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Liu H, Gao W, Jiao Q, Cao W, Guo Y, Cui D, Shi Y, Sun F, Su L, Lu G. Structural and functional disruption of subcortical limbic structures related with executive function in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 175:461-469. [PMID: 38820996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired cognition has been demonstrated in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD). The subcortical limbic structures play a key role in PBD. However, alternations of anatomical and functional characteristics of subcortical limbic structures and their relationship with neurocognition of PBD remain unclear. METHODS Thirty-six PBD type I (PBD-I) (15.36 ± 0.32 years old), twenty PBD type II (PBD-II) (14.80 ± 0.32 years old) and nineteen age-gender matched healthy controls (HCs) (14.16 ± 0.36 years old) were enlisted. Primarily, the volumes of the subcortical limbic structures were obtained and differences in the volumes were evaluated. Then, these structures served as seeds of regions of interest to calculate the voxel-wised functional connectivity (FC). After that, correlation analysis was completed between volumes and FC of brain regions showing significant differences and neuropsychological tests. RESULTS Compared to HCs, both PBD-I and PBD-II patients showed a decrease in the Stroop color word test (SCWT) and digit span backward test scores. Compared with HCs, PBD-II patients exhibited a significantly increased volume of right septal nuclei, and PBD-I patients presented increased FC of right nucleus accumbens and bilateral pallidum, of right basal forebrain with right putamen and left pallidum. Both the significantly altered volumes and FC were negatively correlated with SCWT scores. SIGNIFICANCE The study revealed the role of subcortical limbic structural and functional abnormalities on cognitive impairments in PBD patients. These may have far-reaching significance for the etiology of PBD and provide neuroimaging clues for the differential diagnosis of PBD subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Distinctive features of neural structure and function in PBD subtypes may contribute to better comprehending the potential mechanisms of PBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China; School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Weijia Gao
- Department of Child Psychology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Jiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China; School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.
| | - Weifang Cao
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Yongxin Guo
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Dong Cui
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Yajun Shi
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Fengzhu Sun
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Linyan Su
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Ruggeri A, Nerland S, Mørch-Johnsen L, Jørgensen KN, Barth C, Wortinger LA, Andreou D, Andreassen OA, Agartz I. Hypothalamic Subunit Volumes in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Spectrum Disorders. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:533-544. [PMID: 38206841 PMCID: PMC11059784 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus is central to many hormonal and autonomous nervous system pathways. Emerging evidence indicates that these pathways may be disrupted in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Yet, few studies have examined the volumes of hypothalamic subunits in these patient groups. We compared hypothalamic subunit volumes in individuals with psychotic disorders to healthy controls. STUDY DESIGN We included 344 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SCZ), 340 patients with bipolar disorders (BPD), and 684 age- and-sex-matched healthy controls (CTR). Total hypothalamus and five hypothalamic subunit volumes were extracted from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using an automated Bayesian segmentation method. Regression models, corrected for age, age2, sex, and segmentation-based intracranial volume (sbTIV), were used to examine diagnostic group differences, interactions with sex, and associations with clinical symptoms, antipsychotic medication, antidepressants and mood stabilizers. STUDY RESULTS SCZ had larger volumes in the left inferior tubular subunit and smaller right anterior-inferior, right anterior-superior, and right posterior hypothalamic subunits compared to CTR. BPD did not differ significantly from CTR for any hypothalamic subunit volume, however, there was a significant sex-by-diagnosis interaction. Analyses stratified by sex showed smaller right hypothalamus and right posterior subunit volumes in male patients, but not female patients, relative to same-sex controls. There was a significant association between BPD currently taking antipsychotic medication and the left inferior tubular subunits volumes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show regional-specific alterations in hypothalamus subunit volumes in individuals with SCZ, with relevance to HPA-axis dysregulation, circadian rhythm disruption, and cognition impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Ruggeri
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stener Nerland
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lynn Mørch-Johnsen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Østfold Hospital, Grålum, Norway
- Department of Clinical Research, Østfold Hospital, Grålum, Norway
| | - Kjetil Nordbø Jørgensen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Telemark Hospital, Skien, Norway
| | - Claudia Barth
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Anne Wortinger
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dimitrios Andreou
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
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Milczarek MM, Perry JC, Amin E, Haniffa S, Hathaway T, Vann SD. Impairments in the early consolidation of spatial memories via group II mGluR agonism in the mammillary bodies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5977. [PMID: 38472268 PMCID: PMC10933409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
