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Riego ML, Meher PK, Brzozowska B, Akuwudike P, Bucher M, Oestreicher U, Lundholm L, Wojcik A. Chromosomal damage, gene expression and alternative transcription in human lymphocytes exposed to mixed ionizing radiation as encountered in space. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11502. [PMID: 38769353 PMCID: PMC11106305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Astronauts travelling in space will be exposed to mixed beams of particle radiation and photons. Exposure limits that correspond to defined cancer risk are calculated by multiplying absorbed doses by a radiation-type specific quality factor that reflects the biological effectiveness of the particle without considering possible interaction with photons. We have shown previously that alpha radiation and X-rays may interact resulting in synergistic DNA damage responses in human peripheral blood lymphocytes but the level of intra-individual variability was high. In order to assess the variability and validate the synergism, blood from two male donors was drawn at 9 time points during 3 seasons of the year and exposed to 0-2 Gy of X-rays, alpha particles or 1:1 mixture of both (half the dose each). DNA damage response was quantified by chromosomal aberrations and by mRNA levels of 3 radiation-responsive genes FDXR, CDKN1A and MDM2 measured 24 h post exposure. The quality of response in terms of differential expression of alternative transcripts was assessed by using two primer pairs per gene. A consistently higher than expected effect of mixed beams was found in both donors for chromosomal aberrations and gene expression with some seasonal variability for the latter. No synergy was detected for alternative transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagrosa López Riego
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Prabodha Kumar Meher
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beata Brzozowska
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pamela Akuwudike
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Bucher
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | - Lovisa Lundholm
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.
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2
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Helm A, Fournier C. High-LET charged particles: radiobiology and application for new approaches in radiotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol 2023; 199:1225-1241. [PMID: 37872399 PMCID: PMC10674019 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-023-02158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The number of patients treated with charged-particle radiotherapy as well as the number of treatment centers is increasing worldwide, particularly regarding protons. However, high-linear energy transfer (LET) particles, mainly carbon ions, are of special interest for application in radiotherapy, as their special physical features result in high precision and hence lower toxicity, and at the same time in increased efficiency in cell inactivation in the target region, i.e., the tumor. The radiobiology of high-LET particles differs with respect to DNA damage repair, cytogenetic damage, and cell death type, and their increased LET can tackle cells' resistance to hypoxia. Recent developments and perspectives, e.g., the return of high-LET particle therapy to the US with a center planned at Mayo clinics, the application of carbon ion radiotherapy using cost-reducing cyclotrons and the application of helium is foreseen to increase the interest in this type of radiotherapy. However, further preclinical research is needed to better understand the differential radiobiological mechanisms as opposed to photon radiotherapy, which will help to guide future clinical studies for optimal exploitation of high-LET particle therapy, in particular related to new concepts and innovative approaches. Herein, we summarize the basics and recent progress in high-LET particle radiobiology with a focus on carbon ions and discuss the implications of current knowledge for charged-particle radiotherapy. We emphasize the potential of high-LET particles with respect to immunogenicity and especially their combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Helm
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany.
