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Clark LA, Klinedinst NJ, Zhu S, Seong H, Reed R, Renn C, Corazzini KN. Factors Related to Fatigue and Physical Function in COPD: A Secondary Analysis Using National Survey Data. West J Nurs Res 2023; 45:653-664. [PMID: 37114849 DOI: 10.1177/01939459231170710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is debilitating and associated with considerable morbidity. The aim of this study is to present a model based on the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms of physiologic, psychologic, and situational factors with COPD-related fatigue and the relationship with physical functioning. This study used data collected from Wave 2 (2010-2011) of the National Social, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP). A total of 518 adults with self-reported COPD were included in this study. Path analysis was used for hypothesis testing. Depression was the only psychologic factor found to have a direct relation to both fatigue (β = 0.158, p < .001) and physical function (β = -0.131, p = .001). Factors related to physical function included fatigue, depression, sleep, loneliness, and pain. Additionally, fatigue was indirectly associated with physical function via depression (β = -0.064, p = .012). These findings suggest avenues for future research on predictors of COPD-related fatigue in relation to physical functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Clark
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Shijun Zhu
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hohyun Seong
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Reed
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Renn
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hajibashi A, Sarrafzadeh J, Amiri A, Salehi R, Vasaghi-Gharamaleki B. Effect of progressive muscle relaxation as an add-on to pulmonary telerehabilitation in discharged patients with COVID-19: A randomised controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2023; 51:101730. [PMID: 36731284 PMCID: PMC9877153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and purpose: Most patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience persistent physical and psychological symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pulmonary telerehabilitation (PTR) combined with progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) on the physical and psychological outcomes of discharged patients with COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomised, assessor-blinded, parallel-group study was conducted in hospitals affiliated with Qom University of Medical Sciences between May and October 2021. Discharged COVID-19 patients aged 18-65 years were randomly assigned to two groups of 26 patients each. The experimental group underwent PTR and PMR for six weeks, while the comparison group received PTR alone. Primary (functional capacity) and secondary (dyspnoea, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep quality, and quality of life) outcomes were evaluated at baseline and after six weeks. RESULTS The experimental group showed significantly higher sleep quality (P = 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-4.09) and significantly lower fatigue (P = 0.041, 95% CI: 4.79-5.25) and anxiety (P = 0.001, 95% CI: 1.21-4.47) than the comparison group. No between-group differences were observed in terms of other outcomes (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION PTR coupled with PMR was more effective for promoting sleep quality and alleviating anxiety and fatigue than PTR alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghavan Hajibashi
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Sarrafzadeh
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Amiri
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Salehi
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Geriatric Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnoosh Vasaghi-Gharamaleki
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Rehabilitation Basic Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Canter BE, Raschen L, Reinhardt JP, Weerahandi H, Mak W, Burack OR, Escher A, Boockvar KS. Characteristics of Physical, Occupational, and Speech Therapy Received by COVID-19 Patients in a Skilled Nursing Facility: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2023; 24:459-461. [PMID: 36822236 PMCID: PMC9884616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Raschen
- Department of Rehabilitation The New Jewish Home, New York, NY
| | | | - Himali Weerahandi
- Division of Hospital Medicine Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Wingyun Mak
- The Research Institute on Aging The New Jewish Home, New York, NY; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Orah R Burack
- The Research Institute on Aging, The New Jewish Home, New York, NY
| | - Anne Escher
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth S Boockvar
