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Zou J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Pan X, Fang T, Cai D, Guo L, Li Y, He Y, Cao X. CD33 Ameliorates Surgery-Induced Spatial Learning and Memory Impairments Through TREM2. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04410-2. [PMID: 39088031 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated in the onset of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), with CD33 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) playing crucial roles in immune response modulation and neuroinflammatory processes. A total of 96 aged male C57/BL6 mice (9-12 months) were randomly assigned to one of four groups, each receiving an siRNA injection into the lateral ventricle. Subsequently, the mice underwent partial hepatectomy under general anesthesia. To assess cognitive function, the Morris water maze tests were conducted both pre- and post-surgery. Following behavioral assessments, hippocampal tissues were swiftly harvested. The regulation of CD33 and TREM2 expression was achieved through siRNA in the BV2 microglia cell line. Expression levels of CD33 and TREM2 were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyses. This study explored the impact of CD33 and TREM2 on POCD in aged mice and revealed that surgery and anesthesia increased CD33 expression, leading to spatial learning and memory impairments. Inhibiting CD33 expression via siRNA administration ameliorated cognitive deficits and mitigated the neuroinflammatory response triggered by surgery. Additionally, CD33 inhibition reversed the surgery-induced decrease in synaptic-related proteins, highlighting its role in preserving synaptic integrity. Moreover, our experiments suggest that CD33 may influence neuroinflammation and cognitive function through mechanisms involving TREM2. This is evidenced by the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines following CD33 knockdown in microglia and the reversal of these effects when both CD33 and TREM2 are concurrently knocked down. These findings imply that CD33 might promote neuroinflammation by inhibiting TREM2. This study highlights the potential of targeting CD33 as a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing and treating POCD. It provides valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction following surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Te Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dasheng Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuezhao Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Grijaldo-Alvarez SJB, Alvarez MRS, Schindler RL, Oloumi A, Hernandez N, Seales T, Angeles JGC, Nacario RC, Completo GC, Zivkovic AM, Bruce German J, Lebrilla CB. N-Glycan profile of the cell membrane as a probe for lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial neuroinflammation uncovers the effects of common fatty acid supplementation. Food Funct 2024. [PMID: 39011570 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01598c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Altered N-glycosylation of proteins on the cell membrane is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are an ideal model for studying glycosylation and neuroinflammation, but whether aberrant N-glycosylation in microglia can be restored by diet remains unknown. Herein, we profiled the N-glycome, proteome, and glycoproteome of the human microglia following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction to probe the impact of dietary and gut microbe-derived fatty acids-oleic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, valeric acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, and propionic acid-on neuroinflammation using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. LPS changed N-glycosylation in the microglial glycocalyx altering high mannose and sialofucosylated N-glycans, suggesting the dysregulation of mannosidases, fucosyltransferases, and sialyltransferases. The results were consistent as we observed the restoration effect of the fatty acids, especially oleic acid, on the LPS-treated microglia, specifically on the high mannose and sialofucosylated glycoforms of translocon-associated proteins, SSRA and SSRB along with the cell surface proteins, CD63 and CD166. In addition, proteomic analysis and in silico modeling substantiated the potential of fatty acids in reverting the effects of LPS on microglial N-glycosylation. Our results showed that N-glycosylation is likely affected by diet by restoring alterations following LPS challenge, which may then influence the disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Joyce B Grijaldo-Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines, 4031.
| | | | | | - Armin Oloumi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
| | - Noah Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
| | - Tristan Seales
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
| | - Jorge Gil C Angeles
- Philippine Genome Center - Program for Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Forestry, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines, 4031.
| | - Ruel C Nacario
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines, 4031.
| | - Gladys C Completo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines, 4031.
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
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3
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Eskandari-Sedighi G, Crichton M, Zia S, Gomez-Cardona E, Cortez LM, Patel ZH, Takahashi-Yamashiro K, St Laurent CD, Sidhu G, Sarkar S, Aghanya V, Sim VL, Tan Q, Julien O, Plemel JR, Macauley MS. Alzheimer's disease associated isoforms of human CD33 distinctively modulate microglial cell responses in 5XFAD mice. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:42. [PMID: 38802940 PMCID: PMC11129479 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia play diverse pathophysiological roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD), with genetic susceptibility factors skewing microglial cell function to influence AD risk. CD33 is an immunomodulatory receptor associated with AD susceptibility through a single nucleotide polymorphism that modulates mRNA splicing, skewing protein expression from a long protein isoform (CD33M) to a short isoform (CD33m). Understanding how human CD33 isoforms differentially impact microglial cell function in vivo has been challenging due to functional divergence of CD33 between mice and humans. We address this challenge by studying transgenic mice expressing either of the human CD33 isoforms crossed with the 5XFAD mouse model of amyloidosis and find that human CD33 isoforms have opposing effects on the response of microglia to amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. Mice expressing CD33M have increased Aβ levels, more diffuse plaques, fewer disease-associated microglia, and more dystrophic neurites compared to 5XFAD control mice. Conversely, CD33m promotes plaque compaction and microglia-plaque contacts, and minimizes neuritic plaque pathology, highlighting an AD protective role for this isoform. Protective phenotypes driven by CD33m are detected at an earlier timepoint compared to the more aggressive pathology in CD33M mice that appears at a later timepoint, suggesting that CD33m has a more prominent impact on microglia cell function at earlier stages of disease progression. In addition to divergent roles in modulating phagocytosis, scRNAseq and proteomics analyses demonstrate that CD33m+ microglia upregulate nestin, an intermediate filament involved in cell migration, at plaque contact sites. Overall, our work provides new functional insights into how CD33, as a top genetic susceptibility factor for AD, modulates microglial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sameera Zia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Leonardo M Cortez
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zain H Patel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | - Gaurav Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Susmita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Vivian Aghanya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Valerie L Sim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Qiumin Tan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Wißfeld J, Abou Assale T, Cuevas-Rios G, Liao H, Neumann H. Therapeutic potential to target sialylation and SIGLECs in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1330874. [PMID: 38529039 PMCID: PMC10961342 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1330874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids, commonly found as the terminal carbohydrate on the glycocalyx of mammalian cells, are pivotal checkpoint inhibitors of the innate immune system, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS). Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (SIGLECs) expressed on microglia are key players in maintaining microglial homeostasis by recognizing intact sialylation. The finely balanced sialic acid-SIGLEC system ensures the prevention of excessive and detrimental immune responses in the CNS. However, loss of sialylation and SIGLEC receptor dysfunctions contribute to several chronic CNS diseases. Genetic variants of SIGLEC3/CD33, SIGLEC11, and SIGLEC14 have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, while sialyltransferase ST8SIA2 and SIGLEC4/MAG have been linked to psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and autism spectrum disorders. Consequently, immune-modulatory functions of polysialic acids and SIGLEC binding antibodies have been exploited experimentally in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and inflammation-induced CNS tissue damage, including retinal damage. While the potential of these therapeutic approaches is evident, only a few therapies to target either sialylation or SIGLEC receptors have been tested in patient clinical trials. Here, we provide an overview of the critical role played by the sialic acid-SIGLEC axis in shaping microglial activation and function within the context of neurodegeneration and synaptopathies and discuss the current landscape of therapies that target sialylation or SIGLECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Wißfeld
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tawfik Abou Assale
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - German Cuevas-Rios
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Huan Liao
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Harald Neumann
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wong E, Malviya M, Jain T, Liao GP, Kehs Z, Chang JC, Studer L, Scheinberg DA, Li YM. HuM195 and its single-chain variable fragment increase Aβ phagocytosis in microglia via elimination of CD33 inhibitory signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02474-z. [PMID: 38383769 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
CD33 is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage and regulates innate immunity. CD33 is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and targeting CD33 has been a promising strategy drug development. However, the mechanism of CD33's action is poorly understood. Here we investigate the mechanism of anti-CD33 antibody HuM195 (Lintuzumab) and its single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and examine their therapeutic potential. Treatment with HuM195 full-length antibody or its scFv increased phagocytosis of β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) in human microglia and monocytes. This activation of phagocytosis was driven by internalization and degradation of CD33, thereby downregulating its inhibitory signal. HumM195 transiently induced CD33 phosphorylation and its signaling via receptor dimerization. However, this signaling decayed with degradation of CD33. scFv binding to CD33 leads to a degradation of CD33 without detection of the CD33 dimerization and signaling. Moreover, we found that treatments with either HuM195 or scFv promotes the secretion of IL33, a cytokine implicated in microglia reprogramming. Importantly, recombinant IL33 potentiates the uptake of Aβ42 in monocytes. Collectively, our findings provide unanticipated mechanistic insight into the role of CD33 signaling in both monocytes and microglia and define a molecular basis for the development of CD33-based therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Wong
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Manish Malviya
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tanya Jain
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Program of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - George P Liao
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Program of Pharmacology Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Zoe Kehs
