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Alghamdi H, Sanderson D, Carmichael L, Cresswell A, Martin L. The use of portable OSL and IRSL measurements of NaCl in low dose assessments following a radiological or nuclear emergency. Front Public Health 2022; 10:969829. [PMID: 36111193 PMCID: PMC9468860 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.969829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During recovery phases following a nuclear or radiological incident analyses of doses received by members of the public and responders are often required. Several methods have been investigated for use at different timescales after the incident, including assessments based on measurements of materials present at the time of the incident. Common salt has previously been shown to have potential for retrospective dosimetry in the mGy dose range using laboratory instrumentation. This preliminary study investigates the use of portable instruments, with unprepared commercially sourced salt, in dose ranges below 100 μGy. Responses from pulsed IRSL and portable OSL instruments were compared. For OSL measurements, detection limits of 7 μGy have been demonstrated, with detection limits of 30-340 μGy for the other instruments investigated. Dose responses in the 0-500 μGy range were determined for the most sensitive systems, which show a linear response over this dose range with a non-zero intercept representing doses received from environmental sources since manufacture of the salt. For use as a dosimeter, methods of removing or accounting for inherited signals will be required in this low dose range. The results demonstrate that salt has considerable potential for use in retrospective dosimetry below 100 μGy, and that measurements can be conducted with portable OSL instruments.
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Ahmad K, Kakakhel MB, Hayat S, Wazir-Ud-Din M, Mahmood MM, Ur-Rehman S, Siddique MT, Munir M, Mirza SM. Dosimetric properties of thermoluminescent NaCl pellets from Khewra Salt Mines, Pakistan. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1701-1709. [PMID: 35864081 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thermoluminescence (TL) and extended dosimetric characteristics of naturally occurring NaCl salt were studied. Pellets were prepared from mined crystalline salt obtained from Khewra salt mines, Pakistan and irradiated from 1 mGy to 10,000 mGy using Co-60 gamma source. The TL response showed two dominant peaks around 125 °C and 230 °C respectively at low doses, with an additional peak in between at doses beyond 300 mGy. A linear and supra-linear TL response was observed between 1 mGy-100 mGy and 100 mGy-10 Gy dose ranges respectively. During first 24 hours post irradiation, the TL intensity dropped by 20%. A maximum angular dependence of up to 50% was observed between 0 to 360°. For photon energies between 33 keV-1.25 MeV significant energy dependence was observed for photons <100 keV only. Sample sensitivity increased with dose a qualitatively similar behaviour to TLD-200. Zeff of the sample (14.6) was comparable to TLD-200 (16.3). No significant dose rate effects (deviation for a Co-60 source within 3.5%) on the TL sensitivity of the sample were found. The lowest detectable dose limit (LDDL) for salt sample was found to be 0.8 mGy whereas the sample reproducibility test showed a maximum of ±11% deviation from the first value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Ahmad
- Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Basim Kakakhel
- Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sikander Hayat
- Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Wazir-Ud-Din
- Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Masood Mahmood
- Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ur-Rehman
- Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Tariq Siddique
- Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sikander M Mirza
- Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
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3
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Ekendahl D, Reimitz D. Retrospective OSL Dosimetry With Common Pharmaceuticals and Food Supplements. Front Public Health 2022; 10:908016. [PMID: 35784234 PMCID: PMC9243327 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.908016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several common pharmaceuticals such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, aspirin, oral contraceptives, drugs for the prevention of motion sickness and food supplements such as table vitamins and minerals have been studied for the purposes of retrospective dosimetry using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). The essence is that the tablets with these drug substances contain additive crystalline materials which, after irradiation and stimulation, may exhibit luminescence. For most of the pharmaceuticals and food supplements, a radiation-induced dose-dependent OSL signal was detected. Subsequently, basic dosimetric characteristics of the materials were studied, specifically sensitivity changes during repeated OSL readings, dose response, zero-dose, minimum detectable dose (MDD) and fading. The most radiation sensitive materials were food supplements with Mg providing zero-dose and MDD values at the level of several mGy. For Mg supplements, considerable sensitivity changes in OSL signal were observed. Despite this, they could be corrected using a Single-Aliquot Regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. The OSL signals of the other materials were relatively weak but they were well reproducible and exhibited linear dose response. The MDD values were variable among the materials and ranged from 0.1 to several Gy. However, for some of the pharmaceuticals, a very high and variable zero-dose of more than 3 Gy was observed that would rule out the possibility of dose reconstruction for triage purposes. The OSL signal exhibited a significant fading rate for most of the materials. The measurements for dose reconstruction should be performed as soon as possible after irradiation, i.e. within a maximum of a few days.