mGluR2 receptors are widely expressed in limbic brain regions associated with memory, including the hippocampal formation, retrosplenial and frontal cortices, as well as subcortical regions including the mammillary bodies. mGluR2/3 agonists have been proposed as potential therapeutics for neurological and psychiatric disorders, however, there is still little known about the role of these receptors in cognitive processes, including memory consolidation. To address this, we assessed the effect of the mGluR2/3 agonist, eglumetad, on spatial memory consolidation in both mice and rats. Using the novel place preference paradigm, we found that post-sample injections of eglumetad impaired subsequent spatial discrimination when tested 6 h later. Using the immediate early gene c-fos as a marker of neural activity, we showed that eglumetad injections reduced activity in a network of limbic brain regions including the hippocampus and mammillary bodies. To determine whether the systemic effects could be replicated with more targeted manipulations, we performed post-sample infusions of the mGluR2/3 agonist 2R,4R-APDC into the mammillary bodies. This impaired novelty discrimination on a place preference task and an object-in-place task, again highlighting the role of mGluR2/3 transmission in memory consolidation and demonstrating the crucial involvement of the mammillary bodies in post-encoding processing of spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Milczarek
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - James C Perry
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Eman Amin
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Salma Haniffa
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Thomas Hathaway
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Seralynne D Vann
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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Tsutsumi S, Sugiyama N, Ueno H, Ishii H. Do the mammillary bodies atrophy with aging? A magnetic resonance imaging study. Surg Radiol Anat 2023; 45:1419-1425. [PMID: 37450049 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-023-03205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This retrospective study aimed to explore age-related atrophy of the mammillary bodies (MBs) based on their temporal change using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 30 adult outpatients who presented to the hospital and were followed for more than 100 months with annual MRIs. The bi-ventricular width (BVW), third ventricle width (TVW), and bi-mammillary dimension (BMD) were measured on axial T2-weighted imaging and analyzed. RESULTS The 30 patients comprised 1 in their 40s, 5 in their 50s, 6 in their 60s, 11 in their 70s, 5 in their 80s, and 2 in their 90s. The MBs were consistently detected with left-to-right symmetry. The mean BVW was 32 ± 2.2 mm on the initial (BVW1) and 32 ± 2.4 mm on the last (BVW2) MRI. The mean TVW was 7.0 ± 2.3 mm on the initial (TVW1) and 7.6 ± 2.7 mm on the last (TVW2) MRI. Furthermore, the mean BMD was 9.9 ± 1.3 mm on the initial (BMD1) and 10 ± 1.3 mm on the last (BMD2) MRI. Statistically, no age ranges had a large dimension for BVW1, BVW2, TVW1, TVW2, BMD1, or BMD2. Changes between TVW1 and TVW2 were significantly different in the patients in their 80s; changes between BMD1 and BMD2 were not different for any age range or between sexes. CONCLUSIONS Aging alone does not seem to promote MB atrophy. In healthy brains, the MBs may be stationary structures throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan.
| | - Natsuki Sugiyama
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ueno
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Hisato Ishii
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
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Nowak M, Schindler S, Storch M, Geyer S, Schönknecht P. Mammillary body and hypothalamic volumes in mood disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 158:216-225. [PMID: 36603316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported an in vivo enlargement of the left hypothalamus in mood disorders using 7 T magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this follow-up study was to find out whether the hypothalamic volume difference may be located in the mammillary bodies (MB) rather than being widespread across the hypothalamus. We developed and evaluated a detailed segmentation algorithm that allowed a reliable segmentation of the MBs, and applied it to 20 unmedicated (MDDu) and 20 medicated patients with major depressive disorder, 21 medicated patients with bipolar disorder, and 23 controls. 20 out of 23 healthy controls were matched to the MDDu. We tested for group differences in MB and hypothalamus without MB (HTh) volumes using analyses of covariance. Associations between both volumes of interest were analysed using bivariate and partial correlations. In contrast to postmortem findings, we found no statistically significant differences of the MB volumes between the study groups. Left HTh volumes differed significantly across the study groups after correction for intracranial volume (ICV) and for ICV and sex. Our result of an HTh enlargement in mood disorders was confirmed by a paired t-test between the matched pairs of MDDu and healthy controls using the native MB and HTh volumes. In the whole sample, MB volumes correlated significantly with the ipsilateral HTh volumes. Our results indicate a structural relationship between both volumes, and that our previous in vivo finding of a hypothalamus enlargement does not extend to the MB, but is limited to the HTh. The enlargement is more likely related to the dysregulation of the HPA axis than to cognitive dysfunctions accompanying mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nowak
