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Sachslehner AP, Surbek M, Golabi B, Geiselhofer M, Jäger K, Hess C, Kuchler U, Gruber R, Eckhart L. Transglutaminase Activity Is Conserved in Stratified Epithelia and Skin Appendages of Mammals and Birds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2193. [PMID: 36768511 PMCID: PMC9916842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross-linking of structural proteins is critical for establishing the mechanical stability of the epithelial compartments of the skin and skin appendages. The introduction of isopeptide bonds between glutamine and lysine residues depends on catalysis by transglutaminases and represents the main protein cross-linking mechanism besides the formation of disulfide bonds. Here, we used a fluorescent labeling protocol to localize the activity of transglutaminases on thin sections of the integument and its appendages in mammals and birds. In human tissues, transglutaminase activity was detected in the granular layer of the epidermis, suprabasal layers of the gingival epithelium, the duct of sweat glands, hair follicles and the nail matrix. In the skin appendages of chickens, transglutaminase activity was present in the claw matrix, the feather follicle sheath, the feather sheath and in differentiating keratinocytes of feather barb ridges. During chicken embryogenesis, active transglutaminase was found in the cornifying epidermis, the periderm and the subperiderm. Transglutaminase activity was also detected in the filiform papillae on the tongue of mice and in conical papillae on the tongue of chickens. In summary, our study reveals that transglutaminase activities are widely distributed in integumentary structures and suggests that transglutamination contributes to the cornification of hard skin appendages such as nails and feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Surbek
- Skin Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Skin Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Geiselhofer
- Skin Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Jäger
- Skin Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Kuchler
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Skin Biology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Liu R, Huang Q, Zhu Z, Zhang Y, Qian D, Duan JA. Further evidence for sustainable alternatives to replace threatened animal horn based on quantitative proteomic analysis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:3185-3190. [PMID: 30192403 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a quantitative proteomic approach was used to analyze and compare the proteome in horns from endangered species (rhinoceros, Saiga antelope, and Tibetan antelope) and common species (yak, water buffalo, and goat) based on the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification techniques. In total, 591 proteins were identified, and 321 were quantified and categorized based on molecular function, cellular component, and biological process. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis results based on differences in the amount of protein identified three major clusters, and proteins including transglutaminase, desmocollin, and elongation factors were selected as trait components from proteomic patterns of horn samples from different species. Quantitative proteomic analysis based strategies can therefore provide further evidence for sustainable alternatives to replace animal horn from threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Public Administration, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
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3
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Rice RH, Durbin-Johnson BP, Ishitsuka Y, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Rocke DM, Roop DR. Proteomic Analysis of Loricrin Knockout Mouse Epidermis. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2560-6. [PMID: 27418529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The crosslinked envelope of the mammalian epidermal corneocyte serves as a scaffold for assembly of the lipid barrier of the epidermis. Thus, deficient envelope crosslinking by keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGM1) is a major cause of the human autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses characterized by barrier defects. Expectations that loss of some envelope protein components would also confer an ichthyosis phenotype have been difficult to demonstrate. To help rationalize this observation, the protein profile of epidermis from loricrin knockout mice has been compared to that of wild type. Despite the mild phenotype of the knockout, some 40 proteins were incorporated into envelope material to significantly different extents compared to those of wild type. Nearly half were also incorporated to similarly altered extents into the disulfide bonded keratin network of the corneocyte. The results suggest that loss of loricrin alters their incorporation into envelopes as a consequence of protein-protein interactions during cell maturation. Mass spectrometric protein profiling revealed that keratin 1, keratin 10, and loricrin are prominent envelope components and that dozens of other proteins are also components. This finding helps rationalize the potential formation of functional envelopes, despite loss of a single component, due to the availability of many alternative transglutaminase substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Wakil SM, Binamer Y, Al-Dossari H, Al-Humaidy R, Thuraya RA, Khalifa O, Finsterer J, Meyer BF, Al Owain M. Novel mutations in TGM1 and ABCA12 cause autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis in five Saudi families. Int J Dermatol 2016; 55:673-9. [PMID: 27061915 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a rare disorder of keratinization. Infants (10-15%) born with this condition are encapsulated in hyperkeratotic membrane covering the entire body and are called "collodion babies." So far, mutations in nine different genes have been identified as causative and implicated in the pathogenesis of the clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of ARCI disorders. Among these, TGM1 is the gene most commonly mutated in ARCI. METHODS We identified 11 patients from five consanguineous but unrelated families affected by ARCI. These patients manifested thick adherent polygonal large scales all over the body. All six patients with TGM1 mutations were born with collodion membrane and had ectropion and eclabium, while none of the patients with ABCA12 mutations had these features. Molecular investigations were performed using the combined approach of homozygosity mapping and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Here we report two novel mutations c.397_398insAGTATGAGTA (p.Tyr136Ter); c.977-978delCT (p.Ser326Cysfs*8) in TGM1 in three different, unrelated Saudi families and one novel mutation c.6900C>A (p.Phe2300Leu) and one reported mutation c.3470C>T (p.Ser1157Leu) in the ABCA12 gene in two unrelated Saudi families with ARCI. CONCLUSIONS The identification of these homozygous variants using combined approaches of homozygosity mapping with direct sequencing are the disease causing mutations in these families. Furthermore, these findings are essential for the genetic diagnostic and prognostic workup with ARCI in Saudi patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma M Wakil
