described in DMG, H3 K27-altered, by a few investigators. To the best of our knowledge, this structure has not previously been reported in other glial or glio-neuronal tumors. It could be added as a new feature in the histopathological variations of DMG, extending its morphological spectrum. Familiarity with this feature can help prevent misdiagnosis of DMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shintaku
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University HospitalHirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hashiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University HospitalHirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nonaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University HospitalHirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akio Asai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University HospitalHirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University HospitalHirakata, Osaka, Japan
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6
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Pacchiano F, Tortora M, Doneda C, Izzo G, Arrigoni F, Ugga L, Cuocolo R, Parazzini C, Righini A, Brunetti A. Radiomics and artificial intelligence applications in pediatric brain tumors. World J Pediatr 2024:10.1007/s12519-024-00823-0. [PMID: 38935233 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-024-00823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of central nervous system (CNS) tumors is particularly relevant in the pediatric population because of their relatively high frequency in this demographic and the significant impact on disease- and treatment-related morbidity and mortality. While both morphological and non-morphological magnetic resonance imaging techniques can give important information concerning tumor characterization, grading, and patient prognosis, increasing evidence in recent years has highlighted the need for personalized treatment and the development of quantitative imaging parameters that can predict the nature of the lesion and its possible evolution. For this purpose, radiomics and the use of artificial intelligence software, aimed at obtaining valuable data from images beyond mere visual observation, are gaining increasing importance. This brief review illustrates the current state of the art of this new imaging approach and its contributions to understanding CNS tumors in children. DATA SOURCES We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the following key search terms: ("radiomics" AND/OR "artificial intelligence") AND ("pediatric AND brain tumors"). Basic and clinical research literature related to the above key research terms, i.e., studies assessing the key factors, challenges, or problems of using radiomics and artificial intelligence in pediatric brain tumors management, was collected. RESULTS A total of 63 articles were included. The included ones were published between 2008 and 2024. Central nervous tumors are crucial in pediatrics due to their high frequency and impact on disease and treatment. MRI serves as the cornerstone of neuroimaging, providing cellular, vascular, and functional information in addition to morphological features for brain malignancies. Radiomics can provide a quantitative approach to medical imaging analysis, aimed at increasing the information obtainable from the pixels/voxel grey-level values and their interrelationships. The "radiomic workflow" involves a series of iterative steps for reproducible and consistent extraction of imaging data. These steps include image acquisition for tumor segmentation, feature extraction, and feature selection. Finally, the selected features, via training predictive model (CNN), are used to test the final model. CONCLUSIONS In the field of personalized medicine, the application of radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms brings up new and significant possibilities. Neuroimaging yields enormous amounts of data that are significantly more than what can be gained from visual studies that radiologists can undertake on their own. Thus, new partnerships with other specialized experts, such as big data analysts and AI specialists, are desperately needed. We believe that radiomics and AI algorithms have the potential to move beyond their restricted use in research to clinical applications in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of pediatric patients with brain tumors, despite the limitations set out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pacchiano
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Mario Tortora
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Head and Neck, Neuroradiology Unit, AORN Moscati, Avellino, Italy.
| | - Chiara Doneda
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giana Izzo
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Arrigoni
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ugga
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Cuocolo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Cecilia Parazzini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Righini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Tauziède-Espariat A, Castel D, Ajlil Y, Auffret L, Appay R, Mariet C, Hasty L, Métais A, Chrétien F, Grill J, Varlet P. Atrx loss as a promising screening tool for the identification of diffuse midline glioma subtype, H3K27/MAPKinase co-altered. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:105. [PMID: 38926805 PMCID: PMC11209953 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnault Tauziède-Espariat
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, rue Cabanis, Paris, 75014, France.
- Paris University France, Paris, 75006, France.
| | - David Castel
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris- Saclay, Villejuif, 94805, France
- Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91000, France
| | - Yassine Ajlil
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris- Saclay, Villejuif, 94805, France
| | - Lucie Auffret
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris- Saclay, Villejuif, 94805, France
- Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91000, France
| | - Romain Appay
- Department of Pathology, APHM La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Cassandra Mariet
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, rue Cabanis, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Lauren Hasty
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, rue Cabanis, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Alice Métais
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, rue Cabanis, Paris, 75014, France
- Paris University France, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Fabrice Chrétien
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, rue Cabanis, Paris, 75014, France
- Paris University France, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Paris University France, Paris, 75006, France
- U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris- Saclay, Villejuif, 94805, France
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, 94805, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, Department of Neuropathology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, rue Cabanis, Paris, 75014, France
- Paris University France, Paris, 75006, France
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8
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Gue R, Lakhani DA. The 2021 World Health Organization Central Nervous System Tumor Classification: The Spectrum of Diffuse Gliomas. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1349. [PMID: 38927556 PMCID: PMC11202067 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2021 edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors introduces significant revisions across various tumor types. These updates, encompassing changes in diagnostic techniques, genomic integration, terminology, and grading, are crucial for radiologists, who play a critical role in interpreting brain tumor imaging. Such changes impact the diagnosis and management of nearly all central nervous system tumor categories, including the reclassification, addition, and removal of specific tumor entities. Given their pivotal role in patient care, radiologists must remain conversant with these revisions to effectively contribute to multidisciplinary tumor boards and collaborate with peers in neuro-oncology, neurosurgery, radiation oncology, and neuropathology. This knowledge is essential not only for accurate diagnosis and staging, but also for understanding the molecular and genetic underpinnings of tumors, which can influence treatment decisions and prognostication. This review, therefore, focuses on the most pertinent updates concerning the classification of adult diffuse gliomas, highlighting the aspects most relevant to radiological practice. Emphasis is placed on the implications of new genetic information on tumor behavior and imaging findings, providing necessary tools to stay abreast of advancements in the field. This comprehensive overview aims to enhance the radiologist's ability to integrate new WHO classification criteria into everyday practice, ultimately improving patient outcomes through informed and precise imaging assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racine Gue
- Department of Neuroradiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Dhairya A. Lakhani
- Department of Neuroradiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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9
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Trifoi SV, Biswas S, Szylak R, Carleton-Bland N. Spinal cord anaplastic Pilocytic Astrocytoma - two stage resection with elsberg and beer technique. Case report and literature review. Br J Neurosurg 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38836514 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2024.2357349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Pilocytic Astrocytomas are generally presenting as WHO grade 1 intracranial masses in the paediatric population with a favourable prognostic. In less common instances they can be found in the spinal cord. There have been rare cases of Anaplastic variants of the Cranial Pilocytic Astrocytomas. We report a rare instance of an adult patient with pilocytic astrocytoma of the cervical cord with anaplastic features. Our patient presented with 6 months history of neck pain and right-hand paraesthesia which partially responded to steroid treatment. MRI of the cervical spine demonstrated marked expansion of the cervical cord with oedema extending cranially to the medulla and caudally to the mid-thoracic cord. Post-gadolinium T1-weighted images showed intense intramedullary enhancement mainly centred at the level of the C3 vertebra. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography showed the central location of the tumour expanding the cord and displacing the tracts circumferentially. Surgical resection was performed in two stages according to the Elsberg and Beer technique that assisted with safe margin tumour debulking. The histological sections revealed a glial lineage tumour with retained ATRX nuclear expression, positive for GFAP, Ki-67 estimated to 10% and a methylation class corresponding to an Anaplastic Pilocytic Astrocytoma. Subsequently, our patient underwent adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy (10 cycles of Temozolamide and 6 cycles of CCNU). Symptomatic progression developed at 18 months from the initial surgery, radiological progression at 34 months and the overall survival was 40 months. We reviewed the literature and found only four other cases with similar histology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafal Szylak
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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10
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Waitkus MS, Erman EN, Reitman ZJ, Ashley DM. Mechanisms of telomere maintenance and associated therapeutic vulnerabilities in malignant gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:1012-1024. [PMID: 38285162 PMCID: PMC11145458 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
A majority of cancers (~85%) activate the enzyme telomerase to maintain telomere length over multiple rounds of cellular division. Telomerase-negative cancers activate a distinct, telomerase-independent mechanism of telomere maintenance termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). ALT uses homologous recombination to maintain telomere length and exhibits features of break-induced DNA replication. In malignant gliomas, the activation of either telomerase or ALT is nearly ubiquitous in pediatric and adult tumors, and the frequency with which these distinct telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) is activated varies according to genetically defined glioma subtypes. In this review, we summarize the current state of the field of TMMs and their relevance to glioma biology and therapy. We review the genetic alterations and molecular mechanisms leading to telomerase activation or ALT induction in pediatric and adult gliomas. With this background, we review emerging evidence on strategies for targeting TMMs for glioma therapy. Finally, we comment on critical gaps and issues for moving the field forward to translate our improved understanding of glioma telomere maintenance into better therapeutic strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Waitkus
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elise N Erman
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M Ashley
