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Zhang H, Zhang Z. Genetic Variants Associated with Acne Vulgaris. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:3843-3856. [PMID: 37662507 PMCID: PMC10473401 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s421835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris (AV) ranks among the common chronic inflammatory disorders that impact the sebaceous components of hair follicles. Acne vulgaris is characterised by cardinal manifestations such as the presence of pimples, nodules, pustules, and cysts, which have the potential to lead to the development of acne scarring and pigmentation. The phenomenon is influenced by polygenic inheritance or can be ascribed to the interplay between multiple genes and environmental factors. In recent years, some researchers have found that some genes (such as IL, TNF, RETN, CYP family, MMPs and TIMPs genes et al) are associated with acne vulgaris and may affect the progression and prognosis of the disease. The number of reviews addressing acne-associated genetic variants, however, is limited. In that case, we have compiled a list of prevalent genes associated with acne in recent times. This helps us understand acne's genetic basis and lets us step in early for people prone to severe acne, lowering the chance of acne scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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The Role of Skin Immune System in Acne. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061579. [PMID: 35329904 PMCID: PMC8949596 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a skin disease that often occurs in adolescence and in young adulthood. The main pathogenic factors are hyperkeratinization, obstruction of sebaceous glands, stimulation of sebaceous gland secretion by androgens, and bacterial colonization of sebaceous units by Cutibacterium acnes, which promotes inflammation. Little is known about the role of skin immune cells in the development of acne lesions. The aim of the study was to try to understand the role of skin immune cells in the course of acne. Recent studies have shown that there are at least four major pathways by which Cutibacterium acnes interacts with the innate immune system to induce inflammation: through TLRs, activating inflammasomes, inducing the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and stimulating antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity. Cells of adaptive immune response, mainly Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes, also play an important role in the pathogenesis of acne. It is worth emphasizing that understanding the role of the skin’s immune cells in the pathogenesis of acne may, in the future, contribute to the application of modern therapeutic strategies that would avoid addiction to antibiotics, which would alleviate the spectrum of resistance that is now evident and a current threat.
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Lee H, Hwang D, Lee M, Lee J, Cho S, Kim TJ, Kim HS. Micro-Current Stimulation Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in Peptidoglycan-Treated Raw 264.7 Macrophages and Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Inflammation via TLR2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052508. [PMID: 35269651 PMCID: PMC8910224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne is a common inflammatory disorder of the human skin and a multifactorial disease caused by the sebaceous gland and Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of micro-current stimulation (MC) on peptidoglycan (PGN)-treated raw 264.7 macrophages and P. acnes-induced skin inflammation. To specify the intensity with anti-inflammatory effects, nitric oxide (NO) production was compared according to various levels of MC. As the lowest NO production was shown at an intensity of 50 μA, subsequent experiments used this intensity. The changes of expression of the proteins related to TLR2/NF-κB signaling were examined by immunoblotting. Also, immunofluorescence analysis was performed for observing NF-κB p65 localization. All of the expression levels of proteins regarding TLR2/NF-κB signaling were decreased by the application of MC. Moreover, the application of MC to PGN-treated raw 264.7 cells showed a significant decrease in the amount of nuclear p65-protein. In the case of animal models with P. acnes-induced skin inflammation, various pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators significantly decreased in MC-applied mice. In particular, the concentration of IL-1β in serum decreased, and the area of acne lesions, decreased from the histological analysis. We suggest for the first time that MC can be a novel treatment for acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (H.L.); (D.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Donghyun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (H.L.); (D.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Minjoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (H.L.); (D.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Jinho Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (J.L.); (T.-J.K.)