- University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Charité University of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and St. Hedwig Hospital Berlin, Große Hamburger Straße 5-11, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Schindler
- University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Storch
- University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Geyer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neurophysics, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Schönknecht
- University Hospital Leipzig, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; University Hospital Leipzig, Out-patient Department for Sexual-therapeutic Prevention and Forensic Psychiatry, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Academic State Hospital Arnsdorf, Hufelandstraße 15, 01477, Arnsdorf, Germany
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6
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Vann SD, Zachiu C, Meys KM, Ambrosino S, Durston S, de Vries LS, Groenendaal F, Lequin MH. Normative mammillary body volumes: From the neonatal period to young adult. NEUROIMAGE. REPORTS 2022; 2:None. [PMID: 36507070 PMCID: PMC9726681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammillary bodies may be small, but they have an important role in encoding complex memories. Mammillary body pathology often occurs following thiamine deficiency but there is increasing evidence that the mammillary bodies are also compromised in other neurological conditions and in younger ages groups. For example, the mammillary bodies are frequently affected in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. At present, there is no normative data for the mammillary bodies in younger groups making it difficult to identify abnormalities in neurological disorders. To address this, the present study set out to develop a normative dataset for neonates and for children to young adult. A further aim was to determine whether there were laterality or sex differences in mammillary body volumes. Mammillary body volumes were obtained from MRI scans from 506 participants across two datasets. Measures for neonates were acquired from the Developing Human Connectome Project database (156 male; 100 female); volumes for individuals aged 6-24 were acquired from the NICHE database (166 males; 84 females). Volume measurements were acquired using a semi-automated multi-atlas segmentation approach. Mammillary body volumes increased up to approximately 15 years-of-age. The left mammillary body was marginally, but significantly, larger than the right in the neonates with a similar pattern in older children/young adults. In neonates, the mammillary bodies in males were slightly bigger than females but no sex differences were present in older children/young adults. Given the increasing presentation of mammillary body pathology in neonates and children, these normative data will enable better assessment of the mammillary bodies in healthy and at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seralynne D. Vann
- School of Psychology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cornel Zachiu
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karlijn M.E. Meys
- Division Imaging & Oncology, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht & Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3508 GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Durston
- Education Center, Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda S. de Vries
- Deparment of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Deparment of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten H. Lequin
- Division Imaging & Oncology, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht & Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3508 GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Küçükerden M, Schuster UE, Röckle I, Alvarez-Bolado G, Schwabe K, Hildebrandt H. Compromised mammillary body connectivity and psychotic symptoms in mice with di- and mesencephalic ablation of ST8SIA2. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:51. [PMID: 35115485 PMCID: PMC8814025 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered long-range connectivity is a common finding across neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, but causes and consequences are not well understood. Genetic variation in ST8SIA2 has been associated with schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder, and St8sia2-/- mice show a number of related neurodevelopmental and behavioral phenotypes. In the present study, we use conditional knockout (cKO) to dissect neurodevelopmental defects and behavioral consequences of St8sia2 deficiency in cortical interneurons, their cortical environment, or in the di- and mesencephalon. Neither separate nor combined cortical and diencephalic ablation of St8sia2 caused the disturbed thalamus-cortex connectivity observed in St8sia2-/- mice. However, cortical ablation reproduced hypoplasia of corpus callosum and fornix and mice with di- and mesencephalic ablation displayed smaller mammillary bodies with a prominent loss of parvalbumin-positive projection neurons and size reductions of the mammillothalamic tract. In addition, the mammillotegmental tract and the mammillary peduncle, forming the reciprocal connections between mammillary bodies and Gudden's tegmental nuclei, as well as the size of Gudden's ventral tegmental nucleus were affected. Only mice with these mammillary deficits displayed enhanced MK-801-induced locomotor activity, exacerbated impairment of prepulse inhibition in response to apomorphine, and hypoanxiety in the elevated plus maze. We therefore propose that compromised mammillary body connectivity, independent from hippocampal input, leads to these psychotic-like responses of St8sia2-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Küçükerden
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany ,grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute E. Schuster
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Iris Röckle
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Hannover, Germany ,grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Hannover, Germany.