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Program of Pharmacology Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jerry C Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Developmental biology program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - David A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Program of Pharmacology Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Program of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Program of Pharmacology Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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6
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Peggion C, Calì T, Brini M. Mitochondria Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration: Who Comes First? Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:240. [PMID: 38397838 PMCID: PMC10885966 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) encompass an assorted array of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, each characterised by distinct clinical manifestations and underlying pathological mechanisms. While some cases have a genetic basis, many NDs occur sporadically. Despite their differences, these diseases commonly feature chronic neuroinflammation as a hallmark. Consensus has recently been reached on the possibility that mitochondria dysfunction and protein aggregation can mutually contribute to the activation of neuroinflammatory response and thus to the onset and progression of these disorders. In the present review, we discuss the contribution of mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation to the aetiology and progression of NDs, highlighting the possibility that new potential therapeutic targets can be identified to tackle neurodegenerative processes and alleviate the progression of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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7
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Rego S, Sanchez G, Da Mesquita S. Current views on meningeal lymphatics and immunity in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:55. [PMID: 37580702 PMCID: PMC10424377 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related form of dementia associated with the accumulation of pathological aggregates of amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. These phenomena are accompanied by exacerbated inflammation and marked neuronal loss, which altogether contribute to accelerated cognitive decline. The multifactorial nature of AD, allied to our still limited knowledge of its etiology and pathophysiology, have lessened our capacity to develop effective treatments for AD patients. Over the last few decades, genome wide association studies and biomarker development, alongside mechanistic experiments involving animal models, have identified different immune components that play key roles in the modulation of brain pathology in AD, affecting its progression and severity. As we will relay in this review, much of the recent efforts have been directed to better understanding the role of brain innate immunity, and particularly of microglia. However, and despite the lack of diversity within brain resident immune cells, the brain border tissues, especially the meninges, harbour a considerable number of different types and subtypes of adaptive and innate immune cells. Alongside microglia, which have taken the centre stage as important players in AD research, there is new and exciting evidence pointing to adaptive immune cells, namely T and B cells found in the brain and its meninges, as important modulators of neuroinflammation and neuronal (dys)function in AD. Importantly, a genuine and functional lymphatic vascular network is present around the brain in the outermost meningeal layer, the dura. The meningeal lymphatics are directly connected to the peripheral lymphatic system in different mammalian species, including humans, and play a crucial role in preserving a "healthy" immune surveillance of the CNS, by shaping immune responses, not only locally at the meninges, but also at the level of the brain tissue. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive view on our current knowledge about the meningeal lymphatic vasculature, emphasizing its described roles in modulating CNS fluid and macromolecule drainage, meningeal and brain immunity, as well as glial and neuronal function in aging and in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Rego
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guadalupe Sanchez
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Wijekoon N, Gonawala L, Ratnayake P, Dissanayaka P, Gunarathne I, Amaratunga D, Liyanage R, Senanayaka S, Wijesekara S, Gunasekara HH, Vanarsa K, Castillo J, Hathout Y, Dalal A, Steinbusch HW, Hoffman E, Mohan C, de Silva KRD. Integrated genomic, proteomic and cognitive assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy suggest astrocyte centric pathology. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18530. [PMID: 37593636 PMCID: PMC10432191 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Documented Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) biomarkers are confined to Caucasians and are poor indicators of cognitive difficulties and neuropsychological alterations. Materials and methods This study correlates serum protein signatures with cognitive performance in DMD patients of South Asian origin. Study included 25 DMD patients aged 6-16 years. Cognitive profiles were assessed by Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Serum proteome profiling of 1317 proteins was performed in eight DMD patients and eight age-matched healthy volunteers. Results Among the several novel observations we report, better cognitive performance in DMD was associated with increased serum levels of MMP9 and FN1 but decreased Siglec-3, C4b, and C3b. Worse cognitive performance was associated with increased serum levels of LDH-H1 and PDGF-BB but reduced GDF-11, MMP12, TPSB2, and G1B. Secondly, better cognitive performance in Processing Speed (PSI) and Perceptual Reasoning (PRI) domains was associated with intact Dp116, Dp140, and Dp71 dystrophin isoforms while better performance in Verbal Comprehension (VCI) and Working Memory (WMI) domains was associated with intact Dp116 and Dp140 isoforms. Finally, functional pathways shared with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) point towards an astrocyte-centric model for DMD. Conclusion Astrocytic dysfunction leading to synaptic dysfunction reported previously in AD may be a common pathogenic mechanism underlying both AD and DMD, linking protein alterations to cognitive impairment. This new insight may pave the path towards novel therapeutic approaches targeting reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalaka Wijekoon
- Interdisciplinary Center for Innovation in Biotechnology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
- Department of Cellular and Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lakmal Gonawala
- Interdisciplinary Center for Innovation in Biotechnology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
- Department of Cellular and Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pulasthi Dissanayaka
- Interdisciplinary Center for Innovation in Biotechnology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Isuru Gunarathne
- Interdisciplinary Center for Innovation in Biotechnology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Roshan Liyanage
- Interdisciplinary Center for Innovation in Biotechnology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Saraji Wijesekara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 10250, Sri Lanka
- Colombo South Teaching Hospital, 10350, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Kamala Vanarsa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Houston, Houston, 77204, USA
| | - Jessica Castillo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Houston, Houston, 77204, USA
| | - Yetrib Hathout
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, New York, USA
| | - Ashwin Dalal
- Diagnostics Division, Center for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, India
| | - Harry W.M. Steinbusch
- Department of Cellular and Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Hoffman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, New York, USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Houston, Houston, 77204, USA
| | - K. Ranil D. de Silva
- Interdisciplinary Center for Innovation in Biotechnology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
- Department of Cellular and Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Combinatorial Advanced Research and Education (KDU-CARE), General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, 10390, Sri Lanka
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9
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Tang X, Tena J, Di Lucente J, Maezawa I, Harvey DJ, Jin LW, Lebrilla CB, Zivkovic AM. Transcriptomic and glycomic analyses highlight pathway-specific glycosylation alterations unique to Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7816. [PMID: 37188790 PMCID: PMC10185676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation has been found to be altered in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is unknown which specific glycosylation-related pathways are altered in AD dementia. Using publicly available RNA-seq datasets covering seven brain regions and including 1724 samples, we identified glycosylation-related genes ubiquitously changed in individuals with AD. Several differentially expressed glycosyltransferases found by RNA-seq were confirmed by qPCR in a different set of human medial temporal cortex (MTC) samples (n = 20 AD vs. 20 controls). N-glycan-related changes predicted by expression changes in these glycosyltransferases were confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS)-based N-glycan analysis in the MTC (n = 9 AD vs. 6 controls). About 80% of glycosylation-related genes were differentially expressed in at least one brain region of AD participants (adjusted p-values < 0.05). Upregulation of MGAT1 and B4GALT1 involved in complex N-linked glycan formation and galactosylation, respectively, were reflected by increased concentrations of corresponding N-glycans. Isozyme-specific changes were observed in expression of the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GALNT) family and the alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6GALNAC) family of enzymes. Several glycolipid-specific genes (UGT8, PIGM) were upregulated. The critical transcription factors regulating the expression of N-glycosylation and elongation genes were predicted and found to include STAT1 and HSF5. The miRNA predicted to be involved in regulating N-glycosylation and elongation glycosyltransferases were has-miR-1-3p and has-miR-16-5p, respectively. Our findings provide an overview of glycosylation pathways affected by AD and potential regulators of glycosyltransferase expression that deserve further validation and suggest that glycosylation changes occurring in the brains of AD dementia individuals are highly pathway-specific and unique to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jennyfer Tena
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jacopo Di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Danielle J Harvey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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10
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Jin LW, di Lucente J, Mendiola UR, Tang X, Zivkovic AM, Lebrilla CB, Maezawa I. The role of FUT8-catalyzed core fucosylation in Alzheimer's amyloid-β oligomer-induced activation of human microglia. Glia 2023; 71:1346-1359. [PMID: 36692036 PMCID: PMC11021125 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylation, especially core fucosylation of N-glycans catalyzed by α1-6 fucosyltransferase (fucosyltransferase 8 or FUT8), plays an important role in regulating the peripheral immune system and inflammation. However, its role in microglial activation is poorly understood. Here we used human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived microglia (hiMG) as a model to study the role of FUT8-catalyzed core fucosylation in amyloid-β oligomer (AβO)-induced microglial activation, in view of its significant relevance to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). HiMG responded to AβO and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with a pattern of pro-inflammatory activation as well as enhanced core fucosylation and FUT8 expression within 24 h. Furthermore, we found increased FUT8 expression in both human AD brains and microglia isolated from 5xFAD mice, a model of AD-like cerebral amyloidosis. Inhibition of fucosylation in AβO-stimulated hiMG reduced the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suppressed the activation of p38MAPK, and rectified phagocytic deficits. Specific inhibition of FUT8 by siRNA-mediated knockdown also reduced AβO-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. We further showed that p53 binds to the two consensus binding sites in the Fut8 promoter, and that p53 knockdown abolished FUT8 overexpression in AβO-activated hiMG. Taken together, our evidence supports that FUT8-catalyzed core fucosylation is a signaling pathway required for AβO-induced microglia activation and that FUT8 is a component of the p53 signaling cascade regulating microglial behavior. Because microglia are a key driver of AD pathogenesis, our results suggest that microglial FUT8 could be an anti-inflammatory therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Jacopo di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Ulises R. Mendiola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Xinyu Tang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95618
| | | | | | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
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11
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CD33 isoforms in microglia and Alzheimer's disease: Friend and foe. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 90:101111. [PMID: 35940942 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease and is considered the main cause of dementia worldwide. Genome-wide association studies combined with integrated analysis of functional datasets support a critical role for microglia in AD pathogenesis, identifying them as important potential therapeutic targets. The ability of immunomodulatory receptors on microglia to control the response to pathogenic amyloid-β aggregates has gained significant interest. Siglec-3, also known as CD33, is one of these immunomodulatory receptors expressed on microglia that has been identified as an AD susceptibility factor. Here, we review recent advances made in understanding the multifaceted roles that CD33 plays in microglia with emphasis on two human-specific CD33 isoforms that differentially correlate with AD susceptibility. We also describe several different therapeutic approaches for targeting CD33 that have been advanced for the purpose of skewing microglial cell responses.
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12
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating age-related neurodegenerative condition. Unbiased genetic studies have implicated a central role for microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, in AD pathogenesis. On-going efforts are clarifying the biology underlying these associations and the microglial pathways that are dysfunctional in AD. Several genetic risk factors converge to decrease the function of activating microglial receptors and increase the function of inhibitory receptors, resulting in a seemingly dampened microglial phenotype in AD. Moreover, many of these microglial proteins that are genetically associated with AD appear to interact and share pathways or regulatory mechanisms, presenting several points of convergence that may be strategic targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review some of these studies and their implications for microglial participation in AD pathogenesis.
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13
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Siew JJ, Chern Y, Khoo KH, Angata T. Roles of Siglecs in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 90:101141. [PMID: 36089405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS) with a unique developmental origin, playing essential roles in developing and maintaining the CNS environment. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, through the modulation of neuroinflammation. Several members of the Siglec family of sialic acid recognition proteins are expressed on microglia. Since the discovery of the genetic association between a polymorphism in the CD33 gene and late-onset Alzheimer's disease, significant efforts have been made to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the association between the polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed additional potential associations between Siglecs and Alzheimer's disease, implying that the reduced signal from inhibitory Siglec may have an overall protective effect in lowering the disease risk. Evidences suggesting the involvement of Siglecs in other neurodegenerative diseases are also emerging. These findings could help us predict the roles of Siglecs in other neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about the functionally relevant Siglec ligands in the brain, which represents a new frontier. Understanding how microglial Siglecs and their ligands in CNS contribute to the regulation of CNS homeostasis and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases may provide us with a new avenue for disease prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing Siew
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Raschka T, Sood M, Schultz B, Altay A, Ebeling C, Fröhlich H. AI reveals insights into link between CD33 and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1009894. [PMID: 36780558 PMCID: PMC9956604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling biological mechanisms is a key for disease understanding and drug-target identification. However, formulating quantitative models in the field of Alzheimer's Disease is challenged by a lack of detailed knowledge of relevant biochemical processes. Additionally, fitting differential equation systems usually requires time resolved data and the possibility to perform intervention experiments, which is difficult in neurological disorders. This work addresses these challenges by employing the recently published Variational Autoencoder Modular Bayesian Networks (VAMBN) method, which we here trained on combined clinical and patient level gene expression data while incorporating a disease focused knowledge graph. Our approach, called iVAMBN, resulted in a quantitative model that allowed us to simulate a down-expression of the putative drug target CD33, including potential impact on cognitive impairment and brain pathophysiology. Experimental validation demonstrated a high overlap of molecular mechanism predicted to be altered by CD33 perturbation with cell line data. Altogether, our modeling approach may help to select promising drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Raschka
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Meemansa Sood
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruce Schultz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Aybuge Altay
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Ebeling
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Holger Fröhlich
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Ayyubova G. TREM2 signalling as a multifaceted player in brain homoeostasis and a potential target for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:718-733. [PMID: 36637116 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) has crucial roles in microglial physiology, differentiation, metabolism and survival. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) show that genetic mutations of the TREM2 increase the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) by two to four times, disrupting the microglial function in reducing the progression of the disease. Accumulating data show that TREM2 function in AD is related primarily to the clearance of soluble and insoluble amyloid beta (Aβ42) aggregates from the brain. TREM2 also ameliorates the pathological effects of activated microglia on neuronal tau pathology, demonstrating its protective anti-inflammatory effects. However, since the excessive activation of TREM2 signalling can inhibit pro-inflammatory reactions and suppress the role of microglia in immune surveillance, at the late stages of the disease, it might promote immune tolerance, which is detrimental. The contradictory effects of TREM2 mutations on brain amyloidopathy and tauopathy in multiple mouse models, as well as studies revealing various effects of TREM2 overexpression, complicate the understanding of the role that TREM2 plays in AD aetiopathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest developments regarding the significance of TREM2 signalling in the stability of microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory activations and propose the mechanisms that should be targeted in the future to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunel Ayyubova
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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16
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Xu Y, Vasiljevic E, Deming YK, Jonaitis EM, Koscik RL, Van Hulle CA, Lu Q, Carboni M, Kollmorgen G, Wild N, Carlsson CM, Johnson SC, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Engelman CD. Effect of Pathway-specific Polygenic Risk Scores for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) on Rate of Change in Cognitive Function and AD-related Biomarkers among Asymptomatic Individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.30.23285142. [PMID: 36778431 PMCID: PMC9915839 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.23285142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Genetic scores for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) have been associated with preclinical cognitive decline and biomarker variations. Compared with an overall polygenic risk score (PRS), a pathway-specific PRS (p-PRS) may be more appropriate in predicting a specific biomarker or cognitive component underlying LOAD pathology earlier in the lifespan. Objective In this study, we leveraged 10 years of longitudinal data from initially cognitively unimpaired individuals in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention and explored changing patterns in cognition and biomarkers at various age points along six biological pathways. Methods PRS and p-PRSs with and without apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) were constructed separately based on the significant SNPs associated with LOAD in a recent genome-wide association study meta-analysis and compared to APOE alone. We used a linear mixed-effects model to assess the association between PRS/p-PRSs and global/domain-specific cognitive trajectories among 1,175 individuals. We also applied the model to the outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for beta-amyloid 42 (Aβ42), Aβ42/40 ratio, total tau, and phosphorylated tau in a subset. Replication analyses were performed in an independent sample. Results We found p-PRSs and the overall PRS can predict preclinical changes in cognition and biomarkers. The effects of p-PRSs/PRS on rate of change in cognition, beta-amyloid, and tau outcomes are dependent on age and appear earlier in the lifespan when APOE is included in these risk scores compared to when APOE is excluded. Conclusion In addition to APOE , the p-PRSs can predict age-dependent changes in beta-amyloid, tau, and cognition. Once validated, they could be used to identify individuals with an elevated genetic risk of accumulating beta-amyloid and tau, long before the onset of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexuan Xu
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eva Vasiljevic
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuetiva K. Deming
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Erin M. Jonaitis
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Koscik
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Carol A. Van Hulle
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cynthia M. Carlsson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Corinne D. Engelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Alzheimer's Disease and Impaired Bone Microarchitecture, Regeneration and Potential Genetic Links. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020373. [PMID: 36836731 PMCID: PMC9963274 DOI: 10.3390/life13020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and osteoporosis are both age-related degenerative diseases. Many studies indicate that these two diseases share common pathogenesis mechanisms. In this review, the osteoporotic phenotype of AD mouse models was discussed, and shared mechanisms such as hormonal imbalance, genetic factors, similar signaling pathways and impaired neurotransmitters were identified. Moreover, the review provides recent data associated with these two diseases. Furthermore, potential therapeutic approaches targeting both diseases were discussed. Thus, we proposed that preventing bone loss should be one of the most important treatment goals in patients with AD; treatment targeting brain disorders is also beneficial for osteoporosis.
