1
|
Kuang L, Cui D, Jiao Q, Guo Y, Cao W, Gao W, Qiu J, Su L, Lu G. Alterations of Cognition and Cerebral Ventricle Volume in Manic and Euthymic Pediatric Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:593629. [PMID: 33381058 PMCID: PMC7767823 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.593629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It remains unknown whether volumetric alterations of ventricles are similar or not in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) among different mood states. The present study aims to estimate ventricular volumetric alteration of PBD patients in manic and euthymic status, as well as the relationship between this alteration and cognitive changes. Methods: T1 magnetic resonance images were obtained from 20 manic PBD patients, 21 euthymic PBD patients, and 19 healthy controls (HCs). Ventricular volumes were automatically obtained via FreeSurfer 6.0 software. Ventricular volumes and cognitive indices were compared among the three groups, and the relationship between ventricular volumes and cognitive/clinical indices was analyzed. Results: In contrast to HCs, manic and euthymic PBD patients exhibited decreased cognitive scores of the Stroop color-word test and the digit span subtest. Manic PBD subjects presented enlarged volumes in the bilateral ventricles, third ventricle, and whole ventricles, and euthymic PBD participants displayed increased volumes in the third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and whole ventricles. No significant differences in cognitive performance and ventricular volumes were found between PBD groups. No significant correlation was discovered between ventricular volumes and cognitive/clinical indices in both manic and euthymic PBD patients. Conclusions: No significant differences in cognitive performance and ventricle volume were observed between euthymic and manic PBD groups, which may imply that the alterations are not specific to mood state. It may indicate structural and functional damage of corresponding brain circuits in euthymic PBD patients similar with that of manic PBD, which may provide clues to the diagnosis and treatment of euthymic PBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangfeng Kuang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Dong Cui
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Qing Jiao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yongxin Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Weifang Cao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Weijia Gao
- Department of Child Psychology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Linyan Su
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nikova AS, Sioutas G, Kotopoulos K, Ganchev D, Chatzipaulou V, Birbilis T. The Clock Is Ticking - Brain Atrophy in Case of Acute Trauma? Korean J Neurotrauma 2019; 15:117-125. [PMID: 31720265 PMCID: PMC6826082 DOI: 10.13004/kjnt.2019.15.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Brain atrophy and brain herniation are gaining a lot of attention separately, but a limited amount of studies connected them together, and because of this, we are going to review and examine the subject in the current meta-analysis. Methods The authors collected data reporting brain atrophy of alcoholic and schizophrenic cause, as well as data on control patients, all of which was published on MEDLINE between 1996 and 2018. The included 11 articles were processed with a statistical program. Results We found that the pericerebral space is unequal among the groups, while the intracranial volume is strongly correlated to the biggest foramen of the body. The effect of this inequality, however, is expressed in emergency cases, where the patients with brain atrophy will have more time before the final stage of brain herniation. Conclusion The current study raises a controversial issue that requires careful investigation and high attention from the health care personnel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrina S Nikova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Sioutas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Dimitar Ganchev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital "Tsaritsa Yoanna" - ISUL, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Theodossios Birbilis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuo SS, Pogue-Geile MF. Variation in fourteen brain structure volumes in schizophrenia: A comprehensive meta-analysis of 246 studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:85-94. [PMID: 30615934 PMCID: PMC6401304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite hundreds of structural MRI studies documenting smaller brain volumes on average in schizophrenia compared to controls, little attention has been paid to group differences in the variability of brain volumes. Examination of variability may help interpret mean group differences in brain volumes and aid in better understanding the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Variability in 246 MRI studies was meta-analyzed for 13 structures that have shown medium to large mean effect sizes (Cohen's d≥0.4): intracranial volume, total brain volume, lateral ventricles, third ventricle, total gray matter, frontal gray matter, prefrontal gray matter, temporal gray matter, superior temporal gyrus gray matter, planum temporale, hippocampus, fusiform gyrus, insula; and a control structure, caudate nucleus. No significant differences in variability in cortical/subcortical volumes were detected in schizophrenia relative to controls. In contrast, increased variability was found in schizophrenia compared to controls for intracranial and especially lateral and third ventricle volumes. These findings highlight the need for more attention to ventricles and detailed analyses of brain volume distributions to better elucidate the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Kuo
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4209 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet St., Pittsburgh PA 15260, USA.