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Chatterjee O, Gopalakrishnan L, Mol P, Advani J, Nair B, Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Prasad TSK. The Normal Human Adult Hypothalamus Proteomic Landscape: Rise of Neuroproteomics in Biological Psychiatry and Systems Biology. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:693-710. [PMID: 34714154 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The human hypothalamus is central to the regulation of neuroendocrine and neurovegetative systems, as well as modulation of chronobiology and behavioral aspects in human health and disease. Surprisingly, a deep proteomic analysis of the normal human hypothalamic proteome has been missing for such an important organ so far. In this study, we delineated the human hypothalamus proteome using a high-resolution mass spectrometry approach which resulted in the identification of 5349 proteins, while a multiple post-translational modification (PTM) search identified 191 additional proteins, which were missed in the first search. A proteogenomic analysis resulted in the discovery of multiple novel protein-coding regions as we identified proteins from noncoding regions (pseudogenes) and proteins translated from short open reading frames that can be missed using the traditional pipeline of prediction of protein-coding genes as a part of genome annotation. We also identified several PTMs of hypothalamic proteins that may be required for normal hypothalamic functions. Moreover, we observed an enrichment of proteins pertaining to autophagy and adult neurogenesis in the proteome data. We believe that the hypothalamic proteome reported herein would help to decipher the molecular basis for the diverse range of physiological functions attributed to it, as well as its role in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Extensive proteomic profiling of the hypothalamic nuclei would further elaborate on the role and functional characterization of several hypothalamus-specific proteins and pathways to inform future research and clinical discoveries in biological psychiatry, neurology, and system biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oishi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Lathika Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Praseeda Mol
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, India
| | | | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, India
| | - Susarla Krishna Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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9
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Suh JS, Fiori LM, Ali M, Harkness KL, Ramonas M, Minuzzi L, Hassel S, Strother SC, Zamyadi M, Arnott SR, Farzan F, Foster JA, Lam RW, MacQueen GM, Milev R, Müller DJ, Parikh SV, Rotzinger S, Sassi RB, Soares CN, Uher R, Kennedy SH, Turecki G, Frey BN. Hypothalamus volume and DNA methylation of stress axis genes in major depressive disorder: A CAN-BIND study report. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105348. [PMID: 34229186 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is considered one of the mechanisms underlying the development of major depressive disorder (MDD), but the exact nature of this dysfunction is unknown. We investigated the relationship between hypothalamus volume (HV) and blood-derived DNA methylation in MDD. We obtained brain MRI, clinical and molecular data from 181 unmedicated MDD and 90 healthy control (HC) participants. MDD participants received a 16-week standardized antidepressant treatment protocol, as part of the first Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression (CAN-BIND) study. We collected bilateral HV measures via manual segmentation by two independent raters. DNA methylation and RNA sequencing were performed for three key HPA axis-regulating genes coding for the corticotropin-binding protein (CRHBP), glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5). We used elastic net regression to perform variable selection and assess predictive ability of methylation variables on HV. Left HV was negatively associated with duration of current episode (ρ = -0.17, p = 0.035). We did not observe significant differences in HV between MDD and HC or any associations between HV and treatment response at weeks 8 or 16, overall depression severity, illness duration or childhood maltreatment. We also did not observe any differentially methylated CpG sites between MDD and HC groups. After assessing functionality by correlating methylation levels with RNA expression of the respective genes, we observed that the number of functionally relevant CpG sites differed between MDD and HC groups in FKBP5 (χ2 = 77.25, p < 0.0001) and NR3C1 (χ2 = 7.29, p = 0.007). Cross-referencing functionally relevant CpG sites to those that were highly ranked in predicting HV in elastic net modeling identified one site from FKBP5 (cg03591753) and one from NR3C1 (cg20728768) within the MDD group. Stronger associations between DNA methylation, gene expression and HV in MDD suggest a novel putative molecular pathway of stress-related sensitivity in depression. Future studies should consider utilizing the epigenome and ultra-high field MR data which would allow the investigation of HV sub-fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Su Suh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laura M Fiori
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kate L Harkness
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Milita Ramonas
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stefanie Hassel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Mojdeh Zamyadi
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Faranak Farzan
- eBrain Lab, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond W Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Glenda M MacQueen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roumen Milev
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Queen's University, and Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sagar V Parikh
- University of Michigan Depression Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Susan Rotzinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto B Sassi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Claudio N Soares
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Queen's University, and Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Depression and Suicide Studies, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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The neuropathology of bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1787-1808. [PMID: 30127470 PMCID: PMC6292507 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Various neuropathological findings have been reported in bipolar disorder (BD). However, it is unclear which findings are well established. To address this gap, we carried out a systematic review of the literature. We searched over 5000 publications, identifying 103 data papers, of which 81 were eligible for inclusion. Our main findings can be summarised as follows. First, most studies have relied on a limited number of brain collections, and have used relatively small sample sizes (averaging 12 BD cases and 15 controls). Second, surprisingly few studies have attempted to replicate closely a previous one, precluding substantial meta-analyses, such that the latter were all limited to two studies each, and comprising 16-36 BD cases and 16-74 controls. As such, no neuropathological findings can be considered to have been established beyond reasonable doubt. Nevertheless, there are several replicated positive findings in BD, including decreased cortical thickness and glial density in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, reduced neuronal density in some amygdalar nuclei, and decreased calbindin-positive neuron density in prefrontal cortex. Many other positive findings have also been reported, but with limited or contradictory evidence. As an important negative result, it can be concluded that gliosis is not a feature of BD; neither is there neuropathological evidence for an inflammatory process.