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Ekendahl D, Čemusová Z, Reimitz D, Vávra J. Retrospective physical dosimetry in the Czech Republic: an overview of already established methods and recent research. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:890-899. [PMID: 34606411 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1988181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The threat of serious radiation exposures to members of the public from radiological incidents and nuclear events has led to intensive study of a number of emergency dosimetry techniques for purposes of triage. As such, a national laboratory of retrospective dosimetry was established in our institute. The purpose of this work is to provide a summary of the well-established and already implemented retrospective physical dosimetry techniques based on thermoluminescence (TL), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and neutron activation including their specifics. Moreover, we present some new results of the experimental work, in which we compared dosimetry potential of various dental repair materials and human teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS At first, an overview of already established retrospective physical retrospective methods including their main features was compiled. As regards recent research, an experimental comparative study was performed under defined conditions. The materials used were aliquots prepared from both pure and repaired teeth and aliquots of unused dental ceramics of known type. Following irradiation, we compared TL and OSL curves of the materials. We also compared dosimetry characteristics of OSL signal as reproducibility, dose dependence and fading. RESULTS After irradiation, the teeth aliquots of dental enamel and dentin exhibited very low OSL and TL signals compared with aliquots containing some dental repair materials or aliquots of pure dental ceramics. With a few exceptions, the OSL signal of dental enamel and dentin aliquots irradiated to 2 Gy was hardly distinguishable from OSL signal corresponding to unirradiated aliquots. In contrast, aliquots of teeth containing some dental repair material and aliquots of pure dental ceramics provided a well reproducible OSL signal exhibiting linear dose response. All the materials tested exhibited a significant fading of the OSL signal. The loss of OSL signal during the first 24 hours after irradiation was from 20 to 99% of its original value obtained immediately after the irradiation. CONCLUSIONS The already established physical methods of retrospective dosimetry use a spectrum of verified materials and techniques for dose assessment in the aftermath of serious radiological incidents and nuclear events. In the comparative study, we found that the dosimetry potential of teeth in natural state is much worse compared to teeth repaired with dental ceramics or dental cement fillings. Teeth restored with dental repair materials exhibited relatively favorable dosimetry characteristics. However, they can be usable for a dose reconstruction only on condition that the main practical problems connected with fading and optical bleaching were solved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zina Čemusová
- National Radiation Protection Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dan Reimitz
- National Radiation Protection Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Vávra
- National Radiation Protection Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
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Waldner L, Bernhardsson C, Woda C, Trompier F, Van Hoey O, Kulka U, Oestreicher U, Bassinet C, Rääf C, Discher M, Endesfelder D, Eakins JS, Gregoire E, Wojcik A, Ristic Y, Kim H, Lee J, Yu H, Kim MC, Abend M, Ainsbury E. The 2019-2020 EURADOS WG10 and RENEB Field Test of Retrospective Dosimetry Methods in a Small-Scale Incident Involving Ionizing Radiation. Radiat Res 2021; 195:253-264. [PMID: 33347576 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00243.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
With the use of ionizing radiation comes the risk of accidents and malevolent misuse. When unplanned exposures occur, there are several methods which can be used to retrospectively reconstruct individual radiation exposures; biological methods include analysis of aberrations and damage of chromosomes and DNA, while physical methods rely on luminescence (TL/OSL) or EPR signals. To ensure the quality and dependability of these methods, they should be evaluated under realistic exposure conditions. In 2019, EURADOS Working Group 10 and RENEB organized a field test with the purpose of evaluating retrospective dosimetry methods as carried out in potential real-life exposure scenarios. A 1.36 TBq 192Ir source was used to irradiate anthropomorphic phantoms in different geometries at doses of several Gy in an outdoor open-air geometry. Materials intended for accident dosimetry (including mobile phones and blood) were placed on the phantoms together with reference dosimeters (LiF, NaCl, glass). The objective was to estimate radiation exposures received by individuals as measured using blood and fortuitous materials, and to evaluate these methods by comparing the estimated doses to reference measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. Herein we describe the overall planning, goals, execution and preliminary outcomes of the 2019 field test. Such field tests are essential for the development of new and existing methods. The outputs from this field test include useful experience in terms of planning and execution of future exercises, with respect to time management, radiation protection, and reference dosimetry to be considered to obtain relevant data for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Waldner
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Sweden
| | - C Bernhardsson
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Sweden
| | - C Woda
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - F Trompier
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Sweden
| | - O Van Hoey
- Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK•CEN), Belgium
| | - U Kulka
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, BfS, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - U Oestreicher
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, BfS, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - C Bassinet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - C Rääf
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Discher
- Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Department of Geography and Geology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - D Endesfelder
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J S Eakins
- Public Health England, CRCE, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - E Gregoire
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Wojcik
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Sweden and Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Y Ristic
- Lund University, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Malmö, Sweden
| | - H Kim
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Division of Radiation Safety Management, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - J Lee
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Division of Radiation Safety Management, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - H Yu
- Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, Department of Radiological Emergency Preparedness, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - M C Kim
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Division of Radiation Safety Management, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - M Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - E Ainsbury
- Public Health England, CRCE, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