| | - Michael F Pogue-Geile
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4209 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet St., Pittsburgh PA 15260, USA; Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 4207 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet St., Pittsburgh PA 15260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krukow P, Jonak K, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H, Podkowiński A, Jonak K, Borys M, Harciarek M. Disturbed functional connectivity within the left prefrontal cortex and sensorimotor areas predicts impaired cognitive speed in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 275:28-35. [PMID: 29526598 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at identifying abnormal cortico-cortical functional connectivity patterns that could predict cognitive slowing in patients with schizophrenia. A group of thirty-two patients with the first-episode schizophrenia and comparable healthy controls underwent resting-state qEEG and cognitive assessment. Phase Lag Index (PLI) was applied as a connectivity index and the synchronizations were analyzed in six frequencies. Pairs of electrodes were grouped to separately cover frontal, temporal, central, parietal and occipital regions. PLI was calculated for intra-regional connectivity and between-regions connectivity. Computer version processing speed tests were applied to control for possible fluctuations in cognitive efficiency during the performance of the tasks. In the group of patients, in comparison to healthy controls, significantly higher PLI values were recorded in theta frequency, especially in the posterior areas and decreased PLI in low-alpha frequency within the frontal regions. Mean PLI in gamma frequency was also lower in the patients group. Regression analysis showed that lower intra-regional PLI for left frontal cortex and higher PLI within somatosensory cortex in theta band, together with the duration of untreated psychosis, proved to be significant predictors of impaired processing speed in first-episode patients. Our investigation confirmed that disrupted cortico-cortical synchronization contributes to cognitive slowing in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krukow
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Głuska 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Kamil Jonak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 6, 20-618, Lublin, Poland; Chair and I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Poland, ul. Głuska 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Głuska 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland; Chair and I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Poland, ul. Głuska 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Podkowiński
- Chair and Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- (e)Department of English Studies, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Maria Curie-Skłodowska square 4A, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Borys
- Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 38D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Michał Harciarek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Jana Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Delvecchio G, Pigoni A, Perlini C, Barillari M, Versace A, Ruggeri M, Altamura AC, Bellani M, Brambilla P. A diffusion weighted imaging study of basal ganglia in schizophrenia. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2018. [PMID: 28643537 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2017.1340650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies provided evidence of selective brain abnormalities in schizophrenia, both in cortical and subcortical structures. Basal ganglia are of particular interest, given not only the high concentration of dopaminergic neurons and receptors, but also for their crucial role in cognitive functions, commonly impaired in schizophrenia. To date, very few studies explored basal ganglia using diffusion imaging, which is sensitive to microstructural organization in brain tissues. The aim of our study is to explore basal ganglia structures with diffusion imaging in a sizeable sample of patients affected by schizophrenia and healthy controls. METHODS We enrolled 52 subjects affected by schizophrenia according to DMS-IV-R criteria and 46 healthy controls. Diffusion weighted images were obtained using a 1.5 Tesla scanner and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were determined in axial and coronal sections at the level of basal ganglia. RESULTS Patients affected by schizophrenia showed a significantly higher ADC compared to healthy controls in the left anterior lenticular nucleus (F = 3.9, p = .05). A significant positive correlation between right anterior lenticular nucleus and psychotropic dosages was found (r = 0.4, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence of lenticular nucleus microstructure alterations in schizophrenia, potentially sustaining cognitive and motor deficits in schizophrenia. Key points The basal ganglia structures was explored with diffusion imaging in a sizeable sample of patients affected by schizophrenia and healthy controls. Patients affected by schizophrenia showed a significantly higher ADC compared to healthy controls in the left anterior lenticular nucleus. Our study provides evidence of lenticular nucleus microstructure alterations in schizophrenia, potentially sustaining cognitive and motor deficits in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Delvecchio
