Planning functioning and impulsiveness in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Comparison of retrospective and prospective memory in subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Retrospective and prospective memory deficits play a role in maintaining and perpetuating the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but less is known about these deficits in different subtypes of OCD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the retrospective and prospective memory in patients suffering from cleaning, checking, symmetry, and religious obsessions. In a comparative causal method, 60 participants aged 28 to 55, in 2023, were selected by convenience sampling and placed in five groups of individuals with cleaning, checking, symmetry, religious obsessions, and a healthy group. Participants completed self-report questionnaires and neurocognitive tools. Results showed that defects in retrospective memory were significant in all types of obsessions (p<0.05) except religious obsessions. Also, this defect was more severe in checking obsession disorder compared to other types of OCD. Also, the finding indicated that the defect in prospective memory was significant only in checking obsession disorder (p<0.05). Retrospective and prospective memory impairments and their relationship with deficits in executive functions can be different depending on the type of OCD. Based on the findings, impairment of executive function indirectly by impacting the impairment of other cognitive mechanisms diminishes confidence in retrospective and prospective memory which leads to compulsive behaviors in individuals with contamination and checking obsessions. Also, the impairment of retrospective memory in symmetry obsessions might have a relationship with information encoding, which in turn leads to difficulty recalling information from memory.

Repeating patterns: Predictive processing suggests an aesthetic learning role of the basal ganglia in repetitive stereotyped behaviors

Recurrent, unvarying, and seemingly purposeless patterns of action and cognition are part of normal development, but also feature prominently in several neuropsychiatric conditions. Repetitive stereotyped behaviors (RSBs) can be viewed as exaggerated forms of learned habits and frequently correlate with alterations in motor, limbic, and associative basal ganglia circuits. However, it is still unclear how altered basal ganglia feedback signals actually relate to the phenomenological variability of RSBs. Why do behaviorally overlapping phenomena sometimes require different treatment approaches−for example, sensory shielding strategies versus exposure therapy for autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder, respectively? Certain clues may be found in recent models of basal ganglia function that extend well beyond action selection and motivational control, and have implications for sensorimotor integration, prediction, learning under uncertainty, as well as aesthetic learning. In this paper, we systematically compare three exemplary conditions with basal ganglia involvement, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Parkinson’s disease, and autism spectrum conditions, to gain a new understanding of RSBs. We integrate clinical observations and neuroanatomical and neurophysiological alterations with accounts employing the predictive processing framework. Based on this review, we suggest that basal ganglia feedback plays a central role in preconditioning cortical networks to anticipate self-generated, movement-related perception. In this way, basal ganglia feedback appears ideally situated to adjust the salience of sensory signals through precision weighting of (external) new sensory information, relative to the precision of (internal) predictions based on prior generated models. Accordingly, behavioral policies may preferentially rely on new data versus existing knowledge, in a spectrum spanning between novelty and stability. RSBs may then represent compensatory or reactive responses, respectively, at the opposite ends of this spectrum. This view places an important role of aesthetic learning on basal ganglia feedback, may account for observed changes in creativity and aesthetic experience in basal ganglia disorders, is empirically testable, and may inform creative art therapies in conditions characterized by stereotyped behaviors.

Comparing impulsivity in borderline personality, schizophrenia and obsessional-compulsive disorders: Who is ahead?

OBJECTIVE

Impulsivity impacts life domains and in a psychiatric context is often associated with disorders severity and stigmatization. Borderline personality disorder's (BPD), Schizophrenic disorder's (SZD), and obsessional compulsive disorder's (OCD) impulsivity issues relate to worse prognosis. This study aims to compare these disorders assessing their proneness to impulsivity and urgency.

METHODS

We recruited 90 patients among them OCD (n = 25), SZD (n = 23), and BPD (n = 50), and 24 healthy control participants (HC). We assessed the diagnosis according and measured the impulsivity level.

RESULTS

Our results showed that BPD was significantly more impulsive than HC, SZD, and OCD. HC, SZD, and OCD being equivalent on their global Urgency-Premeditation-Perseverance-Sensation seeking scores. For urgency, BPD was also superior to others, OCD was superior to HC, but SZD and HC were equivalent. The urgency was correlated to SZD's scale for SZD, no link appeared between borderline personality questionnaire and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale's score.