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18
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Dhar C. Does SIGLEC8 localize to the subcellular compartment like the Alzheimer's disease protective CD33 splice variant? Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1124150. [PMID: 37124396 PMCID: PMC10133518 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1124150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
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19
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Xu Y, Vasiljevic E, Deming YK, Jonaitis EM, Koscik RL, Van Hulle CA, Lu Q, Carboni M, Kollmorgen G, Wild N, Carlsson CM, Johnson SC, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Engelman CD. Effect of Pathway-Specific Polygenic Risk Scores for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) on Rate of Change in Cognitive Function and AD-Related Biomarkers Among Asymptomatic Individuals. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1587-1605. [PMID: 37482996 PMCID: PMC10468904 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic scores for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) have been associated with preclinical cognitive decline and biomarker variations. Compared with an overall polygenic risk score (PRS), a pathway-specific PRS (p-PRS) may be more appropriate in predicting a specific biomarker or cognitive component underlying LOAD pathology earlier in the lifespan. OBJECTIVE In this study, we leveraged longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention and explored changing patterns in cognition and biomarkers at various age points along six biological pathways. METHODS PRS and p-PRSs with and without APOE were constructed separately based on the significant SNPs associated with LOAD in a recent genome-wide association study meta-analysis and compared to APOE alone. We used a linear mixed-effects model to assess the association between PRS/p-PRSs and cognitive trajectories among 1,175 individuals. We also applied the model to the outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in a subset. Replication analyses were performed in an independent sample. RESULTS We found p-PRSs and the overall PRS can predict preclinical changes in cognition and biomarkers. The effects of PRS/p-PRSs on rate of change in cognition, amyloid-β, and tau outcomes are dependent on age and appear earlier in the lifespan when APOE is included in these risk scores compared to when APOE is excluded. CONCLUSION In addition to APOE, the p-PRSs can predict age-dependent changes in amyloid-β, tau, and cognition. Once validated, they could be used to identify individuals with an elevated genetic risk of accumulating amyloid-β and tau, long before the onset of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexuan Xu
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eva Vasiljevic
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuetiva K. Deming
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Erin M. Jonaitis
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Koscik
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Carol A. Van Hulle
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cynthia M. Carlsson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Corinne D. Engelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Saini P, Adeniji OS, Abdel-Mohsen M. Inhibitory Siglec-sialic acid interactions in balancing immunological activation and tolerance during viral infections. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104354. [PMID: 36371982 PMCID: PMC9663867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglecs are a family of emerging glyco-immune checkpoints. Inhibiting them can enhance the functions of several types of immune cells, whereas engaging them can reduce hyper-inflammation and hyper-activation of immune functions. Siglec-sialoglycan interactions play an important role in modulating immunological functions during cancer, however, their roles in regulating immunological equilibrium during viral infections is less clear. In this review, we discuss the documented and potential roles of inhibitory Siglecs in balancing immune activation and tolerance during viral infections and consider how this balance could affect both the desired anti-viral immunological functions and the unwanted hyper- or chronic inflammation. Finally, we discuss the opportunities to target the Siglec immunological switches to reach an immunological balance during viral infections: inhibiting specific Siglec-sialoglycan interactions when maximum anti-viral immune responses are needed, or inducing other interactions when preventing excessive inflammation or reducing chronic immune activation are the goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Corresponding author. Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Romero-Molina C, Garretti F, Andrews SJ, Marcora E, Goate AM. Microglial efferocytosis: Diving into the Alzheimer's disease gene pool. Neuron 2022; 110:3513-3533. [PMID: 36327897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and functional genomics studies have linked specific cell types, genes, and pathways to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. In particular, AD risk alleles primarily affect the abundance or structure, and thus the activity, of genes expressed in macrophages, strongly implicating microglia (the brain-resident macrophages) in the etiology of AD. These genes converge on pathways (endocytosis/phagocytosis, cholesterol metabolism, and immune response) with critical roles in core macrophage functions such as efferocytosis. Here, we review these pathways, highlighting relevant genes identified in the latest AD genetics and genomics studies, and describe how they may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Investigating the functional impact of AD-associated variants and genes in microglia is essential for elucidating disease risk mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Romero-Molina
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Garretti
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shea J Andrews
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Luo M, Lee LKC, Peng B, Choi CHJ, Tong WY, Voelcker NH. Delivering the Promise of Gene Therapy with Nanomedicines in Treating Central Nervous System Diseases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201740. [PMID: 35851766 PMCID: PMC9475540 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases, such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD), Parkinson's Diseases (PD), brain tumors, Huntington's disease (HD), and stroke, still remain difficult to treat by the conventional molecular drugs. In recent years, various gene therapies have come into the spotlight as versatile therapeutics providing the potential to prevent and treat these diseases. Despite the significant progress that has undoubtedly been achieved in terms of the design and modification of genetic modulators with desired potency and minimized unwanted immune responses, the efficient and safe in vivo delivery of gene therapies still poses major translational challenges. Various non-viral nanomedicines have been recently explored to circumvent this limitation. In this review, an overview of gene therapies for CNS diseases is provided and describes recent advances in the development of nanomedicines, including their unique characteristics, chemical modifications, bioconjugations, and the specific applications that those nanomedicines are harnessed to deliver gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Luo
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Leo Kit Cheung Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong
| | - Bo Peng
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible ElectronicsXi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical materials & EngineeringNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Chung Hang Jonathan Choi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong
| | - Wing Yin Tong
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)ClaytonVIC3168Australia
- Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility151 Wellington RoadClaytonVIC3168Australia
- Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University14 Alliance LaneClaytonVIC3800Australia
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Alzheimer's Disease Risk Variant rs3865444 in the CD33 Gene: A Possible Role in Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12071094. [PMID: 35888182 PMCID: PMC9324428 DOI: 10.3390/life12071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes encoding receptors that modulate the activity of microglia and macrophages are attractive candidates for participation in genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). The aims of the study were to (1) investigate the association between Alzheimer’s disease-linked variant rs3865444:C>A in the CD33 gene and MS risk, (2) assess the effect of the strongest MS risk allele HLA-DRB1*15:01 on this association, and (3) analyze the correlation of rs3865444 with selected clinical phenotypes, i.e., age of onset and disease severity. CD33 rs3865444 was genotyped in a cohort of 579 patients and 1145 controls and its association with MS risk and clinical phenotypes was analyzed by logistic and linear regression analysis, respectively. Statistical evaluation revealed that rs3865444 reduces the risk of MS in the HLA-DRB1*15:01-positive subpopulation but not in the cohort negative for HLA-DRB1*15:01. A significant antagonistic epistasis between rs3865444 A and HLA-DRB1*15:01 alleles in the context of MS risk was detected by the interaction synergy factor analysis. Comparison of allele and genotype distribution between relapsing-remitting MS, secondary progressive MS, and control groups revealed that rs3865444 C to A substitution may also be associated with a decreased risk of transition of MS to its secondary progressive form, irrespective of the HLA-DRB1*15:01 carrier status. On the other hand, no correlation could be found between rs3865444 and the age of disease onset or MS severity score. Future studies are required to shed more light on the role of CD33 in MS pathogenesis.