- The Research Institute on Aging, The New Jewish Home, New York, NY; Division of Gerontology Geriatrics and Palliative Care, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Souza TP, Monteiro I. The influence of fatigue on work capacity and quality of life among miners with silicosis. Rev Bras Med Trab 2023; 21:e2021883. [PMID: 38313095 PMCID: PMC10835386 DOI: 10.47626/1679-4435-2021-883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Factors associated with the mining environment can contribute to work accidents and reduced caution at work, which may affect the quality of life and work capacity of miners. Objectives To evaluate if fatigue influences quality of life and work capacity in miners with silicosis. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Northern Region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Sociodemographic data and data on fatigue, work capacity, and quality of life were collected during the second half of 2017 and first half of 2018. Results All participants were men. Mean participant age was 52.6 (± 7.2) years, and most (70.4%) of them did not finish elementary school. The strongest correlations were found between the physical, overall, and total fatigue domains and the World Health Organization Quality of Life - BREF and between the total and mental fatigue domains and the Work Ability Index. Strong correlations were also found between overall and total fatigue and the total St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire score. Conclusions Silicosis and physical workload have a negative impact on respiratory quality of life and perception of fatigue among miners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Patrícia Souza
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Inês Monteiro
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Clark LA, Reed R, Corazzini KN, Zhu S, Renn C, Jennifer Klinedinst N. COPD-Related Fatigue: A Scoping Review. Clin Nurs Res 2022; 32:914-928. [PMID: 36540028 DOI: 10.1177/10547738221141224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and one of the most common and troublesome symptoms that must be managed is fatigue. While there are existing interventions to address COPD-related fatigue, not all patients experience benefit. A better understanding of the factors associated with COPD-fatigue could elucidate new approaches to address COPD-related fatigue, thereby offering relief to a greater number of patients. The purpose of this review was to identify the physiologic, psychologic, and situational factors associated with COPD-related fatigue. A total of four databases, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched. Those that were peer reviewed, in English, and published between 2000 and 2021, were included in the review. A total of 25 articles were included in this scoping review. The following factors were related to fatigue in COPD: dyspnea, pain, anxiety, depression, and sleep. Fatigue is a debilitating symptom with factors influential to the symptom and outcomes. Research is indicated to explore targeted and personalized interventions addressing the factors related to fatigue to mitigate this widespread symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Clark
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Reed
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shijun Zhu
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia Renn
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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A Retrospective Study of Diaphragmatic Breathing Training Combined with Discharge Care Bundles in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9649986. [PMID: 36159577 PMCID: PMC9492362 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9649986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Both physical exercise and discharge care bundles can improve patient outcomes and reduce hospitalization rates among subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The retrospective analysis aims to determine the advantages of care bundles combined with diaphragmatic breathing training (DBT) in COPD patients after discharge. Methods. Of the 110 COPD patients, 55 patients received DBT alone (DBT group) and 55 participants received the combined intervention (care bundle + DBT group). Three months after discharge, we assessed the outcomes of patients using Bristol COPD Knowledge Questionnaire (BCKQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), COPD Assessment Test (CAT), and St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Meanwhile, COPD-related hospital readmissions were also recorded. Results. The BCKQ score for assessing the disease knowledge level was increased in patients at 3 months after the combined interventions as compared to the baseline values, which was higher in the care bundle + DBT group than the DBT group at 3 months. Moreover, improvements in negative emotion and clinical symptoms from baseline to 3-month follow-up were seen in both the two groups. Besides, the care bundle + DBT group showed the mitigation of depression and anxiety and the alleviation of clinical symptoms in comparison with the DBT group at 3 months. Participants who received combined interventions had lower SGRQ scores than those who received DBT alone. The time to first COPD-related readmission was shorter for patients in the care bundle + DBT group compared with the DBT group. Conclusions. DBT combined with discharge care bundles for COPD patients resulted in improvements in disease-specific knowledge, negative emotions, and clinical symptoms with better HRQOL and lower readmission rate.