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11
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Alterations in the fronto-limbic network and corpus callosum in borderline-personality disorder. Brain Cogn 2019; 138:103596. [PMID: 31877433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging research provides evidence of grey matter changes in the prefrontal-limbic network in borderline personality disorder (BPD), yet research scarcely examines the white matter (WM) within this circuitry. The present study aimed to explore WM in prefrontal-limbic brain networks within BPD. Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI-MRI) measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusion (MD) were used to analyze the neural pathways in fifteen individuals with BPD (M = 25, SD = 6.76), in comparison to thirteen healthy individuals (M = 27.92, SD = 8.41). Quantitative DTI-MRI measures of FA and MD were evaluated for the cingulum, the fornix, the corpus callosum (CC), the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and the uncinate fasciculus (UF). Lower FA values for both the left and the right cingulum, the genu, body, and splenium of the CC, left ILF and right SLF were found in BPD, compared to healthy individuals. MD values were higher for the genu and splenium of the CC in BPD. The findings indicate that a large-scale emotional brain network is affected in BPD with alterations in MD and FA of WM prefrontal-limbic pathways of the heteromodal association cortex involved in emotion processing and emotion regulation.
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12
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Morishita Y, Mugikura S, Mori N, Tamura H, Sato S, Akashi T, Jin K, Nakasato N, Takase K. Atrophy of the ipsilateral mammillary body in unilateral hippocampal sclerosis shown by thin-slice-reconstructed volumetric analysis. Neuroradiology 2019; 61:515-523. [PMID: 30637459 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Conventional volumetric analysis could not detect ipsilateral atrophy of the mammillary body in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis. By using thin-slice-reconstructed volumetric analysis, we investigated whether the mammillary body volume is smaller on the hippocampal sclerosis side than in healthy subjects or the non-hippocampal sclerosis side. METHODS This retrospective study included 45 patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis and 30 healthy subjects. Three-dimensional T1WI of 1 mm thicknesses were oversampled to a thickness of 0.2 mm (thin-slice-reconstructed images), and the mammillary bodies were segmented manually to determine mammillary body volume on each side. Mammillary body volumes on the hippocampal sclerosis side were compared with those in healthy subjects or the non-hippocampal sclerosis side. RESULTS In patients with right hippocampal sclerosis, right mammillary body volume was both significantly smaller than that in healthy subjects (30.3 ± 10.3 vs. 43.3 ± 8.07 mm3, P < 0.001) and significantly smaller than the left mammillary body volume in each patient (30.3 ± 10.3 vs. 41.4 ± 10.1 mm3, P < 0.001). Similarly, in patients with left hippocampal sclerosis, left mammillary body volume was both significantly smaller than that in healthy subjects (37.7 ± 11.2 vs. 47.0 ± 8.65 mm3, P < 0.001) and significantly smaller than right mammillary body volume in each patient (37.7 ± 11.2 vs. 42.5 ± 7.78 mm3, P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS In this study, thin-slice-reconstructed volumetric analysis showed that, in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis, mammillary body volume on the hippocampal sclerosis side is smaller than that in healthy subjects and the non-hippocampal sclerosis side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Morishita
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shunji Mugikura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Naoko Mori
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hajime Tamura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shiho Sato
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Akashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Jin
- Department of Epileptology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Nakasato
- Department of Epileptology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Takase
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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13
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Schindler S, Schmidt L, Stroske M, Storch M, Anwander A, Trampel R, Strauß M, Hegerl U, Geyer S, Schönknecht P. Hypothalamus enlargement in mood disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139:56-67. [PMID: 30229855 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine, in vivo, whether the hypothalamus volume is reduced in patients with mood disorders. METHODS The cross-sectional study included 20 unmedicated (MDDu) and 20 medicated patients with major depressive disorder, 21 patients with bipolar disorder, and 23 controls. Twenty of the controls were matched to the MDDu. Seven Tesla, T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were acquired and processed using methods specifically developed for high-precision volumetry of the hypothalamus. RESULTS An overall group difference was observed for the left hypothalamus volume corrected for intracranial volume. Planned contrasts identified that the left hypothalamus was approximately 5% larger in each patient group compared with the control group. A paired t-test with the 20 matched pairs of MDDu and controls and without correction for covariates confirmed the larger left hypothalamus volume in MDDu. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our expectations, the hypothalamus volume was increased in patients with uni- and bipolar affective disorders. The effect was left-sided and independent of medication status or statistical correction for covariates. Supported by emerging evidence that the stress response may be related to structural and functional asymmetry in the brain, our finding suggests a crucial role of the hypothalamus in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schindler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - L Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Stroske
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Storch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Anwander
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - R Trampel
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Strauß
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - U Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Geyer
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P Schönknecht
- Out-patient Department for Sexual-therapeutic Prevention and Forensic Psychiatry, Leipzig, Germany.,Academic State Hospital Arnsdorf, Arnsdorf, Germany