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Rajesh Y, Kanneganti TD. Innate Immune Cell Death in Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:1885. [PMID: 35741014 PMCID: PMC9221514 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder molecularly characterized by the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and type 2 microtubule-associated protein (Tau) abnormalities. Multiple studies have shown that many of the brain's immunological cells, specifically microglia and astrocytes, are involved in AD pathogenesis. Cells of the innate immune system play an essential role in eliminating pathogens but also regulate brain homeostasis and AD. When activated, innate immune cells can cause programmed cell death through multiple pathways, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis. The cell death often results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines that propagate the innate immune response and can eliminate Aβ plaques and aggregated Tau proteins. However, chronic neuroinflammation, which can result from cell death, has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases and can worsen AD. Therefore, the innate immune response must be tightly balanced to appropriately clear these AD-related structural abnormalities without inducing chronic neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss neuroinflammation, innate immune responses, inflammatory cell death pathways, and cytokine secretion as they relate to AD. Therapeutic strategies targeting these innate immune cell death mechanisms will be critical to consider for future preventive or palliative treatments for AD.
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25
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Shaw BC, Snider HC, Turner AK, Zajac DJ, Simpson JF, Estus S. An Alternatively Spliced TREM2 Isoform Lacking the Ligand Binding Domain is Expressed in Human Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1647-1657. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Genetic variants in TREM2 are strongly associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk but alternative splicing in TREM2 transcripts has not been comprehensively described. Objective: Recognizing that alternative splice variants can result in reduced gene expression and/or altered function, we sought to fully characterize splice variation in TREM2. Methods: Human blood and anterior cingulate autopsy tissue from 61 donors were used for end-point and quantitative PCR and western blotting to identify and quantify novel TREM2 isoforms. Results: In addition to previously described transcripts lacking exon 3 or exon 4, or retaining part of intron 3, we identified novel isoforms lacking exon 2, along with isoforms lacking multiple exons. Isoforms lacking exon 2 were predominant at approximately 10% of TREM2 mRNA in the brain. Expression of TREM2 and frequency of exon 2 skipping did not differ between AD samples and non-AD controls (p = 0.1268 and p = 0.4909, respectively). Further, these novel splice isoforms were also observed across multiple tissues with similar frequency (range 5.3 –13.0% ). We found that the exon 2 skipped isoform D2-TREM2 is translated to protein and localizes similarly to full-length TREM2 protein, that both proteins are primarily retained in the Golgi complex, and that D2-TREM2 is expressed in AD and non-AD brain. Conclusion: Since the TREM2 ligand binding domain is encoded by exon 2, and skipping this exon retains reading frame while conserving localization, we hypothesize that D2-TREM2 acts as an inhibitor of TREM2 and targeting TREM2 splicing may be a novel therapeutic pathway for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew K. Turner
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Diana J. Zajac
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James F. Simpson
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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26
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Sirin S, Nigdelioglu Dolanbay S, Aslim B. The relationship of early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease genes with COVID-19. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:847-859. [PMID: 35429259 PMCID: PMC9012910 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases have been exposed to excess risk by the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19’s main manifestations include high body temperature, dry cough, and exhaustion. Nevertheless, some affected individuals may have an atypical presentation at diagnosis but suffer neurological signs and symptoms as the first disease manifestation. These findings collectively show the neurotropic nature of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its ability to involve the central nervous system. In addition, Alzheimer’s disease and COVID-19 has a number of common risk factors and comorbid conditions including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and the expression of APOE ε4. Until now, a plethora of studies have examined the COVID-19 disease but only a few studies has yet examined the relationship of COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease as risk factors of each other. This review emphasizes the recently published evidence on the role of the genes of early- or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease in the susceptibility of individuals currently suffering or recovered from COVID-19 to Alzheimer’s disease or in the susceptibility of individuals at risk of or with Alzheimer’s disease to COVID-19 or increased COVID-19 severity and mortality. Furthermore, the present review also draws attention to other uninvestigated early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease genes to elucidate the relationship between this multifactorial disease and COVID-19.
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CD33 rs2455069 SNP: Correlation with Alzheimer's Disease and Hypothesis of Functional Role. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073629. [PMID: 35408990 PMCID: PMC8998932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD33 gene encodes for a member of the sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) family, and is one of the top-ranked Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk genes identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Many CD33 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of AD, but the function and potential mechanism of many CD33 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in promoting AD have yet to be elucidated. We recently identified the CD33 SNP rs2455069-A>G (R69G) in a familial form of dementia. Here, we demonstrate an association between the G allele of the rs2455069 gene variant and the presence of AD in a cohort of 195 patients from southern Italy. We carried out in silico analysis of the 3D structures of CD33 carrying the identified SNP to provide insights into its functional effect. Structural models of the CD33 variant carrying the R69G amino acid change were compared to the CD33 wild type, and used for the docking analysis using sialic acid as the ligand. Our analysis demonstrated that the CD33-R69G variant may bind sialic acid at additional binding sites compared to the wild type, thus potentially increasing its affinity/specificity for this molecule. Our results led to a new hypothesis of rs2455069-A>G SNP as a risk factor for AD, suggesting that a long-term cumulative effect of the CD33-R69G variant results from the binding of sialic acid, acting as an enhancer of the CD33 inhibitory effects on amyloid plaque degradation.
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Lu L, Yu X, Cai Y, Sun M, Yang H. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:803894. [PMID: 34992519 PMCID: PMC8724030 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.803894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by cognitive impairment, abnormal behavior, and social deficits, which is intimately linked with excessive β-amyloid (Aβ) protein deposition along with many other misfolded proteins, neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates, and mitochondrial damage in neurons, leading to neuron loss. Currently, research on the pathological mechanism of AD has been elucidated for decades, still no effective treatment for this complex disease was developed, and the existing therapeutic strategies are extremely erratic, thereby leading to irreversible and progressive cognitive decline in AD patients. Due to gradually mental dyscapacitating of AD patients, AD not only brings serious physical and psychological suffering to patients themselves, but also imposes huge economic burdens on family and society. Accordingly, it is very imperative to recapitulate the progress of gene editing-based precision medicine in the emerging fields. In this review, we will mainly focus on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technique in the fields of AD research and gene therapy, and summarize the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the aspects of AD model construction, screening of pathogenic genes, and target therapy. Finally, the development of delivery systems, which is a major challenge that hinders the clinical application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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29
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Jung J, Enterina JR, Bui DT, Mozaneh F, Lin PH, Nitin, Kuo CW, Rodrigues E, Bhattacherjee A, Raeisimakiani P, Daskhan GC, St. Laurent CD, Khoo KH, Mahal LK, Zandberg WF, Huang X, Klassen JS, Macauley MS. Carbohydrate Sulfation As a Mechanism for Fine-Tuning Siglec Ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2673-2689. [PMID: 34661385 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory family of Siglecs recognizes sialic acid-containing glycans as "self", which is exploited in cancer for immune evasion. The biochemical nature of Siglec ligands remains incompletely understood, with emerging evidence suggesting the importance of carbohydrate sulfation. Here, we investigate how specific sulfate modifications affect Siglec ligands by overexpressing eight carbohydrate sulfotransferases (CHSTs) in five cell lines. Overexpression of three CHSTs─CHST1, CHST2, or CHST4─significantly enhance the binding of numerous Siglecs. Unexpectedly, two other CHSTs (Gal3ST2 and Gal3ST3) diminish Siglec binding, suggesting a new mode to modulate Siglec ligands via sulfation. Results are cell type dependent, indicating that the context in which sulfated glycans are presented is important. Moreover, a pharmacological blockade of N- and O-glycan maturation reveals a cell-type-specific pattern of importance for either class of glycan. Production of a highly homogeneous Siglec-3 (CD33) fragment enabled a mass-spectrometry-based binding assay to determine ≥8-fold and ≥2-fold enhanced affinity for Neu5Acα2-3(6-O-sulfo)Galβ1-4GlcNAc and Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4(6-O-sulfo)GlcNAc, respectively, over Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc. CD33 shows significant additivity in affinity (≥28-fold) for the disulfated ligand, Neu5Acα2-3(6-O-sulfo)Galβ1-4(6-O-sulfo)GlcNAc. Moreover, joint overexpression of CHST1 with CHST2 in cells greatly enhanced the binding of CD33 and several other Siglecs. Finally, we reveal that CHST1 is upregulated in numerous cancers, correlating with poorer survival rates and sodium chlorate sensitivity for the binding of Siglecs to cancer cell lines. These results provide new insights into carbohydrate sulfation as a general mechanism for tuning Siglec ligands on cells, including in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jhon R. Enterina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2J7, Canada