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Zhang H, Wu F, Yi H, Xu D, Jiang N, Li Y, Li M, Wang K. Gender Differences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Symptom Clusters. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:1101-1107. [PMID: 33907396 PMCID: PMC8068487 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s302877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous research has indicated that female and male patients may experience different levels of symptoms. However, no studies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients have compared the number and types of symptom clusters identified in male and female patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in symptom clusters among COPD patients. Patients and Methods A total of 371 eligible patients were enrolled in the study. We assessed nine COPD symptoms, namely, dyspnea, cough, sputum, chest tightness, sleep quality, fatigue, frailty, anxiety, and depression. Exploratory factor analyses were used to explore the underlying clusters of the COPD symptoms. Results Underlying the nine symptoms, female patients had 2 clusters, and male patients had 3 clusters. Specifically, the three general symptoms poor sleep, fatigue, and frailty loaded on the same symptom cluster with anxiety and depression in female patients, while the same 3 general symptoms loaded on the same symptom cluster with chest tightness and dyspnea in male patients. Moreover, cough and sputum not only were more common in male patients but also loaded together on a separate symptom cluster. Conclusion Our findings suggest that in order to improve fatigue, frailty, and poor sleep quality, symptom management strategies should more closely address anxiety and depression in female patients as well as chest tightness and dyspnea in male patients. Smoking cessation is particularly important in male COPD patients because they account for a much higher proportion of smokers and are more likely to have cough and sputum. These findings signify the importance of identifying and implementing gender-tailored symptom management strategies to relieve symptom burden in COPD patients to enhance their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zhang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Yi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongjuan Xu
- School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nana Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefang Wang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Monitoring Physical Activity with a Wearable Sensor in Patients with COPD during In-Hospital Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program: A Pilot Study. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082742. [PMID: 33924536 PMCID: PMC8068926 DOI: 10.3390/s21082742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accelerometers have become a standard method of monitoring physical activity in everyday life by measuring acceleration in one, two, or three axes. These devices provide reliable and objective measurements of the duration and intensity of physical activity. We aimed to investigate whether patients undertake physical activity during non-supervised days during stationary rehabilitation and whether patients adhere to the rigor of 24 h monitoring. The second objective was to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of such kinds of sensors. The research enrolled 13 randomly selected patients, qualified for in-patient, 3 week, high-intensity, 5 times a week pulmonary rehabilitation. The SenseWear armband was used for the assessment of physical activity. Participants wore the device 24 h a day for the next 4 days (Friday-Monday). The analysis of the number of steps per day, the time spent lying as well as undertaking moderate or vigorous physical activity (>3 metabolic equivalents of task (METs)), and the energy expenditure expressed in kcal showed no statistically significant difference between the training days and the days off. It seems beneficial to use available physical activity sensors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); measurable parameters provide feedback that may increase the patient's motivation to be active to achieve health benefits.
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Gericó Aseguinolaza M, Díez-Manglano J. Fatigue: A neglected symptom of COPD. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:99-100. [PMID: 38108663 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J Díez-Manglano
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza, España.
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10
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Alpaydin AÖ, Aktan R, Keleş E, Özalevli S. Factors affecting the severity of fatigue in male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:86-92. [PMID: 38108662 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Fatigue, the second most common symptom after dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, impairs functional capacity and quality of life. This study aims to predict the factors that affect fatigue severity and investigate the effects of fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS Data were collected to assess demographic and clinical characteristics, cigarette consumption, fatigue severity (Fatigue Severity Scale), dyspnea severity (Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale), level of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form), and health-related quality of life (36-Item Short Form Health Survey). RESULTS A total of 64 male chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients were evaluated (mean age 61.1±4.7 years, mean Fatigue Severity Scale score 39.8±14.4). The result of the linear regression model was significant and explained 84% of the variance in fatigue severity (Adjusted R-squared=0.84, F=29.48, df=60, p<.001). It showed that the Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale score (β=.40), cigarette consumption (β=.35), and physical activity level (β=-.37) were significantly correlated with the severity of fatigue (p<.001 for all) and that they independently contributed to the prediction of severity of fatigue. CONCLUSION Dyspnea, cigarette consumption, and physical activity level affect fatigue severity. Additionally, physical activity level, pulmonary function, and health-related quality of life were also associated with fatigue. These findings support the assertion that it is important to measure fatigue and the factors that affect its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ö Alpaydin
- Departamento de Enfermedades Torácicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Dokuz Eylul, Esmirna, Turquía
| | - R Aktan
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Escuela vocacional de Servicios de Salud, Universidad de Economía de Esmirna, Esmirna, Turquía; Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Dokuz Eylul, Esmirna, Turquía
| | - E Keleş
- Departamento de Fisioterapia y Rehabilitación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Izmir Kâtip Celebi, Esmirna, Turquía
| | - S Özalevli
- Departamento de Rehabilitación Pulmonar, Universidad Dokuz Eylul, Esmirna, Turquía.