CONCLUSION

These results question the existent literature relating impulsivity and SZD.

Executive Functioning in Chinese Patients With Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Introduction: Studies have shown that patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) often perform more poorly than healthy control (HC) participants on cognitive tasks involving executive functions. Most studies, however, have been performed in Western countries and societies, making it uncertain whether impaired executive functions can also be observed among non-Western patients with OCD. To address this gap in the literature, we evaluated several executive functions in Chinese patients with OCD and HCs. Methods: Participants included consisted of 46 Chinese patients with OCD (25 men, 21 women), ranging in age from 19 to 56 years, and 45 matched HCs without any self-reported lifetime psychiatric disorder. They all lived in Shanghai or the surrounding area. Five tests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were used to evaluate several executive functions (response inhibition, spatial working memory, planning, and cognitive flexibility) along with testing basic learning and visual recognition memory. Statistical tests using a Bonferroni-corrected significance level of p = 0.003 were performed to assess overall patient-control group differences in cognitive performance. Additionally, we explored performance differences between patients classified as having either relatively mild symptoms or severe symptoms based on the individual total scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Results: There were no significant performance differences between patients with OCD and HC in any of the cognitive tests. Similarly, cognitive performance of patients with relatively mild OCD symptoms did not differ significantly from that of patients with severe symptoms. Conclusions: These results do not seem to support the view that impaired executive functioning represents a basic cognitive and pathophysiological feature of Chinese patients with OCD. However, due to study limitations, additional research is required before this conclusion can be well accepted.

How obsessive-compulsive and bipolar disorders meet each other? An integrative gene-based enrichment approach

BACKGROUND

The novel approaches to psychiatric classification assume that disorders, contrary to what was previously thought, are not completely separate phenomena. In this regard, in addition to symptom-based criteria, disturbances are also considered on the basis of lower level components. With this viewpoint, identifying common biochemical markers would be beneficial in adopting a comprehensive strategy for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

MAIN BODY

One of the problematic areas in clinical settings is the coexistence of both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and bipolar disorder (BD) that is challenging and difficult to manage. In this study, using a system biologic approach we aimed to assess the interconnectedness of OCD and BD at different levels. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) method was used to identify the shared biological network between the two disorders. The results of the analysis revealed 34 common genes between the two disorders, the most important of which were CACNA1C, GRIA1, DRD2, NOS1, SLC18A1, HTR2A and DRD1. Dopaminergic synapse and cAMP signaling pathway as the pathways, dopamine binding and dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity as the molecular functions, dendrite and axon part as the cellular component and cortex and striatum as the brain regions were the most significant commonalities.

SHORT CONCLUSION

The results of this study highlight the role of multiple systems, especially the dopaminergic system in linking OCD and BD. The results can be used to estimate the disease course, prognosis, and treatment choice, particularly in the cases of comorbidity. Such perspectives, going beyond symptomatic level, help to identify common endophenotypes between the disorders and provide diagnostic and therapeutic approaches based on biological in addition to the symptomatic level.

Impact of time perspectives on texting intervention to reduce HIV/STI transmission among female sex workers in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico

Text messages may sustain post-counseling gains in behavioral improvements and reduce HIV/STI incidence. However, their effectiveness may depend on the messages' time perspective and characteristics of the individual. We evaluated the impact of time perspective on a text messaging intervention designed to maintain improvements in safer sex practices among drug-using and non-drug-using female sex workers (FSWs) in Tijuana (n = 141) and Cd. Juarez (n = 129), Mexico. FSWs received the efficacious Mujer Segura intervention, and were randomized to receive safer sex maintenance text messages with either a short-term or future-oriented time perspective. The outcome was HIV/STI incidence rate over 6-month follow-up. In Tijuana, combined HIV/STI incidence density was lower among FSWs in the FUTURE group (31.67 per 100 py) compared to women in the SHORT-TERM group (62.40 per 100 py). Conversely, in Cd. Juarez, HIV/STI incidence density was lower (although non-significant) among FSWs in the SHORT-TERM group (19.80 per 100 py) compared to those in the FUTURE group (35.05 per 100 py). These findings suggest that future-oriented text messages may sustain post-counseling improvements in sexual risk behavior among FSWs, but findings may vary by FSWs' characteristics (e.g., drug use), and by region and context.