- a IRCCS "E. Medea" Scientific Institute , San Vito al Tagliamento (PN) , Italy
| | - Alessandro Pigoni
- b Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Cinzia Perlini
- c Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Psychology , University of Verona , Verona , Italy.,d InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Marco Barillari
- e Section of Neurology, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences , University Hospital of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Amelia Versace
- f Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic , University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- d InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy.,g Department of Public Health and Community Medicine , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - A Carlo Altamura
- b Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Marcella Bellani
- d InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy.,g Department of Public Health and Community Medicine , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- b Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Milan , Italy.,h Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences , University of Texas at Houston , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Delvecchio G, Lorandi A, Perlini C, Barillari M, Ruggeri M, Altamura AC, Bellani M, Brambilla P. Brain anatomy of symptom stratification in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71:348-354. [PMID: 28290743 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although some Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies have investigated the relationship between clinical severity and neuroanatomical alterations in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), the biological signature associated with illness severity in schizophrenia is still uncertain. Therefore, this study aims to investigate structural brain abnormalities in SCZ, with particular regards to the identification of potential deficits associated with the severity of illness. METHODS In total, 1.5T MRI data were acquired for 61 subjects with SCZ and 59 matched healthy controls (HC). The patient group was divided in two sub-groups based on clinical severity, one composed of 34 mild-to-moderately ill patients, and the other of 27 severely ill patients, and compared with matched HC. RESULTS The whole group of patients with SCZ had significantly reduced grey matter (GM) volumes in the left inferior and middle temporal gyrus compared to HC (p < 0.05, pFWE corrected). Furthermore, compared to HC, patients with mild-to-moderate illness showed decreased GM volumes in the inferior and middle temporal gyrus, whereas those with severe illness had reduced GM volumes in the middle temporal gyrus and cerebellum bilaterally (all p < 0.001 uncorrected). No differences were observed between the two sub-groups of patients. CONCLUSION The results showed significant GM volume reductions in temporal regions in patients with SCZ compared to matched HC, confirming the role of these regions in the pathophysiology of SCZ. Furthermore, specific cerebellar grey matter volume reductions were identified in patients with severe illness, which may contribute to stratifying patients with SCZ according to their clinical phenotype expression, ultimately helping in guiding targeted therapeutic/rehabilitation interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Delvecchio
- a Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea , San Vito al Tagliamento , Pordenone , Italy
| | - Alessandra Lorandi
- b Section of Psychiatry , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Cinzia Perlini
- c Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Psychology , University of Verona , Verona , Italy.,d Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Marco Barillari
- e Section of Radiology , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- f Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - A Carlo Altamura
- g Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Marcella Bellani
- b Section of Psychiatry , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona , Verona , Italy.,d Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- g Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan , Milan , Italy.,h Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences , University of Texas , Houston , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Altamura AC, Delvecchio G, Paletta S, Di Pace C, Reggiori A, Fiorentini A, Mirabile MD, Paoli RA, Cinnante C, Triulzi F, Mauri MC, Brambilla P. Gray matter volumes may predict the clinical response to paliperidone palmitate long-acting in acute psychosis: A pilot longitudinal neuroimaging study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 261:80-84. [PMID: 28161644 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In schizophrenia, paliperidone palmitate (PP) long acting injectable (LAI) has been reported to sustain plasma concentrations and improve clinical symptoms. Moreover, it has also been demonstrated the important role of total gray matter (GM) volumes in predicting the clinical outcome. However, no studies investigating the association between PP-LAI treatment and brain morphometry has been published so far. Therefore, the main aim of our 24 weeks prospective observational