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Roberto K, Keith J, Levine A, Pirouzmand F, Soliman H, Lim-Fat MJ. MEK Inhibition in a Pilocytic Astrocytoma With a Rare KRAS Q61R Mutation in a Young Adult Patient: A Case Report. JCO Precis Oncol 2024; 8:e2400174. [PMID: 38905571 PMCID: PMC11371098 DOI: 10.1200/po.24.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This case illustrates the utility and impact of molecular testing and molecular tumor board discussion in the management of AYA patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Roberto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Keith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Levine
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Farhad Pirouzmand
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hany Soliman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Jane Lim-Fat
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Vizcaino MA, Giannini C, Lalich D, Nael A, Jenkins RB, Tran Q, Orr BA, Abdullaev Z, Aldape K, Vaubel RA. Ganglioglioma with anaplastic/high-grade transformation: Histopathologic, molecular, and epigenetic characterization of 3 cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024; 83:416-424. [PMID: 38699943 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganglioglioma (GG) with anaplasia (anaplastic ganglioglioma) is a rare and controversial diagnosis. When present, anaplasia involves the glial component of the tumor, either at presentation or at recurrence. To date, most published cases lack molecular characterization. We describe the histologic and molecular features of 3 patients presenting with BRAF p. V600E-mutant GG (CNS WHO grade 1) with high-grade glial transformation at recurrence. The tumors occurred in pediatric patients (age 9-16 years) with time to recurrence from 20 months to 7 years. At presentation, each tumor was low-grade, with a BRAFV600E-positive ganglion cell component and a glial component resembling pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) or fibrillary astrocytoma. At recurrence, tumors resembled anaplastic PXA or high-grade astrocytomas without neuronal differentiation. CDKN2A homozygous deletion (HD) was absent in all primary tumors. At recurrence, 2 cases acquired CDKN2A HD; the third case showed loss of p16 and MTAP immunoexpression, but no CDKN2A/B HD or mutation was identified. By DNA methylation profiling, all primary and recurrent tumors either grouped or definitely matched to different methylation classes. Our findings indicate that malignant progression of the glial component can occur in GG and suggest that CDKN2A/B inactivation plays a significant role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adelita Vizcaino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Lalich
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Dole VA Medical Center and Wesley Healthcare Center, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Ali Nael
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Orange County and University of California Irvine, Orange County, California, USA
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Quynh Tran
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brent A Orr
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachael A Vaubel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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13
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Han M, An J, Li S, Fan H, Wang L, Du Q, Du J, Yang Y, Song Y, Peng F. Isocucurbitacin B inhibits glioma growth through PI3K/AKT pathways and increases glioma sensitivity to TMZ by inhibiting hsa-mir-1286a. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2024; 7:16. [PMID: 38835342 PMCID: PMC11149100 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2024.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Aim: Glioma accounts for 81% of all cancers of the nervous system cancers and presents one of the most drug-resistant malignancies, resulting in a relatively high mortality rate. Despite extensive efforts, the complete treatment options for glioma remain elusive. The effect of isocucurbitacin B (isocuB), a natural compound extracted from melon pedicels, on glioma has not been investigated. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of isocuB on glioma and elucidate its underlying mechanisms, with the objective of developing it as a potential therapeutic agent for glioma. Methods: We used network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis to predict potential targets and associated pathways of isocuB in glioma. Subsequently, the inhibitory effect of isocuB on glioma and its related mechanisms were assessed through Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound healing, transwell, Western blot (WB), reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and other in vitro experiments, alongside tumor formation experiments in nude mice. Results: Based on this investigation, it suggested that isocuB might inhibit the growth of gliomas through the PI3K-AKT and MAPK pathways. Additionally, we proposed that isocuB may enhance glioma drug sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) via modulation of hsa-mir-1286a. The CCK-8 assay revealed that isocuB exhibited inhibitory effects on U251 and U87 proliferation and outperformed TMZ. Wound healing and transwell experiments showed that isocuB inhibited the invasion and migration of U251 cells by suppressing the activity of MMP-2/9, N-cadherin, and Vimentin. The TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry (FCM) assays revealed that isocuB induced cell apoptosis through inhibition of BCL-2. Subsequently, we conducted RT-qPCR and WB experiments, which revealed that PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways might be involved in the mechanism of the inhibition isocuB on glioma. Additionally, isocuB promoted the sensitivity of glioma U251 to TMZ by inhibiting hsa-mir-1286a. Furthermore, we constructed TMZ-resistant U251 strains and demonstrated effective inhibition by isocuB against these resistant strains. Finally, we confirmed that isocuB can inhibit tumor growth in vivo through experiments on tumors in nude mice. Conclusion: IsocuB may protect against glioma by acting on the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways and promote the sensitivity of glioma U251 to TMZ by inhibiting hsa-mir-1286a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Junsha An
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Sui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Department, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai 214122, China
| | - Huali Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Livzon Pharmaceutical Group Inc, Zhuhai 519090, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Du
- Chongqing Western Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400039, China
| | - Junrong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqin Song
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Department, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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14
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Soni N, Agarwal A, Ajmera P, Mehta P, Gupta V, Vibhute M, Gubbiotti M, Mark IT, Messina SA, Mohan S, Bathla G. High-Grade Astrocytoma with Piloid Features: A Dual Institutional Review of Imaging Findings of a Novel Entity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2024; 45:468-474. [PMID: 38485198 PMCID: PMC11288576 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a8166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
High-grade astrocytoma with piloid features (HGAP) is a recently identified brain tumor characterized by a distinct DNA methylation profile. Predominantly located in the posterior fossa of adults, HGAP is notably prevalent in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1. We present an image-centric review of HGAP and explore the association between HGAP and neurofibromatosis type 1. Data were collected from 8 HGAP patients treated at two tertiary care institutions between January 2020 and October 2023. Demographic details, clinical records, management, and tumor molecular profiles were analyzed. Tumor characteristics, including location and imaging features on MR imaging, were reviewed. Clinical or imaging features suggestive of neurofibromatosis 1 or the presence of NF1 gene alteration were documented. The mean age at presentation was 45.5 years (male/female = 5:3). Tumors were midline, localized in the posterior fossa (n = 4), diencephalic/thalamic (n = 2), and spinal cord (n = 2). HGAP lesions were T1 hypointense, T2-hyperintense, mostly without diffusion restriction, predominantly peripheral irregular enhancement with central necrosis (n = 3) followed by mixed heterogeneous enhancement (n = 2). Two NF1 mutation carriers showed signs of neurofibromatosis type 1 before HGAP diagnosis, with one diagnosed during HGAP evaluation, strengthening the HGAP-NF1 link, particularly in patients with posterior fossa masses. All tumors were IDH1 wild-type, often with ATRX, CDKN2A/B, and NF1 gene alteration. Six patients underwent surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemoradiation. Six patients were alive, and two died during the last follow-up. Histone H3 mutations were not detected in our cohort, such as the common H3K27M typically seen in diffuse midline gliomas, linked to aggressive clinical behavior and poor prognosis. HGAP lesions may involve the brain or spine and tend to be midline or paramedian in location. Underlying neurofibromatosis type 1 diagnosis or imaging findings are important diagnostic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Soni
- From the Mayo Clinic (N.S., A.A., V.G.), Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Amit Agarwal
- From the Mayo Clinic (N.S., A.A., V.G.), Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Pranav Ajmera
- Mayo Clinic (P.A., P.M., I.T.M., S.A.M., G.B.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Parv Mehta
- Mayo Clinic (P.A., P.M., I.T.M., S.A.M., G.B.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vivek Gupta
- From the Mayo Clinic (N.S., A.A., V.G.), Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Mukta Vibhute
- College of Medicine (M.V.), St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Maria Gubbiotti
- MD Anderson Cancer Center (M.G.), University of Texas, Houston, Texas
| | - Ian T Mark
- Mayo Clinic (P.A., P.M., I.T.M., S.A.M., G.B.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven A Messina
- Mayo Clinic (P.A., P.M., I.T.M., S.A.M., G.B.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Suyash Mohan
- Perelman School of Medicine (S.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Girish Bathla
- Mayo Clinic (P.A., P.M., I.T.M., S.A.M., G.B.), Rochester, Minnesota
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15
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Pizzimenti C, Fiorentino V, Germanò A, Martini M, Ieni A, Tuccari G. Pilocytic astrocytoma: The paradigmatic entity in low‑grade gliomas (Review). Oncol Lett 2024; 27:146. [PMID: 38385109 PMCID: PMC10879958 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Among low-grade gliomas, representing 10-20% of all primary brain tumours, the paradigmatic entity is constituted by pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), considered a grade 1 tumour by the World Health Organization. Generally, this tumour requires surgical treatment with an infrequent progression towards malignant gliomas. The present review focuses on clinicopathological characteristics, and reports imaging, neurosurgical and molecular features using a multidisciplinary approach. Macroscopically, PA is a slow-growing soft grey tissue, characteristically presenting in association with a cyst and forming a small mural nodule, typically located in the cerebellum, but sometimes occurring in the spinal cord, basal ganglia or cerebral hemisphere. Microscopically, it may appear as densely fibrillated areas composed of elongated pilocytic cells with bipolar 'hairlike' processes or densely fibrillated areas composed of elongated pilocytic cells with Rosenthal fibres alternating with loosely fibrillated areas with a varied degree of myxoid component. A wide range of molecular alterations have been encountered in PA, mostly affecting the MAPK signalling pathway. In detail, the most frequent alteration is a rearrangement of the BRAF gene, although other alterations include neurofibromatosis type-1 mutations, BRAFV600E mutations, KRAS mutations, fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 mutations of fusions, neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase family receptor tyrosine kinase fusions and RAF1 gene fusions. The gold standard of PA treatment is surgical excision with complete margin resection, achieving minimal neurological damage. Conventional radiotherapy is not required; the more appropriate treatment appears to be serial follow-up. Chemotherapy should only be applied in younger children to avoid the risk of long-term growth and developmental issues associated with radiation. Finally, if PA recurs, a new surgical approach should be performed. At present, novel therapy involving agents targeting MAPK signalling pathway dysregulation is in development, defining BRAF and MEK inhibitors as target therapeutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pizzimenti
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, Sections of Pathology and Neurosurgery, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fiorentino
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Section of Pathology, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Germanò