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Maltar-Strmečki N, Vidotto M, Della Monaca S, Erceg I, Fattibene P, Vojnić Kortmiš M, Quattrini MC, Bortolin E. Salty Crackers as Fortuitous Dosimeters: A Novel PSL Method for Rapid Radiation Triage. Front Public Health 2021; 9:661376. [PMID: 33898384 PMCID: PMC8062714 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.661376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When a radiological and nuclear (R/N) emergency occurs, the categorization of individuals into those who are unaffected and those requiring medical intervention is a high priority. At times, a professional dosimeter is not available and therefore some common belongings may be used as fortuitous dosimeters. The preparation of these objects for the measurement should be such as to give the most accurate and precise results. This paper focused on the Photo-Stimulated Luminescence (PSL) response of salty crackers confronts the problem of sample preparation (mass, grain size), dose response and signal stability. The dose response was determined for doses up to 5 Gy, which allowed the calculation of the limit of detection. Additionally, the signal stability was investigated for samples irradiated with 0.3 and 3 Gy. The observed decrease of the signal does not prevent the detection in the dose range typical for R/N emergency. The main dosimetric characteristics were investigated by using two different models of PSL readers equipped with single (infrared) or double (infrared, blue light) stimulation. The results indicated that the limit of detection can be improved by applying blue light stimulation. Moreover, strong correlation of the measurements performed in the two different instruments, as well as the rapidity of the analysis and the simplicity of the operations, suggest that this method can be suitable for a rapid radiation triage of a large number of civilians in a mass casualty event. The study was simultaneously conducted by two laboratories (Ruder Bošković Institute, RBI, Croatia and Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS, Italy) involved in the BioPhyMeTRE project (grant No. G5684) supported by NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Vidotto
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruder Bošković Institute (RBI), Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ina Erceg
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruder Bošković Institute (RBI), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paola Fattibene
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Roma, Italy
| | - Maja Vojnić Kortmiš
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruder Bošković Institute (RBI), Zagreb, Croatia
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Gaikwad SU, Patil RR, Kulkarni MS, Dudhe CM, Moharil SV. DEVELOPMENT OF NACL-BASED OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENT PHOSPHORS FOR THE POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS IN DOSIMETRY. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2020; 192:27-35. [PMID: 33283222 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
New highly sensitive optically stimulated luminescent phosphors with NaCl moiety and dopants Ca,Cu,P/Mg,Cu,P are developed. These phosphors show very high optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sensitivity. The dose response for NaCl:Ca,Cu,P is linear up to 1.2 Gy and for NaCl:Mg,Cu,P is slightly sub linear from 0.2 Gy. These phosphors show 30% fading during first 4 and later signal gets stabilised with no further signal loss. These sensitive phosphors will find applications in radiation dosimetry using OSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S U Gaikwad
- Institute of Science, R.T. Road Civil Lines, Nagpur, India
| | - R R Patil
- Institute of Forensic Science, R.T. Road Civil Lines, Nagpur, India
| | - M S Kulkarni
- Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - C M Dudhe
- Government Institute of Science, Gadchiroli, India
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8
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Waldner L, Rääf C, Hinrichsen Y, Herrnsdorf L, Bernhardsson C. Experimentally determined and Monte Carlo-calculated energy dependence of NaCl pellets read by optically stimulated luminescence for photon beams in the energy range 30 keV to 1.25 MeV. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2020; 40:1321-1335. [PMID: 33045684 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/abc052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ordinary salt, NaCl, has many properties suitable for dosimetry and has been suggested for both retrospective and prospective optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetry. Lately, the focus has been on NaCl that is compressed into solid pellets, as this improves both its handling and dosimetric properties. In this project, the energy dependence of NaCl pellets produced in-house was investigated for photon energies between 30 and 1.25 MeV. The NaCl pellets were first exposed to free-in-air conditions, and the estimated absorbed dose to the NaCl pellets was compared to the air kerma,Kair, at the point of exposure. Second, a backscatter medium of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was added, and NaCl pellets were exposed when positioned on a ISO slab phantom to relate the response in the NaCl to the personal dose equivalent,Hp(10). The results show a significant energy dependence for exposure to low-energy photons with a peak over-response compared toKairandHp(10) of up to 18. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations show good agreement, even though the simulations cannot account for properties related to the intrinsic luminescence effects of the NaCl pellets or the readout and calibration process. The finite thickness of the NaCl pellet makes it an imperfect Bragg-Grey cavity, which complicates the behaviour of the energy dependence. The results presented here may serve as an important basis for further experimental and theoretical modelling of a build-up layer and filters in efforts to develop a passive personal dosemeter based on NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Waldner
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christopher Rääf
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Hinrichsen
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Herrnsdorf
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christian Bernhardsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
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9
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Luminescence properties of natural dead sea salt pellet dosimetry upon thermal stimulation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Waldner L, Rääf C, Bernhardsson C. NaCl pellets for prospective dosimetry using optically stimulated luminescence: Signal integrity and long-term versus short-term exposure. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:693-702. [PMID: 32968842 PMCID: PMC7544717 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signal properties of pellets from three types of NaCl (two household salts and one analytical grade salt) were investigated for their use in prospective dosimetry. Special attention was given to the OSL signal behaviour with time. The readout protocol was optimised in terms of preheat temperature, and the OSL signal yield of the NaCl pellet with time as well as the fading of the OSL signal with time was investigated. The effects of acute and chronic irradiations were compared. Irradiations and readout were performed using a Risø TL/OSL reader (TL/OSL-DA-15, DTU Nutech, Denmark). The optimal preheat temperature was determined to be 100 ºC, yielding OSL signals similar to a 1 h pause before OSL signal readout. There was no OSL signal fading observed as a function of time, but a decrease in the OSL signal yield of the NaCl pellets with time resulted in an apparent inverse fading when converting the OSL signal to an absorbed dose. For chronic radiation exposures of up to five weeks, the sensitivity of the NaCl pellets was found to be stable. The results of this study show that the use of NaCl pellets for prospective dosimetry is a promising, cost-effective, and accessible complement to commercially available alternatives for accurate absorbed dose determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Waldner
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Christopher Rääf
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christian Bernhardsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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11