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3
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Mladenova V, Mladenov E, Chaudhary S, Stuschke M, Iliakis G. The high toxicity of DSB-clusters modelling high-LET-DNA damage derives from inhibition of c-NHEJ and promotion of alt-EJ and SSA despite increases in HR. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1016951. [PMID: 36263011 PMCID: PMC9574094 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1016951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy-ion radiotherapy utilizing high linear energy transfer (high-LET) ionizing radiation (IR) is a promising cancer treatment modality owing to advantageous physical properties of energy deposition and associated toxicity over X-rays. Therapies utilizing high-LET radiation will benefit from a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning their increased biological efficacy. Towards this goal, we investigate here the biological consequences of well-defined clusters of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), a form of DNA damage, which on theoretical counts, has often been considered central to the enhanced toxicity of high-LET IR. We test clonal cell lines harboring in their genomes constructs with appropriately engineered I-SceI recognition sites that convert upon I-SceI expression to individual DSBs, or DSB-clusters comprising known numbers of DSBs with defined DNA-ends. We find that, similarly to high-LET IR, DSB-clusters of increasing complexity, i.e. increasing numbers of DSBs, with compatible or incompatible ends, compromise classical non-homologous end-joining, favor DNA end-resection and promote resection-dependent DSB-processing. Analysis of RAD51 foci shows increased engagement of error-free homologous recombination on DSB-clusters. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis shows that complex DSB-clusters markedly increase the incidence of structural chromosomal abnormalities (SCAs). Since RAD51-knockdown further increases SCAs-incidence, we conclude that homologous recombination suppresses SCAs-formation. Strikingly, CtIP-depletion inhibits SCAs-formation, suggesting that it relies on alternative end-joining or single-strand annealing. Indeed, ablation of RAD52 causes a marked reduction in SCAs, as does also inhibition of PARP1. We conclude that increased DSB-cluster formation that accompanies LET-increases, enhances IR-effectiveness by promoting DNA end-resection, which suppresses c-NHEJ and enhances utilization of alt-EJ or SSA. Although increased resection also favors HR, on balance, error-prone processing dominates, causing the generally observed increased toxicity of high-LET radiation. These findings offer new mechanistic insights into high-LET IR-toxicity and have translational potential in the clinical setting that may be harnessed by combining high-LET IR with inhibitors of PARP1 or RAD52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Mladenova
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Emil Mladenov
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Shipra Chaudhary
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209 / CNRS UMR 5309 Joint Research Center, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: George Iliakis,
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4
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Duthoo E, Vral A, Baeyens A. An updated view into the cell cycle kinetics of human T lymphocytes and the impact of irradiation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7687. [PMID: 35538107 PMCID: PMC9090834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though a detailed understanding of the proliferative characteristics of T lymphocytes is imperative in many research fields, prior studies have never reached a consensus on these characteristics, and on the corresponding cell cycle kinetics specifically. In this study, the general proliferative response of human T lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was characterized using a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-based flow cytometric assay. We were able to determine when PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes complete their first division, the proportion of cells that initiate proliferation, the subsequent division rate of the cells, and the impact of irradiation on these proliferative properties. Next, we accurately visualized the cell cycle progression of dividing T lymphocytes cultured in whole blood using an adapted 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine pulse-chase method. Furthermore, through multiple downstream analysis methods, we were able to make an estimation of the corresponding cell cycle kinetics. We also visualized the impact of X-rays on the progression of the cells through the cell cycle. Our results showed dose-dependent G2 arrest after exposure to irradiation, and a corresponding delay in G1 phase-entry of the cells. In conclusion, utilizing various flow cytometric assays, we provided valuable information on T lymphocyte proliferation characteristics starting from first division to fully dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Duthoo
- Radiobiology Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Vral
- Radiobiology Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ans Baeyens
- Radiobiology Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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Ramos RL, Embriaco A, Carante MP, Ferrari A, Sala P, Vercesi V, Ballarini F. Radiobiological damage by space radiation: extension of the BIANCA model to heavy ions up to iron, and pilot application to cosmic ray exposure. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:021523. [PMID: 35453133 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac6991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Space research seems to be object of a renewed interest, also considering that human missions to the Moon, and possibly Mars, are being planned. Among the risks affecting such missions, astronauts' exposure to space radiation is a major concern. In this work, the question of the evaluation of biological damage by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) was addressed by a biophysical model called BIophysical ANalysis of Cell death and chromosome Aberrations (BIANCA), which simulates the induction of cell death and chromosome aberrations by different ions. While previously BIANCA has been validated for calculating cell death along hadrontherapy beams up to oxygen, herein the approach was extended up to Fe ions. Specifically, experimental survival curves available in literature for V79 cells irradiated by Si-, Ne-, Ar- and Fe-ions were reproduced, and a reference radiobiological database describing V79 