| | | | - Tack-Joong Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (J.L.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Han Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (H.L.); (D.H.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-760-2913
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The Immunogenetics of Acne. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:137-154. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baroud S, Wu J, Zouboulis CC. Acne Syndromes and Mosaicism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111735. [PMID: 34829964 PMCID: PMC8615598 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal mosaicism is the coexistence of cells with at least two genotypes, by the time of birth, in an individual derived from a single zygote, which leads to a disease phenotype. Somatic mosaicism can be further categorized into segmental mosaicism and nonsegmental somatic mosaicism. Acne is a chronic illness characterized by inflammatory changes around and in the pilosebaceous units, commonly due to hormone- and inflammatory signaling-mediated factors. Several systemic disorders, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and seborrhoea-acne-hirsutism-androgenetic alopecia syndrome have classically been associated with acne. Autoinflammatory syndromes, including PAPA, PASH, PAPASH, PsAPASH, PsaPSASH, PASS, and SAPHO syndromes include acneiform lesions as a key manifestation. Mosaic germline mutations in the FGFR2 gene have been associated with Apert syndrome and nevus comedonicus, two illnesses that are accompanied by acneiform lesions. In this review, we summarize the concept of cutaneous mosaicism and elaborate on acne syndromes, as well as acneiform mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumer Baroud
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology, and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany; (S.B.); (J.W.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jim Wu
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology, and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany; (S.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology, and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany; (S.B.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-340-501-4000
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Younis S, Shamim S, Nisar K, Deeba F, Mehmood S, Mumtaz S, Blumenberg M, Javed Q. Association of TNF-α polymorphisms (-857, -863 and -1031), TNF-α serum level and lipid profile with acne vulgaris. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6615-6620. [PMID: 34764777 PMCID: PMC8568822 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acne is an inflammatory condition principally affected by genetic and dietary factors. Investigation into functional polymorphisms of TNF-α gene and their association with acne vulgaris will be helpful in exploring genetic influence on skin immune mediated inflammatory events. In the present study, we analyzed association of TNF-α gene polymorphisms, its expression levels and lipid profiles in a large cohort of acne patients and controls. Methods We used PCR-RFLP to study association of TNF-α polymorphisms at −857C/T, −863C/A and −1031 T/C sites with acne vulgaris. Lipid profiles were measured using enzymatic end-point method. The serum levels of TNF-α and apolipoprotein a were measured using ELISA. NIH, LDlink was used to investigate patterns of linkage disequilibrium across south Asian reference genome (Punjabi from Lahore Pakistan). Results We found that TNF-α −863 polymorphism is strongly associated with acne in overall population as well as in gender and severity based groups of acne patients. Polymorphisms at −863 and −1031 position were in linkage disequilibrium. Importantly, TNF-α serum level was significantly increased in acne patients with severe disease symptoms. Furthermore, levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were significantly increased, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was significantly decreased in acne patients. The levels of apolipoprotein a varied widely in studied populations and no significant difference was found in the analyzed groups. Conclusion In conclusion, we found that TNF-α expression increases in acne patients affected by TNF-α polymorphisms, and that the lipid profile is specifically disrupted in acne patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Younis
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Abid Majeed Road, Rawalpindi Pakistan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,The R. O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Sana Shamim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Nisar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Sabba Mehmood
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Abid Majeed Road, Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Sara Mumtaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Abid Majeed Road, Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Miroslav Blumenberg
- The R. O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Qamar Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
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7