exploratory study was to investigate the relation between brain anatomy and clinical outcome in seven patients with acute psychosis treated with PP-LAI. At baseline and every month (from T0 to T6) patients were clinically evaluated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging at baseline was acquired and total GM and intracranial volumes were extracted to explore their predictive values on BPRS scores. After 24 weeks of treatment with PP-LAI, patients showed statistically significant improvements in BPRS scores. Moreover, subjects with higher total GM volumes had a significantly higher BPRS improvement at 24 weeks compared to patients with lower total GM volumes. Our findings confirm the effectiveness of PP-LAI in treating acute psychosis and suggest that greater GM volumes predict drug response, potentially supporting a favorable prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Carlo Altamura
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Paletta
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pace
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Reggiori
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Fiorentini
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Donatella Mirabile
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo A Paoli
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cinnante
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Triulzi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo C Mauri
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aging of cerebral white matter. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 34:64-76. [PMID: 27865980 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
White matter (WM) occupies a large volume of the human cerebrum and is mainly composed of myelinated axons and myelin-producing glial cells. The myelinated axons within WM are the structural foundation for efficient neurotransmission between cortical and subcortical areas. Similar to neuron-enriched gray matter areas, WM undergoes a series of changes during the process of aging. WM malfunction can induce serious neurobehavioral and cognitive impairments. Thus, age-related changes in WM may contribute to the functional decline observed in the elderly. In addition, aged WM becomes more susceptible to neurological disorders, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize the structural and functional alterations of WM in natural aging and speculate on the underlying mechanisms. We also discuss how age-related WM changes influence the progression of various brain disorders, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, TBI, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although the physiology of WM is still poorly understood relative to gray matter, WM is a rational therapeutic target for a number of neurological and psychiatric conditions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dusi N, Barlati S, Vita A, Brambilla P. Brain Structural Effects of Antidepressant Treatment in Major Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:458-65. [PMID: 26412065 PMCID: PMC4790407 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x1304150831121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorder is a very frequent and heterogeneous syndrome. Structural imaging techniques offer a useful tool in the comprehension of neurobiological alterations that concern depressive disorder. Altered brain structures in depressive disorder have been particularly located in the prefrontal cortex (medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex, OFC) and medial temporal cortex areas (hippocampus). These brain areas belong to a structural and functional network related to cognitive and emotional processes putatively implicated in depressive symptoms. These volumetric alterations may also represent biological predictors of response to pharmacological treatment. In this context, major findings of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, in relation to treatment response in depressive disorder, will here be presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paolo Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Salute Mentale, Università degli Studi di Milano, U.O.C. Psichiatria, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35 - 20122 Milano.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Z, Deng W, Gong Q, Huang C, Jiang L, Li M, He Z, Wang Q, Ma X, Wang Y, Chua SE, McAlonan GM, Sham PC, Collier DA, McGuire P, Li T. Extensive brain structural network abnormality in first-episode treatment-naive patients with schizophrenia: morphometrical and covariation study. Psychol Med 2014; 44:2489-2501. [PMID: 24443827 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171300319x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in gray matter (GM) are commonly observed in schizophrenia. Accumulating studies suggest that the brain changes associated with schizophrenia are distributed rather than focal, involving interconnected networks of areas as opposed to single regions. In the current study we aimed to explore GM volume (GMV) changes in a relatively large sample of treatment-naive first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients using optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and covariation analysis. METHOD High-resolution T1-weighted images were obtained using 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from 86 