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Wahib NB, Abdul Sani SF, Ramli A, Ismail SS, Abdul Jabar MH, Khandaker MU, Daar E, Almugren KS, Alkallas FH, Bradley DA. Natural dead sea salt and retrospective dosimetry. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:523-537. [PMID: 32462382 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accidents resulting in widespread dispersal of radioactive materials have given rise to a need for materials that are convenient in allowing individual dose assessment. The present study examines natural Dead Sea salt adopted as a model thermoluminescence dosimetry system. Samples were prepared in two different forms, loose-raw and loose-ground, subsequently exposed to 60Co gamma-rays, delivering doses in the range 2-10 Gy. Key thermoluminescence (TL) properties were examined, including glow curves, dose response, sensitivity, reproducibility and fading. Glow curves shapes were found to be independent of given dose, prominent TL peaks for the raw and ground samples appearing in the temperature ranges 361-385 ºC and 366-401 ºC, respectively. The deconvolution of glow curves has been undertaken using GlowFit, resulting in ten overlapping first-order kinetic glow peaks. For both sample forms, the integrated TL yield displays linearity of response with dose, the loose-raw salt showing some 2.5 × the sensitivity of the ground salt. The samples showed similar degrees of fading, with respective residual signals 28 days post-irradiation of 66% and 62% for the ground and raw forms respectively; conversely, confronted by light-induced fading the respective signal losses were 62% and 80%. The effective atomic number of the Dead Sea salt of 16.3 is comparable to that of TLD-200 (Zeff 16.3), suitable as an environmental radiation monitor in accident situations but requiring careful calibration in the reconstruction of soft tissue dose (soft tissue Zeff 7.2). Sample luminescence studies were carried out via Raman and Photoluminescence spectroscopy as well as X-ray diffraction, ionizing radiation dependent variation in lattice structure being found to influence TL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfadira Binti Wahib
- Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Biomedical Physics, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ain Ramli
- Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S S Ismail
- Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - M U Khandaker
- Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Biomedical Physics, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E Daar
- Department of Physics, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - K S Almugren
- Department of Physics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F H Alkallas
- Department of Physics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Biomedical Physics, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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12
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Golikov V. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABSORBED DOSES IN THE ORGANS IN CASE OF RADIATION EMERGENCY WITH THE SEALED GAMMA-SOURCES. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 185:67-73. [PMID: 30544246 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the radiation accidents with early acute clinical effects were associated with the orphan sources used in industrial and medical facilities. These accidents involved members of general public, who were entirely unaware of the exposure to the radiation. In such situations, the exposure commonly occurs when the source is in contact with a body of a victim, primarily located in pockets of clothing or in hands. In this research, the average absorbed doses in internal organs, skin and tissues close to the source were assessed using the phantom modeling of contact human exposure by the sealed 192Ir, 137Cs and 60Co gamma sources. The results allow estimating the RBE-weighted absorbed dose values in organs and tissues to assess the possibility and severity of deterministic medical effects caused by the exposure and to compare them with the reference levels established by IAEA for performing the protective and medical actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Golikov
- St-Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev, Mira str. 8, St-Petersburg, Russian Federation
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13
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Properties of the model for radiation induced optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) in sodium and potassium chlorides. RADIAT MEAS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2019.106142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Majgier R, Rääf CL, Mandowski A, Bernhardsson C. OSL PROPERTIES IN VARIOUS FORMS OF KCl AND NaCl SAMPLES AFTER EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 184:90-97. [PMID: 30428076 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties of potassium chloride (KCl) and its potential use in radiation dosimetry. The optimal condition for OSL readout with blue light stimulation were designated using a commercially available Risø TL/OSL reader. KCl was studied in three sample forms: crystals, powder and pellets. The following OSL characteristics were determined: signal reproducibility, OSL measurement-induced sensitivity changes, temperature dependence of OSL and signal stability over time. The results show a high reproducibility of KCl samples and strong sensitivity changes, which can be corrected for by using a test-dose. The long-term OSL studies confirmed the occurrence of both inverse fading and fading phenomena in KCl. In addition, a comparison with corresponding measurements using sodium chloride (NaCl) were carried out. Although it was confirmed that NaCl is more suitable for dosimetry, there might be benefits of combining NaCl with KCl for more accurate absorbed dose determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Majgier
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, ul. Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Christopher L Rääf
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Arkadiusz Mandowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, ul. Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Christian Bernhardsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Waldner L, Bernhardsson C. Physical and dosimetric properties of NaCl pellets made in-house for the use in prospective optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry applications. RADIAT MEAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Majgier R, Biernacka M, Palczewski P, Mandowski A, Polymeris GS. Investigation on thermally assisted optically stimulated luminescence (TA - OSL) signal in various sodium chloride samples. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 143:98-106. [PMID: 30391717 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a phosphor with potential significance in retrospective dosimetry and geological dating. NaCl has been extensively studied for practical use in OSL dosimetry, however, the exact mechanism of the OSL emission is not well explained. This work attempts to extend the information on NaCl luminescent properties by establishing the occurrence of very deep traps in NaCl using the thermally assisted OSL (TA - OSL) method. The studied material was sodium chloride in different forms: halite minerals from Kłodawa salt mine in Poland and NaCl in chemically pure form. The isothermal TA - OSL signal was measured at various temperatures between 25 °C and 280 °C after a prior irradiation and TL erasing of shallow and main traps. The appearance of a strong TA - OSL signal indicates the occurrence of very deep traps in all forms of investigated salt. The temperature dependence of TA - OSL was determined and the activation energy for thermal assistance corresponding to deep traps in NaCl was estimated. For selected temperatures of TA - OSL readout (200 °C and 280 °C) the dose response was examined in wide dose range (1-1000 Gy). Sublinearity was found in different dose range depending on the type of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Majgier
- Institute of Physics, Jan Dlugosz University, ul. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-202 Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Biernacka
- Institute of Physics, Jan Dlugosz University, ul. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-202 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Piotr Palczewski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5/7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Mandowski
- Institute of Physics, Jan Dlugosz University, ul. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-202 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - George S Polymeris
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ankara University, TR-06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