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Factors affecting the severity of fatigue in male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rev Clin Esp 2020; 221:86-92. [PMID: 33998493 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Fatigue, the second most common symptom after dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, impairs functional capacity and quality of life. This study aims to predict the factors that affect fatigue severity and investigate the effects of fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS Data were collected to assess demographic and clinical characteristics, cigarette consumption, fatigue severity (Fatigue Severity Scale), dyspnea severity (Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale), level of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form), and health-related quality of life (36-Item Short Form Health Survey). RESULTS A total of 64 male COPD patients were evaluated (mean age 61.1 ± 4.7 years, mean FSS score 39.8 ± 14.4). The result of the linear regression model was significant and explained 84% of the variance in fatigue severity (Adjusted R-squared = 0.84, F = 29.48, df = 60, p < .001). It showed that the MRC score (β = .40), cigarette consumption (β = .35), and physical activity level (β = -.37) were significantly correlated with the severity of fatigue (p < .001 for all) and that they independently contributed to the prediction of severity of fatigue. CONCLUSION Dyspnea, cigarette consumption, and physical activity level affect fatigue severity. Additionally, physical activity level, pulmonary function, and HRQOL were also associated with fatigue. These findings support the assertion that it is important to measure fatigue and the factors that affect its severity.
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12
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Gericó Aseguinolaza M, Díez-Manglano J. Fatigue: A neglected symptom of COPD. Rev Clin Esp 2020; 221:99-100. [PMID: 33998496 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J Díez-Manglano
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Gephine S, Bergeron S, Tremblay Labrecque PF, Mucci P, Saey D, Maltais F. Cardiorespiratory Response during the 1-min Sit-to-Stand Test in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1441-1448. [PMID: 31977637 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the cardiorespiratory response during a 1-min sit-to-stand test (1STS) in comparison with cycling cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in healthy subjects and to evaluate whether 1STS may induce leg fatigue in these individuals. METHODS Fourteen people with severe COPD and 12 healthy subjects performed a 1STS and a CPET during which cardiorespiratory response, perception of dyspnea, and leg fatigue were assessed. Quadriceps strength was assessed before and after 1STS, and contractile fatigue was defined as a postexercise fall in quadriceps twitch force greater than 15% of resting values. RESULTS In COPD, peak V˙O2, V˙E, and HR achieved during 1STS reached 113%, 103%, and 93% of the corresponding values during CPET, respectively. Decrease in SpO2 from preexercise to peak exercise and the magnitude of dynamic hyperinflation were similar between 1STS and CPET. Borg dyspnea and leg fatigue scores were higher for CPET than 1STS. In healthy subjects, peak cardiorespiratory demand and symptom scores were higher during CPET compared with 1STS. A V˙O2 overshoot during recovery was observed only in people with COPD. After 1STS, the V˙O2 half-time recovery of COPD was 152 ± 25 s compared with 74 ± 18 in healthy subjects (P < 0.01). Ten people with COPD and five healthy subjects were considered as fatiguers. CONCLUSION The 1STS induced a similar cardiorespiratory stress to that of CPET and was associated with contractile quadriceps fatigue in people with severe COPD. The V˙O2 overshoot and slower recovery time of cardiorespiratory variables seen in COPD demonstrate the clinical relevance of monitoring the recovery phase of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Bergeron
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, CANADA
| | | | - Patrick Mucci
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 736. URePSSS, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, FRANCE
| | - Didier Saey
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, CANADA
| | - François Maltais
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, CANADA
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Rutkowski S, Rutkowska A, Kiper P, Jastrzebski D, Racheniuk H, Turolla A, Szczegielniak J, Casaburi R. Virtual Reality Rehabilitation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15:117-124. [PMID: 32021150 PMCID: PMC6968810 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s223592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study compared the effects of inpatient-based rehabilitation program of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using non-immersive virtual reality (VR) training with a traditional pulmonary rehabilitation program. The aims of this study were to determine 1) whether rehabilitation featuring both VR as well as exercise training provides benefits over exercise training (ET) alone and 2) whether rehabilitation featuring VR training instead of exercise training