first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia and 86 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Symptom severity was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). GMV was assessed using optimized VBM and in 16 regions of interest (ROIs), selected on the basis of a previous meta-analysis. The relationships between GMVs in the ROIs were examined using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS The VBM analysis revealed that first-episode patients showed reduced GMV in the hippocampus bilaterally. The ROI analysis identified reductions in GMV in the left inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral hippocampus and right thalamus. The ANCOVA revealed different patterns of regional GMV correlations in patients and controls, including of inter- and intra-insula, inter-amygdala and insula-postcentral gyrus connections. CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenia involves regional reductions in GMV and changes in GMV covariance in the insula, amygdala and postcentral gyrus. These findings were evident at the onset of the disorder, before treatment, and therefore cannot be attributable to the effects of chronic illness progression or medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan,China
| | - W Deng
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan,China
| | - Q Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology,West China Hospital, Sichuan University,Chengdu,China
| | - C Huang
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan,China
| | - L Jiang
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan,China
| | - M Li
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan,China
| | - Z He
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan,China
| | - Q Wang
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan,China
| | - X Ma
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan,China
| | - Y Wang
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan,China
| | - S E Chua
- Department of Psychiatry,The University of Hong Kong,Pokfulam,S.A.R. China
| | - G M McAlonan
- Department of Psychiatry,The University of Hong Kong,Pokfulam,S.A.R. China
| | - P C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry,The University of Hong Kong,Pokfulam,S.A.R. China
| | - D A Collier
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry,King's College London,UK
| | - P McGuire
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Section of Neuroimaging,Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London,UK
| | - T Li
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan,China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The observation that antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine, transiently induce symptoms of acute schizophrenia had led to a paradigm shift from dopaminergic to glutamatergic dysfunction in pharmacological models of schizophrenia. The glutamate hypothesis can explain negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia better than the dopamine hypothesis, and has the potential to explain dopamine dysfunction itself. The pharmacological and psychomimetic effects of ketamine, which is safer for human subjects than phencyclidine, are herein reviewed. Ketamine binds to a variety of receptors, but principally acts at the NMDAR, and convergent genetic and molecular evidence point to NMDAR hypofunction in schizophrenia. Furthermore, NMDAR hypofunction can explain connectional and oscillatory abnormalities in schizophrenia in terms of both weakened excitation of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons that synchronize cortical networks and disinhibition of principal cells. Individuals with prenatal NMDAR aberrations might experience the onset of schizophrenia towards the completion of synaptic pruning in adolescence, when network connectivity drops below a critical value. We conclude that ketamine challenge is useful for studying the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms, dopaminergic and GABAergic dysfunction, age of onset, functional dysconnectivity, and abnormal cortical oscillations observed in acute schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Frohlich
- Neuroscience Research Program, 1506D Gonda Center, University of California, Los Angeles Box 951761, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761
| | - John Darrell Van Horn
- The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street – SSB1-102, Los Angeles, CA 90032, Phone: (323) 442-7246
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Altamura AC, Bertoldo A, Marotta G, Paoli RA, Caletti E, Dragogna F, Buoli M, Baglivo V, Mauri MC, Brambilla P. White matter metabolism differentiates schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a preliminary PET study. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:410-4. [PMID: 24144506 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorodeoxyglucose-F18 positron emission tomography studies (FDG-PET) have shown similar corticolimbic metabolic dysregulation in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, with hypoactive prefrontal cortex coupled with hyperactive anterior limbic areas. However, it is not clear whether white matter metabolism connecting these regions is differently affected in the two disorders. Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia (mean age ± S.D.=30.23 ± 9.7 year-old; 19 males; mean weight ± S.D.=71 ± 3 kg) and 26 patients with bipolar disorder (mean age ± S.D.