cell survival as a function of ion type (1 ⩽Z⩽ 26), energy and dose was constructed. Analogous databases were generated for Chinese hamster ovary hamster cells and human skin fibroblasts, finding good agreement between simulations and data. Concerning chromosome aberrations, which are regarded as radiation risk biomarkers, dicentric data in human lymphocytes irradiated by heavy ions up to iron were reproduced, and a radiobiological database allowing calculation of lymphocyte dicentric yields as a function of dose, ion type (1 ⩽Z⩽ 26) and energy was constructed. Following interface between BIANCA and the FLUKA Monte Carlo transport code, a feasibility study was performed to calculate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of different GCR spectrum components, for both dicentrics and cell death. Fe-ions, although representing only 10% of the total absorbed dose, were found to be responsible for about 35%-40% of the RBE-weighted dose. Interestingly, the RBE for dicentrics was higher than that for cell survival. More generally, this work shows that BIANCA can calculate RBE values for cell death and lymphocyte dicentrics not only for ion therapy, but also for space radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Embriaco
- INFN-Sezione di Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- ENEA, Istituto Nazionale di Metrologia delle Radiazioni Ionizzanti, Roma, Italy
| | - Mario P Carante
- INFN-Sezione di Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Ferrari
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Gangneung-Wonju National University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
- INFN-Sezione di Milano, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Sala
- INFN-Sezione di Milano, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Ballarini
- INFN-Sezione di Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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6
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Hartel C, Nasonova E, Ritter S, Friedrich T. Alpha-Particle Exposure Induces Mainly Unstable Complex Chromosome Aberrations which do not Contribute to Radiation-Associated Cytogenetic Risk. Radiat Res 2021; 196:561-573. [PMID: 34411274 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00116.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the carcinogenic potential of α radiation is not fully understood, considering that cell inactivation (e.g., mitotic cell death) as a main consequence of exposure efficiently counteracts the spreading of heritable DNA damage. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the effectiveness of α particles in inducing different types of chromosomal aberrations, to determine the respective values of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and to interpret the results with respect to exposure risk. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from a single donor were exposed ex vivo to doses of 0-6 Gy X rays or 0-2 Gy α particles. Cells were harvested at two different times after irradiation to account for the mitotic delay of heavily damaged cells, which is known to occur after exposure to high-LET radiation (including α particles). Analysis of the kinetics of cells reaching first or second (and higher) mitosis after irradiation and aberration data obtained by the multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) technique are used to determine of the cytogenetic risk, i.e., the probability for transmissible aberrations in surviving lymphocytes. The analysis shows that the cytogenetic risk after α exposure is lower than after X rays. This indicates that the actually observed higher carcinogenic effect of α radiation is likely to stem from small scale mutations that are induced effectively by high-LET radiation but cannot be resolved by mFISH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hartel
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E Nasonova
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany.,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Dubna, Russia
| | - S Ritter
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Friedrich
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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Mladenova V, Mladenov E, Scholz M, Stuschke M, Iliakis G. Strong Shift to ATR-Dependent Regulation of the G 2-Checkpoint after Exposure to High-LET Radiation. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060560. [PMID: 34198619 PMCID: PMC8232161 DOI: 10.3390/life11060560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of high linear-energy-transfer (LET) ionizing radiation (IR) modalities is rapidly growing worldwide, causing excitement but also raising concerns, because our understanding of their biological effects is incomplete. Charged particles such as protons and heavy ions have increasing potential in cancer therapy, due to their advantageous physical properties over X-rays (photons), but are also present in the space environment, adding to the health risks of space missions. Therapy improvements and the protection of humans during space travel will benefit from a better understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the biological effects of high-LET IR. There is evidence that high-LET IR induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) of increasing complexity, causing enhanced cell killing, owing, at least partly, to the frequent engagement of a low-fidelity DSB-repair pathway: alternative end-joining (alt-EJ), which is known to frequently induce severe structural chromosomal abnormalities (SCAs). Here, we evaluate the radiosensitivity of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells to X-rays, α-particles and 56Fe ions, as well as of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells to X-rays and α-particles. We observe the expected increase in cell killing following high-LET irradiation that correlates with the increased formation of SCAs as detected by mFISH. Furthermore, we report that cells exposed to low doses of α-particles and 56Fe ions show an enhanced G2-checkpoint response which is mainly regulated by ATR, rather than the coordinated ATM/ATR-dependent regulation observed after exposure to low doses of X-rays. These observations advance our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning high-LET IR effects, and suggest the potential utility for ATR inhibitors in high-LET radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Mladenova
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (V.M.); (E.M.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Emil Mladenov
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (V.M.); (E.M.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Scholz