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The hypothalamus and neuropsychiatric disorders: psychiatry meets microscopy. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:243-258. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Hypothalamic dysfunction in heart failure: pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Heart Fail Rev 2017; 23:55-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-017-9659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bernstein HG, Ortmann A, Dobrowolny H, Steiner J, Brisch R, Gos T, Bogerts B. Bilaterally reduced claustral volumes in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: a morphometric postmortem study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:25-33. [PMID: 25822416 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple brain structural abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. A majority of disease-affected brain regions act as relay nodes within neural networks, which are known to be impaired in neuropsychiatric diseases. One of these regions is the claustrum, which has the highest connectivity in the human brain by regional volume. Its possible involvement in disturbed connectivity is yet incompletely explored, however. The present study aimed at searching for possible structural deviations of the claustrum in neuropsychiatric disorders. We found bilaterally reduced claustral volumes both in schizophrenia and in major depressive disorder. These structural impairments may have different, disease-related consequences: In patients with schizophrenia, they may contribute to sensory processing impairments, and in patients with major depressive disorder to disturbances in salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Ortmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Brisch
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Krzyżanowska M, Steiner J, Brisch R, Mawrin C, Busse S, Braun K, Jankowski Z, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Gos T. Ribosomal DNA transcription in dorsal raphe nucleus neurons is increased in residual schizophrenia compared to depressed patients with affective disorders. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:233-41. [PMID: 26350704 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The central serotonergic system is implicated differentially in the pathogenesis of depression and schizophrenia. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is the main source of serotonergic innervation of forebrain limbic structures disturbed in both disorders. The study was carried out on paraffin-embedded brains from 27 depressed (15 major depressive disorder, MDD and 12 bipolar disorder, BD) and 17 schizophrenia (9 residual and 8 paranoid) patients and 28 matched controls without mental disorders. The transcriptional activity of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in DRN neurons was evaluated by the AgNOR silver staining method. A significant effect of diagnosis on rDNA activity was found in the cumulative analysis of all DRN subnuclei. Further analysis revealed an increase in this activity in residual (but not paranoid) schizophrenia compared to depressed (both MDD and BD) patients. The effect was most probably neither confounded by suicide nor related to antidepressant and antipsychotic medication. Our findings suggest that increased activity of rDNA in DRN neurons is a distinct phenomenon in residual schizophrenia, related presumably to differentially disturbed inputs to the DRN and/or their local transformation compared with depressive episodes in patients with affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Krzyżanowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Brisch
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Institute of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Busse
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Braun
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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18
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Central nervous system circuits modified in heart failure: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Heart Fail Rev 2015; 19:759-79. [PMID: 24573960 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-014-9427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of heart failure (HF) is characterized by an abnormal activation of neurohumoral systems, including the sympathetic nervous and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems, which have long-term deleterious effects on the disease progression. Perpetuation of this neurohumoral activation is partially dependent of central nervous system (CNS) pathways, mainly involving the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and some regions of the brainstem. Modifications in these integrative CNS circuits result in the attenuation of sympathoinhibitory and exacerbation of sympathoexcitatory pathways. In addition to the regulation of sympathetic outflow, these central pathways coordinate a complex network of agents with an established pathophysiological relevance in HF such as angiotensin, aldosterone, and proinflammatory cytokines. Central pathways could be potential targets in HF therapy since the current mainstay of HF pharmacotherapy aims primarily at antagonizing the peripheral mechanisms. Thus, in the present review, we describe the role of CNS pathways in HF pathophysiology and as potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Williams MR, Sharma P, Fung KL, Pearce RKB, Hirsch SR, Maier M. Axonal myelin increase in the callosal genu in depression but not schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2145-2155. [PMID: 25712170 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in the anterior inter-hemispheric connectivity have previously been implicated in major depressive disorder. Disruptions in fractional anisotropy in the callosum and fornix have been reported in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Oligodendrocyte density and overall size of the callosum and fornix show no alteration in either illness, suggesting that gross morphology is unchanged but more subtle organizational disruption may exist within these brain regions in mood and affective disorders. METHOD Using high-resolution oil-immersion microscopy we examined the cross-sectional area of the nerve fibre and the axonal myelin sheath, and using standard high-resolution light microscopy we measured the density of myelinated axons. These measurements were made in the genu of the corpus callosum and the medial body of the fornix at its most dorsal point. Measures were taken in the sagittal plane in the callosal genu and in the coronal plane at the most dorsal part of the fornix body. RESULTS Cases of major depressive disorder had significantly greater mean myelin cross-sectional area (p = 0.017) and myelin thickness (p = 0.004) per axon in the genu than in control or schizophrenia groups. There was no significant change in the density of myelinated axons, and no changes observed in the fornix. CONCLUSION The results suggest a clear increase of myelin in the axons of the callosal genu in MDD, although this type of neuropathological study is unable to clarify whether this is caused by changes during life or has a developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Williams
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry,De Crespigny Park,London,UK
| | - P Sharma
- Neuropathology Unit,Division of Experimental Medicine,Imperial College London,Charing Cross Campus,London,UK
| | - K L Fung
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong
| | - R K B Pearce
- Neuropathology Unit,Division of Experimental Medicine,Imperial College London,Charing Cross Campus,London,UK
| | - S R Hirsch