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The association of TNFα -238 G/A gene polymorphism with alopecia areata. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.892542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Heng AHS, Say YH, Sio YY, Ng YT, Chew FT. Gene variants associated with acne vulgaris presentation and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:103. [PMID: 33849530 PMCID: PMC8045239 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple factors have been attributed to acne vulgaris predisposition and individual variations in the severity of skin symptoms, and genetics stood out as one of the major factors. METHODS We performed a systematic review on the genes and their variants that have been investigated for association with acne presentation and severity. A random-effect meta-analysis using the allele model (minor allele vs. major allele) was also conducted to provide an overall estimation of risk effects of frequently reported gene variants. This included a subset data of 982 acne cases and 846 controls extracted from our existing GWAS database on various allergic and skin diseases among Singapore Chinese. RESULTS Systematic review of 51 articles covering Asians and Caucasians found 60 genes/loci and their 100 variants implicated in acne; majority of them were in the intron, coding region/missense, and promoter regions. The commonly studied candidate genes/gene families include tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and the interleukin (IL) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene families. Our meta-analysis showed that most of the analyzed gene variants exhibited insignificant pooled odds ratio (pOR) and significant heterogeneity between studies. Nevertheless, we found that TNF rs1800629 A allele carriers and CYP17A1 rs743572 T allele carriers had significantly reduced mild acne risk [pOR: 0.60; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.33-0.86] and severe acne risk (pOR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.40-0.79), respectively, across populations. Overall, FST (follistatin) rs629725 A allele poses a significantly modest increased risk for acne presentation (pOR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.23), but neither TIMP2 (TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2) rs8179090 nor CYP1A1 rs4646903 (pOR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.80-1.12; pOR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.08), respectively. We discovered 15 novel SNPs in the 3' UTR region of the Toll-like Receptor 4 gene (TLR4) associated with acne presentation. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that genes influencing inflammatory responses, specifically TNF, and genes influencing the function and activity of sebaceous glands, specifically CYP17A1 and FST, have potential risk variants for acne presentation and severity across populations. Understanding the genetic susceptibility factors and biological pathways involved in the pathogenesis of acne will help us to gain insights into developing effective acne treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hwee Sing Heng
- Allergy and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Lee Hiok Kwee Functional Genomics Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S2, Level 5, 14 Science Drive 4, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yee-How Say
- Allergy and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Lee Hiok Kwee Functional Genomics Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S2, Level 5, 14 Science Drive 4, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yang Yie Sio
- Allergy and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Lee Hiok Kwee Functional Genomics Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S2, Level 5, 14 Science Drive 4, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yu Ting Ng
- Allergy and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Lee Hiok Kwee Functional Genomics Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S2, Level 5, 14 Science Drive 4, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Allergy and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Lee Hiok Kwee Functional Genomics Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S2, Level 5, 14 Science Drive 4, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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9
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Common J, Barker J, Steensel M. What does acne genetics teach us about disease pathogenesis? Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:665-676. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.E.A. Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore
| | - J.N. Barker
- St John's Institute of Dermatology Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London London U.K
| | - M.A.M. Steensel
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Clinical Sciences Building Novena Singapore
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10
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Wang B, He YL. Association of the TNF-α gene promoter polymorphisms at nucleotide -238 and -308 with acne susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2019; 44:176-183. [PMID: 29900576 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α -238 and -308 polymorphisms are potential candidate genes that may serve as modulators in susceptibility to acne. AIM We performed a meta-analysis of case-control studies to assess the association of the TNF-α -238 and -308 polymorphisms with acne susceptibility. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, SinoMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were systematically searched to identify eligible studies. OR and 95% CI were calculated to evaluate the association. RESULTS We identified seven independent case-control studies up to September 2017. The results revealed an association between the A allele of the TNF-α -238 polymorphism and increased susceptibility to acne in Asian (OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.08-2.40) but not in European (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.63-1.93) populations. For the TNF-α -308 polymorphism, the minor A allele was associated with increased acne susceptibility in Asian (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.15-3.24) and Turkish (OR = 4.14, 95% CI 2.25-7.61) populations, but not in European (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 0.66-2.06) or Arab (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.64-1.22) populations. Egger test found no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the TNF-α -238 A allele is associated with increased susceptibility to acne in Asian but not in European populations, while the TNF-α -308 A allele is associated with increased susceptibility to acne in Asian and Turkish populations but not in European or Arab populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Y-L He