| | - Duong T. Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Fahima Mozaneh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Po-Han Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Nitin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Chu-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Emily Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | | | - Gour C. Daskhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wesley F. Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2J7, Canada
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Abstract
The innate immune system plays key roles in controlling Alzheimer's disease (AD), while secreting cytokines to eliminate pathogens and regulating brain homeostasis. Recent research in the field of AD has shown that the innate immune-sensing ability of pattern recognition receptors on brain-resident macrophages, known as microglia, initiates neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, neuronal loss, and memory decline in patients with AD. Advancements in understanding the role of innate immunity in AD have laid a strong foundation to elucidate AD pathology and devise therapeutic strategies for AD in the future. In this review, we highlight the present understanding of innate immune responses, inflammasome activation, inflammatory cell death pathways, and cytokine secretion in AD. We also discuss how the AD pathology influences these biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangJoon Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, 38515University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hyun-Jeong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, 34966Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeob Ryu
- BIORCHESTRA Co. Ltd., 17, Techno 4-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,BIORCHESTRA Co. Ltd., 245 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Increasing phagocytosis of microglia by targeting CD33 with liposomes displaying glycan ligands. J Control Release 2021; 338:680-693. [PMID: 34517042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CD33 is an immunomodulatory receptor expressed by microglia and genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility. While antibodies targeting CD33 have entered clinical trials to treat neurodegeneration, it is unknown whether the glycan-binding properties of CD33 can be exploited to modulate microglia. Here, we use liposomes that multivalently display glycan ligands of CD33 (CD33L liposomes) to engage CD33. We find that CD33L liposomes increase phagocytosis of cultured monocytic cells and microglia in a CD33-dependent manner. Enhanced phagocytosis strongly correlates with loss of CD33 from the cell surface and internalization of liposomes. Increased phagocytosis by treatment with CD33L liposomes is dependent on a key intracellular signaling motif on CD33 as well as the glycan-binding ability of CD33. These effects are specific to trans engagement of CD33 by CD33L liposomes, as cis engagement through insertion of lipid-linked CD33L into cells produces the opposite effect on phagocytosis. Moreover, intracerebroventricular injection of CD33L liposomes into transgenic mice expressing human CD33 in the microglial cell lineage enhances phagocytosis of microglia in a CD33-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that multivalent engagement of CD33 with glycan ligands can modulate microglial cell function.
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32
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Alzheimer's disease clinical trial update 2019-2021. J Neurol 2021; 269:1038-1051. [PMID: 34609602 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current clinical trial landscape targeting Alzheimer's disease (AD) is reviewed in the context of studies completed from 2019 to 2021. This review focuses on available data for observational and phase II/III clinical trial results, which will have the most impact on the field. ClinicalTrials.gov, the United States (US) comprehensive federal registry, was queried to identify completed trials. There are currently 226 interventional clinical trials and 51 observational studies completed, suspended, terminated, or withdrawn within our selected time frame. This review reveals that the role of biomarkers is expanding and although many lessons have been learned, many challenges remain when targeting disease modification of AD through amyloid and tau. In addition, to halt or slow clinical progression of AD, new clinical and observational trials are focusing on prevention as well as the role of more diverse biological processes known to influence AD pathology.
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33
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Li Y, Xu J, Lu Y, Bian H, Yang L, Wu H, Zhang X, Zhang B, Xiong M, Chang Y, Tang J, Yang F, Zhao L, Li J, Gao X, Xia M, Tan M, Li J. DRAK2 aggravates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression through SRSF6-associated RNA alternative splicing. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2004-2020.e9. [PMID: 34614409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with serious consequences that currently lacks approved pharmacological therapies. Recent studies suggest the close relationship between the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the dysregulation of RNA splicing machinery. Here, we reveal death-associated protein kinase-related apoptosis-inducing kinase-2 (DRAK2) is markedly upregulated in the livers of both NAFLD/NASH patients and NAFLD/NASH diet-fed mice. Hepatic deletion of DRAK2 suppresses the progression of hepatic steatosis to NASH. Comprehensive analyses of the phosphoproteome and transcriptome indicated a crucial role of DRAK2 in RNA splicing and identified the splicing factor SRSF6 as a direct binding protein of DRAK2. Further studies demonstrated that binding to DRAK2 inhibits SRSF6 phosphorylation by the SRSF kinase SRPK1 and regulates alternative splicing of mitochondrial function-related genes. In conclusion, our findings reveal an indispensable role of DRAK2 in NAFLD/NASH and offer a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Honghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Beilei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Maoqian Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yafei Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Minjia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jingya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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Shaw BC, Estus S. Pseudogene-Mediated Gene Conversion After CRISPR-Cas9 Editing Demonstrated by Partial CD33 Conversion with SIGLEC22P. CRISPR J 2021; 4:699-709. [PMID: 34558988 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gene editing workflows typically consider the possibility of off-target editing, pseudogene-directed homology repair has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. Here, we employed a CRISPR-Cas9 strategy for targeted excision of exon 2 in CD33 in U937 human monocyte cell line. Candidate clonal cell lines were screened by using a clinically relevant antibody known to label the IgV domain encoded by exon 2 (P67.6, gemtuzumab). In addition to the anticipated deletion of exon 2, we also found unexpected P67.6-negative cell lines, which had apparently retained CD33 exon 2. Sequencing revealed that these lines underwent gene conversion from the nearby SIGLEC22P pseudogene during homology repair that resulted in three missense mutations relative to CD33. Ectopic expression studies confirmed that the P67.6 epitope is dependent upon these amino acids. In summation, we report that pseudogene-directed homology repair can lead to aberrant CRISPR gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Shaw
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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Liang X, Wu H, Colt M, Guo X, Pluimer B, Zeng J, Dong S, Zhao Z. Microglia and its Genetics in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:676-688. [PMID: 34749609 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211105140732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia across the world. While its discovery and pathological manifestations are centered on protein aggregations of amyloid- beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuroinflammation has emerged in the last decade as a main component of the disease in terms of both pathogenesis and progression. As the main innate immune cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia play a very important role in regulating neuroinflammation, which occurs commonly in neurodegenerative conditions, including AD. Under inflammatory response, microglia undergo morphological changes and status transition from homeostatic to activated forms. Different microglia subtypes displaying distinct genetic profiles have been identified in AD, and these signatures often link to AD risk genes identified from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS), such as APOE and TREM2. Furthermore, many AD risk genes are highly enriched in microglia and specifically influence the functions of microglia in pathogenesis, e.g. releasing inflammatory cytokines and clearing Aβ. Therefore, building up a landscape of these risk genes in microglia, based on current preclinical studies and in the context of their pathogenic or protective effects, would largely help us to understand the complex etiology of AD and provide new insight into the unmet need for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Liang
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Haijian Wu
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Mark Colt
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Xinying Guo
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Brock Pluimer
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Shupeng Dong
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
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Shaw BC, Katsumata Y, Simpson JF, Fardo DW, Estus S. Analysis of Genetic Variants Associated with Levels of Immune Modulating Proteins for Impact on Alzheimer's Disease Risk Reveal a Potential Role for SIGLEC14. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071008. [PMID: 34208838 PMCID: PMC8303736 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified immune-related genes as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including TREM2 and CD33, frequently passing a stringent false-discovery rate. These genes either encode or signal through immunomodulatory tyrosine-phosphorylated inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) or activation motifs (ITAMs) and govern processes critical to AD pathology, such as inflammation and amyloid phagocytosis. To investigate whether additional ITIM and ITAM-containing family members may contribute to AD risk and be overlooked due to the stringent multiple testing in GWAS, we combined protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) data from a recent plasma proteomics study with AD associations in a recent GWAS. We found that pQTLs for genes encoding ITIM/ITAM family members were more frequently associated with AD than those for non-ITIM/ITAM genes. Further testing of one family member, SIGLEC14 which encodes an ITAM, uncovered substantial copy number variations, identified an SNP as a proxy for gene deletion, and found that gene expression correlates significantly with gene deletion. We also found that SIGLEC14 deletion increases the expression of SIGLEC5, an ITIM. We conclude that many genes in this ITIM/ITAM family likely impact AD risk, and that complex genetics including copy number variation, opposing function of encoded proteins, and coupled gene expression may mask these AD risk associations at the genome-wide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Shaw