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Roman-Lopez J, Piña López Y, Cruz-Zaragoza E, Marcazzó J. Optically stimulated luminescence of natural NaCl mineral from Dead Sea exposed to gamma radiation. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 138:60-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Christiansson M, Bernhardsson C, Geber-Bergstrand T, Mattsson S, Rääf CL. OSL in NaCl vs. TL in LiF for absorbed dose measurements and radiation quality assessment in the photon energy range 20 keV to 1.3 MeV. RADIAT MEAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Ainsbury EA, Samaga D, Della Monaca S, Marrale M, Bassinet C, Burbidge CI, Correcher V, Discher M, Eakins J, Fattibene P, Güçlü I, Higueras M, Lund E, Maltar-Strmecki N, McKeever S, Rääf CL, Sholom S, Veronese I, Wieser A, Woda C, Trompier F. UNCERTAINTY ON RADIATION DOSES ESTIMATED BY BIOLOGICAL AND RETROSPECTIVE PHYSICAL METHODS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2018; 178:382-404. [PMID: 28981844 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Biological and physical retrospective dosimetry are recognised as key techniques to provide individual estimates of dose following unplanned exposures to ionising radiation. Whilst there has been a relatively large amount of recent development in the biological and physical procedures, development of statistical analysis techniques has failed to keep pace. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of the art in uncertainty analysis techniques across the 'EURADOS Working Group 10-Retrospective dosimetry' members, to give concrete examples of implementation of the techniques recommended in the international standards, and to further promote the use of Monte Carlo techniques to support characterisation of uncertainties. It is concluded that sufficient techniques are available and in use by most laboratories for acute, whole body exposures to highly penetrating radiation, but further work will be required to ensure that statistical analysis is always wholly sufficient for the more complex exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Daniel Samaga
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sara Della Monaca
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Marrale
- Department of Physics and Chemistry and Advanced Technologies Network Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Edificio 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Celine Bassinet
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, BP 17 - 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex 31, Avenue de la Division Leclerc 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Christopher I Burbidge
- Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiological Protection, 3 Clonskeagh Square, Clonskeagh Road, Dublin 14, Ireland
| | - Virgilio Correcher
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Centro de la Moncloa, Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Discher
- University of Salzburg, Department of Geography and Geology, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jon Eakins
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Paola Fattibene
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Inci Güçlü
- Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, Dumlupinar Bulvari, No: 192, 06510, Çankaya - Ankara, Turkey
| | - Manuel Higueras
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Alameda de Mazarredo 14, E-48009 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Eva Lund
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nadica Maltar-Strmecki
- Ruder Boškovic Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Laboratory for Magnetic Resonances, Bijenicka cesta 54,10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephen McKeever
- Oklahoma State University, 145 Physical Sciences, Campus, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Christopher L Rääf
- Medicinsk strålningsfysik, Institutionen för Translationell Medicin, Lunds universitet, Skånes universitetssjukhus SUS, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sergey Sholom
- Oklahoma State University, 145 Physical Sciences, Campus, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ivan Veronese
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Physics and National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 - Milano, Italy
| | - Albrecht Wieser
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Woda
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Francois Trompier
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, BP 17 - 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex 31, Avenue de la Division Leclerc 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
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Ekendahl D, Rubovic P, Žlebcík P, Huml O, Malá H. DOSIMETRY WITH SALT IN MIXED RADIATION FIELDS OF PHOTONS AND NEUTRONS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2018; 178:329-332. [PMID: 28981792 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Salt (NaCl) represents a radiation sensitive material with a considerable potential for dosimetry in mixed radiation fields of photons and neutrons. In consequence of a gamma radiation exposure, it exhibits a strong luminescence signal following stimulation with blue light. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) technique can be used for measurement. Photon dose reconstruction can be done using so-called Single-Aliquot Regenerative-dose protocol. However, a part of OSL signal is caused by NaCl self-irradiation resulting from neutron reactions. This NaCl neutron sensitivity is comparable with neutron sensitivity of TLD-700. Neutron dose can be determined based on neutron activation of NaCl via reaction 23Na(n,γ)24Na. A relation between neutron dose and activity of 24Na can be derived. The total dose is thus determined based on the combination of results of OSL measurements and gamma activity measurements. Practical feasibility of this approach was experimentally verified for salt samples irradiated in a channel of a training reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ekendahl
- National Radiation Protection Institute, Bartoškova 1450/28, CZ-140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Rubovic
- National Radiation Protection Institute, Bartoškova 1450/28, CZ-140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Žlebcík
- National Radiation Protection Institute, Bartoškova 1450/28, CZ-140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Huml
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, V Holešovickách 2, CZ-180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Malá
- National Radiation Protection Institute, Bartoškova 1450/28, CZ-140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Majgier R, Biernacka M, Smyka R, Mandowski A. Analysis of OSL decay characteristics for beta-irradiated potassium chloride samples. RADIAT MEAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Yüce ÜR, Engin B. Effect of particle size on the thermoluminescence dosimetric properties of household salt. RADIAT MEAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Christiansson M, Geber-Bergstrand T, Bernhardsson C, Mattsson S, Rääf CL. RETROSPECTIVE DOSIMETRY USING SALTED SNACKS AND NUTS: A FEASIBILITY STUDY. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2017; 174:1-5. [PMID: 26994095 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of using ordinary household table salt for dosimetry is suggested by its high sensitivity to ionising radiation, which generates a readout of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). However, to exploit this finding for retrospective human dosimetry, it would be needed to find salt in close proximity to the exposed individual. Finding salty snacks frequently tucked into handbags, backpacks or pockets seemed to be a possibility; these items therefore became the test materials of the present study. The aluminium or cardboard packages used to exclude the moisture that makes crisps and nuts go soft and stale also helps to retain the induced OSL signal. Therefore, different snacks, either their salt component alone or mixed with the snack, are exposed to ionising radiation and then were assessed for their dosimetric properties. The results indicate the feasibility of using some salty snacks for dosimetry, with a minimum detectable dose as low as 0.2 mGy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christiansson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - T Geber-Bergstrand
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - C Bernhardsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - S Mattsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - C L Rääf
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
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26