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing, China
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11
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Swelam MM, El-Barbary RAH, Saudi WM, Fathi MS, Soliman DA, Abd Elrehem HH. Associations among two vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms (ApaI and TaqI) in acne vulgaris: A pilot susceptibility study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 18:1113-1120. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mervat M. Swelam
- Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls; Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Rasha A. H. El-Barbary
- Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls; Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Wael M. Saudi
- Dermatology and Venerology Department, Faculty of Medicine; Misr University for Science and Technology; Cairo Egypt
| | - Marwa S. Fathi
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | | | - Heba H. Abd Elrehem
- Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls; Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
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12
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Akoglu G, Tan C, Ayvaz DC, Tezcan I. Tumor necrosis factor α-308 G/A and interleukin 1 β-511 C/T gene polymorphisms in patients with scarring acne. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 18:395-400. [PMID: 29675912 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder which may heal with scarring. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) and interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) are considered as the main responsible proinflammatory mediators of acne pathogenesis. Oversecretion of these cytokines was found to be associated with TNF α-308 G>A and IL-1β-511 C<T polymorphisms. AIM To evaluate the association of TNF α-308 and IL-1β-511 gene polymorphisms with acne and postacne scarring susceptibility and acne severity. METHODS Study subjects included 90 patients with acne vulgaris (31 males, 59 females; mean age: 19.6 ± 3.7 years) and 30 healthy controls (11 males, 19 females; mean age: 19.2 ± 5.1 years). Patients were sub-grouped on the basis of acne severity into mild, moderate, and severe acne groups and on the presence postacne scarring into scarring acne and nonscarring acne groups. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained for performing real-time PCR analysis for detecting TNF α-308 and IL-1β-511 genotypic variants. RESULTS Among patients, 21.7% (n = 26) had mild, 22.5% (n = 27) had moderate, 30.8% (n = 37) had severe, and 30% (n = 36) had scarring acne. Genotypic variants of TNF α-308 and IL-1β-511 did not statistically differ between acne patients and controls (P values: .245 and .466). When compared in terms of acne severity and the presence of postacne scarring, no statistical significance was observed regarding frequencies of genotypic variants related to the both TNF α-308 and IL-1β polymorphisms (P > .05). CONCLUSION TNF α-308 and IL-1β polymorphic variants are not associated with acne and postacne scarring susceptibility and acne severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsen Akoglu
- Dermatovenereology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagman Tan
- Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Cagdas Ayvaz
- Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tezcan
- Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a skin disease with a multifactorial and complex pathology. While several twin studies have estimated that acne has a heritability of up to 80%, the genomic elements responsible for the origin and pathology of acne are still undiscovered. Here we performed a twin-based structural equation model, using available data on acne severity for an Australian sample of 4,491 twins and their siblings aged from 10 to 24. This study extends by a factor of 3 an earlier analysis of the genetic factors of acne. Acne severity was rated by nurses on a 4-point scale (1 = absent to 4 = severe) on up to three body sites (face, back, chest) and on up to three occasions (age 12, 14, and 16). The phenotype that we analyzed was the most severe rating at any site or age. The polychoric correlation for monozygotic twins was higher (r MZ = 0.86, 95% CI [0.81, 0.90]) than for dizygotic twins (r DZ = 0.42, 95% CI [0.35, 0.47]). A model that includes additive genetic effects and unique environmental effects was the most parsimonious model to explain the genetic variance of acne severity, and the estimated heritability was 0.85 (95% CI [0.82, 0.87]). We then conducted a genome-wide analysis including an additional 271 siblings - for a total of 4,762 individuals. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) scan did not detect loci associated with the severity of acne at the threshold of 5E-08 but suggestive association was found for three SNPs: rs10515088 locus 5q13.1 (p = 3.9E-07), rs12738078 locus 1p35.5 (p = 6.7E-07), and rs117943429 locus 18q21.2 (p = 9.1E-07). The 5q13.1 locus is close to PIK3R1, a gene that has a potential regulatory effect on sebocyte differentiation.