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (V.M.); (E.M.); (M.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (V.M.); (E.M.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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8
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Pujol-Canadell M, Perrier JR, Cunha L, Shuryak I, Harken A, Garty G, Brenner DJ. Cytogenetically-based biodosimetry after high doses of radiation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228350. [PMID: 32320391 PMCID: PMC7176141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dosimetry is an important tool for triage and treatment planning following any radiation exposure accident, and biological dosimetry, which estimates exposure dose using a biological parameter, is a practical means of determining the specific dose an individual receives. The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) is an established biodosimetric tool to measure chromosomal damage in mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes. The CBMN method is especially valuable for biodosimetry in triage situations thanks to simplicity in scoring and adaptability to high-throughput automated sample processing systems. While this technique produces dose-response data which fit very well to a linear-quadratic model for exposures to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation and for doses up for 5 Gy, limitations to the accuracy of this method arise at larger doses. Accuracy at higher doses is limited by the number of cells reaching mitosis. Whereas it would be expected that the yield of micronuclei increases with the dose, in many experiments it has been shown to actually decrease when normalized over the total number of cells. This variation from a monotonically increasing dose response poses a limitation for retrospective dose reconstruction. In this study we modified the standard CBMN assay to increase its accuracy following exposures to higher doses of photons or a mixed neutron-photon beam. The assay is modified either through inhibitions of the G2/M and spindle checkpoints with the addition of caffeine and/or ZM447439 (an Aurora kinase inhibitor), respectively to the blood cultures at select times during the assay. Our results showed that caffeine addition improved assay performance for photon up to 10 Gy. This was achieved by extending the assay time from the typical 70 h to just 74 h. Compared to micronuclei yields without inhibitors, addition of caffeine and ZM447439 resulted in improved accuracy in the detection of micronuclei yields up to 10 Gy from photons and 4 Gy of mixed neutrons-photons. When the dose-effect curves were fitted to take into account the turnover phenomenon observed at higher doses, best fitting was achieved when the combination of both inhibitors was used. These techniques permit reliable dose reconstruction after high doses of radiation with a method that can be adapted to high-throughput automated sample processing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pujol-Canadell
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jay R. Perrier
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Lidia Cunha
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrew Harken
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Irvington, NY, United States of America
| | - Guy Garty
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Irvington, NY, United States of America
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
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9
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Czerski K, Kowalska A, Nasonova E, Kutsalo P, Krasavin E. Modeling of chromosome aberration response functions induced by particle beams with different LET. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:79-87. [PMID: 31754773 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study is based on our already published experimental data (Kowalska et al. in Radiat Environ Biophys 58:99-108, 2019) and is devoted to modeling of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes induced by 22.1 MeV/u 11B ions, 199 MeV/u 12C ions, 150 MeV and spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) proton beams as well as by 60Co γ rays. The curvature of the dose-effect curves determined by the linear-quadratic model was considered in the frame of a simple analytical approach taking into account increase in the irradiation dose due to overlapping interaction regions of ion tracks. The model enabled to estimate effective interaction radius which could be compared with the physical expectations. The results were also compared to the Amorphous Track Structure Model of Katz which allows to get some additional information about the ion track structure. The analysis showed that the curvature of the experimental dose-effect curves mainly results from highly efficient repair processes of the DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Czerski
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, ul. Wielkopolska 15, 70-451, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Agata Kowalska
- Faculty of Marine Engineering, Maritime University of Szczecin, Wały Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elena Nasonova
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Russia
| | - Polina Kutsalo
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Russia
| | - Evgeny Krasavin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Russia
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10
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Hagiwara Y, Oike T, Niimi A, Yamauchi M, Sato H, Limsirichaikul S, Held KD, Nakano T, Shibata A. Clustered DNA double-strand break formation and the repair pathway following heavy-ion irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2019; 60:69-79. [PMID: 30476166 PMCID: PMC6373698 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photons, such as X- or γ-rays, induce DNA damage (distributed throughout the nucleus) as a result of low-density energy deposition. In contrast, particle irradiation with high linear energy transfer (LET) deposits high-density energy along the particle track. High-LET heavy-ion irradiation generates a greater number and more complex critical chromosomal aberrations, such as dicentrics and translocations, compared with X-ray or γ irradiation. In addition, the formation of >1000 bp deletions, which is rarely observed after X-ray irradiation, has been identified following high-LET heavy-ion irradiation. Previously, these chromosomal aberrations have been thought to be the result of misrepair of complex DNA lesions, defined as DNA damage through DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and single-strand breaks as well as base damage within 1-2 helical turns (<3-4 nm). However, because the scale of complex DNA lesions is less than a few nanometers, the large-scale chromosomal aberrations at a micrometer level cannot be simply explained by complex DNA lesions. Recently, we have demonstrated the existence of clustered DSBs along the particle track through the use of super-resolution microscopy. Furthermore, we have visualized high-level and frequent formation of DSBs at the chromosomal boundary following high-LET heavy-ion irradiation. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the hallmarks of DNA damage structure and the repair pathway following heavy-ion irradiation. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanism through which high-LET heavy-ion irradiation may induce dicentrics, translocations and large deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Hagiwara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oike