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, Sections of Pathology and Neurosurgery, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Section of Pathology, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Section of Pathology, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, Section of Pathology, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
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16
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Moritsubo M, Furuta T, Negoto T, Nakamura H, Uchiyama Y, Morioka M, Oshima K, Sugita Y. A case of a pilocytic astrocytoma with histological features of anaplasia and unprecedent genetic alterations. Neuropathology 2024; 44:161-166. [PMID: 37779355 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of pediatric glioma with uncommon imaging, morphological, and genetic features. A one-year-old boy incidentally presented with a tumor in the fourth ventricle. The tumor was completely resected surgically and investigated pathologically. The mostly circumscribed tumor had piloid features but primitive and anaplastic histology, such as increasing cellularity and mitosis. The Ki-67 staining index was 25% at the hotspot. KIAA1549::BRAF fusion and KIAA1549 partial deletions were detected by direct PCR, supported by Sanger sequencing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a glioma with both deletion of KIAA1549 p.P1771_P1899 and fusion of KIAA1549::BRAF. The tumor could not be classified using DNA methylome analysis. The present tumor fell into the category of pilocytic astrocytoma with histological features of anaplasia (aPA). Further studies are needed to establish pediatric aPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Moritsubo
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Negoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uchiyama
- Department of Radiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Motohiro Morioka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Koichi Oshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sugita
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Neuropathology, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Japan
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17
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Nawa S, Ohka F, Motomura K, Takeuchi K, Nagata Y, Yamaguchi J, Saito R. Obstructive Hydrocephalus Due to Aggressive Posterior Fossa Tumor Exhibiting Histological Characteristics of Pilocytic Astrocytoma in Two Adult Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) Cases. Cureus 2024; 16:e58697. [PMID: 38779293 PMCID: PMC11108728 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant syndrome caused by germline alteration of the NF1gene. Among various NF1-related manifestations, obstructive hydrocephalus especially in adult NF1 cases is less frequently found. We report two adult NF1 cases exhibiting obstructive hydrocephalus due to an aggressive posterior fossa tumor exhibiting pathological characteristics of pilocytic astrocytoma as NF1-related manifestations. In these two cases, we performed endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and tumor biopsy as an initial treatment. The initial pathological diagnosis of the tumor is conventional pilocytic astrocytoma. After biopsy both cases revealed rapid tumor growth, therefore, we performed tumor removal, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy during an aggressive clinical course. However, both cases revealed dismal prognosis due to the progression of the tumor in spite of successful management of hydrocephalus by an initial ETV. DNA methylation analysis revealed that the tumor of one case matched high-grade astrocytoma with piloid features (HGAP). Most central nervous system tumors developed in NF1 are less aggressive such as pilocytic astrocytoma; however, recently a few studies revealed that HGAP, which has been a newly introduced malignant tumor in the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, 5th edition (WHO CNS 5), rarely develops in NF1 cases. These findings suggested that HGAP might be one of the important causes of obstructive hydrocephalus in adult NF1 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Nawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JPN
| | - Fumiharu Ohka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JPN
| | - Kazuya Motomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JPN
| | - Kazuhito Takeuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JPN
| | - Yuichi Nagata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JPN
| | - Junya Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JPN
| | - Ryuta Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JPN
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18
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Qi P, Yao QL, Lao IW, Ren M, Bai QM, Cai X, Xue T, Wei R, Zhou XY. A custom next-generation sequencing panel for 1p/19q codeletion and mutational analysis in gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024; 83:258-267. [PMID: 38408388 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has updated their classification system for the diagnosis of gliomas, combining histological features with molecular data including isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and codeletion of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q. 1p/19q codeletion analysis is commonly performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In this study, we developed a 57-gene targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel including 1p/19q codeletion detection mainly to assess diagnosis and potential treatment response in melanoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and glioma patients. Loss of heterozygosity analysis was performed using the NGS method on 37 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded glioma tissues that showed 1p and/or 19q loss determined by FISH. Conventional methods were applied for the validation of some glioma-related gene mutations. In 81.1% (30 of 37) and 94.6% (35 of 37) of cases, 1p and 19q were found to be in agreement whereas concordance for 1p/19q codeletion and no 1p/19q codeletion was found in 94.7% (18 of 19) and 94.4% (17 of 18) of cases, respectively. Overall, comparing NGS results with those of conventional methods showed high concordance. In conclusion, the NGS panel allows reliable analysis of 1p/19q codeletion and mutation at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qi
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Lan Yao
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - I Weng Lao
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Ren
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Ming Bai
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Cai
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Xue
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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d’Amati A, Bargiacchi L, Rossi S, Carai A, Bertero L, Barresi V, Errico ME, Buccoliero AM, Asioli S, Marucci G, Del Baldo G, Mastronuzzi A, Miele E, D’Antonio F, Schiavello E, Biassoni V, Massimino M, Gessi M, Antonelli M, Gianno F. Pediatric CNS tumors and 2021 WHO classification: what do oncologists need from pathologists? Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1268038. [PMID: 38544524 PMCID: PMC10966132 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1268038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS), published in 2021, established new approaches to both CNS tumor nomenclature and grading, emphasizing the importance of integrated diagnoses and layered reports. This edition increased the role of molecular diagnostics in CNS tumor classification while still relying on other established approaches such as histology and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, it introduced new tumor types and subtypes based on novel diagnostic technologies such as DNA methylome profiling. Over the past decade, molecular techniques identified numerous key genetic alterations in CSN tumors, with important implications regarding the understanding of pathogenesis but also for prognosis and the development and application of effective molecularly targeted therapies. This review summarizes the major changes in the 2021 fifth edition classification of pediatric CNS tumors, highlighting for each entity the molecular alterations and other information that are relevant for diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic purposes and that patients' and oncologists' need from a pathology report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio d’Amati
- Unit of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
- Unit of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Lavinia Bargiacchi
- Unit of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rossi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Bertero
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Errico
- Department of Pathology, AORN Santobono Pausilipon, Pediatric Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Sofia Asioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Del Baldo
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Evelina Miele
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica D’Antonio
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Schiavello
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Biassoni
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Massimino
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Gessi
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Manila Antonelli
- Unit of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Francesca Gianno
- Unit of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
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20
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Zander C, Diebold M, Shah MJ, Malzkorn B, Prinz M, Urbach H, Erny D, Taschner CA. Freiburg Neuropathology Case Conference: : 68-Year-Old Patient with Slurred Speech, Double Vision, and Increasing Gait Disturbance. Clin Neuroradiol 2024; 34:279-286. [PMID: 38345610 PMCID: PMC10881640 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-024-01385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- C Zander
- Departments of Neuroradiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Diebold
- Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M J Shah
- Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Malzkorn
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Prinz
- Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Urbach
- Departments of Neuroradiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D Erny
- Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C A Taschner
- Departments of Neuroradiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Wagner MW, Jabehdar Maralani P, Bennett J, Nobre L, Lim-Fat MJ, Dirks P, Laughlin S, Tabori U, Ramaswamy V, Hawkins C, Ertl-Wagner BB. Brain Tumor Imaging in Adolescents and Young Adults: 2021 WHO Updates for Molecular-based Tumor Types. Radiology 2024; 310:e230777. [PMID: 38349246 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.230777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Published in 2021, the fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) introduced new molecular criteria for tumor types that commonly occur in either pediatric or adult age groups. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) are at the intersection of adult and pediatric care, and both pediatric-type and adult-type CNS tumors occur at that age. Mortality rates for AYAs with CNS tumors have increased by 0.6% per year for males and 1% per year for females from 2007 to 2016. To best serve patients, it is crucial that both pediatric and adult radiologists who interpret neuroimages are familiar with the various pediatric- and adult-type brain tumors and their typical imaging morphologic characteristics. Gliomas account for approximately 80% of all malignant CNS tumors in the AYA age group, with the most common types observed being diffuse astrocytic and glioneuronal tumors. Ependymomas and medulloblastomas also occur in the AYA population but are seen less frequently. Importantly, biologic behavior and progression of distinct molecular subgroups of brain tumors differ across ages. This review discusses newly added or revised gliomas in the fifth edition of the CNS WHO classification, as well as other CNS tumor types common in the AYA population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W Wagner
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
| | - Pejman Jabehdar Maralani
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
| | - Julie Bennett
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
| | - Liana Nobre
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
| | - Mary Jane Lim-Fat
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
| | - Peter Dirks
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
| | - Suzanne Laughlin
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
| | - Uri Tabori
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
| | - Birgit B Ertl-Wagner
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Imaging (M.W.W., S.L., B.B.E.W.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (J.B., L.N., U.T., V.R.), Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology (C.H.), Division of Neurosurgery (P.D.), and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (M.W.W.), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8; Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., B.B.E.W.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (M.W.W., P.J.M., B.B.E.W.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (M.W.W.); Divisions of Neuroradiology (P.J.M.) and Neurooncology (M.J.L.F.), Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada (J.B.)
