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Riggins T, Scott LS. P300 development from infancy to adolescence. Psychophysiology 2019; 57:e13346. [PMID: 30793775 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of P300 research from infancy through adolescence. First, a brief historical overview is provided highlighting seminal studies that began exploration of the P300 component in developmental groups. Overall, these studies suggest that the P300 can be detected in children and appears to reflect similar cognitive processes to those in adults; however, it is significantly delayed in its latency to peak. Second, two striking findings from developmental research are the lack of a clear P300 component in infancy and differential electrophysiological responses to novel, unexpected stimuli in children, adolescents, and adults. Third, contemporary questions are described, which include P300-like components in infancy, alteration of P300 in atypically developing groups, relations between P300 and behavior, individual differences of P300, and neural substrates of P300 across development. Finally, we conclude with comments regarding the power of a developmental perspective and suggestions for important issues that should be addressed in the next 50 years of P300 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Lisa S Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Iacono WG, Malone SM, Vrieze SI. Endophenotype best practices. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 111:115-144. [PMID: 27473600 PMCID: PMC5219856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the current state of electrophysiological endophenotype research and recommends best practices that are based on knowledge gleaned from the last decade of molecular genetic research with complex traits. Endophenotype research is being oversold for its potential to help discover psychopathology relevant genes using the types of small samples feasible for electrophysiological research. This is largely because the genetic architecture of endophenotypes appears to be very much like that of behavioral traits and disorders: they are complex, influenced by many variants (e.g., tens of thousands) within many genes, each contributing a very small effect. Out of over 40 electrophysiological endophenotypes covered by our review, only resting heart, a measure that has received scant advocacy as an endophenotype, emerges as an electrophysiological variable with verified associations with molecular genetic variants. To move the field forward, investigations designed to discover novel variants associated with endophenotypes will need extremely large samples best obtained by forming consortia and sharing data obtained from genome wide arrays. In addition, endophenotype research can benefit from successful molecular genetic studies of psychopathology by examining the degree to which these verified psychopathology-relevant variants are also associated with an endophenotype, and by using knowledge about the functional significance of these variants to generate new endophenotypes. Even without molecular genetic associations, endophenotypes still have value in studying the development of disorders in unaffected individuals at high genetic risk, constructing animal models, and gaining insight into neural mechanisms that are relevant to clinical disorder.
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Gatzke-Kopp LM, Willner CJ, Jetha MK, Abenavoli RM, DuPuis D, Segalowitz SJ. How does reactivity to frustrative non-reward increase risk for externalizing symptoms? Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:300-309. [PMID: 25937209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Frustration is a normative affective response with an adaptive value in motivating behavior. However, excessive anger in response to frustration characterizes multiple forms of externalizing psychopathology. How a given trait subserves both normative and pathological behavioral profiles is not entirely clear. One hypothesis is that the magnitude of response to frustration differentiates normative versus maladaptive reactivity. Disproportionate increases in arousal in response to frustration may exceed normal regulatory capacity, thus precipitating aggressive or antisocial responses. Alternatively, pathology may arise when reactivity to frustration interferes with other cognitive systems, impairing the individual's ability to respond to frustration adaptively. In this paper we examine these two hypotheses in a sample of kindergarten children. First we examine whether children with conduct problems (CP; n=105) are differentiated from comparison children (n=135) with regard to magnitude of autonomic reactivity (cardiac and electrodermal) across a task that includes a frustrative non-reward block flanked by two reward blocks. Second we examine whether cognitive processing, as reflected by magnitude of the P3b brain response, is disrupted in the context of frustrative non-reward. Results indicate no differences in skin conductance, but a greater increase in heart rate during the frustration block among children in the CP group. Additionally, the CP group was characterized by a pronounced decrement in P3b amplitude during the frustration condition compared with both reward conditions. No interaction between cardiac and P3b measures was observed, suggesting that each system independently reflects a greater sensitivity to frustration in association with externalizing symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Gatzke-Kopp
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Social Science Research Institute, 315 HHD East, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Social Science Research Institute, 315 HHD East, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Cynthia J Willner
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Social Science Research Institute, 315 HHD East, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Michelle K Jetha
- Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova Scotia B1P 6L2, Canada.