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Binamer
- Department of Dermatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya Al-Dossari
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Al-Humaidy
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rula Al Thuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola Khalifa
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Josef Finsterer
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Postfach, Austria
| | - Brian F Meyer
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Owain
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Rice RH, Bradshaw KM, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS, Schmuth M, Gruber R. Distinguishing ichthyoses by protein profiling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75355. [PMID: 24130705 PMCID: PMC3793978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the usefulness of protein profiling for characterization of ichthyoses, we here determined the profile of human epidermal stratum corneum by shotgun proteomics. Samples were analyzed after collection on tape circles from six anatomic sites (forearm, palm, lower leg, forehead, abdomen, upper back), demonstrating site-specific differences in profiles. Additional samples were collected from the forearms of subjects with ichthyosis vulgaris (filaggrin (FLG) deficiency), recessive X-linked ichthyosis (steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency) and autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis type lamellar ichthyosis (transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) deficiency). The ichthyosis protein expression patterns were readily distinguishable from each other and from phenotypically normal epidermis. In general, the degree of departure from normal was lower from ichthyosis vulgaris than from lamellar ichthyosis, parallel to the severity of the phenotype. Analysis of samples from families with ichthyosis vulgaris and concomitant modifying gene mutations (STS deficiency, GJB2 deficiency) permitted correlation of alterations in protein profile with more complex genetic constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katie M. Bradshaw
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Eigenheer
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013; 104:270-84. [PMID: 23562412 DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The term autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) refers to a group of rare disorders of keratinization classified as nonsyndromic forms of ichthyosis. This group was traditionally divided into lamellar ichthyosis (LI) and congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE) but today it also includes harlequin ichthyosis, self-healing collodion baby, acral self-healing collodion baby, and bathing suit ichthyosis. The combined prevalence of LI and CIE has been estimated at 1 case per 138 000 to 300 000 population. In some countries or regions, such as Norway and the coast of Galicia, the prevalence may be higher due to founder effects. ARCI is genetically highly heterogeneous and has been associated with 6 genes to date: TGM1, ALOXE3, ALOX12B, NIPAL4, CYP4F22, and ABCA12. In this article, we review the current knowledge on ARCI, with a focus on clinical, histological, ultrastructural, genetic, molecular, and treatment-related aspects.
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Gruber R, Elias PM, Crumrine D, Lin TK, Brandner JM, Hachem JP, Presland RB, Fleckman P, Janecke AR, Sandilands A, McLean WHI, Fritsch PO, Mildner M, Tschachler E, Schmuth M. Filaggrin genotype in ichthyosis vulgaris predicts abnormalities in epidermal structure and function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2252-63. [PMID: 21514438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that filaggrin (FLG) deficiency contributes to an abnormal barrier function in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis, the pathomechanism of how FLG deficiency provokes a barrier abnormality in humans is unknown. We report here that the presence of FLG mutations in Caucasians predicts dose-dependent alterations in epidermal permeability barrier function. Although FLG is an intracellular protein, the barrier abnormality occurred solely via a paracellular route in affected stratum corneum. Abnormal barrier function correlated with alterations in keratin filament organization (perinuclear retraction), impaired loading of lamellar body contents, followed by nonuniform extracellular distribution of secreted organelle contents, and abnormalities in lamellar bilayer architecture. In addition, we observed reductions in corneodesmosome density and tight junction protein expression. Thus, FLG deficiency provokes alterations in keratinocyte architecture that influence epidermal functions localizing to the extracellular matrix. These results clarify how FLG mutations impair epidermal permeability barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Rice RH, Xia Y, Alvarado RJ, Phinney BS. Proteomic analysis of human nail plate. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6752-8. [PMID: 20939611 DOI: 10.1021/pr1009349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Shotgun proteomic analysis of the human nail plate identified 144 proteins in samples from Causcasian volunteers. The 30 identified proteins solubilized by detergent and reducing agent, 90% of the total nail plate mass, were primarily keratins and keratin associated proteins. Keratins comprised a majority of the detergent-insoluble fraction as well, but numerous cytoplasmic, membrane, and junctional proteins and histones were also identified, indicating broad use by transglutaminases of available proteins as substrates for cross-linking. Two novel membrane proteins were identified, also found in the hair shaft, for which mRNAs were detected only at very low levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction in other tissues. Parallel analyses of nail samples from volunteers from Inner Mongolia, China gave essentially the same protein profiles. Comparison of the profiles of nail plate and hair shaft from the latter volunteers revealed extensive overlap of protein constituents. Analyses of samples from an arsenic-exposed population revealed few proteins whose levels were altered substantially but raised the possibility of detecting sensitive individuals in this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.