- Neuropathology Unit,Division of Experimental Medicine,Imperial College London,Charing Cross Campus,London,UK
| | - M Maier
- Trust HQ,West London Mental Health NHS Trust,Southall,MiddlesexUK
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20
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Abstract
Patients with heart failure (HF) exhibit a wide range of symptoms, including dyspnea, sleep-disordered breathing, autonomic abnormalities, cognitive dysfunction, and neuropsychological disturbances. These symptoms, which affect quality of life and morbidity and mortality in the condition, are largely related to structural and functional changes in the brain. There are increasing reports of brain abnormalities in HF, but often the linkages between brain injury and common HF clinical symptomatology are not clearly described. In this review, we will discuss the current evidence of brain injury and the associated clinical symptoms in HF, focusing on those brain regions that are commonly damaged in the condition. We will also provide a brief exploration of some potential mechanisms for brain injury in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ogren
- UCLA School of Nursing, 700 Tiverton Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1702, USA,
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21
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Gos T, Myint AM, Schiltz K, Meyer-Lotz G, Dobrowolny H, Busse S, Müller UJ, Mawrin C, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Steiner J. Reduced microglial immunoreactivity for endogenous NMDA receptor agonist quinolinic acid in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 41:59-64. [PMID: 24886967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmortem and positron emission tomography studies have indicated the pathophysiological involvement of microglial cells in schizophrenia. We hypothesized that the microglial production of quinolinic acid (QUIN), an endogenous N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) agonist, may be linked to the previously described glutamatergic deficits in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients. We performed a semi-quantitative assessment of QUIN-immunoreactive microglial cells in schizophrenia patients and matched controls in the CA1, CA2/3, and dentate gyrus (DG) area of the posterior hippocampal formation. Complementary immunostaining of the commonly used microglial surface marker HLA-DR was performed in adjacent histological sections. Fewer QUIN-immunoreactive microglial cells were observed in the CA1 hippocampal subregion of schizophrenia patients compared to controls (left p=0.028, right p=0.018). No significant diagnosis-dependent changes were observed in the CA2/3 and DG regions. These results were controlled for potential confounds by age, duration of disease, autolysis time, psychotropic medication, and hippocampal volume. No diagnosis-related differences were observed for the overall density of microglial cells (HLA-DR expression). Our findings suggest that reduced microglial QUIN content in the hippocampal CA1 region is associated with schizophrenia. We hypothesize that this association may contribute to impaired glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aye-Mu Myint
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Germany; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kolja Schiltz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Busse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulf J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Diffusion tensor imaging in Alzheimer's disease and affective disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264:467-83. [PMID: 24595744 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The functional organization of the brain in segregated neuronal networks has become a leading paradigm in the study of brain diseases. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows testing the validity and clinical utility of this paradigm on the structural connectivity level. DTI in Alzheimer's disease (AD) suggests a selective impairment of intracortical projecting fiber tracts underlying the functional disorganization of neuronal networks supporting memory and other cognitive functions. These findings have already been tested for their utility as clinical markers of AD in large multicenter studies. Affective disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BP), show a high comorbidity with AD in geriatric populations and may even have a pathogenetic overlap with AD. DTI studies in MDD and BP are still limited to small-scale monocenter studies, revealing subtle abnormalities in cortico-subcortial networks associated with affect regulation and reward/aversion control. The clinical utility of these findings remains to be further explored. The present paper presents the methodological background of diffusion imaging, including DTI and diffusion spectrum imaging, and discusses key findings in AD and affective disorders. The results of our review strongly point toward the necessity of large-scale multicenter multimodal transnosological networks to study the structural and functional basis of neuronal disconnection underlying different neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Diffusion imaging-based subdivision of the human hypothalamus: a magnetic resonance study with clinical implications. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263:497-508. [PMID: 23287964 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus and its subdivisions are involved in many neuropsychiatric conditions such as affective disorders, schizophrenia, or narcolepsy, but parcellations of hypothalamic subnuclei have hitherto been feasible only with histological techniques in postmortem brains. In an attempt to map subdivisions of the hypothalamus in vivo, we analyzed the directionality information from high-resolution diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images of healthy volunteers. We acquired T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted scans in ten healthy subjects at 3 T. In the T1-weighted images, we manually delineated an individual mask of the hypothalamus in each subject and computed in the co-registered diffusion-weighted images the similarity of the principal diffusion direction for each pair of mask voxels. By clustering the similarity matrix into three regions with a k-means algorithm, we obtained an anatomically coherent arrangement of subdivisions across hemispheres and subjects. In each hypothalamus mask, we found an anterior region with dorsoventral principal diffusion direction, a posteromedial region with rostro-caudal direction, and a lateral region with mediolateral direction. A comparative analysis with microstructural hypothalamus parcellations from the literature reveals that each of these regions corresponds to a specific group of hypothalamic subnuclei as defined in postmortem brains. This is to our best knowledge the first in vivo study that attempts a delineation of hypothalamic subdivisions by clustering diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data. When applied in a larger sample of neuropsychiatric patients, a structural analysis of hypothalamic subnuclei should contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric conditions such as affective disorders.