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsuko Niimi
- Research Program for Heavy Ion Therapy, Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Motohiro Yamauchi
- Department of Radiation Biology and Protection, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiro Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Kathryn D Held
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- International Open Laboratory, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Research Program for Heavy Ion Therapy, Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Education and Research Support Center (ERSC), Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Corresponding author. Education and Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan. Tel: +81-27-220-7977; Fax: +81-27-220-7909;
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11
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Durante M, Formenti SC. Radiation-Induced Chromosomal Aberrations and Immunotherapy: Micronuclei, Cytosolic DNA, and Interferon-Production Pathway. Front Oncol 2018; 8:192. [PMID: 29911071 PMCID: PMC5992419 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations represent an early marker of late effects, including cell killing and transformation. The measurement of cytogenetic damage in tissues, generally in blood lymphocytes, from patients treated with radiotherapy has been studied for many years to predict individual sensitivity and late morbidity. Acentric fragments are lost during mitosis and create micronuclei (MN), which are well correlated to cell killing. Immunotherapy is rapidly becoming a most promising new strategy for metastatic tumors, and combination with radiotherapy is explored in several pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Recent evidence has shown that the presence of cytosolic DNA activates immune response via the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes pathway, which induces type I interferon transcription. Cytosolic DNA can be found after exposure to ionizing radiation either as MN or as small fragments leaking through nuclear envelope ruptures. The study of the dependence of cytosolic DNA and MN on dose and radiation quality can guide the optimal combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The role of densely ionizing charged particles is under active investigation to define their impact on the activation of the interferon pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Durante
- Trento Institute for Fundamental and Applied Physics (TIFPA), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia C. Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Heselich A, Frieß JL, Ritter S, Benz NP, Layer PG, Thielemann C. High LET radiation shows no major cellular and functional effects on primary cardiomyocytes in vitro. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2018; 16:93-100. [PMID: 29475525 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that ionizing radiation causes adverse effects on various mammalian tissues. However, there is little information on the biological effects of heavy ion radiation on the heart. In order to fill this gap, we systematically examined DNA-damage induction and repair, as well as proliferation and apoptosis in avian cardiomyocyte cultures irradiated with heavy ions such as titanium and iron, relevant for manned space-flight, and carbon ions, as used for radiotherapy. Further, and to our knowledge for the first time, we analyzed the effect of heavy ion radiation on the electrophysiology of primary cardiomyocytes derived from chicken embryos using the non-invasive microelectrode array (MEA) technology. As electrophysiological endpoints beat rate and field action potential duration were analyzed. The cultures clearly exhibited the capacity to repair induced DNA damage almost completely within 24 h, even at doses of 7 Gy, and almost completely recovered from radiation-induced changes in proliferative behavior. Interestingly, no significant effects on apoptosis could be detected. Especially the functionality of primary cardiac cells exhibited a surprisingly high robustness against heavy ion radiation, even at doses of up to 7 Gy. In contrast to our previous study with X-rays the beat rate remained more or less unaffected after heavy ion radiation, independently of beam quality. The only change we could observe was an increase of the field action potential duration of up to 30% after titanium irradiation, diminishing within the following three days. This potentially pathological observation may be an indication that heavy ion irradiation at high doses could bear a long-term risk for cardiovascular disease induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Heselich
- University for Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, biomems lab, Würzburger Straße 45, Aschaffenburg 63743, Germany; Technische Universität Darmstadt, Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Schnittspahnstraße 13, Darmstadt 64287, Germany; GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (GSI), Biophysics Department, Planckstraße 1, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - Johannes L Frieß
- University for Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, biomems lab, Würzburger Straße 45, Aschaffenburg 63743, Germany
| | - Sylvia Ritter
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (GSI), Biophysics Department, Planckstraße 1, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - Naja P Benz
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Schnittspahnstraße 13, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Paul G Layer
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Schnittspahnstraße 13, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Christiane Thielemann
- University for Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, biomems lab, Würzburger Straße 45, Aschaffenburg 63743, Germany.