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Lichtenberger R, Simpson MA, Smith C, Barker J, Navarini AA. Genetic architecture of acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1978-1990. [PMID: 28593717 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a ubiquitary skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit resulting from bacterial colonization of hair follicles by Propionibacterium acnes, androgen-induced increased sebum production, altered keratinization and inflammation. Here, we review our current understanding of the genetic architecture of this intriguing disease. We analysed genomewide association studies (GWAS) and candidate genes studies for acne vulgaris. Moreover, we included GWAS studies for the associated disease polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Overall, the available data revealed sixteen genetic loci flagged by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), none of which has been confirmed yet by independent studies. Moreover, a GWAS for PCOS identified 21 susceptible loci. The genetic architecture is complex which has been revealed by GWAS. Further and larger studies in different populations are required to confirm or disprove results from candidate gene studies as well to identify signals that may overlap between different populations. Finally, studies on rare genetic variants in acne and associated diseases like PCOS may deepen our understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lichtenberger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - C Smith
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - J Barker
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - A A Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College, London, UK
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15
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Polymorphisms in the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1 and 17 genes are not associated with acne vulgaris in the Polish population. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 32:323-6. [PMID: 26759538 PMCID: PMC4692810 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2014.44004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathogenesis of acne is complex, multifactorial and not well understood. The genetic background of this dermatosis is well documented. Aim To assess the frequency of –34 T > C single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the CYP17 gene as well as m1 (+6,235 T > C) and m2 (+4,889 A > G) mutation in the coding region CYP1A1 gene acne patients from the Northern Polish population. Material and methods The study included 115 acne patients and 94 healthy controls (aged over 20) without acne in anamnesis. The CYP1A1 polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyze m1 mutation and allele-specific PCR in the case of m2 mutation. The CYP17 polymorphism was analyzed by RFLP. The results were evaluated by the Pearson's χ2 test. Results There were no statistically significant associations between allele and genotype frequencies between the acne and the control group. Conclusions We did not confirm the role of the CYP1A1 and CYP17 gene as predictor factors for acne development in the Polish population.
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Aisha NM, Haroon J, Hussain S, Tahir CM, Ikramullah M, Rahim H, Kishwar N, Younis S, Hassan MJ, Javed Q. Association between tumour necrosis-α gene polymorphisms and acne vulgaris in a Pakistani population. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 41:297-301. [PMID: 26373312 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a well-studied potent candidate mediator that is systemically involved in a variety of inflammatory diseases. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TNF-α gene have been studied with regard the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, but the results have been inconclusive. AIM This case-control study investigated the association of the TNF -308 G>A and -238 G>A SNPs with acne vulgaris in a high-risk Pakistani population. METHODS In total, 160 healthy controls and 140 patients with acne were enrolled in this study. Polymorphisms were determined by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS Our data showed that the TNF -308 G>A and TNF -238 G>A SNPs were present at a significantly higher rate in cases than in controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.02; respectively). There was a significant difference between the G and A alleles from patients with acne and controls for -308 G>A (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.07-2.19, P < 0.02) and -238 G>A (OR=1.6, 95% CI = 1.06-2.44, P = 0.02) genotype. Moreover, the severity of acne was significantly associated with TNF genotype (TNF -308 G>A: χ² = 34.6, P < 0.001; TNF -238 G>AL χ² = 12.9, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the TNF -308 G>A and TNF -238 G>A SNPs may contribute to the pathogenesis of acne in the study population. Furthermore, patients with severe acne showed an increased frequency of mutant TNF genotypes at -308 and -238 compared with patients with less severe acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Aisha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - J Haroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - C M Tahir
- Department of Dermatology, WAPDA Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Ikramullah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - N Kishwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Younis
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M J Hassan
