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Dave BP, Shah KC, Shah MB, Chorawala MR, Patel VN, Shah PA, Shah GB, Dhameliya TM. Unveiling the modulation of Nogo receptor in neuroregeneration and plasticity: Novel aspects and future horizon in a new frontier. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115461. [PMID: 36828272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis have emerged as the most dreaded diseases due to a lack of precise diagnostic tools and efficient therapies. Despite the fact that the contributing factors of NDs are still unidentified, mounting evidence indicates the possibility that genetic and cellular changes may lead to the significant production of abnormally misfolded proteins. These misfolded proteins lead to damaging effects thereby causing neurodegeneration. The association between Neurite outgrowth factor (Nogo) with neurological diseases and other peripheral diseases is coming into play. Three isoforms of Nogo have been identified Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C. Among these, Nogo-A is mainly responsible for neurological diseases as it is localized in the CNS (Central Nervous System), whereas Nogo-B and Nogo-C are responsible for other diseases such as colitis, lung, intestinal injury, etc. Nogo-A, a membrane protein, had first been described as a CNS-specific inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Several recent studies have revealed the role of Nogo-A proteins and their receptors in modulating neurite outgrowth, branching, and precursor migration during nervous system development. It may also modulate or affect the inhibition of growth during the developmental processes of the CNS. Information about the effects of other ligands of Nogo protein on the CNS are yet to be discovered however several pieces of evidence have suggested that it may also influence the neuronal maturation of CNS and targeting Nogo-A could prove to be beneficial in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavarth P Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kashvi C Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Maitri B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Vishvas N Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Palak A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar 380023, Gujarat, India
| | - Gaurang B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas M Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad-382481, Gujarat, India
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Zhang N, Cui Y, Li Y, Mi Y. A Novel Role of Nogo Proteins: Regulating Macrophages in Inflammatory Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2439-2448. [PMID: 34224050 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nogo proteins, also known as Reticulon-4, have been identified as myelin-derived inhibitors of neurite outgrowth in the central nervous system (CNS). There are three Nogo variants, Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C. Recent studies have shown that Nogo-A/B is abundant in macrophages and may have a wider effect on inflammation. In this review, we focus mainly on the possible roles of Nogo-A/B on polarization and recruitment of macrophages and their involvement in a variety of inflammatory diseases. We then discuss the Nogo receptor1 (NgR1), a common receptor for Nogo proteins that is also abundant in microglia/macrophage in the CNS. Interaction of Nogo and NgR1 in microglia/macrophage may affect the adhesion and polarization of macrophages that are involved in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Overall, this review provides insights into the roles of Nogo proteins in regulating macrophage functions and suggests that, potentially, Nogo proteins maybe a new target in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajing Mi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
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p75NTR and TROY: Uncharted Roles of Nogo Receptor Complex in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6329-6336. [PMID: 29294247 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have been on the forefront of drug discovery for most of the myelin inhibitory molecules implicated in axonal regenerative process. Nogo-A along with its putative receptor NgR and co-receptor LINGO-1 has paved the way for the production of pharmaceutical agents such as monoclonal antibodies, which are already put into handful of clinical trials. On the other side, little progress has been made towards clarifying the role of neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) and TROY in disease progression, other key players of the Nogo receptor complex. Previous work of our lab has shown that their exact location and type of expression is harmonized in a phase-dependent manner. Here, in this review, we outline their façade in normal and diseased central nervous system (CNS) and suggest a role for p75NTR in chronic axonal regeneration whereas TROY in acute inflammation of EAE intercourse.
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Meeker RB, Williams KS. The p75 neurotrophin receptor: at the crossroad of neural repair and death. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:721-5. [PMID: 26109945 PMCID: PMC4468762 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.156967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong repair and pro-survival functions of neurotrophins at their primary receptors, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, have made them attractive candidates for treatment of nervous system injury and disease. However, difficulties with the clinical implementation of neurotrophin therapies have prompted the search for treatments that are stable, easier to deliver and allow more precise regulation of neurotrophin actions. Recently, the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has emerged as a potential target for pharmacological control of neurotrophin activity, supported in part by studies demonstrating 1) regulation of neural plasticity in the mature nervous system, 2) promotion of adult neurogenesis and 3) increased expression in neurons, macrophages, microglia, astrocytes and/or Schwann cells in response to injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Although the receptor has no intrinsic catalytic activity it interacts with and modulates the function of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC, as well as sortilin and the Nogo receptor. This provides substantial cellular and molecular diversity for regulation of neuron survival, neurogenesis, immune responses and processes that support neural function. Upregulation of the p75NTR under pathological conditions places the receptor in a key position to control numerous processes necessary for nervous system recovery. Support for this possibility has come from recent studies showing that small, non-peptide p75NTR ligands can selectively modify pro-survival and repair functions. While a great deal remains to be discovered about the wide ranging functions of the p75NTR, studies summarized in this review highlight the immense potential for development of novel neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick B Meeker
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kimberly S Williams
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Shechter R, Schwartz M. Harnessing monocyte-derived macrophages to control central nervous system pathologies: no longer ‘if’ but ‘how’. J Pathol 2012; 229:332-46. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravid Shechter
- Department of Neurobiology; Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology; Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
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Gensel JC, Donnelly DJ, Popovich PG. Spinal cord injury therapies in humans: an overview of current clinical trials and their potential effects on intrinsic CNS macrophages. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:505-18. [PMID: 21281256 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.553605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophage activation is a hallmark of spinal cord injury (SCI) pathology. CNS macrophages, derived from resident microglia and blood monocytes, are ubiquitous throughout the injured spinal cord, and respond to signals in the lesion environment by changing their phenotype and function. Depending on their phenotype and activation status, macrophages may initiate secondary injury mechanisms and/or promote CNS regeneration and repair. AREAS COVERED This review provides a comprehensive overview of current SCI clinical trials that are intended to promote neuroprotection, axon regeneration or cell replacement. None of these potential therapies were developed with the goal of influencing macrophage function; however, it is likely that each will have direct or indirect effects on CNS macrophages. The potential impact of each trial is discussed in the context of CNS macrophage biology. EXPERT OPINION Activation of CNS macrophages is an inevitable consequence of traumatic SCI. Given that these cells are exquisitely sensitive to changes in microenvironment, any intervention that affects tissue integrity and/or the composition of the cellular milieu will undoubtedly affect CNS macrophages. Thus, it is important to understand how current clinical trials will affect intrinsic CNS macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Gensel
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, 795 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
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