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22
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Bertero L, Mangherini L, Ricci AA, Cassoni P, Sahm F. Molecular neuropathology: an essential and evolving toolbox for the diagnosis and clinical management of central nervous system tumors. Virchows Arch 2024; 484:181-194. [PMID: 37658995 PMCID: PMC10948579 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular profiling has transformed the diagnostic workflow of CNS tumors during the last years. The latest WHO classification of CNS tumors (5th edition), published in 2021, pushed forward the integration between histopathological features and molecular hallmarks to achieve reproducible and clinically relevant diagnoses. To address these demands, pathologists have to appropriately deal with multiple molecular assays mainly including DNA methylation profiling and DNA/RNA next generation sequencing. Tumor classification by DNA methylation profiling is now a critical tool for many diagnostic tasks in neuropathology including the assessment of complex cases, to evaluate novel tumor types and to perform tumor subgrouping in hetereogenous entities like medulloblastoma or ependymoma. DNA/RNA NGS allow the detection of multiple molecular alterations including single nucleotide variations, small insertions/deletions (InDel), and gene fusions. These molecular markers can provide key insights for diagnosis, for example, if a tumor-specific mutation is detected, but also for treatment since targeted therapies are progressively entering the clinical practice. In the present review, a brief, but comprehensive overview of these tools will be provided, discussing their technical specifications, diagnostic value, and potential limitations. Moreover, the importance of molecular profiling will be shown in a representative series of CNS neoplasms including both the most frequent tumor types and other selected entities for which molecular characterization plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bertero
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Via Santena 7, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Mangherini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Via Santena 7, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Andrea Ricci
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Via Santena 7, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University Hospital, Via Santena 7, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
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23
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Shi ZF, Li KKW, Liu APY, Chung NYF, Chow C, Chen H, Kan NCA, Zhu XL, Chan DTM, Mao Y, Ng HK. Rare Pediatric Cerebellar High-Grade Gliomas Mimic Medulloblastomas Histologically and Transcriptomically and Show p53 Mutations. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:232. [PMID: 38201659 PMCID: PMC10778382 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGG) of the cerebellum are rare, and only a few cases have been documented in detail in the literature. A major differential diagnosis for poorly differentiated tumors in the cerebellum in children is medulloblastoma. In this study, we described the histological and molecular features of a series of five pediatric high-grade gliomas of the cerebellum. They actually showed histological and immunohistochemical features that overlapped with those of medulloblastomas and achieved high scores in NanoString-based medulloblastoma diagnostic assay. Methylation profiling demonstrated these tumors were heterogeneous epigenetically, clustering to GBM_MID, DMG_K27, and GBM_RTKIII methylation classes. MYCN amplification was present in one case, and PDGFRA amplification in another two cases. Interestingly, target sequencing showed that all tumors carried TP53 mutations. Our results highlight that pediatric high-grade gliomas of the cerebellum can mimic medulloblastomas at histological and transcriptomic levels. Our report adds to the rare number of cases in the literature of cerebellar HGGs in children. We recommend the use of both methylation array and TP53 screening in the differential diagnoses of poorly differentiated embryonal-like tumors of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
- Hong Kong and Shanghai Brain Consortium (HSBC), Hong Kong, China
| | - Kay Ka-Wai Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.K.-W.L.); (N.Y.-F.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Anthony Pak-Yin Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nellie Yuk-Fei Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.K.-W.L.); (N.Y.-F.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Chit Chow
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.K.-W.L.); (N.Y.-F.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
| | - Nim-Chi Amanda Kan
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Xian-Lun Zhu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (X.-L.Z.); (D.T.-M.C.)
| | - Danny Tat-Ming Chan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (X.-L.Z.); (D.T.-M.C.)
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
- Hong Kong and Shanghai Brain Consortium (HSBC), Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Hong Kong and Shanghai Brain Consortium (HSBC), Hong Kong, China
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.K.-W.L.); (N.Y.-F.C.); (C.C.)
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24
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Zhao Z, Song Z, Wang Z, Zhang F, Ding Z, Fan T. Advances in Molecular Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Astrocytomas. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2024; 23:15330338241262483. [PMID: 39043042 PMCID: PMC11271101 DOI: 10.1177/15330338241262483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord astrocytoma (SCA) is a rare subtype of astrocytoma, posing challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Low-grade SCA can achieve long-term survival solely through surgery, while high-grade has a disappointing prognosis even with comprehensive treatment. Diagnostic criteria and standard treatment of intracranial astrocytoma have shown obvious limitations in SCA. Research on the molecular mechanism in SCA is lagging far behind that on intracranial astrocytoma. In recent years, huge breakthroughs have been made in molecular pathology of astrocytoma, and novel techniques have emerged, including DNA methylation analysis and radiomics. These advances are now making it possible to provide a precise diagnosis and develop corresponding treatment strategies in SCA. Our aim is to review the current status of diagnosis and treatment of SCA, and summarize the latest research advancement, including tumor subtype, molecular characteristics, diagnostic technology, and potential therapy strategies, thus deepening our understanding of this uncommon tumor type and providing guidance for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhao
- Spine Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zairan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Spine Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Ding
- Spine Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Spine Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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25
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Rousseau J, Bennett J, Lim-Fat MJ. Brain Tumors in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Review. Semin Neurol 2023; 43:909-928. [PMID: 37949116 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors account for the majority of cancer-related deaths in adolescents and young adults (AYAs), defined as individuals aged 15 to 39. AYAs constitute a distinct population in which both pediatric- and adult-type central nervous system (CNS) tumors can be observed. Clinical manifestations vary depending on tumor location and often include headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and signs of increased intracranial pressure. With the publication of the updated World Health Organization CNS tumor classification in 2021, diagnoses have been redefined to emphasize key molecular alterations. Gliomas represent the majority of malignant brain tumors in this age group. Glioneuronal and neuronal tumors are associated with longstanding refractory epilepsy. The classification of ependymomas and medulloblastomas has been refined, enabling better identification of low-risk tumors that could benefit from treatment de-escalation strategies. Owing to their midline location, germ cell tumors often present with oculomotor and visual alterations as well as endocrinopathies. The management of CNS tumors in AYA is often extrapolated from pediatric and adult guidelines, and generally consists of a combination of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and systemic therapy. Ongoing research is investigating multiple agents targeting molecular alterations, including isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitors, SHH pathway inhibitors, and BRAF inhibitors. AYA patients with CNS tumors should be managed by multidisciplinary teams and counselled regarding fertility preservation, psychosocial comorbidities, and risks of long-term comorbidities. There is a need for further efforts to design clinical trials targeting CNS tumors in the AYA population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rousseau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Bennett
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian AYA Neuro-Oncology Network (CANON), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Jane Lim-Fat
- Canadian AYA Neuro-Oncology Network (CANON), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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van der Hoorn A. Unveiling the essential knowledge for (general) radiologists on the adult brain neoplasms in the WHO 2021 classification. Eur Radiol 2023; 33:9084-9086. [PMID: 37462821 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van der Hoorn
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P. O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Yoda RA, Cimino PJ. Classification and Grading of Central Nervous System Tumors According to the World Health Organization 5th Edition. Semin Neurol 2023; 43:833-844. [PMID: 37949117 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) released the 5th edition of its classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in 2021. Advances in the landscape of molecular tumor pathophysiology prompted major revisions to the previous edition released in 2016, some of which were first introduced by the Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy-Not Official WHO (cIMPACT-NOW). The 2021 classification system integrates newly gained molecular insights to guide changes in tumor taxonomy and nomenclature, introduces several new types of tumors, and expands the use of molecular testing for diagnosis and grading, with a particular impact on adult-type and pediatric-type gliomas, ependymomas, and embryonal tumors. These updates aim to promote clear and accurate diagnoses, yield more reliable prognostic information, and enable the selection of optimal therapies. Familiarity with these changes will be of great importance for clinicians involved in the management of CNS tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Yoda
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Patrick J Cimino
- Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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28
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Meredith DM, Pisapia DJ. 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Brain Tumors. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:1638-1661. [PMID: 38085892 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The classification of brain tumors is a rapidly evolving field that requires extensive integration of molecular diagnostic findings from an expanding set of platforms and assays. This article summarizes the schema presented in the 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors while highlighting diagnostic molecular findings and discussing the strengths and weaknesses of commonly available testing modalities. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS Several major changes in practice were introduced with the 5th edition of the CNS WHO classification, including molecular grading of adult diffuse gliomas, the introduction of many new entities within the spectrum of pediatric gliomas and glioneuronal tumors, and the widespread adoption of methylation classes as useful or even necessary diagnostic criteria. Additionally, several revisions to nomenclature (eg, IDH-mutant gliomas) were introduced for simplicity and to disambiguate from other tumor types. ESSENTIAL POINTS The classification of brain tumors continues to grow in complexity alongside our improved understanding of their nuanced molecular underpinnings.