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Q Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Yoshimasu T, Kuramoto T, Kaminaka C, Kanazawa N, Yamamoto Y, Furukawa F. Efficacy of 0.1% adapalene in a non-inflammatory Kyoto Rhino Rat acne model. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 76:143-8. [PMID: 25217865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne vulgaris is a disorder of the pilosebaceous unit of the skin, and the underlying mechanism is still obscure. Kyoto rhino (krh/krh) rats were made by ethylnitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and harbor S413X nonsense mutation of the rat hairless (Hr) gene. Krh/krh rats develop comedones with hair loss on their back as they grow. OBJECTIVE Our purpose is to assess whether or not the krh/krh rat is a suitable model of non-inflammatory acne, and to investigate the comedolytic effects of adapalene in krh/krh rats. METHODS Krh/krh rats at 12weeks of age were topically treated with adapalene or a vehicle 6 times a week, for 12weeks. Skin lesions were clinically investigated and skin samples were obtained from treated skins from each animal after 6 and 12weeks of treatments. RESULTS Comedone was clinically enlarged in the control group compared with the adapalene group. The adapalene group showed significantly increased epidermal thickness as compared to the control group. Furthermore, open comedone areas were also significantly decreased in the adapalene group as compared to the control group. The adapalene group also showed reduced lipid production in open comedones as compared to the control group. Cytokine productions including IL-10 and IL-12a tended to increase in skin treated with adapalene as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Krh/krh rats represented a new model for non-inflammatory acne with abnormalities in both hair follicles and sebaceous glands. It is hypothesized that adapalene is a superior drug to decrease open comedones by modifying lipid metaboism and cytokine production in krh/krh rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yoshimasu
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Arida Municipal Hospital, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kuramoto
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Chikako Kaminaka
- Department of Cosmetic Dermatology and Photomedicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kanazawa
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Japan; Department of Cosmetic Dermatology and Photomedicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
| | - Fukumi Furukawa
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
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Zhang M, Qureshi AA, Hunter DJ, Han J. A genome-wide association study of severe teenage acne in European Americans. Hum Genet 2014; 133:259-64. [PMID: 24114350 PMCID: PMC3945714 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the family aggregation of severe teenage acne, the genetic basis of this common skin condition remains unclear. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on severe teenage acne in 928 European Americans. The SNP rs4133274 on chromosome 8q24 (72 kb upstream of MYC) revealed the most significant association with severe teenage acne (p value = 1.7 × 10(-6)). The variant allele of this SNP (G allele) was associated with an increased risk of severe teenage acne with odds ratio of 4.01 (95 % confidence interval = 2.37-6.82). Upon further replication, our findings suggest new genetic basis of acne and may explain the association between acne and cancer risk observed in the epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Zhang
- Clinical Research Program, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abrar A. Qureshi
- Clinical Research Program, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, and the Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Clinical Research Program, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, and the Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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TNF-308 G/A polymorphism and risk of acne vulgaris: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87806. [PMID: 24498378 PMCID: PMC3912133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The -308 G/A polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene has been implicated in the risk of acne vulgaris, but the results are inconclusive. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate the overall association between the -308 G/A polymorphism and acne vulgaris risk. METHODS We searched in Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and CNKI for studies evaluating the association between the -308 G/A gene polymorphism and acne vulgaris risk. Data were extracted and statistical analysis was performed using STATA 12.0 software. RESULTS A total of five publications involving 1553 subjects (728 acne vulgaris cases and 825 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. Combined analysis revealed a significant association between this polymorphism and acne vulgaris risk under recessive model (OR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.37-5.44, p = 0.004 for AA vs. AG + GG). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity showed that the acne vulgaris risk associated with the -308 G/A gene polymorphism was significantly elevated among Caucasians under recessive model (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.13-4.86, p = 0.023). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that the -308 G/A polymorphism in the TNF gene contributes to acne vulgaris risk, especially in Caucasian populations. Further studies among different ethnicity populations are needed to validate these findings.