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27
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Ekendahl D, Bulánek B, Judas L. A low-cost personal dosemeter based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of common household salt (NaCl). RADIAT MEAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guidelli EJ, Ramos AP, Baffa O. Enhancing and quenching luminescence with gold nanoparticle films: the influence of substrate on the luminescent properties. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:015503. [PMID: 26606392 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/1/015503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle (AuNP) films were sputtered over glass and aluminum substrates to enhance optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), a luminescent technique employed for radiation detection, from x-ray irradiated NaCl nanocrystals. The AuNP films deposited over glass led to enhanced-OSL emission, whereas the AuNP films deposited on aluminum substrates quenched the OSL emission. The enhanced-OSL intensity is proportional to the optical density of the film's plasmon resonance band at the stimulation wavelength. For the case of the AuNP/aluminum films, the luminescence quenching diminishes, and OSL intensity partially recovers upon increasing the distance between the AuNPs and the aluminum substrates, and between the luminescent nanocrystals and the AuNP films. These results suggest that plasmonic interactions between the emitter nanocrystals, the localized surface plasmons (LSP) of the AuNPs, and the substrate are responsible for the OSL enhancement and quenching. In this sense, the substrate dictates whether LSP relaxation occurs by radiative or non-radiative transisitions, leading to enhanced or quenched OSL, respectively. Therefore, besides showing that AuNP films can enhance and/or tune the sensitivity of luminescent radiation detectors, and demonstrating OSL as a new technique to investigate mechanisms of plasmon-enhanced luminescence, these results bring insights on how substrates strongly modify the optical properties of AuNP films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder José Guidelli
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Lima C, Lima A, Degenhardt Ä, Valverde N, Da Silva F. Reconstructive dosimetry for cutaneous radiation syndrome. Braz J Med Biol Res 2015; 48:895-901. [PMID: 26445332 PMCID: PMC4617115 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), a relatively significant number of radiological accidents have occurred in recent years mainly because of the practices referred to as potentially high-risk activities, such as radiotherapy, large irradiators and industrial radiography, especially in gammagraphy assays. In some instances, severe injuries have occurred in exposed persons due to high radiation doses. In industrial radiography, 80 cases involving a total of 120 radiation workers, 110 members of the public including 12 deaths have been recorded up to 2014. Radiological accidents in industrial practices in Brazil have mainly resulted in development of cutaneous radiation syndrome (CRS) in hands and fingers. Brazilian data include 5 serious cases related to industrial gammagraphy, affecting 7 radiation workers and 19 members of the public; however, none of them were fatal. Some methods of reconstructive dosimetry have been used to estimate the radiation dose to assist in prescribing medical treatment. The type and development of cutaneous manifestations in the exposed areas of a person is the first achievable gross dose estimation. This review article presents the state-of-the-art reconstructive dosimetry methods enabling estimation of local radiation doses and provides guidelines for medical handling of the exposed individuals. The review also presents the Chilean and Brazilian radiological accident cases to highlight the importance of reconstructive dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.M.A. Lima
- Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, IRD/CNEN, Rio de Janeiro,
RJ, Brasil
| | - A.R. Lima
- Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, IRD/CNEN, Rio de Janeiro,
RJ, Brasil
| | - Ä.L. Degenhardt
- Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, IRD/CNEN, Rio de Janeiro,
RJ, Brasil
| | - N.J. Valverde
- Fundação Eletronuclear de Assistência Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brasil
| | - F.C.A. Da Silva
- Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, IRD/CNEN, Rio de Janeiro,
RJ, Brasil
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Geber-Bergstrand T, Bernhardsson C, Christiansson M, Mattsson S, Rääf CL. Desiccants for retrospective dosimetry using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). RADIAT MEAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Ekendahl D, Bulánek B, Judas L. Comparative measurements of external radiation exposure using mobile phones, dental ceramic, household salt and conventional personal dosemeters. RADIAT MEAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Christiansson M, Bernhardsson C, Geber-Bergstrand T, Mattsson S, Rääf CL. Household salt for retrospective dose assessments using OSL: signal integrity and its dependence on containment, sample collection, and signal readout. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2014; 53:559-569. [PMID: 24811727 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-014-0544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine how a latent optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signal in irradiated household salt is preserved under various ambient conditions, from the time of exposure to the time of signal readout. The following parameters were examined: optical fading in fluorescent light and under darkroom conditions (red light), thermal stability of the OSL signal during storage in a light-tight container, optical fading in representative container types, and sensitization effects of the OSL signal in exposed household salt. Furthermore, the influence of grain mixing within the saltshaker or salt container was studied by determining the dose gradient within typical salt packages. Finally, the signal integrity of salt irradiated under field conditions in a village in Belarus contaminated by Chernobyl fallout was investigated. The results show that the OSL signal in household salt is preserved in large cardboard box containers, but not in white plastic salt containers or in small portion bags used in, e.g., fast food restaurants. Furthermore, the continuous wave blue OSL signal in household salt does not fade significantly during storage up to 140 days. On the contrary, the signal appears to slowly increase during storage ("inverse fading"). Field tests of two different salt containers (with and without black tape to block light) located in Belarussian households confirmed that the signal is preserved in white plastic salt containers when they are covered with extra light-shielding material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christiansson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden,
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34
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Investigation of regeneration effect of blue luminescence in NaCl using variable delay optically stimulated luminescence (VD-OSL). RADIAT MEAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Timar-Gabor A, Trandafir O. On optically stimulated luminescence properties of household salt as a retrospective dosemeter. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2013; 155:404-409. [PMID: 23443414 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) in the UV (270-370 nm) spectral region have been investigated for five types of table salt (NaCl) available in Romanian supermarkets with a view to applying them in retrospective dosimetry. The salt samples gave bright TL signals with two main peaks at ∼100°C and at 300 or 260°C, depending on the origin of the salt and bright OSL signals under continuous stimulation with blue light. The OSL signal (stimulated at 100°C after a pre-heat of 10 s at 150°C) was used for investigations in a standard multiple aliquot procedure. The dose-response was found to be linear in the dose range investigated (up to ∼100 mGy) and the lower limit of detection for the samples varied from ∼0.01 to 14 mGy. These characteristics, along with the widespread abundance and low cost of household salt, confirm its potential as a retrospective dosemeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Timar-Gabor
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Fântânele 30, Cluj-Napoca 400294, Romania.