provides equivalent benefits. Patients and Methods The study recruited 106 patients with COPD to a 2-week high-intensity, five times a week intervention. Randomized into three groups, 34 patients participated in a traditional pulmonary rehabilitation program including endurance exercise training (ET), 38 patients participated in traditional pulmonary rehabilitation, including both endurance exercise training and virtual reality training (ET+VR) and 34 patients participated in pulmonary rehabilitation program including virtual reality training but no endurance exercise training (VR). The traditional pulmonary rehabilitation program consisted of fitness exercises, resistance respiratory muscle and relaxation training. Xbox 360® and Kinect® Adventures software were used for the VR training of lower and upper body strength, endurance, trunk control and dynamic balance. Comparison of the changes in the Senior Fitness Test was the primary outcome. Analysis was performed using linear mixed-effects models. Results The comparison between ET and ET+VR groups showed that ET+VR group was superior to ET group in Arm Curl (p<0.003), Chair stand (p<0.008), Back scratch (p<0.002), Chair sit and reach (p<0.001), Up and go (p<0.000), 6-min walk test (p<0.011). Whereas, the comparison between ET and VR groups showed that VR group was superior to ET group in Arm Curl (p<0.000), Chair stand (p<0.001), 6-min walk test (p<0.031). Conclusion Results suggest that pulmonary rehabilitation program supplemented with VR training is beneficial intervention to improve physical fitness in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rutkowski
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Department of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Anna Rutkowska
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Department of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Paweł Kiper
- Laboratory of Neurorehabilitation Technologies, Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo IRCCS, Venice, Italy
| | - Dariusz Jastrzebski
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Department of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Henryk Racheniuk
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Department of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Laboratory of Neurorehabilitation Technologies, Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo IRCCS, Venice, Italy
| | - Jan Szczegielniak
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Department of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Richard Casaburi
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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Reimberg MM, Pachi JRS, Scalco RS, Serra AJ, Fernandes L, Politti F, Wandalsen GF, Solé D, Dal Corso S, Lanza FC. Patients with asthma have reduced functional capacity and sedentary behavior. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2020; 96:53-59. [PMID: 30240630 PMCID: PMC9432245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The modified shuttle test is a field test that avoids the ceiling effect, and there are no reports of a multidimensional assessment concerning physical activity in asthmatic patients. Thus, the aim was to evaluate functional capacity by MST, additionally to perform a multidimensional assessment as physical activity in daily life, muscle strength, and cytokine levels in children and adolescents with asthma, and to correlate these variables. METHOD This cross-sectional study included volunteers aged between 6 and 18 years who were divided into two groups: asthma group (n=43) that received regular treatment and control group (n=24). Functional capacity was evaluated by distance walked during the MST; physical activity in daily life was evaluated using an accelerometer by the number of steps. Quadriceps femoris strength was evaluated by load cell. RESULTS Distance walked was lower for the asthma group (790m [222m]) when compared with the control group (950m [240m]; p=0.007); however, the number of steps was similar between the two groups (asthma group: 7743 [3075]; control group: 7181 [3040]; p=0.41), and both groups were classified as sedentary behavior. There was no difference in muscle strength. Tumor necrosis factor-α differed, but interleukin levels were similar between groups. Quadriceps strength was correlated to distance walked (r=0.62; p<0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α to the number of steps taken (r=-0.54, p=0.005). CONCLUSION Children and adolescents undergoing regular asthma treatment showed reduced functional capacity and sedentary behavior. The lower the quadriceps strength, the shorter the distance walked; the higher the tumor necrosis factor-α levels, the lower their daily physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mazzuca Reimberg
- Universidade Nove de Julho, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeca Souza Scalco
- Universidade Nove de Julho, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrey Jorge Serra
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Departamento de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade Nove de Julho, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada à Ciência da Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicobiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Politti