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29
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Muench A, Teichmann D, Spille D, Kuzman P, Perez E, May SA, Mueller WC, Kombos T, Nazari-Dehkordi S, Onken J, Vajkoczy P, Ntoulias G, Bettencourt C, von Deimling A, Paulus W, Heppner FL, Koch A, Capper D, Kaul D, Thomas C, Schweizer L. A Novel Type of IDH-wildtype Glioma Characterized by Gliomatosis Cerebri-like Growth Pattern, TERT Promoter Mutation, and Distinct Epigenetic Profile. Am J Surg Pathol 2023; 47:1364-1375. [PMID: 37737691 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas in adults encompass a heterogenous group of central nervous system neoplasms. In recent years, extensive (epi-)genomic profiling has identified several glioma subgroups characterized by distinct molecular characteristics, most importantly IDH1/2 and histone H3 mutations. A group of 16 diffuse gliomas classified as "adult-type diffuse high-grade glioma, IDH-wildtype, subtype F (HGG-F)" was identified by the DKFZ v12.5 Brain Tumor Classifier . Histopathologic characterization, exome sequencing, and review of clinical data was performed in all cases. Based on unsupervised t -distributed stochastic neighbor embedding and clustering analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation data, HGG-F shows distinct epigenetic profiles separate from established central nervous system tumors. Exome sequencing demonstrated frequent TERT promoter (12/15 cases), PIK3R1 (11/16), and TP53 mutations (5/16). Radiologic characteristics were reminiscent of gliomatosis cerebri in 9/14 cases (64%). Histopathologically, most cases were classified as diffuse gliomas (7/16, 44%) or were suspicious for the infiltration zone of a diffuse glioma (5/16, 31%). None of the cases demonstrated microvascular proliferation or necrosis. Outcome of 14 patients with follow-up data was better compared to IDH-wildtype glioblastomas with a median progression-free survival of 58 months and overall survival of 74 months (both P <0.0001). Our series represents a novel type of adult-type diffuse glioma with distinct molecular and clinical features. Importantly, we provide evidence that TERT promoter mutations in diffuse gliomas without further morphologic or molecular signs of high-grade glioma should be interpreted in the context of the clinicoradiologic presentation as well as epigenetic profile and may not be suitable as a standalone marker for glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Muench
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main
| | | | | | - Peter Kuzman
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig
| | | | - Sven-Axel May
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz
| | - Wolf C Mueller
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig
| | | | | | | | | | - Georgios Ntoulias
- Department of Neurosurgery, Schlosspark-Klinik Charlottenburg, Berlin
| | - Conceição Bettencourt
- Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Werner Paulus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Departments of Neuropathology
- Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
| | - Arend Koch
- Departments of Neuropathology
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
| | - David Capper
- Departments of Neuropathology
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
| | - David Kaul
- Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Christian Thomas
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster
| | - Leonille Schweizer
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main
- Departments of Neuropathology
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Liu Y. methylClass: an R package to construct DNA methylation-based classification models. Brief Bioinform 2023; 25:bbad485. [PMID: 38205965 PMCID: PMC10782803 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation profiling is a useful tool to increase the accuracy of a cancer diagnosis. However, a comprehensive R package specially for it is lacking. Hence, we developed the R package methylClass for methylation-based classification. Within it, we provide the eSVM (ensemble-based support vector machine) model to achieve much higher accuracy in methylation data classification than the popular random forest model and overcome the time-consuming problem of the traditional SVM. In addition, some novel feature selection methods are included in the package to improve the classification. Furthermore, because methylation data can be converted to other omics, such as copy number variation data, we also provide functions for multi-omics studies. The testing of this package on four datasets shows the accurate performance of our package, especially eSVM, which can be used in both methylation and multi-omics models and outperforms other methods in both cases. methylClass is available at: https://github.com/yuabrahamliu/methylClass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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31
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Golub D, Lynch DG, Pan PC, Liechty B, Slocum C, Bale T, Pisapia DJ, Juthani R. Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young with FGFR3-TACC3 fusion mimicking high-grade glioma: case report and series of high-grade correlates. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1307591. [PMID: 38074682 PMCID: PMC10698862 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1307591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY) is a recently described entity that can mimic high-grade glioma (HGG) in histologic and molecular features; however, factors predicting aggressive behavior in these tumors are unclear. Methods We present an indolent neuroepithelial neoplasm in a 59-year-old female with imaging initially suggestive of HGG, and a series of adult patients with HGG harboring FGFR3-TACC3 fusions are also presented for comparison. Results Pathology in the case patient revealed low-grade cytomorphology, microcalcifications, unusual neovascularization, and a low proliferation index. The lesion was diffusely CD34+ and harbored an FGFR3-TACC3 fusion and TERT promoter mutation. A diagnosis of PLNTY was therefore favored and the patient was observed with no progression at 15-month follow-up. In patients with HGG with FGFR3-TACC3 fusions, molecular findings included IDH-wildtype status, absence of 1p19q codeletion, CDKN2A loss, TERT promoter mutations and lack of MGMT promoter methylation. These patients demonstrated a median 15-month overall survival and a 6-month progression-free survival. Conclusion PLNTY is a rare low-grade entity that can display characteristics of HGG, particularly in adults. Presence of FGFR3-TACC3 fusions and other high-grade features should raise concern for a more malignant precursor lesion when a diagnosis of PLNTY is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Golub
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Daniel G. Lynch
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Peter C. Pan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin Liechty
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cheyanne Slocum
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tejus Bale
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David J. Pisapia
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rupa Juthani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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32
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Alturkustani M. Diagnostic Insights into Pediatric Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma through DNA Methylation Class and Pathological Diagnosis Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3464. [PMID: 37998600 PMCID: PMC10670667 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study adopts an innovative approach to utilize the DNA methylation class (MC) by prioritizing the understanding of discrepancies over traditional direct comparisons with the pathological diagnosis (PD). The aim is to clarify the morphological criteria for pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA). Using the Children's Brain Tumor Network online database, PXA-diagnosed cases were sourced. MCs and CDKN2A/B statuses were ascertained using the Heidelberg methylation brain tumor classifier v12.5 (v12.8 for selected cases). Three distinct groups emerged: Group 1 confirmed PXA through both PD and MC (7 cases); Group 2 identified PXA via PD alone (7 cases); and Group 3 diagnosed PXA using MC (5 cases). Key insights from the study include the frequent local infiltration of PXA into gray matter structures, mirroring infiltrative astrocytoma. The MC for PXA stands out for its sensitivity. Cases with a PXA morphological diagnosis diverging from the DNA class warrant attention to newer differential diagnoses such as high-grade astrocytoma with piloid features, pilocytic astrocytoma NF1-associated, and NET-PATZ1. Tumors with a MC indicative of PXA but lacking its typical features may, if high-grade, behave as grade 4 gliomas. In contrast, their low-grade counterparts could belong to the PXA morphological continuum. Further research is pivotal for cementing these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Alturkustani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; ; Tel.: +966-500936683
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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33
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Park JW, Lee K, Kim EE, Kim SI, Park SH. Brain Tumor Classification by Methylation Profile. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e356. [PMID: 37935168 PMCID: PMC10627723 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the methylation classifier in brain tumor classification is to accurately classify tumors based on their methylation profiles. Accurate brain tumor diagnosis is the first step for healthcare professionals to predict tumor prognosis and establish personalized treatment plans for patients. The methylation classifier can be used to perform classification on tumor samples with diagnostic difficulties due to ambiguous histology or mismatch between histopathology and molecular signatures, i.e., not otherwise specified (NOS) cases or not elsewhere classified (NEC) cases, aiding in pathological decision-making. Here, the authors elucidate upon the application of a methylation classifier as a tool to mitigate the inherent complexities associated with the pathological evaluation of brain tumors, even when pathologists are experts in histopathological diagnosis and have access to enough molecular genetic information. Also, it should be emphasized that methylome cannot classify all types of brain tumors, and it often produces erroneous matches even with high matching scores, so, excessive trust is prohibited. The primary issue is the considerable difficulty in obtaining reference data regarding the methylation profile of each type of brain tumor. This challenge is further amplified when dealing with recently identified novel types or subtypes of brain tumors, as such data are not readily accessible through open databases or authors of publications. An additional obstacle arises from the fact that methylation classifiers are primarily research-based, leading to the unavailability of charging patients. It is important to note that the application of methylation classifiers may require specialized laboratory techniques and expertise in DNA methylation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwanghoon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eric Eunshik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Ik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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34
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Formentin C, Joaquim AF, Ghizoni E. Posterior fossa tumors in children: current insights. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:4833-4850. [PMID: 37679511 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
While in adults most intracranial tumors develop around the cerebral hemispheres, 45 to 60% of pediatric lesions are found in the posterior fossa, although this anatomical region represents only 10% of the intracranial volume. The latest edition of the WHO classification for CNS tumors presented some fundamental paradigm shifts that particularly affected the classification of pediatric tumors, also influencing those that affect posterior fossa. Molecular biomarkers play an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of childhood posterior fossa tumors and can be used to predict patient outcomes and response to treatment and monitor its effectiveness. Although genetic studies have identified several posterior fossa tumor types, differing in terms of their location, cell of origin, genetic mechanisms, and clinical behavior, recent management strategies still depend on uniform approaches, mainly based on the extent of resection. However, significant progress has been made in guiding therapy decisions with biological or molecular stratification criteria and utilizing molecularly targeted treatments that address specific tumor biological characteristics. The primary focus of this review is on the latest advances in the diagnosis and treatment of common subtypes of posterior fossa tumors in children, as well as potential therapeutic approaches in the future. Conclusion: Molecular biomarkers play a central role, not only in the diagnosis and prognosis of posterior fossa tumors in children but also in customizing treatment plans. They anticipate patient outcomes, measure treatment responses, and assess therapeutic effectiveness. Advances in neuroimaging and treatment have significantly enhanced outcomes for children with these tumors. What is Known: • Central nervous system tumors are the most common solid neoplasms in children and adolescents, with approximately 45 to 60% of them located in the posterior fossa. • Multimodal approaches that include neurosurgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are typically used to manage childhood posterior fossa tumors What is New: • Notable progress has been achieved in the diagnosis, categorization and management of posterior fossa tumors in children, leading to improvement in survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton Formentin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., 126. 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andrei Fernandes Joaquim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., 126. 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Enrico Ghizoni