=48.73 ± 13 year-old; 18 males; mean weight ± S.D.=75 ± 15 kg) underwent an FDG-PET scan. Normalized datasets the two groups of patients were compared on a voxel-by-voxel basis using a two-sample t statistic test as implemented in SPM8, and adding age as covariate. Group differences were assessed applying a threshold of p<0.0005. White matter metabolic rates significantly differed between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, whereas no differences were shown for cortical activity. This is the first FDG-PET, to our best knowledge, directly comparing subjects with schizophrenia to those with bipolar disorder. It reports decreased activity in the center of large fronto-temporal and cerebellar white matter tracts in patients with schizophrenia in respect to those with bipolar disorder. This feature may characterize and differentiate the regional brain metabolism of the two illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Carlo Altamura
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this overview study is to translate the technical terminology regarding structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) post-processing analysis into a clinical clear description. METHOD We resumed and explained the most popular post-processing methods for structural MRI (sMRI) data applied in psychiatry and their main contributions to the comprehension of the biological basis of schizophrenia. RESULTS The region-of-interest (ROI) technique allows to investigate specific brain region size by manual tracing; it is anatomically precise and requires a priori hypothesis, but also it is time-consuming and operator-dependent. The voxel-based morphometry (VBM) detects gray matter density across the whole brain by comparing voxel to voxel; it is operator-independent, does not require a priori hypothesis, and is relatively fast; however, it is limited by multiple comparisons and poor anatomical definition. Finally, computational neuroanatomical analyses have recently been applied to automatically discriminate subjects with schizophrenia from healthy subjects on the basis of MRI images. CONCLUSION Structural MRI represents a useful tool in understanding the biological underpinnings of schizophrenia and in planning focused interventions, thus assisting clinicians especially in the early phases of the illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Perlini
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, InterUniversity Centre for Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
O’Kusky J, Ye P. Neurodevelopmental effects of insulin-like growth factor signaling. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:230-51. [PMID: 22710100 PMCID: PMC3677055 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling greatly impacts the development and growth of the central nervous system (CNS). IGF-I and IGF-II, two ligands of the IGF system, exert a wide variety of actions both during development and in adulthood, promoting the survival and proliferation of neural cells. The IGFs also influence the growth and maturation of neural cells, augmenting dendritic growth and spine formation, axon outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and myelination. Specific IGF actions, however, likely depend on cell type, developmental stage, and local microenvironmental milieu within the brain. Emerging research also indicates that alterations in IGF signaling likely contribute to the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders. This review summarizes experimental studies and shed light on the critical roles of IGF signaling, as well as its mechanisms, during CNS development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John O’Kusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1M9
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Here we describe MRI and (1)H MRS protocols for the investigation of animal models (mainly mice and rats) of psychiatric disorders. The introduction provides general findings from brain imaging studies in patients with psychiatric diseases and refers to general rules regarding the use of animal models in research. The methods section includes a selection of basic 9.4 T MRI and MRS protocols applicable for the investigation of animal models of psychiatric disorders (T1W, T2W, FLAIR, (1)H MRS). The notes section discusses in detail a series of factors that can influence the outcome of the experiment: from animal handling, stress-triggering aspects, and experimental design-related factors to technical aspects that affect T (1) and T (2) measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana S Poole