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36
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Paksu U, Aydaş C, Yüce ÜR, Aydın T, Polat M, Engin B. ESR and TL investigations on gamma irradiated linden (Tilia vulgaris). RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:255-267. [PMID: 23519757 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR) and thermoluminescence (TL) signals induced by gamma irradiation in linden (Tilia vulgaris) were studied for detection and dosimetric purposes. Before irradiation, linden leaf samples exhibit one singlet ESR signal centred at g = 2.0088. Besides this central signal, in spectra of irradiated linden samples, two weak satellite signals situated about 3 mT left (g = 2.0267) and right (g = 1.9883) were observed. Dose-response curves for the left satellite signal and the central single signal were constructed, and it was found that both of these curves can be described best by the combination of two exponential saturation functions. Variable temperature and fading studies at room temperature showed that the radiation-induced radicals in linden leaf samples are very sensitive to temperature. The stabilities of the left satellite (g = 2.0267) and the central single (g = 2.0088) signal at room temperature over a storage period of 126 days turned out to be best described by a sum of two first-order decay functions. The kinetic features of the left satellite signal were studied over the temperature range of 313-373 K. The results indicate that the isothermal decay curves of the left satellite ESR signal also proved to be best fitted by the combination of two first-order decay functions. Fading and annealing studies suggested the existence of two different radiation-induced free radical species. At the same time, Arrhenius plots evidenced two different kinetic regimes with two different activation energies. TL investigation of polyminerals from the linden samples allowed to discriminate clearly between irradiated and unirradiated samples even 75 days after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Paksu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylül University, 35160 Buca, İzmir, Turkey
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Bernhardsson C, Matskevich S, Mattsson S, Rääf C. Comparative measurements of the external radiation exposure in a 137Cs contaminated village in Belarus based on optically stimulated luminescence in NaCl and thermoluminescence in LiF. HEALTH PHYSICS 2012; 103:740-749. [PMID: 23111521 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31825d0e1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies have shown that ordinary household salt (NaCl) exhibits several promising properties for retrospective dosimetry; e.g., a linear dose response and a low detection limit, down to a few mGy or even less. In an attempt to test NaCl as a dosimeter outside the laboratory, the first results from the use of NaCl as a dosimeter under normal environmental conditions are reported here. For this purpose, special dosimeter kits with NaCl and lithium fluoride (LiF) chips were designed. The dosimeter kits were positioned at different locations in a Chernobyl Cs-contaminated village in Belarus during the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010. The results from the two luminescent detectors were also compared with those of measurements carried out with a handheld 75 cm NaI(Tl) detector and with a 8 dm high pressure ionization chamber. The radiation level in the village was inhomogeneous, and depending on the type of house and countermeasures carried out, the ambient dose rate inside and around the houses varied between 0.05 μSv h and 0.50 μSv h. Based on the different measurements, the annual external effective dose to a hypothetical adult population in the village was estimated as 1-1.5 mSv y. Detector readings from the two luminescent materials correlated relatively strongly to that of the ambient survey NaI(Tl) detector. After three repeated surveys using similar dosimeter kits for prospective dosimetry, the potential use of ordinary household salt as a complement to other techniques for retrospective dose estimations is more evident, and shortcomings of the technique have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bernhardsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Hunter P, Spooner N, Smith B, Creighton D. Investigation of emission spectra, dose response and stability of luminescence from NaCl. RADIAT MEAS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ekendahl D, Judas L. Retrospective dosimetry with alumina substrate from electronic components. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2012; 150:134-141. [PMID: 21964904 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncr380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Alumina substrate can be found in electronic components used in portable electronic devices. The material is radiation sensitive and can be applied in dosimetry using thermally or optically stimulated luminescence. Electronic portable devices such as mobile phones, USB flash discs, mp3 players, etc., which are worn close to the body, can represent personal dosemeters for members of the general public in situations of large-scale radiation accidents or malevolent acts with radioactive materials. This study investigated dosimetric properties of alumina substrates and aspects of using mobile phones as personal dosemeters. The alumina substrates exhibited favourable dosimetry characteristics. However, anomalous fading had to be properly corrected in order to achieve sufficient precision in dose estimate. Trial dose reconstruction performed by means of two mobile phones proved that mobile phones can be used for reconstruction of personal doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ekendahl
- National Radiation Protection Institute, Bartoškova 28, CZ-140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Christiansson M, Mattsson S, Bernhardsson C, Rääf CL. Optimizing a readout protocol for low dose retrospective OSL-dosimetry using household salt. HEALTH PHYSICS 2012; 102:631-636. [PMID: 22549319 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31824108f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The authors' aim has been to find a single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocol that accurately recovers an unknown absorbed dose in the region between 1-250 mGy in household salt. The main investigation has been conducted on a specific mine salt (>98.5% NaCl) intended for household use, using optical stimulation by blue LED (λ = 462 nm). The most accurate dose recovery for this brand of salt is found to be achieved when using Peak Signal Summing (PSS) of the OSL-decay and a preheat temperature of 200°C after the test dose. A SAR protocol for the household salt with preset values of regenerative doses (R1--R5) and a test dose (TED) of 17 mGy is also suggested here. Under laboratory conditions, the suggested protocol recovers unknown absorbed doses in this particular brand within 5% (2 SD) in the dose range between 1-250 mGy. This is a very promising result for low dose applications of household salt as a retrospective dosimeter after a nuclear or radiological event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christiansson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden.