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., 126. 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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35
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Eoli M. Management of neurofibromatosis type 1 associated tumors of central and peripheral nervous system. Curr Opin Oncol 2023; 35:558-563. [PMID: 37820091 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years emerging evidence suggests that some tumor types, extremely rare in general population and understudied, can be observed in NF1 and neoplasms related with this condition harbor peculiar genetic and epigenetic features. The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances that, delving into the tumor complexity, have identified new diagnostic tools and potential tumor subtype that may have been associated with clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS The available data confirmed the presence of peculiar molecular signatures in those tumors, different from those observed in sporadic neoplasms and suggest that a specific reference to NF1 associated neoplasms would deserve to be mentioned in tumor WHO classification. Comprehensive multiomic analysis shows that the histologic assessment does not always match the methylation group assignment and facilitates tumor subclassification into categories predictive of clinical behavior. The non-invasive assessment of tumor genetic profiles by the analysis of plasma ctDNA is representative of tumor features, may help differential diagnosis and may identify malignant transformation, sparing the patient from repeated biopsies. SUMMARY A better knowledge of NF1 associated tumors at the molecular level may suggest changes in the clinical management of the disease and open new frontiers of personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Eoli
- Experimental Neuro-Oncology Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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36
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Tauziède-Espariat A, Tartar A, Mehdi L, Pucelle N, Lacombe J, Berthaud C, Brigot E, Massé J, Métais A, Benzakoun J, Hasty L, Chrétien F, Varlet P. [Contributions and limitations of FISH analysis for the diagnosis of central nervous system tumors according to the 2021 WHO classification: Feedback from Sainte-Anne Hospital's Department of Neuropathology]. Ann Pathol 2023; 43:443-451. [PMID: 37385935 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System has identified many new tumor types and has established, for the first time, essential and desirable diagnostic criteria for each of them. Among these, genetic alterations play an important role associated with morphology. For the first time, epigenetic data can also constitute essential and/or desirable criteria. These genetic abnormalities can be fusions, deletions or gains/amplifications and can thus be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. The purpose of this article is to present the advantages and limitations of this technique in reference to its specific use within neuro-oncopathology in light of the 2021 WHO classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnault Tauziède-Espariat
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Amélie Tartar
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Leïla Mehdi
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Noémie Pucelle
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Lacombe
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Berthaud
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Enola Brigot
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Massé
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Alice Métais
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Joseph Benzakoun
- Service de neuroradiologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lauren Hasty
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Chrétien
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Service de neuropathologie, GHU de Paris-psychiatrie et neurosciences, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
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37
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Prokop G, Wiestler B, Hieber D, Withake F, Mayer K, Gempt J, Delbridge C, Schmidt-Graf F, Pfarr N, Märkl B, Schlegel J, Liesche-Starnecker F. Multiscale quantification of morphological heterogeneity with creation of a predictor of longer survival in glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:1658-1670. [PMID: 37501565 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Intratumor heterogeneity is a main cause of the dismal prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM). Yet, there remains a lack of a uniform assessment of the degree of heterogeneity. With a multiscale approach, we addressed the hypothesis that intratumor heterogeneity exists on different levels comprising traditional regional analyses, but also innovative methods including computer-assisted analysis of tumor morphology combined with epigenomic data. With this aim, 157 biopsies of 37 patients with therapy-naive IDH-wildtype GBM were analyzed regarding the intratumor variance of protein expression of glial marker GFAP, microglia marker Iba1 and proliferation marker Mib1. Hematoxylin and eosin stained slides were evaluated for tumor vascularization. For the estimation of pixel intensity and nuclear profiling, automated analysis was used. Additionally, DNA methylation profiling was conducted separately for the single biopsies. Scoring systems were established to integrate several parameters into one score for the four examined modalities of heterogeneity (regional, cellular, pixel-level and epigenomic). As a result, we could show that heterogeneity was detected in all four modalities. Furthermore, for the regional, cellular and epigenomic level, we confirmed the results of earlier studies stating that a higher degree of heterogeneity is associated with poorer overall survival. To integrate all modalities into one score, we designed a predictor of longer survival, which showed a highly significant separation regarding the OS. In conclusion, multiscale intratumor heterogeneity exists in glioblastoma and its degree has an impact on overall survival. In future studies, the implementation of a broadly feasible heterogeneity index should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Prokop
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wiestler
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hieber
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute DigiHealth, Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Neu-Ulm, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Augsburg, Germany
| | - Fynn Withake
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karoline Mayer
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claire Delbridge
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Schmidt-Graf
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Märkl
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Liesche-Starnecker
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Augsburg, Germany
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van den Bent MJ, Geurts M, French PJ, Smits M, Capper D, Bromberg JEC, Chang SM. Primary brain tumours in adults. Lancet 2023; 402:1564-1579. [PMID: 37738997 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent adult-type primary CNS tumours are diffuse gliomas, but a large variety of rarer CNS tumour types exists. The classification of these tumours is increasingly based on molecular diagnostics, which is reflected in the extensive molecular foundation of the recent WHO 2021 classification of CNS tumours. Resection as extensive as is safely possible is the cornerstone of treatment in most gliomas, and is now also recommended early in the treatment of patients with radiological evidence of histologically low-grade tumours. For the adult-type diffuse glioma, standard of care is a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Although treatment with curative intent is not available, combined modality treatment has resulted in long-term survival (>10-20 years) for some patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant tumours. Other rarer tumours require tailored approaches, best delivered in specialised centres. Targeted treatments based on molecular alterations still only play a minor role in the treatment landscape of adult-type diffuse glioma, and today are mainly limited to patients with tumours with BRAFV600E (ie, Val600Glu) mutations. Immunotherapy for CNS tumours is still in its infancy, and so far, trials with checkpoint inhibitors and vaccination studies have not shown improvement in patient outcomes in glioblastoma. Current research is focused on improving our understanding of the immunosuppressive tumour environment, the molecular heterogeneity of tumours, and the role of tumour microtube network connections between cells in the tumour microenvironment. These factors all appear to play a role in treatment resistance, and indicate that novel approaches are needed to further improve outcomes of patients with CNS tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J van den Bent
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Geurts
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands; Medical Delta, Delft, Netherlands
| | - David Capper
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacoline E C Bromberg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan M Chang
- Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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39
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Bedics G, Szőke P, Bátai B, Nagy T, Papp G, Kránitz N, Rajnai H, Reiniger L, Bödör C, Scheich B. Novel, clinically relevant genomic patterns identified by comprehensive genomic profiling in ATRX-deficient IDH-wildtype adult high-grade gliomas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18436. [PMID: 37891325 PMCID: PMC10611758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are the most common IDH-wildtype adult high-grade gliomas, frequently harboring mutations in the TERT gene promoter (pTERT) and utilizing the subsequent telomerase overexpression for telomere length maintenance. However, some rare cases show loss of ATRX and use alternative mechanisms of telomere lengthening. In this study, we performed the first complex genomic analysis specifically concentrating on the latter subgroup. Comprehensive genomic profiling of 12 ATRX-deficient and 13 ATRX-intact IDH-wildtype adult high-grade gliomas revealed that ATRX and pTERT mutations are mutually exclusive. DNMT3A alterations were confined to ATRX-deficient, while PTEN mutations to ATRX-intact cases. RAS-MAPK pathway alterations, including NF1 mutations, were more characteristic in the ATRX-deficient group. Variants of genes related to homologous recombination repair showed different patterns of affected genes. Two ATRX-deficient tumors with high tumor mutational burden and mismatch repair deficiency were found. One of these contained a novel fusion involving the NTRK2 and LRRFIP2 genes, while the other showed loss of MSH2 and MSH6 without genetic alterations in the encoding genes suggesting an epigenetic background. Genetic characteristics of ATRX-deficient IDH-wildtype adult high-grade gliomas suggest that these tumors are particularly intriguing targets of potential future therapeutic interventions including immunotherapies combined with MAPK pathway inhibition and DNA repair inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Bedics
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Péter Szőke
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Bence Bátai
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Life Science Building, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gergő Papp
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Noémi Kránitz
- Department of Pathology, County Hospital Győr, Petz Aladár Hospital, Vasvári Pál út 2-4, Győr, 9024, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Rajnai
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Lilla Reiniger
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bödör
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Bálint Scheich
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.