| | - Rachel M Abenavoli
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Social Science Research Institute, 315 HHD East, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - David DuPuis
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Social Science Research Institute, 315 HHD East, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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A General Population Twin Study of Conduct Problems and the Auditory P300 Waveform. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 42:861-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Perlman G, Markin A, Iacono WG. P300 amplitude reduction is associated with early-onset and late-onset pathological substance use in a prospectively studied cohort of 14-year-old adolescents. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:974-82. [PMID: 23905780 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
P3 amplitude reduction (P3AR) is associated with risk for adolescent-onset pathological substance use (PSU). In this longitudinal study, data from over 1,100 adolescent twins were used to examine P3AR in relation to early adolescent onset PSU (i.e., by age 14), late adolescent onset PSU (i.e., ages 14-18), misuse of different classes of substances (PSU-nicotine, PSU-alcohol, PSU-illicit), degree of PSU comorbidity, and gender differences. P3 amplitude was recorded at age 14 from two midline electrodes during a visual oddball paradigm. PSU was defined as meeting criteria for any symptom of a substance use disorder assessed using semistructured clinical interviews. P3AR was associated with degree of drug class comorbidity, early adolescent onset PSU for all three substance classes, and late adolescent onset PSU for alcohol and illicit PSU. Gender differences in P3AR were not statistically significant. These findings provide further evidence that P3AR indexes a nonspecific diathesis for adolescent-onset PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Perlman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Abraham Markin
- Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Euser AS, Arends LR, Evans BE, Greaves-Lord K, Huizink AC, Franken IHA. The P300 event-related brain potential as a neurobiological endophenotype for substance use disorders: a meta-analytic investigation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:572-603. [PMID: 21964481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endophenotypes are intermediate phenotypes on the putative causal pathway from genotype to phenotype and can aid in discovering the genetic etiology of a disorder. There are currently very few suitable endophenotypes available for substance use disorders (SUD). The amplitude of the P300 event-related brain potential is a possible candidate. The present study determined whether the P300 amplitude fulfils two fundamental criteria for an endophenotype: (1) an association with the disorder (disease marker), and (2) presence in unaffected biological relatives of those who have the disorder (vulnerability marker). For this purpose, two separate meta-analyses were performed. Meta-analysis 1 investigated the P300 amplitude in relation to SUD in 39 studies and Meta-analysis 2 investigated P300 amplitude in relation to a family history (FH+) of SUD in 35 studies. The findings indicate that a reduced P300 amplitude is significantly associated with SUD (d=0.51) and, though to a lesser extent, with a FH+ of SUD (d=0.28). As a disease maker, the association between reduced P300 amplitude and SUD is significantly larger for participants that were exclusively recruited from treatment facilities (d=0.67) than by other methods (i.e., community samples and family studies; d=0.45 and 0.32, respectively), and larger for abstinent SUD patients (d=0.71) than for current substance users (d=0.37). Furthermore, in contrast to FH+ males, a P300 amplitude reduction seems not to be present in FH+ females (d=-0.07). Taken together, these results suggest that P300 amplitude reduction can be both a useful disease and vulnerability marker and is a promising neurobiological endophenotype for SUD, though only in males. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja S Euser
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Jaeger A, Parente MADMP. Cognição e eletrofisiologia: uma revisão crítica das perspectivas nacionais. PSICO-USF 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-82712010000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A técnica eletrofisiológica Potenciais Relacionados ao Evento (PRE) vem sendo amplamente utilizada para o estudo da atividade cerebral correspondente a processos cognitivos específicos. O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão crítica dos estudos empregando PRE desenvolvidos em universidades brasileiras, enfatizando especialmente seus objetivos principais e abordagens metodológicas. Os estudos examinados investigaram efeitos eletrofisiológicos tradicionalmente reportados na literatura em PRE, como os efeitos denominados P300, N400 e MMN, proporcionando resultados relevantes teoricamente, bem como demonstrando a utilidade do PRE para a investigação de diversos temas de pesquisa. Possibilidades referentes a abordagens metodológicas alternativas para a análise dos PREs, assim como o emprego desta técnica no estudo de diversos processos psicológicos, são examinados e discutidos.