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (B.C.S.); (J.F.S.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - James F. Simpson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (B.C.S.); (J.F.S.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - David W. Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (B.C.S.); (J.F.S.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-859-218-2388
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Hammond BP, Manek R, Kerr BJ, Macauley MS, Plemel JR. Regulation of microglia population dynamics throughout development, health, and disease. Glia 2021; 69:2771-2797. [PMID: 34115410 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic expansions and contractions of the microglia population in the central nervous system (CNS) to achieve homeostasis are likely vital for their function. Microglia respond to injury or disease but also help guide neurodevelopment, modulate neural circuitry throughout life, and direct regeneration. Throughout these processes, microglia density changes, as does the volume of area that each microglia surveys. Given that microglia are responsible for sensing subtle alterations to their environment, a change in their density could affect their capacity to mobilize rapidly. In this review, we attempt to synthesize the current literature on the ligands and conditions that promote microglial proliferation across development, adulthood, and neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia display an impressive proliferative capacity during development and in neurodegenerative diseases that is almost completely absent at homeostasis. However, the appropriate function of microglia in each state is critically dependent on density fluctuations that are primarily induced by proliferation. Proliferation is a natural microglial response to insult and often serves neuroprotective functions. In contrast, inappropriate microglial proliferation, whether too much or too little, often precipitates undesirable consequences for nervous system health. Thus, fluctuations in the microglia population are tightly regulated to ensure these immune cells can execute their diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady P Hammond
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupali Manek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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38
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Süß P, Schlachetzki JCM. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:29-43. [PMID: 32048973 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200212155234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. Although proteinaceous aggregates of extracellular Amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated microtubule- associated tau have long been identified as characteristic neuropathological hallmarks of AD, a disease- modifying therapy against these targets has not been successful. An emerging concept is that microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are major players in AD pathogenesis. Microglia are longlived tissue-resident professional phagocytes that survey and rapidly respond to changes in their microenvironment. Subpopulations of microglia cluster around Aβ plaques and adopt a transcriptomic signature specifically linked to neurodegeneration. A plethora of molecules and pathways associated with microglia function and dysfunction has been identified as important players in mediating neurodegeneration. However, whether microglia exert either beneficial or detrimental effects in AD pathology may depend on the disease stage. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the stage-dependent role of microglia in AD, including recent insights from genetic and gene expression profiling studies as well as novel imaging techniques focusing on microglia in human AD pathology and AD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Süß
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat, Erlangen- Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, United States
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Tsai TY, Huang MT, Sung PS, Peng CY, Tao MH, Yang HI, Chang WC, Yang AS, Yu CM, Lin YP, Bau CY, Huang CJ, Pan MH, Wu CY, Hsiao CD, Yeh YH, Duan S, Paulson JC, Hsieh SL. SIGLEC-3 (CD33) serves as an immune checkpoint receptor for HBV infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e141965. [PMID: 34060491 DOI: 10.1172/jci141965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is rarely eradicated by current antiviral nucleos(t)ide analogues. We found that α2,6-biantennary sialoglycans of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) bound human SIGLEC-3 (CD33) by IP and ELISA, and the binding affinity between SIGLEC-3 and α2,6-biantennary sialoglycans was determined by biolayer interferometry (equilibrium dissociation constant [KD]: 1.95 × 10-10 ± 0.21 × 10-10 M). Moreover, HBV activated SIGLEC-3 on myeloid cells and induced immunosuppression by stimulating immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif phosphorylation and SHP-1/-2 recruitment via α2,6-biantennary sialoglycans on HBsAg. An antagonistic anti-SIGLEC-3 mAb reversed this effect and enhanced cytokine production in response to TLR-7 agonist GS-9620 in PBMCs from CHB patients. Moreover, anti-SIGLEC-3 mAb alone was able to upregulate the expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation, such as CD80, CD86, CD40, MHC-I, MHC-II, and PD-L1 in CD14+ cells. Furthermore, SIGLEC-3 SNP rs12459419 C, which expressed a higher amount of SIGLEC-3, was associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in CHB patients (HR: 1.256, 95% CI: 1.027-1.535, P = 0.0266). Thus, blockade of SIGLEC-3 is a promising strategy to reactivate host immunity to HBV and lower the incidence of HCC in the CHB patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Tsai
- PhD Program for Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei-Shan Sung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mi-Hua Tao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Suei Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Yu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Bau
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hung Pan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Hung Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiteng Duan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shie-Liang Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yang K, Yang Z, Chen X, Li W. The significance of sialylation on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2021; 173:116-123. [PMID: 33991608 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sialylation, one of the most common and complex modes of glycosylation, corresponds with the development of the infant brain and nervous system. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is mainly characterized by cognitive decline and behavioral disorders. However, the relationship between sialylation and AD occurrence is poorly understood. In this article, we reviewed the role of sialylation on the occurrence and development of AD, then discussed the value of sialylation modification for AD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Zhaofei Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.
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Ann Butler C, Thornton P, Charles Brown G. CD33M inhibits microglial phagocytosis, migration and proliferation, but the Alzheimer's disease-protective variant CD33m stimulates phagocytosis and proliferation, and inhibits adhesion. J Neurochem 2021; 158:297-310. [PMID: 33720433 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD33 is a Siglec (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin) receptor on microglia. Human CD33 can be alternatively spliced into two isoforms: the long isoform (CD33M) and a shorter isoform (CD33m) that lacks the sialic acid-binding site. CD33m appears to protect against Alzheimer's disease; however, it remains unclear how. To investigate potential mechanisms by which CD33m may confer protection, we expressed the CD33m and CD33M isoforms of human CD33 in mouse BV-2 and human CHME3 microglial cells and assessed microglia functions. In the BV-2 cells, CD33M inhibited microglial phagocytosis of beads, synapses, debris and dead cells, while CD33m increased phagocytosis of beads, debris and cells. RNAi knockdown of the endogenous mouse CD33 increased phagocytosis and prevented CD33m's (but not CD33M's) effect on phagocytosis. CD33M increased cell attachment but inhibited cell proliferation, while CD33m did the opposite. We also found that CD33M inhibited cell migration. In human CHME3 cells, CD33M increased cell attachment, but inhibited phagocytosis, proliferation and migration, whereas CD33m did the opposite. We conclude that CD33M inhibits microglial phagocytosis, inhibits migration and increases adhesion, while CD33m increases phagocytosis, proliferation and inhibits adhesion. Thus, CD33m might protect against Alzheimer's disease by increasing microglial proliferation, movement and phagocytosis of debris and dead cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Ann Butler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to provide an update on the role of the innate immune system and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, with an emphasis on microglial receptors CD33 and TREM2. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many Alzheimer's disease risk genes related to immune response and microglia including the phagocytic receptors CD33 and TREM2. Recent GWAS and pathway analyses emphasize the crucial role of the innate immune system and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Disease-associated microglia have been characterized by TREM2-dependent upregulation of phagocytic and lipid metabolism genes. Impaired microglial phagocytosis results in amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation leading to neuroinflammation that is the primary cause of neurodegeneration. CD33 and TREM2 modulate neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and have emerged as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. Progress has been made to inhibit CD33 by gene therapy, small molecules or immunotherapy, and to increase TREM2 activity by immunotherapy. Finally, mAbs against CD33 and TREM2 have entered clinical trials and may reduce neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease brain. SUMMARY Targeting neuroinflammation via CD33 inhibition and/or TREM2 activation may have important implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and may be an addition to monoclonal anti-Aβ antibody treatments that remove plaques without reducing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Griciuc