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Masui K, Nitta M, Muragaki Y, Kawamata T, Satomi K, Matsushita Y, Yoshida A, Ichimura K, Tsuda M, Tanaka S, Komori T. A case of "genetically defined" radiation-induced glioma: 29 years after surgery and radiation for pilocytic astrocytoma. Neuropathology 2023; 43:425-428. [PMID: 36949717 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Masui
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nitta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Muragaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takakazu Kawamata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaishi Satomi
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsushita
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi Tsuda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Komori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Satomi K, Saito K, Shimoyamada H, Onizuka H, Shibayama T, Hibiya T, Hayashi A, Nagahama K, Yamagishi Y, Sasaki N, Kobayashi K, Gomyo M, Nagane M, Shibahara J. The role of nonlinear dimension reduction of genome-wide DNA methylome in integrated diagnosis: A case study of glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. Pathol Int 2023; 73:523-526. [PMID: 37530489 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaishi Satomi
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimoyamada
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Onizuka
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shibayama
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hibiya
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nagahama
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamagishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kobayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Gomyo
- Department of Radiology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoo Nagane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Shibahara
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Tomita Y, Hibler EA, Suruga Y, Ishida J, Fujii K, Satomi K, Ichimura K, Hirotsune N, Date I, Tanaka Y, Otani Y. Age is a major determinant for poor prognosis in patients with pilocytic astrocytoma: a SEER population study. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2301-2309. [PMID: 36063258 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) are central nervous system tumors with variable prognosis and poorly understood risk factors. Little evidence exists regarding the effect of age on mortality in PA. Therefore, we conducted a thorough characterization of PA in the US. Methods We queried the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2000 and 2018 to extract age-adjusted incidence rate (AAIR), age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR), and survival data on PA. The age group comparisons for each measure varied depending on available SEER data. We compared trends in AAIR and AAMR by two age groups (children, 0-19 years; adults, 20 + years) and by sex. The cumulative incidence function and the Fine-Gray competing risk model were applied by 0-19, 20-39, 40-59, and 60 + years of age groups. Results This study included 5211 incident PA and 462 PA-specific deaths between 2000 and 2018. Trends in AAIRs and AAMRs were almost constant between 2000 and 2018. Average AAIRs had a sharp peak in 1-4 years of age groups, whereas AAMRs had a gradual peak in 80-84 years of age groups. Age groups, tumor location, and race/ethnicity were significantly associated with PA-specific death, whereas only age was associated with other cause of deaths. Conclusions Trends in AAIRs and AAMRs were constant regardless of age. PAs in older populations, especially over 60 years old, have higher incidence of death than those in younger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Elizabeth A Hibler
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yasuki Suruga
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Joji Ishida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fujii
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kaishi Satomi
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- Department of Brain Diseases Translational Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hirotsune
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular Surgery, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, 730-8518, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Liu H, Xu C, Diplas BH, Brown A, Strickland LM, Yao H, Ling J, McLendon RE, Keir ST, Ashley DM, He Y, Waitkus MS. Cancer-associated SMARCAL1 loss-of-function mutations promote alternative lengthening of telomeres and tumorigenesis in telomerase-negative glioblastoma cells. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1563-1575. [PMID: 36689342 PMCID: PMC10484176 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomere maintenance mechanisms are required to enable the replicative immortality of malignant cells. While most cancers activate the enzyme telomerase, a subset of cancers uses telomerase-independent mechanisms termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). ALT occurs via homology-directed-repair mechanisms and is frequently associated with ATRX mutations. We previously showed that a subset of adult glioblastoma (GBM) patients with ATRX-expressing ALT-positive tumors harbored loss-of-function mutations in the SMARCAL1 gene, which encodes an annealing helicase involved in replication fork remodeling and the resolution of replication stress. However, the causative relationship between SMARCAL1 deficiency, tumorigenesis, and de novo telomere synthesis is not understood. METHODS We used a patient-derived ALT-positive GBM cell line with native SMARCAL1 deficiency to investigate the role of SMARCAL1 in ALT-mediated de novo telomere synthesis, replication stress, and gliomagenesis in vivo. RESULTS Inducible rescue of SMARCAL1 expression suppresses ALT indicators and inhibits de novo telomere synthesis in GBM and osteosarcoma cells, suggesting that SMARCAL1 deficiency plays a functional role in ALT induction in cancers that natively lack SMARCAL1 function. SMARCAL1-deficient ALT-positive cells can be serially propagated in vivo in the absence of detectable telomerase activity, demonstrating that the SMARCAL1-deficient ALT phenotype maintains telomeres in a manner that promotes tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS SMARCAL1 deficiency is permissive to ALT and promotes gliomagenesis. Inducible rescue of SMARCAL1 in ALT-positive cell lines permits the dynamic modulation of ALT activity, which will be valuable for future studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms of ALT and identifying novel anticancer therapeutics that target the ALT phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cheng Xu
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bill H Diplas
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandrea Brown
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura M Strickland
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Haipei Yao
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jinjie Ling
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roger E McLendon
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen T Keir
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M Ashley
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yiping He
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew S Waitkus
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Karthikeyan V, Fatehi Hassanabad M, Joseph B, Gooderham PA. Anaplastic Transformation of a Pilocytic Astrocytoma. Can J Neurol Sci 2023; 50:790-793. [PMID: 35860980 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2022.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brenden Joseph
- Division of Neuropathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter A Gooderham
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Park YW, Vollmuth P, Foltyn-Dumitru M, Sahm F, Ahn SS, Chang JH, Kim SH. The 2021 WHO Classification for Gliomas and Implications on Imaging Diagnosis: Part 2-Summary of Imaging Findings on Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Gliomas, Pediatric-Type Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas, and Circumscribed Astrocytic Gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 58:690-708. [PMID: 37069764 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors published in 2021 advances the role of molecular diagnostics in the classification of gliomas by emphasizing integrated diagnoses based on histopathology and molecular information and grouping tumors based on genetic alterations. This Part 2 review focuses on the molecular diagnostics and imaging findings of pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas, pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas, and circumscribed astrocytic gliomas. Each tumor type in pediatric-type diffuse high-grade glioma mostly harbors a distinct molecular marker. On the other hand, in pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas and circumscribed astrocytic gliomas, molecular diagnostics may be extremely complicated at a glance in the 2021 WHO classification. It is crucial for radiologists to understand the molecular diagnostics and imaging findings and leverage the knowledge in clinical practice. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Won Park
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science and Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Philipp Vollmuth
- Section for Computational Neuroimaging, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University College of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martha Foltyn-Dumitru
- Section for Computational Neuroimaging, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University College of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University College of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sung Soo Ahn
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science and Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Ruan Y, Xie L, Zou A. Association of CDKN2A/B mutations, PD-1, and PD-L1 with the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:10841-10850. [PMID: 37314514 PMCID: PMC10423156 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, the significance of CDKN2A/B mutations in the pathogenesis and prognosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is inconclusive. In this study, we analyzed the genetic and clinical features of children with CDKN2A/B mutations in ALL. In addition, we evaluated the expression and significance of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in serum and explored their role in the susceptibility of childhood ALL. METHODS We sequenced CDKN2A/B in the peripheral blood of 120 children with ALL and 100 healthy children with physical examination. The levels of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cells were measured by flow cytometry (FCM). Furthermore, the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was detected by ELISA. RESULTS We found 32 cases of CDKN2A rs3088440 and 11 of CDKN2B rs2069426 in 120 ALL children. Children with ALL in the CDKN2A rs3088440 were more likely to have hepatosplenomegaly (P = 0.019) and high risk (P = 0.014) than the wild group. In contrast, CDKN2B rs2069426 was more likely to develop lymph node metastasis (P = 0.017). The level of PD-L1 in the serum of ALL children was significantly higher than that of the control group, and there was no significant difference in PD-1 (P < 0.001). Additionally, children with CDKN2A rs3088440 had reduced CD8+ T cell counts than the wild group (P = 0.039). CONCLUSION CDKN2A rs3088440 and CDKN2B rs2069426 may be related to the occurrence and development of ALL in Chinese children. Additionally, PD-1/PD-L1 may be involved in the immune escape process of ALL, which is expected to become a new target for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ruan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China.