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Perlman G, Johnson W, Iacono WG. The heritability of P300 amplitude in 18-year-olds is robust to adolescent alcohol use. Psychophysiology 2009; 46:962-9. [PMID: 19558402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
P3 amplitude reduction (P3AR) is associated with adolescent alcohol use (AAU) and highly heritable, suggesting that P3AR may index a genetic predisposition (e.g., an endophenotype) for AAU. However, because P3AR and AAU covary naturally in the population, these observations are also consistent with P3AR reflecting neurotoxic effects of AAU on the developing adolescent brain. In this report, we describe the use of recent advancements in biometric modeling to examine changes in the genetic and environmental contributions to variability in P3 amplitude related to cumulative AAU by late adolescence in a large community-based twin sample. We found that the genetic and environmental contributions to variability in P3 amplitude were unaffected by AAU. This suggests that P3AR indexes risk for alcoholism independent of any deleterious effect of AAU on adolescent brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Perlman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Bauer LO. The effects of HIV on P300 are moderated by familial risk for substance dependence: implications for a theory of brain reserve. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 94:92-100. [PMID: 18065165 PMCID: PMC2270611 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of the study was to test the validity of additive versus synergistic versus underadditive versions of brain reserve theory within the context of HIV/AIDS. In addition, it tested the convergent validity of 2 operational definitions of premorbid reserve: verbal IQ (VIQ) and a family history (FH) of substance abuse or dependence. METHODS Seventy HIV-1 seronegative and 115 HIV-1 seropositive male and female volunteers were assigned to 4 subgroups defined by the crossing of a VIQ score < versus > or = 90 with the presence versus absence of a paternal history of alcohol, cocaine, or opiate abuse or dependence. The principal dependent measure was the P300 event related brain potential elicited during the Stroop color-word interference task. RESULTS The principal finding was an underadditive effect of FH plus HIV/AIDS on P300 area over the frontal region: FH reduced frontal scalp P300 to such a degree that the additional effects of HIV/AIDS were blunted. The alternate operational definition of brain reserve, VIQ, had no effect on P300 and did not alter the effects of HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSIONS Familial risk for substance dependence and low VIQ compromise different aspects of brain structure and/or function and therefore differ in their relationship to HIV/AIDS and P300. Genetic differences associated with familial risk may reduce brain reserve to such a degree that the neurophysiological effects of HIV/AIDS can no longer be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance O. Bauer
- Corresponding author: Tel. +1 860 679 4154; Fax.. +1 860 679 4077. E-mail address:
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Bauer LO. A family history of psychopathology modifies the decrement in cognitive control among patients with HIV/AIDS. Brain Cogn 2008; 67:103-14. [PMID: 18226846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of HIV/AIDS on cognitive control and to determine if the effect is modified by familial risk for either alcohol or mood disorders. Sixty HIV-1 seropositive and 75 seronegative volunteers were assigned to four subgroups defined by the crossing of a diagnosis of alcohol dependence in the biological father with diagnoses of either major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder in the biological mother. Cognitive control was evaluated during a task in which subjects were asked, on occasion, to inhibit the impulse to respond in the same physical direction as the stimulus and instead respond in the opposite direction. Event related brain potentials and measures of task performance were recorded. The task evoked a negative shift in a late slow potential (SP) as well as an increment in reaction time when cognitive control was challenged. An important finding was an interaction between trial type, HIV/AIDS, and family history: HIV/AIDS and family history each attenuated the negative shift in the SP to such a degree that no further attenuation could be accomplished by the other. The effects of familial risk for alcohol versus mood disorders were equivalent. In conclusion, the absence of change in a late slow potential following a challenge to cognitive control may represent a marker of familial risk for both externalizing and internalizing disorders. The effects of familial risk on this slow potential are sufficiently robust as to attenuate the effects of HIV/AIDS on the probable generators of the response: the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance O Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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