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Sholom S, DeWitt R, Simon SL, Bouville A, McKeever SWS. Emergency Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry Using Different Materials. RADIAT MEAS 2011; 46:1866-1869. [PMID: 22125409 PMCID: PMC3223857 DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several materials were tested as possible individual emergency dosimeters using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) as means to assess the exposure. Materials investigated included human nails, business cards and plastic buttons. The OSL properties of these materials were studied in comparison with those of teeth. Most samples revealed OSL signals only after exposure to ionizing radiation; some samples of business cards, however, displayed a strong initial "native" signal (i.e. existing in the samples prior to irradiation). The sensitivity (minimum measurable dose) of the samples was found to vary significantly from sample to sample of the same material and was in the range from several tens of mGy to a few dozens of Gy. The dose response curves were linear for doses below 10 Gy. Fading of the OSL signals was estimated for different lenghts of times and found to be ~95%, 45%, 30% and 15% for samples of teeth, business cards, buttons and nails, respectively, following storage at room temperature in the dark for a period of 3 weeks after exposure. For samples stored under routine laboratory light, fading was much faster and the radiation-induced signals almost disappeared after a few hours of such illumination. It was concluded that the tested materials could be used in triage situations to detect and estimate the possible overexposure of individuals if the measurements can be performed soon enough after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sholom
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - R DeWitt
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - SL Simon
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Bouville
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ainsbury EA, Bakhanova E, Barquinero JF, Brai M, Chumak V, Correcher V, Darroudi F, Fattibene P, Gruel G, Guclu I, Horn S, Jaworska A, Kulka U, Lindholm C, Lloyd D, Longo A, Marrale M, Monteiro Gil O, Oestreicher U, Pajic J, Rakic B, Romm H, Trompier F, Veronese I, Voisin P, Vral A, Whitehouse CA, Wieser A, Woda C, Wojcik A, Rothkamm K. Review of retrospective dosimetry techniques for external ionising radiation exposures. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2011; 147:573-92. [PMID: 21183550 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The current focus on networking and mutual assistance in the management of radiation accidents or incidents has demonstrated the importance of a joined-up approach in physical and biological dosimetry. To this end, the European Radiation Dosimetry Working Group 10 on 'Retrospective Dosimetry' has been set up by individuals from a wide range of disciplines across Europe. Here, established and emerging dosimetry methods are reviewed, which can be used immediately and retrospectively following external ionising radiation exposure. Endpoints and assays include dicentrics, translocations, premature chromosome condensation, micronuclei, somatic mutations, gene expression, electron paramagnetic resonance, thermoluminescence, optically stimulated luminescence, neutron activation, haematology, protein biomarkers and analytical dose reconstruction. Individual characteristics of these techniques, their limitations and potential for further development are reviewed, and their usefulness in specific exposure scenarios is discussed. Whilst no single technique fulfils the criteria of an ideal dosemeter, an integrated approach using multiple techniques tailored to the exposure scenario can cover most requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ainsbury
- Centre for Radiation, Health Protection Agency, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK.
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Bernhardsson C, Zvonova I, Rääf C, Mattsson S. Measurements of long-term external and internal radiation exposure of inhabitants of some villages of the Bryansk region of Russia after the Chernobyl accident. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4811-4817. [PMID: 21906781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A Nordic-Soviet programme was initiated in 1990 to evaluate the external and internal radiation exposure of the inhabitants of several villages in the Bryansk region of Russia. This area was one of the number of areas particularly affected by the nuclear accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986. Measurements were carried out yearly until 1998 and after that more irregularly; in 2000, 2006 and 2008 respectively. The effective dose estimates were based on individual thermoluminescent dosemeters and on in vivo measurements of the whole body content of (137)Cs (and (134)Cs during the first years of the programme). The decrease in total effective dose during the almost 2 decade follow-up was due to a continuous decrease in the dominating external exposure and a less decreasing but highly variable exposure from internal irradiation. In 2008, the observed average effective dose (i.e. the sum of external and internal exposure) from Chernobyl (137)Cs to the residents was estimated to be 0.3mSv y(-1). This corresponds to 8% of the estimated annual dose in 1990 and to 1% of the estimated annual dose in 1986. As a mean for the population group and for the period of the present study (2006-2008), the average yearly effective dose from Chernobyl cesium was comparable to the absorbed dose obtained annually from external exposure to cosmic radiation plus internal exposure to naturally occurring radionuclides in the human body. Our data indicate that the effective dose from internal exposure is becoming increasingly important as the body burdens of Chernobyl (137)Cs are decreasing more slowly than the external exposure. However, over the years there have been large individual variations in both the external and internal effective doses, as well as differences between the villages investigated. These variations and differences are presented and discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bernhardsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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Polymeris GS, Kitis G, Kiyak NG, Sfamba I, Subedi B, Pagonis V. Dissolution and subsequent re-crystallization as zeroing mechanism, thermal properties and component resolved dose response of salt (NaCl) for retrospective dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:1255-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ekendahl D, Judas L. NaCl as a retrospective and accident dosemeter. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2011; 145:36-44. [PMID: 21068016 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
NaCl is a cheap and widely available material. This study investigated the potential of NaCl in the form of a household salt as a retrospective and accident dosemeter using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Samples of the investigated household salt were stimulated using blue light of linearly modulated power. Attention was concentrated on sensitivity, dose dependence of the OSL signal, fading, optimisation of the read-out procedure and application of analytical protocols that do not require a specific calibration. A potential of NaCl as a complementary dosemeter within emergency preparedness was considered. The behaviour of the OSL signal observed was found to be favourable for dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ekendahl
- National Radiation Protection Institute, Bartoškova 28, CZ-140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Christiansson M, Bernhardsson C, Mattsson S, Rääf CL. Using an optimised OSL single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol for low-dose retrospective dosimetry on household salt. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2011; 144:584-587. [PMID: 21273199 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocols used in retrospective dosimetry for optically stimulated luminescence measurements have been mainly developed for archaeological and geological dating of quartz and feldspar. The aim in this study is to find a read-out protocol that can generate the most reproducible signal for household salt (NaCl) at absorbed doses below 100 mGy. The relation between the reproducibility of the signal, in terms of the ratio between given absorbed dose and SAR-calculated dose, and parameters such as test-dose pre-heat temperature has been studied. It was found that a temperature of 200 °C yielded the best reproducibility in the SAR-calculated dose, which is a somewhat higher pre-heat temperature than what is used for dating of quartz.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christiansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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