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Castellani U, Rossato E, Murino V, Bellani M, Rambaldelli G, Perlini C, Tomelleri L, Tansella M, Brambilla P. Classification of schizophrenia using feature-based morphometry. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:395-404. [PMID: 21904897 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to use a combined local descriptor, namely scale invariance feature transform (SIFT), and a non linear support vector machine (SVM) technique to automatically classify patients with schizophrenia. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), considered a reliable neuroanatomical marker of the disease, was chosen as region of interest (ROI). Fifty-four schizophrenia patients and 54 age- and gender-matched normal controls were studied with a 1.5T MRI (slice thickness 1.25 mm). Three steps were conducted: (1) landmark detection and description of the DLPFC, (2) feature vocabulary construction and Bag-of-Words (BoW) computation for brain representation, (3) SVM classification which adopted the local kernel to implicitly implement the feature matching. Moreover, a new weighting approach was proposed to take into account the discriminant relevance of the detected groups of features. Substantial results were obtained for the classification of the whole dataset (left side 75%, right side 66.38%). The performances were higher when females (left side 84.09%, right side 77.27%) and seniors (left side 81.25%, right side 70.83%) were considered separately. In general, the supervised weighed functions increased the efficacy in all the analyses. No effects of age, gender, antipsychotic treatment and chronicity were shown on DLPFC volumes. This integrated innovative ROI-SVM approach allows to reliably detect subjects with schizophrenia, based on a structural brain marker for the disease such as the DLPFC. Such classification should be performed in first-episode patients in future studies, by considering males and females separately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Castellani
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Waters-Metenier SL, Toulopoulou T. Putative diffusion tensor neuroimaging endophenotypes in schizophrenia: a review of the early evidence. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia has a high heritability, the genetic effects conferring diathesis to schizophrenia are thought to be complex and underlain by multifactorial polygenic inheritance. ‘Endophenotypes’, or ‘intermediate phenotypes’, are narrowed constructs of genetic risk that are assumed to be more proximal to the gene effects in the disease pathway than clinical phenotypes. A current aim in schizophrenia research is to identify promising putative endophenotypes for use in molecular genetics studies. Recently, much of the focus has been on neurocognitive, conventional T1-weighted structural MRI, functional MRI and electrophysiological endophenotypes. Diffusion tensor imaging has emerged as another important structural neuroimaging modality in the aim to identify abnormalities in brain connectivity and diffusivity in schizophrenia, and abnormalities detected via this method may be promising candidate endophenotypes. In this article, we present the first comprehensive review of the early evidence that qualifies diffusion tensor abnormalities as potentially appropriate endophenotypes of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Lindsey Waters-Metenier
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
ADC changes in schizophrenia: a diffusion-weighted imaging study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 261:213-6. [PMID: 20872228 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-010-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have shown multifocal reduction in anisotropy of white matter fibre tracts in schizophrenia, and a few of these also suggest changes in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). In this study, we assessed ADC in 18 patients with schizophrenia and 18 healthy controls using a voxel-based approach. We did not find evidence of statistically significant changes in ADC in either direction at P < 0.05 (FDR corrected) using different smoothing filter sizes; only at an uncorrected threshold of P < 0.001 did we find an increase in a small right prefrontal area close to our previous FA finding. Our findings therefore do not support ADC changes to be a marker of white matter or grey matter abnormalities in schizophrenia. Changes in other parameters like fractional anisotropy (FA) might be a more sensitive indicator of white matter pathology in this disorder.
Collapse
|
19
|
The impact of schizophrenia on frontal perfusion parameters: a DSC-MRI study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:563-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
Brain structural changes associated with chronicity and antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19:835-40. [PMID: 19717283 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest a life-long impact of disease related mechanisms on brain structure in schizophrenia which may be modified by antipsychotic treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate in a large sample of patients with schizophrenia the effect of illness duration and antipsychotic treatment on brain structure. Seventy-one schizophrenic patients and 79 age and gender matched healthy participants underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All images were processed with voxel based morphometry, using SPM5. Compared to healthy participants, patients showed decrements in gray matter volume in the left medial and left inferior frontal gyrus. In addition, duration of illness was negatively associated with gray matter volume in prefrontal regions bilaterally, in the temporal pole on the left and the caudal superior temporal gyrus on the right. Cumulative exposure to antipsychotics correlated positively with gray matter volumes in the cingulate gyrus for typical agents and in the thalamus for atypical drugs. These findings (a) indicate that structural abnormalities in prefrontal and temporal cortices in schizophrenia are progressive and, (b) suggest that antipsychotic medication has a significant impact on brain morphology.