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Bhattacherjee A, Jung J, Zia S, Ho M, Eskandari-Sedighi G, St. Laurent CD, McCord KA, Bains A, Sidhu G, Sarkar S, Plemel JR, Macauley MS. The CD33 short isoform is a gain-of-function variant that enhances Aβ 1-42 phagocytosis in microglia. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:19. [PMID: 33766097 PMCID: PMC7992807 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD33 is genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility through differential expression of isoforms in microglia. The role of the human CD33 short isoform (hCD33m), preferentially encoded by an AD-protective CD33 allele (rs12459419T), is unknown. Here, we test whether hCD33m represents a loss-of-function or gain-of-function variant. METHODS We have developed two models to test the role of hCD33m. The first is a new strain of transgenic mice expressing hCD33m in the microglial cell lineage. The second is U937 cells where the CD33 gene was disrupted by CRISPR/Cas9 and complemented with different variants of hCD33. Primary microglia and U937 cells were tested in phagocytosis assays and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) was carried out on the primary microglia. Furthermore, a new monoclonal antibody was developed to detect hCD33m more efficiently. RESULTS In both primary microglia and U937 cells, we find that hCD33m enhances phagocytosis. This contrasts with the human CD33 long isoform (hCD33M) that represses phagocytosis, as previously demonstrated. As revealed by scRNAseq, hCD33m+ microglia are enriched in a cluster of cells defined by an upregulated expression and gene regulatory network of immediate early genes, which was further validated within microglia in situ. Using a new hCD33m-specific antibody enabled hCD33m expression to be examined, demonstrating a preference for an intracellular location. Moreover, this newly discovered gain-of-function role for hCD33m is dependent on its cytoplasmic signaling motifs, dominant over hCD33M, and not due to loss of glycan ligand binding. CONCLUSIONS These results provide strong support that hCD33m represents a gain-of-function isoform and offers insight into what it may take to therapeutically capture the AD-protective CD33 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhattacherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Sameera Zia
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Madelene Ho
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Ghazaleh Eskandari-Sedighi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Chris D. St. Laurent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Kelli A. McCord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Arjun Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Gaurav Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Susmita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jason R. Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
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Zhang H, Xie Y, Hu Z, Yu H, Xie X, Ye Y, Xu W, Nian S, Yuan Q. Integrative Analysis of the Expression of SIGLEC Family Members in Lung Adenocarcinoma via Data Mining. Front Oncol 2021; 11:608113. [PMID: 33796453 PMCID: PMC8008066 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.608113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (SIGLEC) family members are involved in regulating immune-cell activation, proliferation, and apoptosis, and they play an important role in tumor development. However, their expression and correlation with immune molecules in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear. Methods: We utilized Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, Kaplan-Meier analysis, the limma package in R/Bioconductor, the University of California Santa Cruz Cancer Genome Browser, cBioPortal, STRING, Cytoscape, DAVID, and the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource for gene and protein profiling and analyses. Results: The results showed that SIGLEC10 and SIGLEC15 levels were upregulated in LUAD, whereas SIGLEC1, CD22 (SIGLEC2), CD33, myelin-associated glycoprotein (SIGLEC4), SIGLEC5, SIGLEC6, SIGLEC7, SIGLEC8, SIGLEC11, and SIGLEC14 levels were significantly downregulated, with their low expression associated with poor overall survival. Moreover, we observed high SIGLEC-mutation rates (22%) in LUAD patients, with SIGLEC functions determined as primarily involved in regulating the immune response, signal transduction, inflammatory response, and cell adhesion. Furthermore, we found that SIGLEC expression was significantly correlated with immune-cell infiltration, especially macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and highly associated with immune molecules such as CD80, CD86, CD28, B-cell-activating factor, programmed cell death 1 ligand 2, and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor. Conclusion: These results provide insight into the potential molecular mechanism associated with SIGLEC-related development of LUAD, as well as clues for screening biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yongfei Xie
- Life Sciences School, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yingchun Ye
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Siji Nian
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Public Experimental Technology Center, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Haukedal H, Freude KK. Implications of Glycosylation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:625348. [PMID: 33519371 PMCID: PMC7838500 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.625348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide, and no cure is currently available. The major pathological hallmarks of AD are considered to be amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, generated by respectively APP processing and Tau phosphorylation. Recent evidence imply that glycosylation of these proteins, and a number of other AD-related molecules is altered in AD, suggesting a potential implication of this process in disease pathology. In this review we summarize the understanding of glycans in AD pathogenesis, and discuss how glycobiology can contribute to early diagnosis and treatment of AD, serving as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we look into the potential link between the emerging topic neuroinflammation and glycosylation, combining two interesting, and until recent years, understudied topics in the scope of AD. Lastly, we discuss how new model platforms such as induced pluripotent stem cells can be exploited and contribute to a better understanding of a rather unexplored area in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristine K. Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Cenini G, Hebisch M, Iefremova V, Flitsch LJ, Breitkreuz Y, Tanzi RE, Kim DY, Peitz M, Brüstle O. Dissecting Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in human 2D and 3D models. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 110:103568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Pleass RJ. The therapeutic potential of sialylated Fc domains of human IgG. MAbs 2021; 13:1953220. [PMID: 34288809 PMCID: PMC8296966 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1953220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens frequently use multivalent binding to sialic acid to infect cells or to modulate immunity through interactions with human sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs). Molecules that interfere with these interactions could be of interest as diagnostics, anti-infectives or as immune modulators. This review describes the development of molecular scaffolds based on the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G that deliver high-avidity binding to innate immune receptors, including sialic acid-dependent receptors. The ways in which the sialylated Fc may be engineered as immune modulators that mimic the anti-inflammatory properties of intravenous polyclonal Ig or as blockers of sialic-acid-dependent infectivity by viruses are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Pleass
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Podleśny-Drabiniok A, Marcora E, Goate AM. Microglial Phagocytosis: A Disease-Associated Process Emerging from Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:965-979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Läubli H, Kawanishi K, George Vazhappilly C, Matar R, Merheb M, Sarwar Siddiqui S. Tools to study and target the Siglec-sialic acid axis in cancer. FEBS J 2020; 288:6206-6225. [PMID: 33251699 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Siglecs are widely expressed on leucocytes and bind to ubiquitously presented glycans containing sialic acids (sialoglycans). Most Siglecs carry an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) and elicit an inhibitory intracellular signal upon ligand binding. A few Siglec receptors can, however, recruit immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing factors, which activate cells. The role of hypersialylation (the enhanced expression of sialoglycans) has recently been explored in cancer progression. Mechanistic studies have shown that hypersialylation on cancer cells can engage inhibitory Siglecs on the surface of immune cells and induce immunosuppression. These recent studies strongly suggest that the Siglec-sialic acid axis can act as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, the use of new tools and techniques is facilitating these studies. In this review, we summarise techniques used to study Siglecs, including different mouse models, monoclonal antibodies, Siglec fusion proteins, and sialoglycan arrays. Furthermore, we discuss the recent major developments in the study of Siglecs in cancer immunosuppression, tools, and techniques used in targeting the Siglec-sialic acid axis and the possibility of clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Läubli
- Laboratory for Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Biomedicine, and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kunio Kawanishi
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Rachel Matar
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), UAE
| | - Maxime Merheb
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), UAE
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Movsisyan LD, Macauley MS. Structural advances of Siglecs: insight into synthetic glycan ligands for immunomodulation. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5784-5797. [PMID: 32756649 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily predominantly expressed on the cells of our immune system. Siglecs recognize sialic acid via their terminal V-set domain. In mammals, sialic acid-terminated glycolipids and glycoproteins are the ligands of Siglecs, and the monomeric affinity of Siglecs for their sialic acid-containing ligands is weak. Significant efforts have been devoted toward the development of chemically modified sialoside ligands to target Siglecs with higher affinity and selectivity. In this review we discuss natural and synthetic sialoside ligands for each human Siglec, emphasizing the ligand binding determinants uncovered from recent advances in protein structural information. Potential therapeutic applications of these ligands are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon D Movsisyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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