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Heart failure-a common disease, but not an "error". J Card Fail 2013; 19:601-2. [PMID: 23910592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.06.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Heart Failure—An Identified but Largely Ignored Source of Errors in Postmortem Brain Volume Studies. J Card Fail 2013; 19:600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Discriminating unipolar and bipolar depression by means of fMRI and pattern classification: a pilot study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263:119-31. [PMID: 22639242 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorders rank among the most debilitating psychiatric diseases. Bipolar depression is often misdiagnosed as unipolar depression, leading to suboptimal therapy and poor outcomes. Discriminating unipolar and bipolar depression at earlier stages of illness could therefore help to facilitate efficient and specific treatment. In the present study, the neurobiological underpinnings of emotion processing were investigated in a sample of unipolar and bipolar depressed patients matched for age, gender, and depression severity by means of fMRI. A pattern-classification approach was employed to discriminate the two samples. The pattern classification yielded up to 90 % accuracy rates discriminating the two groups. According to the feature weights of the multivariate maps, medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions contributed to classifications specific to unipolar depression, whereas stronger feature weights in dorsolateral prefrontal areas contribute to classifications as bipolar. Strong feature weights were observed in the amygdala for the negative faces condition, which were specific to unipolar depression, whereas higher amygdala features weights during the positive faces condition were observed, specific to bipolar subjects. Standard univariate fMRI analysis supports an interpretation, where this might be related to a higher responsiveness, by yielding a significant emotion × group interaction within the bilateral amygdala. We conclude that pattern-classification techniques could be a promising tool to classify acutely depressed subjects as unipolar or bipolar. However, since the present approach deals with small sample sizes, it should be considered as a proof-of-concept study. Hence, results have to be confirmed in larger samples preferably of unmedicated subjects.
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Schmitt A, Falkai P. Post-mortem findings in mood disorders, nightmares and therapeutic approaches of psychiatric diseases. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 262:635-6. [PMID: 23053468 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Discriminating unipolar and bipolar depression by means of fMRI and pattern classification: a pilot study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 22639242 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0329-4.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorders rank among the most debilitating psychiatric diseases. Bipolar depression is often misdiagnosed as unipolar depression, leading to suboptimal therapy and poor outcomes. Discriminating unipolar and bipolar depression at earlier stages of illness could therefore help to facilitate efficient and specific treatment. In the present study, the neurobiological underpinnings of emotion processing were investigated in a sample of unipolar and bipolar depressed patients matched for age, gender, and depression severity by means of fMRI. A pattern-classification approach was employed to discriminate the two samples. The pattern classification yielded up to 90 % accuracy rates discriminating the two groups. According to the feature weights of the multivariate maps, medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions contributed to classifications specific to unipolar depression, whereas stronger feature weights in dorsolateral prefrontal areas contribute to classifications as bipolar. Strong feature weights were observed in the amygdala for the negative faces condition, which were specific to unipolar depression, whereas higher amygdala features weights during the positive faces condition were observed, specific to bipolar subjects. Standard univariate fMRI analysis supports an interpretation, where this might be related to a higher responsiveness, by yielding a significant emotion × group interaction within the bilateral amygdala. We conclude that pattern-classification techniques could be a promising tool to classify acutely depressed subjects as unipolar or bipolar. However, since the present approach deals with small sample sizes, it should be considered as a proof-of-concept study. Hence, results have to be confirmed in larger samples preferably of unmedicated subjects.
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