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13
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Baselet B, Azimzadeh O, Erbeldinger N, Bakshi MV, Dettmering T, Janssen A, Ktitareva S, Lowe DJ, Michaux A, Quintens R, Raj K, Durante M, Fournier C, Benotmane MA, Baatout S, Sonveaux P, Tapio S, Aerts A. Differential Impact of Single-Dose Fe Ion and X-Ray Irradiation on Endothelial Cell Transcriptomic and Proteomic Responses. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:570. [PMID: 28993729 PMCID: PMC5622284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Radiotherapy is an essential tool for cancer treatment. In order to spare normal tissues and to reduce the risk of normal tissue complications, particle therapy is a method of choice. Although a large part of healthy tissues can be spared due to improved depth dose characteristics, little is known about the biological and molecular mechanisms altered after particle irradiation in healthy tissues. Elucidation of these effects is also required in the context of long term space flights, as particle radiation is the main contributor to the radiation effects observed in space. Endothelial cells (EC), forming the inner layer of all vascular structures, are especially sensitive to irradiation and, if damaged, contribute to radiation-induced cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods: Transcriptomics, proteomics and cytokine analyses were used to compare the response of ECs irradiated or not with a single 2 Gy dose of X-rays or Fe ions measured one and 7 days post-irradiation. To support the observed inflammatory effects, monocyte adhesion on ECs was also assessed. Results: Experimental data indicate time- and radiation quality-dependent changes of the EC response to irradiation. The irradiation impact was more pronounced and longer lasting for Fe ions than for X-rays. Both radiation qualities decreased the expression of genes involved in cell-cell adhesion and enhanced the expression of proteins involved in caveolar mediated endocytosis signaling. Endothelial inflammation and adhesiveness were increased with X-rays, but decreased after Fe ion exposure. Conclusions: Fe ions induce pro-atherosclerotic processes in ECs that are different in nature and kinetics than those induced by X-rays, highlighting radiation quality-dependent differences which can be linked to the induction and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Our findings give a better understanding of the underlying processes triggered by particle irradiation in ECs, a crucial aspect for the development of protective measures for cancer patients undergoing particle therapy and for astronauts in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN)Mol, Belgium.,Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental HealthMunich, Germany
| | - Nadine Erbeldinger
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion ResearchDarmstadt, Germany.,Technical University DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
| | - Mayur V Bakshi
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental HealthMunich, Germany
| | - Till Dettmering
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion ResearchDarmstadt, Germany
| | - Ann Janssen
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN)Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Donna J Lowe
- Department of Radiation Effects, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health EnglandDidcot, United Kingdom
| | - Arlette Michaux
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN)Mol, Belgium
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN)Mol, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Raj
- Department of Radiation Effects, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health EnglandDidcot, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Durante
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion ResearchDarmstadt, Germany.,Technical University DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Mohammed A Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN)Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN)Mol, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental HealthMunich, Germany
| | - An Aerts
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN)Mol, Belgium
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14
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Puig R, Pujol M, Barrios L, Caballín MR, Barquinero JF. Analysis of α-particle-induced chromosomal aberrations by chemically-induced PCC. Elaboration of dose-effect curves. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:493-501. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1206238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roser Puig
- Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mònica Pujol
- Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Leonardo Barrios
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia, i Inmunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María Rosa Caballín
- Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan-Francesc Barquinero
- Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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15