- Universidade Nove de Julho, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Falbo Wandalsen
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Departamento de Pediatria, Disciplina de Alergia, Imunologia Clínica e Reumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dirceu Solé
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Departamento de Pediatria, Disciplina de Alergia, Imunologia Clínica e Reumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Dal Corso
- Universidade Nove de Julho, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cordoba Lanza
- Universidade Nove de Julho, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Reimberg MM, Pachi JRS, Scalco RS, Serra AJ, Fernandes L, Politti F, Wandalsen GF, Solé D, Dal Corso S, Lanza FC. Patients with asthma have reduced functional capacity and sedentary behavior. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Yohannes AM, Dryden S, Hanania NA. The responsiveness of the Manchester Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Fatigue Scale to pulmonary rehabilitation. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319882206. [PMID: 31695862 PMCID: PMC6820178 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319882206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We examined the responsiveness of the Manchester Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Fatigue Scale (MCFS) in patients with COPD following 8 weeks of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Methods: Patients (n = 273) with clinically stable COPD completed 8 weeks of outpatient multidisciplinary PR, comprising 2 h (1 h exercise and 1 h education) weekly. Anxiety, exercise capacity, quality of life, dyspnea, fatigue were measured pre- and post-PR, utilizing the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease (AIR), Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT), St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale and MCFS, respectively. Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 72 (8) years, and 50% were women. Total MCFS score fell after PR mean (95% confidence interval) −4.89 (–7.90 to −3.79) as did domain scores: physical −1.89 (–2.33 to −1.46), cognition −1.37 (–1.65 to −1.09), and psychosocial −1.62 (–2.00 to −1.62). Total MCFS effect size (ES) was 0.55; and for domains, physical was 0.52, cognition was 0.59, and psychosocial was 0.51. The ES for AIR was 0.30, mMRC was 0.38, SGRQ was 0.66, and ISWT was 1.19. MCFS changes correlated with changes in both SGRQ (p < 0.002) and AIR (p < 0.004), but not ISWT (p = 0.30) or mMRC (p = 0.18). The AIR, SGRQ, mMRC, and ISWT all improved after PR (all, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The MCFS scale is a valid and responsive scale to measure fatigue in patients with COPD after pulmonary rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebaw Mengistu Yohannes
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Behavioral and Applied Sciences, Azusa Pacific University, 701 East Foothill Boulevard, Azusa, CA 91702-7000, USA
| | - Sheila Dryden
- Lytham St. Annes Primary Care Center, Lancashire, UK
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Kuo A, Todd JJ, Witherspoon JW, Lawal TA, Elliott J, Chrismer IC, Shelton MO, Razaqyar MS, Jain MS, Vasavada R, Waite M, Drinkard B, Michael D, Richarte A, Bönnemann CG, Meilleur KG. Reliability and Validity of Self-Report Questionnaires as Indicators of Fatigue in RYR1-Related Disorders. J Neuromuscul Dis 2019; 6:133-141. [PMID: 30714968 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-180335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RYR1-related disorders (RYR1-RD), are a spectrum of genetic neuromuscular disorders. Affected individuals frequently experience fatigue yet appropriate tools to assess RYR1-RD-associated fatigue remain underdeveloped. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the reliability and validity of two self-report questionnaires, the multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI-20) and adult/pediatric functional assessment of chronic illness-fatigue (FACIT-F/Peds-FACIT-F) as potential fatigue measures in RYR1-RD affected individuals. METHODS Participants (n = 37) were enrolled in an RYR1-RD combined natural history study and clinical trial. At baseline, participants completed fatigue questionnaires, six-minute walk test (6MWT), cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and saliva collection for fatigue biomarker index (FBI) quantification. RESULTS All questionnaires exhibited good test-retest reliability (n = 18, ICC > 0.80). MFI-20 (n = 37), and FACIT-F (n = 28) also showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α> 0.80). All MFI-20 subscales, except mental fatigue, and FACIT-F demonstrated evidence of criterion validity when correlated against percent predicted 6MWT distance (MFI-20 n = 37; r = -0.34 to -0.47, all p < 0.05, mental fatigue, r = -0.16, p = 0.35; FACIT-F n = 28, r = 0.41, p = 0.03). This was not the case for percent predicted VO2 peak (all p > 0.05). FBI correlated with MFI-20 general fatigue dimension only (r = -0.35, p = 0.03). Comparison of standardized questionnaire scores revealed that RYR1-RD affected individuals experience significantly greater fatigue than the general population. CONCLUSIONS MFI-20 and FACIT-F are valid and reliable tools for assessing RYR1-RD-associated fatigue, a symptom centrally implicated in this rare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuo