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Herman ML, Farasat S, Steinbach PJ, Wei MH, Toure O, Fleckman P, Blake P, Bale SJ, Toro JR. Transglutaminase-1 gene mutations in autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis: summary of mutations (including 23 novel) and modeling of TGase-1. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:537-47. [PMID: 19241467 PMCID: PMC3243309 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a heterogeneous group of rare cornification diseases. Germline mutations in TGM1 are the most common cause of ARCI in the United States. TGM1 encodes for the TGase-1 enzyme that functions in the formation of the cornified cell envelope. Structurally defective or attenuated cornified cell envelop have been shown in epidermal scales and appendages of ARCI patients with TGM1 mutations. We review the clinical manifestations as well as the molecular genetics of ARCI. In addition, we characterized 115 TGM1 mutations reported in 234 patients from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds (Caucasion Americans, Norwegians, Swedish, Finnish, German, Swiss, French, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Hispanics, Iranian, Tunisian, Moroccan, Egyptian, Afghani, Hungarian, African Americans, Korean, Japanese and South African). We report 23 novel mutations: 71 (62%) missense; 20 (17%) nonsense; 9 (8%) deletion; 8 (7%) splice-site, and 7 (6%) insertion. The c.877-2A>G was the most commonly reported TGM1 mutation accounting for 34% (147 of 435) of all TGM1 mutant alleles reported to date. It had been shown that this mutation is common among North American and Norwegian patients due to a founder effect. Thirty-one percent (36 of 115) of all mutations and 41% (29 of 71) of missense mutations occurred in arginine residues in TGase-1. Forty-nine percent (35 of 71) of missense mutations were within CpG dinucleotides, and 74% (26/35) of these mutations were C>T or G>A transitions. We constructed a model of human TGase-1 and showed that all mutated arginines that reside in the two beta-barrel domains and two (R142 and R143) in the beta-sandwich are located at domain interfaces. In conclusion, this study expands the TGM1 mutation spectrum and summarizes the current knowledge of TGM1 mutations. The high frequency of mutated arginine codons in TGM1 may be due to the deamination of 5' methylated CpG dinucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Herman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharifeh Farasat
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter J. Steinbach
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Wei
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ousmane Toure
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philip Fleckman
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Patrick Blake
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | | | - Jorge R. Toro
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
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Cheng T, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Hitomi K, Pasch MC, van Erp PEJ, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Colocalization of cystatin M/E and its target proteases suggests a role in terminal differentiation of human hair follicle and nail. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:1232-42. [PMID: 19005484 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E is a key regulator of a biochemical pathway that leads to epidermal terminal differentiation by inhibition of its target proteases cathepsin L, cathepsin V, and legumain. Inhibition of cathepsin L is important in the cornification process of the skin, as we have recently demonstrated that cathepsin L is the elusive processing and activating protease for transglutaminase 3, an enzyme that is responsible for crosslinking of structural proteins in cornified envelope formation. Here, we study the localization of all players of this pathway in the human hair follicle and nail unit in order to elucidate their possible role in the biology of these epidermal appendages. We found that cathepsin L and transglutaminase 3 specifically colocalize in the hair bulb and the nail matrix, the regions that provide cells that terminally differentiate to the hair fiber and the nail plate, respectively. Furthermore, transglutaminase 3 also colocalizes with the structural proteins loricrin and involucrin, which are established transglutaminase substrates. These findings suggest that cathepsin L and transglutaminase 3 could be involved in the pathway that leads to terminal differentiation, not only in the epidermis but also in the human hair follicle and nail unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsing Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Farasat S, Wei MH, Herman M, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Bale SJ, Fleckman P, Toro JR. Novel transglutaminase-1 mutations and genotype-phenotype investigations of 104 patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis in the USA. J Med Genet 2008; 46:103-11. [PMID: 18948357 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a rare hereditary disorder of cornification. Mutations in the transglutaminase-1 (TGM1) gene, which encodes for the epidermal enzyme transglutaminase-1 (TGase-1), are one of the causes of ARCI. METHODS The TGM1 mutation spectrum was characterised and genotype-phenotype correlations investigated in 104 patients with ARCI ascertained through the National Registry for Ichthyosis and Related Disorders in the USA. Methods: Germline mutations in TGM1 were identified in 55% (57/104) of patients with ARCI. Arginine residues in TGase-1 were mutated in 39% (22/57) of patients overall and 54% (20/37) of those with missense mutations. In total, 55% (12/22) of missense mutations were within CpG dinucleotides and 92% (11/12) of these mutations were C-->T or G-->A transitions. The