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Luft S, Pignalosa D, Nasonova E, Arrizabalaga O, Helm A, Durante M, Ritter S. Fate of D3 mouse embryonic stem cells exposed to X-rays or carbon ions. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 760:56-63. [PMID: 24397998 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The risk of radiation exposure during embryonic development is still a major problem in radiotoxicology. In this study we investigated the response of the murine embryonic stem cell (mESC) line D3 to two radiation qualities: sparsely ionizing X-rays and densely ionizing carbon ions. We analyzed clonogenic cell survival, proliferation, induction of chromosome aberrations as well as the capability of cells to differentiate to beating cardiomyocytes up to 3 days after exposure. Our results show that, for all endpoints investigated, carbon ions are more effective than X-rays at the same radiation dose. Additionally, in long term studies (≥8 days post-irradiation) chromosomal damage and the pluripotency state were investigated. These studies reveal that pluripotency markers are present in the progeny of cells surviving the exposure to both radiation types. However, only in the progeny of X-ray exposed cells the aberration frequency was comparable to that of the control population, while the progeny of carbon ion irradiated cells harbored significantly more aberrations than the control, generally translocations. We conclude that cells surviving the radiation exposure maintain pluripotency but may carry stable chromosomal rearrangements after densely ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Luft
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Pignalosa
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E Nasonova
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - O Arrizabalaga
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Helm
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Ritter
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
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16
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Liu C, Kawata T, Furusawa Y, Zhou G, Inoue K, Fukada J, Kota R, George K, Cucinotta F, Okayasu R. Chromosome aberrations in normal human fibroblasts analyzed in G0/G1 and G2/M phases after exposure in G0 to radiation with different linear energy transfer (LET). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 756:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Nieri D, Berardinelli F, Antoccia A, Tanzarella C, Sgura A. Comparison between two FISH techniques in the in vitro study of cytogenetic markers for low-dose X-ray exposure in human primary fibroblasts. Front Genet 2013; 4:141. [PMID: 23908663 PMCID: PMC3725399 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This work is about the setup of an in vitro system to report low-dose of X-rays as measured as cytogenetic damage. Q- and multicolor FISH (m-FISH), for telomere length and chromosome instability analysis, respectively, were compared to evaluate their sensitivity in the low-dose range in human primary fibroblasts. No telomere length modulation was observed up to 1 Gy in cycling fibroblasts, though reported for high doses, by that frustrating the purpose of using it as a low-exposure marker. To date the m-FISH is the best setup for the assessment of the chromosome structural damage: it allows stable and instable aberrations to be detected all over the karyotype. Stable ones such as balanced translocations, are not eliminated due to cell-cycle as unstable ones, so they are considered transmissible markers for retrospective dosimetry. The induction of chromosome damage showed a clear dependence on dose delivered; unstable aberrations were demonstrated after doses of 0.1 Gy, and stable aberrations after doses higher than 0.5 Gy. Summarizing, q-FISH is unfit to report low exposures while m-FISH provides better results: unstable aberrations are sensible short-term reporters, while stable ones long report exposures but with a higher induction threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nieri
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University Roma, Italy
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18
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Loucas BD, Durante M, Bailey SM, Cornforth MN. Chromosome damage in human cells by γ rays, α particles and heavy ions: track interactions in basic dose-response relationships. Radiat Res 2012. [PMID: 23198992 DOI: 10.1667/rr3089.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We irradiated normal human lymphocytes and fibroblasts with (137)Cs γ rays, 3.5 MeV α particles and 1 GeV/amu (56)Fe ions and measured the subsequent formation of chromosome-type aberrations by mFISH at the first mitosis following irradiation. This was done for the purposes of characterizing the shape of dose-response relationships and determining the frequency distribution of various aberration types with respect to the parameters of dose, radiation quality and cell type. Salient results and conclusions include the following. For low-LET γ rays, lymphocytes showed a more robust dose response for overall damage and a higher degree of upward curvature compared to fibroblasts. For both sources of high-LET radiation, and for both cell types, the response for simple and complex exchanges was linear with dose. Independent of all three parameters considered, the most likely damage outcome was the formation of a simple exchange event involving two breaks. However, in terms of the breakpoints making up exchange events, the majority of damage registered following HZE particle irradiation was due to complex aberrations involving multiple chromosomes. This adds a decidedly nonlinear component to the overall breakpoint response, giving it a significant degree of positive curvature, which we interpret as being due to interaction between ionizations of the primary HZE particle track and long-range δ rays produced by other nearby tracks. While such track interaction had been previously theorized, to the best of our knowledge, it has never been demonstrated experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford D Loucas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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