- Neuromuscular Symptoms Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH), United States
| | - Joshua J Todd
- Neuromuscular Symptoms Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH), United States
| | - Jessica W Witherspoon
- Neuromuscular Symptoms Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH), United States
| | - Tokunbor A Lawal
- Neuromuscular Symptoms Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH), United States
| | - Jeffery Elliott
- Neuromuscular Symptoms Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH), United States
| | - Irene C Chrismer
- Neuromuscular Symptoms Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH), United States
| | - Monique O Shelton
- Neuromuscular Symptoms Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH), United States
| | - Muslima S Razaqyar
- Neuromuscular Symptoms Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH), United States
| | - Minal S Jain
- Mark O Hatfield Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States
| | - Ruhi Vasavada
- Mark O Hatfield Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States
| | - Melissa Waite
- Mark O Hatfield Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States
| | - Bart Drinkard
- Mark O Hatfield Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States
| | - Darren Michael
- Hyperion Biotechnology Inc., San Antonio TX, United States
| | | | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - NINDS (NIH), United States
| | - Katherine G Meilleur
- Neuromuscular Symptoms Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH), United States
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Morishita S, Tsubaki A, Nakamura M, Nashimoto S, Fu JB, Onishi H. Rating of perceived exertion on resistance training in elderly subjects. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2019; 17:135-142. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2019.1561278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Morishita
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tsubaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nashimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Niigata Medical Centre, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jack B. Fu
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation & Integrative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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Gruet M. Fatigue in Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Theoretical Framework and Implications For Real-Life Performance and Rehabilitation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1285. [PMID: 30283347 PMCID: PMC6156387 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a primary disabling symptom in chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) with major clinical implications. However, fatigue is not yet sufficiently explored and is still poorly understood in CRD, making this symptom underdiagnosed and undertreated in these populations. Fatigue is a dynamic phenomenon, particularly in such evolving diseases punctuated by acute events which can, alone or in combination, modulate the degree of fatigue experienced by the patients. This review supports a comprehensive inter-disciplinary approach of CRD-related fatigue and emphasizes the need to consider both its performance and perceived components. Most studies in CRD evaluated perceived fatigue as a trait characteristic using multidimensional scales, providing precious information about its prevalence and clinical impact. However, these scales are not adapted to understand the complex dynamics of fatigue in real-life settings and should be augmented with ecological assessment of fatigue. The state level of fatigue must also be considered during physical tasks as severe fatigue can emerge rapidly during exercise. CRD patients exhibit alterations in both peripheral and central nervous systems and these abnormalities can be exacerbated during exercise. Laboratory tests are necessary to provide mechanistic insights into how and why fatigue develops during exercise in CRD. A better knowledge of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying perceived and performance fatigability and their influence on real-life performance will enable the development of new individualized countermeasures. This review aims first to shed light on the terminology of fatigue and then critically considers the contemporary models of fatigue and their relevance in the particular context of CRD. This article then briefly reports the prevalence and clinical consequences of fatigue in CRD and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of various fatigue scales. This review also provides several arguments to select the ideal test of performance fatigability in CRD and to translate the mechanistic laboratory findings into the clinical practice and real-world performance. Finally, this article discusses the dose-response relationship to training and the feasibility and validity of using the fatigue produced during exercise training sessions in CRD to optimize exercise training efficiency. Methodological concerns, examples of applications in selected diseases and avenues for future research are also provided.