Collapse
|
21
|
Amygdala Volume and Verbal Memory Performance in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Cogn Behav Neurol 2009; 22:28-37. [DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0b013e318192cc67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
Previous studies of schizophrenia have suggested a linkage between neuropsychological (NP) deficits and hippocampus abnormality. The relationship between hippocampus volume and NP functioning was investigated in 24 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 24 matched healthy controls. Overall intracranial, white and gray matter, and anterior (AH) and posterior (PH) hippocampus volumes were assessed from magnetic resonance images (MRI). NP domains of IQ, attention, and executive function were also evaluated with respect to volumetric measures. It was hypothesized that AH and PH volumes and episodic memory scores would be positively associated in controls and that the schizophrenia group would depart from this normative pattern. NP functioning was impaired overall and AH volume was smaller in the schizophrenia group. In the controls, the hippocampus-memory relationships involved AH and PH, and correlations were significant for verbal memory measures. In the schizophrenia group, positive correlations were constrained to PH. Negative correlations emerged between AH and verbal and visual memory measures. For both groups, cortical volume negatively correlated with age, but a negative correlation between age and hippocampus volume was found only in the schizophrenia group. In this sample of adults with schizophrenia, atypical relationships between regional hippocampus volumes and episodic memory ability were found, as was an atypical negative association between hippocampus volume and age.
Collapse
|
23
|
Bódizs R, Lázár A, Rigó P. Correlation of visuospatial memory ability with right parietal EEG spindling during sleep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 95:297-306. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.95.2008.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Xiao L, Xu H, Zhang Y, Wei Z, He J, Jiang W, Li X, Dyck LE, Devon RM, Deng Y, Li XM. Quetiapine facilitates oligodendrocyte development and prevents mice from myelin breakdown and behavioral changes. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:697-708. [PMID: 17684494 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging and postmortem studies have reported abnormalities in white matter of schizophrenic brains, suggesting the involvement of oligodendrocytes in the etiopathology of schizophrenia. This view is being supported by gene microarray studies showing the downregulation of genes related to oligodendrocyte function and myelination in schizophrenic brain compared to control subjects. However, there is currently little information available on the response of oligodendrocytes to antipsychotic drugs (APDs), which could be invaluable for corroborating the oligodendrocyte hypothesis. In this study we found: (1) quetiapine (QUE, an atypical APD) treatment in conjunction with addition of growth factors increased the proliferation of neural progenitors isolated from the cerebral cortex of embryonic rats; (2) QUE directed the differentiation of neural progenitors to oligodendrocyte lineage through extracellular signal-related kinases; (3) addition of QUE increased the synthesis of myelin basic protein and facilitated myelination in rat embryonic cortical aggregate cultures; (4) chronic administration of QUE to C57BL/6 mice prevented cortical demyelination and concomitant spatial working memory impairment induced by cuprizone, a neurotoxin. These findings suggest a new neural mechanism of antipsychotic action of QUE, and help to establish a role for oligodendrocytes in the etiopathology and treatment of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Xiao
- Neuropsychiatry Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Picard H, Amado I, Mouchet-Mages S, Olié JP, Krebs MO. The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia: an update of clinical, cognitive, and functional evidences. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34:155-72. [PMID: 17562694 PMCID: PMC2632376 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbm049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia has been highlighted by Andreasen's hypothesis of "cognitive dysmetria," which suggests a general dyscoordination of sensorimotor and mental processes. Studies in schizophrenic patients have brought observations supporting a cerebellar impairment: high prevalence of neurological soft signs, dyscoordination, abnormal posture and propioception, impaired eyeblink conditioning, impaired adaptation of the vestibular-ocular reflex or procedural learning tests, and lastly functional neuroimaging studies correlating poor cognitive performances with abnormal cerebellar activations. Despite those compelling evidences, there has been, to our knowledge, no recent review on the clinical, cognitive, and functional literature supporting the role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia. We conducted a Medline research focusing on cerebellar dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Emphasis was given to recent literature (after 1998). The picture arising from this review is heterogeneous. While in some domains, the role of the cerebellum seems clearly defined (ie, neurological soft signs, posture, or equilibrium), in other domains, the cerebellar contribution to schizophrenia seems limited or indirect (ie, cognition) if present at all (ie, affectivity). Functional models of the cerebellum are proposed as a background for interpreting these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hernàn Picard
- INSERM U796, Pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases, University Paris Descartes, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|