genotype-phenotype investigation found that ARCI with TGM1 mutations was significantly associated with presence of collodion membrane at birth (p = 0.006), ectropion (p = 0.001), plate-like scales (p = 0.005) and alopecia (p = 0.001). Patients who had at least one mutation predicted to truncate TGase-1 were more likely to have more severe hypohidrosis (p = 0.001) and overheating (p = 0.0007) at onset of symptoms than were those with exclusively TGM1 missense mutations. A logistic model was developed, which predicted that individuals with collodion membrane, alopecia and/or eye problems are about four times more likely to have TGM1 mutations than patients without these findings. CONCLUSION This is the largest investigation of patients with ARCI to date. It expands the TGM1 mutation spectrum and confirms that despite genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in ARCI, TGM1 is the main causative gene for this disorder. The high frequency of mutated arginine codons in TGM1 may be due to the deamination of CpG dinucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Farasat
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20892-4562, USA
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Schmuth M, Gruber R, Elias PM, Williams ML. Ichthyosis update: towards a function-driven model of pathogenesis of the disorders of cornification and the role of corneocyte proteins in these disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:231-56. [PMID: 18159904 DOI: 10.1016/j.yadr.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, VAMC Metabolism 111F, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Esposito G, Tadini G, Paparo F, Viola A, Ieno L, Pennacchia W, Messina F, Giordano L, Piccirillo A, Auricchio L. Transglutaminase 1 deficiency and corneocyte collapse: an indication for targeted molecular screening in autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:808-10. [PMID: 17635512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Harrison CA, Layton CM, Hau Z, Bullock AJ, Johnson TS, MacNeil S. Transglutaminase inhibitors induce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis in tissue-engineered skin. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:247-57. [PMID: 17223863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transglutaminase (TG) family consists of eight distinct isoforms. TG types 1, 3 and 5 play a major role in normal skin development, with TG2 also being elevated during dermal wounding. TG1, 3 and 5 are responsible for the cross-linking of keratin precursors and formation of the cornified envelope during keratinocyte differentiation. TG2 may play a role in keratinocyte basement membrane cross-linking. Abnormal TG expression has been demonstrated in Darier disease, Netherton syndrome, psoriasis and lamellar ichthyosis. During a recent investigation of skin contraction in tissue-engineered skin, transglutaminase inhibitors were found to produce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis. OBJECTIVES Accordingly, this study was designed to study the effect of pan-transglutaminase inhibition on morphology of tissue-engineered skin and expression of keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation-associated antigens. METHODS We used a tissue-engineered model of human skin, based on de-epidermized acellular human dermis, seeded with normal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and cultured at an air-liquid interface. The pan-transglutaminase inhibitors putrescine, NTU283 (1-dimethyl,2-[(oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium) and NTU285 (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-glutaminyl-6-dimethylsulfonium-5-oxo-l-norleucine) were added to the culture medium. After 28 days, histology and immunohistochemistry for collagen IV, involucrin and cytokeratins 6, 10 and 16 were performed. RESULTS Keratinocyte hyperproliferation and parakeratosis were seen in response to transglutaminase inhibition. Inhibition of transglutaminase also resulted in loss of basement membrane collagen IV. Involucrin and cytokeratins 6 and 16 were confined to the basal layers in control composites but expressed throughout the epidermis in response to transglutaminase inhibition. A distinct band of expression of cytokeratin 10 was seen in the upper stratum granulosum of control composites but only patchy expression was seen after transglutaminase expression. CONCLUSIONS Pan-transglutaminase inhibition inhibits terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, leading to a hyperproliferative epidermis with parakeratosis and enhanced expression of involucrin and cytokeratins 6 and 16. Expression of the differentiation-associated cytokeratin, cytokeratin 10, is reduced. Basement membrane integrity is also lost as a result of transglutaminase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Harrison
- Division of Clinical Sciences (North), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Abstract
The human hair proteome was investigated using two-dimensional LC-MS/MS. Among the 343 identified proteins, 70 were detected in high relative abundance, including keratin intermediate filament proteins, largely extractable with denaturants. Over 300 proteins were found to constitute the insoluble complex formed by transglutaminase cross-linking. The intracellular distribution of identified proteins is wide from cytoplasm to nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, and plasma membrane. These results help rationalize ultrastructural features visible in the mature hair. Keratins and several substrates for transglutaminase were found to be posttranslationally modified by methylation and dimethylation. Evidence for ubiquitination of hair proteins was also obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Lee
- Molecular Structure Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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