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Grech I, Giatrakos S, Damoraki G, Kaldrimidis P, Rigopoulos D, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. Impact of TNF haplotypes in the physical course of acne vulgaris. Dermatology 2013; 228:152-7. [PMID: 24334867 DOI: 10.1159/000356388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TNF gene in acne vulgaris remains controversial. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from 185 patients with acne vulgaris and 165 healthy controls. SNPs at positions -376, -308 and -238 of the promoter region of TNF were defined. RESULTS The frequency of the GAG haplotype was greater among patients (16.8%) than among controls with borderline significance (9.7%, p = 0.059). Male carriers of haplotypes other than GGG presented acne vulgaris at a later age than carriers of the GGG haplotype. No effect of the GAG haplotype on the frequency of acne conglobata was found among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Carriage of the GAG haplotype of TNF is linked with borderline susceptibility to acne vulgaris. The GGG haplotype is related with earlier disease onset in male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Grech
- Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology, School for Professions of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Szabó K, Kiricsi Á, Révész M, Vóna I, Szabó Z, Bella Z, Polyánka H, Kadocsa E, Kemény L, Széll M, Hirschberg A. The -308 G>A SNP of TNFA is a factor predisposing to chronic rhinosinusitis associated with nasal polyposis in aspirin-sensitive Hungarian individuals: conclusions of a genetic study with multiple stratifications. Int Immunol 2013; 25:383-8. [PMID: 23446846 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) gene (TNFA) have been extensively studied and shown to be associated with an increased risk of the development of various chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammation has been demonstrated to play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and TNFα is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine with important functions in these processes. In order to determine whether the well-known TNFA -308 G>A SNP has a role in a genetic predisposition to CRS in the Hungarian population, we analyzed our genomic collection containing control and CRS patient samples in a case-control study, and compared the genotype and allele frequencies. There was no significant difference in the observed genotype or allele frequencies between the controls and the total CRS group. However, after careful stratification of the patient group on the basis of the observed clinical symptoms, we found a significantly higher carriage rate of the rare A allele-containing genotypes among the CRS patients with nasal polyposis (NP) who also exhibited sensitivity to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA(+)). It is concluded that genetic variants of the TNFA gene may affect the risk of CRS in a clinically well-defined group of CRSNP(+)ASA(+) patients in the Hungarian population. Our results also emphasize that the group of CRS patients is not homogenous in that patients exhibiting different clinical symptoms exist. Their carried genetic predisposing factors, and as a result, the exact molecular events leading to the development of various forms of CRS, may also differ.
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The rs3761548 polymorphism of FOXP3 is a protective genetic factor against allergic rhinitis in the Hungarian female population. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:926-9. [PMID: 21763379 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study whether forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) polymorphisms contribute to allergic rhinitis (AR) in a Central-European population, the Hungarians, similarly as it was found in Han Chinese. A case-control study was performed and the genotype distribution of the rs3761548 FOXP3 polymorphism was analyzed separately in females and in males. The results demonstrated that females homozygous for the rare FOXP3 rs3761548 allele (A/A) are protected against AR; otherwise, females who are either wild types (C/C) or heterozygote carriers (C/A) of the rare allele are more susceptible to AR (OR [95%CI] = 2.089 [1,095; 3.988]). We were able to confirm the findings of Zhang et al. in a geographically and ethnically distinct population, the Hungarians, and revealed that the rs3761548 SNP is a marker of a haplotype in these two populations, but not in Sub-Saharan Africans, suggesting that this haplotype was fixed after early modern humans left Africa.
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Szabó K, Kemény L. Studying the genetic predisposing factors in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:766-73. [PMID: 21669244 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acne is one of the most common dermatologic diseases in the developed regions of the world, affecting a large percentage of the population. Despite the great improvement in the number and quality of studies of the molecular etiology of this disease in the past 3 decades, the detailed molecular pathogenesis and the cause of the large individual variations in severity of skin symptoms remain unknown. The roles of genetic inheritance and special genetic susceptibility and protective factors have been suggested for over 100 years, but their identification and determination started only in the 1990s. To date, only a small number of genetic polymorphisms affecting the expression and/or function of a handful of genes have been investigated. This review surveys the major findings of the classic and molecular genetic studies that have been conducted in this field, draws conclusions, and indicates how the available data help our current understanding of the pathogenesis of this common skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Szabó
- Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
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