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Houben-Wilke S, Augustin IM, Vercoulen JH, van Ranst D, Bij de Vaate E, Wempe JB, Spruit MA, Wouters EFM, Franssen FME. COPD stands for complex obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir Rev 2018; 27:27/148/180027. [PMID: 29875138 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0027-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has extensively been reported as a complex disease affecting patients' health beyond the lungs with a variety of intra- and extrapulmonary components and considerable variability between individuals. This review discusses the assessment of this complexity and underlines the importance of transdisciplinary management programmes addressing the physical, emotional and social health of the individual patient.COPD management is challenging and requires advanced, sophisticated strategies meeting the patient's individual needs. Due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the disease leading to non-linear and consequently poorly predictable treatment responses, multidimensional patient profiling is crucial to identify the right COPD patient for the right treatment. Current methods are often restricted to general, well-known and commonly used assessments neglecting potentially relevant (interactions between) individual, unique "traits" to finally ensure personalised treatment. Dynamic, personalised and holistic approaches are needed to tackle this multifaceted disease and to ensure personalised medicine and value-based healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan H Vercoulen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Johan B Wempe
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Spruit
- CIRO+, Horn, The Netherlands.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- CIRO+, Horn, The Netherlands.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frits M E Franssen
- CIRO+, Horn, The Netherlands.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Ahmad I, Kim JY. Assessment of Whole Body and Local Muscle Fatigue Using Electromyography and a Perceived Exertion Scale for Squat Lifting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040784. [PMID: 29670002 PMCID: PMC5923826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research study aims at addressing the paradigm of whole body fatigue and local muscle fatigue detection for squat lifting. For this purpose, a comparison was made between perceived exertion with the heart rate and normalized mean power frequency (NMPF) of eight major muscles. The sample consisted of 25 healthy males (age: 30 ± 2.2 years). Borg’s CR-10 scale was used for perceived exertion for two segments of the body (lower and upper) and the whole body. The lower extremity of the body was observed to be dominant compared to the upper and whole body in perceived response. First mode of principal component analysis (PCA) was obtained through the covariance matrix for the eight muscles for 25 subjects for NMPF of eight muscles. The diagonal entries in the covariance matrix were observed for each muscle. The muscle with the highest absolute magnitude was observed across all the 25 subjects. The medial deltoid and the rectus femoris muscles were observed to have the highest frequency for each PCA across 25 subjects. The rectus femoris, having the highest counts in all subjects, validated that the lower extremity dominates the sense of whole body fatigue during squat lifting. The findings revealed that it is significant to take into account the relation between perceived and measured effort that can help prevent musculoskeletal disorders in repetitive occupational tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Department of Industrial Management Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Jung-Yong Kim
- Department of Industrial Management Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea.
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