| | - Longlong Xie
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Aijun Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China
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Park YW, Vollmuth P, Foltyn-Dumitru M, Sahm F, Ahn SS, Chang JH, Kim SH. The 2021 WHO Classification for Gliomas and Implications on Imaging Diagnosis: Part 1-Key Points of the Fifth Edition and Summary of Imaging Findings on Adult-Type Diffuse Gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 58:677-689. [PMID: 37069792 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors published in 2021 advances the role of molecular diagnostics in the classification of gliomas by emphasizing integrated diagnoses based on histopathology and molecular information and grouping tumors based on genetic alterations. Importantly, molecular biomarkers that provide important prognostic information are now a parameter for establishing tumor grades in gliomas. Understanding the 2021 WHO classification is crucial for radiologists for daily imaging interpretation as well as communication with clinicians. Although imaging features are not included in the 2021 WHO classification, imaging can serve as a powerful tool to impact the clinical practice not only prior to tissue confirmation but beyond. This review represents the first of a three-installment review series on the 2021 WHO classification for gliomas, glioneuronal tumors, and neuronal tumors and implications on imaging diagnosis. This Part 1 Review focuses on the major changes to the classification of gliomas and imaging findings on adult-type diffuse gliomas. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3. TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Won Park
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science and Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Philipp Vollmuth
- Section for Computational Neuroimaging, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University College of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martha Foltyn-Dumitru
- Section for Computational Neuroimaging, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University College of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University College of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sung Soo Ahn
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science and Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Brás JP, Jesus TT, Prazeres H, Lima J, Soares P, Vinagre J. TERTmonitor-qPCR Detection of TERTp Mutations in Glioma. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1693. [PMID: 37761833 PMCID: PMC10530400 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase promoter (TERTp) mutations are frequently observed in various types of tumours and commonly characterised by two specific hotspots located at positions -124 and -146 upstream of the start codon. They enhance TERTp activity, resulting in increased TERT expression. In central nervous system (CNS) tumours, they are integrated as biomarkers, aiding in the diagnosis and with a role in prognosis, where, in some settings, they are associated with aggressive behaviour. In this study, we evaluated the performance of TERTmonitor for TERTp genotyping in a series of 185 gliomas in comparison to the traditional method, Sanger sequencing. Against the gold-standard Sanger method, TERTmonitor performed with a 97.8% accuracy. Inaccuracy was mainly due to the over-detection of variants in negative cases (by Sanger) and the presence of variants that can modify the chemistry of the probe detection. The distribution of the mutations was comparable to other series, with the -124 being the most represented (38.92% for Sanger and TERTmonitor) and more prevalent in the higher-grade tumours, gliosarcoma (50.00%) and glioblastoma (52.6%). The non-matched cases are debatable, as we may be dealing with the reduced sensitivity of Sanger in detecting rare alleles, which strengthens the use of the TERTmonitor. With this study, we present a reliable and rapid potential tool for TERTp genotyping in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Brás
- U-Monitor Lda, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (H.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.T.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Tito Teles Jesus
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.T.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Hugo Prazeres
- U-Monitor Lda, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (H.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.T.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Jorge Lima
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.T.J.); (J.L.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- U-Monitor Lda, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (H.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.T.J.); (J.L.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Vinagre
- U-Monitor Lda, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (H.P.); (P.S.)
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.T.J.); (J.L.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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49
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Guerin JB, Kaufmann TJ, Eckel LJ, Morris JM, Vaubel RA, Giannini C, Johnson DR. A Radiologist's Guide to the 2021 WHO Central Nervous System Tumor Classification: Part 2-Newly Described and Revised Tumor Types. Radiology 2023; 307:e221885. [PMID: 37191486 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.221885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The fifth edition of the World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), published in 2021, introduces major shifts in the classification of brain and spine tumors. These changes were necessitated by rapidly increasing knowledge of CNS tumor biology and therapies, much of which is based on molecular methods in tumor diagnosis. The growing complexity of CNS tumor genetics has required reorganization of tumor groups and acknowledgment of new tumor entities. For radiologists interpreting neuroimaging studies, proficiency with these updates is critical in providing excellent patient care. This review will focus on new or revised CNS tumor types and subtypes, beyond infiltrating glioma (described in part 1 of this series), with an emphasis on imaging features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B Guerin
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.B.G., T.J.K., L.J.E., J.M.M., D.R.J.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.A.V., C.G.), and Neurology (D.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.G.)
| | - Timothy J Kaufmann
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.B.G., T.J.K., L.J.E., J.M.M., D.R.J.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.A.V., C.G.), and Neurology (D.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.G.)
| | - Laurence J Eckel
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.B.G., T.J.K., L.J.E., J.M.M., D.R.J.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.A.V., C.G.), and Neurology (D.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.G.)
| | - Jonathan M Morris
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.B.G., T.J.K., L.J.E., J.M.M., D.R.J.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.A.V., C.G.), and Neurology (D.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.G.)
| | - Rachael A Vaubel
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.B.G., T.J.K., L.J.E., J.M.M., D.R.J.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.A.V., C.G.), and Neurology (D.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.G.)
| | - Caterina Giannini
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.B.G., T.J.K., L.J.E., J.M.M., D.R.J.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.A.V., C.G.), and Neurology (D.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.G.)
| | - Derek R Johnson
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.B.G., T.J.K., L.J.E., J.M.M., D.R.J.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.A.V., C.G.), and Neurology (D.R.J.), Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (C.G.)
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Vij M, Cho BB, Yokoda RT, Rashidipour O, Umphlett M, Richardson TE, Tsankova NM. P16 immunohistochemistry is a sensitive and specific surrogate marker for CDKN2A homozygous deletion in gliomas. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:73. [PMID: 37138345 PMCID: PMC10155323 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of gliomas has uncovered genomic signatures with significant impact on tumor diagnosis and prognostication. CDKN2A is a tumor suppressor gene involved in cell cycle control. Homozygous deletion of the CDKN2A/B locus has been implicated in both gliomagenesis and tumor progression through dysregulated cell proliferation. In histologically lower grade gliomas, CDKN2A homozygous deletion is associated with more aggressive clinical course and is a molecular marker of grade 4 status in the 2021 WHO diagnostic system. Despite its prognostic utility, molecular analysis for CDKN2A deletion remains time consuming, expensive, and is not widely available. This study assessed whether semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry for expression of p16, the protein product of CDKN2A, can serve as a sensitive and a specific marker for CDKN2A homozygous deletion in gliomas. P16 expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry in 100 gliomas, representing both IDH-wildtype and IDH-mutant tumors of all grades, using two independent pathologists' scores and QuPath digital pathology analysis. Molecular CDKN2A status was determined using next-generation DNA sequencing, with homozygous CDKN2A deletion detected in 48% of the tumor cohort. Classifying CDKN2A status based on p16 tumor cell expression (0-100%) demonstrated robust performance over a wide range of thresholds, with receiver operating characteristic curve area of 0.993 and 0.997 (blinded and unblinded pathologist p16 scores, respectively) and 0.969 (QuPath p16 score). Importantly, in tumors with pathologist-scored p16 equal to or less than 5%, the specificity for predicting CDKN2A homozygous deletion was 100%; and in tumors with p16 greater than 20%, specificity for excluding CDKN2A homozygous deletion was also 100%. Conversely, tumors with p16 scores of 6-20% represented gray zone with imperfect correlation to CDKN2A status. The findings indicate that p16 immunohistochemistry is a reliable surrogate marker of CDKN2A homozygous deletion in gliomas, with recommended p16 cutoff scores of ≤ 5% for confirming and > 20% for excluding biallelic CDKN2A loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Vij
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin B Cho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Raquel T Yokoda
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Omid Rashidipour
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Melissa Umphlett
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Timothy E Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nadejda M Tsankova
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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