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Dali O, D'Cruz S, Legoff L, Diba Lahmidi M, Heitz C, Merret PE, Kernanec PY, Pakdel F, Smagulova F. Transgenerational epigenetic effects imposed by neonicotinoid thiacloprid exposure. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302237. [PMID: 37973188 PMCID: PMC10654101 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are a widely used class of insecticides that are being applied in agricultural fields. We examined the capacity of a neonicotinoid, thiacloprid (thia), to induce transgenerational effects in male mice. Pregnant outbred Swiss female mice were exposed to thia at embryonic days E6.5-E15.5 using different doses. Testis sections were used for morphology analysis, ELISAs for testosterone level analysis, RT-qPCR and RNA-seq for gene expression analysis, MEDIP-seq and MEDIP-qPCR techniques for DNA methylation analysis, and Western blot for a protein analysis. The number of meiotic double-strand breaks and the number of incomplete synapsed chromosomes were higher in the thia 6-treated group of F3 males. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in spermatozoa revealed that differentially methylated regions were found in all three generations at the promoters of germ cell reprogramming responsive genes and many superenhancers that are normally active in embryonic stem cells, testis, and brain. DNA methylation changes induced by thia exposure during embryonic period are preserved through several generations at important master regulator regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouzna Dali
- University Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Shereen D'Cruz
- University Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Louis Legoff
- University Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Mariam Diba Lahmidi
- University Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Celine Heitz
- University Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Etienne Merret
- University Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Kernanec
- University Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- University Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Fatima Smagulova
- University Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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2
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Abstract
In meiosis, homologous chromosome synapsis is mediated by a supramolecular protein structure, the synaptonemal complex (SC), that assembles between homologous chromosome axes. The mammalian SC comprises at least eight largely coiled-coil proteins that interact and self-assemble to generate a long, zipper-like structure that holds homologous chromosomes in close proximity and promotes the formation of genetic crossovers and accurate meiotic chromosome segregation. In recent years, numerous mutations in human SC genes have been associated with different types of male and female infertility. Here, we integrate structural information on the human SC with mouse and human genetics to describe the molecular mechanisms by which SC mutations can result in human infertility. We outline certain themes in which different SC proteins are susceptible to different types of disease mutation and how genetic variants with seemingly minor effects on SC proteins may act as dominant-negative mutations in which the heterozygous state is pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Adams
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
| | - Owen R Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
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3
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De Jaeger-Braet J, Krause L, Buchholz A, Schnittger A. Heat stress reveals a specialized variant of the pachytene checkpoint in meiosis of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:433-454. [PMID: 34718750 PMCID: PMC8846176 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and fertility strongly depend on environmental conditions such as temperature. Remarkably, temperature also influences meiotic recombination and thus, the current climate change will affect the genetic make-up of plants. To better understand the effects of temperature on meiosis, we followed male meiocytes in Arabidopsis thaliana by live cell imaging under three temperature regimes: at 21°C; at heat shock conditions of 30°C and 34°C; after an acclimatization phase of 1 week at 30°C. This work led to a cytological framework of meiotic progression at elevated temperature. We determined that an increase from 21°C to 30°C speeds up meiosis with specific phases being more amenable to heat than others. An acclimatization phase often moderated this effect. A sudden increase to 34°C promoted a faster progression of early prophase compared to 21°C. However, the phase in which cross-overs mature was prolonged at 34°C. Since mutants involved in the recombination pathway largely did not show the extension of this phase at 34°C, we conclude that the delay is recombination-dependent. Further analysis also revealed the involvement of the ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED kinase in this prolongation, indicating the existence of a pachytene checkpoint in plants, yet in a specialized form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke De Jaeger-Braet
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda Krause
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anika Buchholz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Fan X, Zhu Y, Wang N, Zhang B, Zhang C, Wang Y. Therapeutic Dose of Hydroxyurea-Induced Synaptic Abnormalities on the Mouse Spermatocyte. Front Physiol 2021; 12:666339. [PMID: 34305635 PMCID: PMC8299468 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.666339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) is a widely used pharmacological therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD). However, replication stress caused by HU has been shown to inhibit premeiotic S-phase DNA, leading to reproductive toxicity in germ cells. In this study, we administered the therapeutic doses of HU (i.e., 25 and 50 mg/kg) to male mice to explore whether replication stress by HU affects pachytene spermatocytes and causes the abnormalities of homologous chromosomes pairing and recombination during prophase I of meiosis. In comparison with the control group, the proportions of spermatocyte gaps were significantly different in the experimental groups injected with 25 mg/kg (p < 0.05) and 50 mg/kg of HU (p < 0.05). Moreover, the proportions of unrepaired double-stranded breaks (DSBs) observed by γH2AX staining also corresponded to a higher HU dose with a greater number of breaks. Additionally, a reduction in the counts of recombination foci on the autosomal SCs was observed in the pachytene spermatocytes. Our results reveal that HU has some effects on synaptonemal complex (SC) formation and DSB repair which suggest possible problems in fertility. Therefore, this study provides new evidence of the mechanisms underlying HU reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, School of Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- The Center of Reproductive Medicine, Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Naixin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, School of Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, School of Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, School of Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, School of Bioengineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
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5
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Rosario R, Stewart HL, Walshe E, Anderson RA. Reduced retinoic acid synthesis accelerates prophase I and follicle activation. Reproduction 2021; 160:331-341. [PMID: 32520724 PMCID: PMC7424351 DOI: 10.1530/rep-20-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In female mammals, reproductive potential is determined during fetal life by the formation of a non-renewable pool of primordial follicles. Initiation of meiosis is one of the defining features of germ cell differentiation and is well established to commence in response to retinoic acid. WIN 18,446 inhibits the conversion of retinol to retinoic acid, and therefore it was used to explore the impact of reduced retinoic acid synthesis on meiotic progression and thus germ cell development and subsequent primordial follicle formation. e13.5 mouse fetal ovaries were cultured in vitro and treated with WIN 18,446 for the first 3 days of a total of up to 12 days. Doses as low as 0.01 µM reduced transcript levels of the retinoic acid response genes Stra8 and Rarβ without affecting germ cell number. Higher doses resulted in germ cell loss, rescued with the addition of retinoic acid. WIN 18,446 significantly accelerated the progression of prophase I; this was seen as early as 48 h post treatment using meiotic chromosome spreads and was still evident after 12 days of culture using Tra98/Msy2 immunostaining. Furthermore, ovaries treated with WIN 18,446 at e13.5 but not at P0 had a higher proportion of growing follicles compared to vehicle controls, thus showing evidence of increased follicle activation. These data therefore indicate that retinoic acid is not necessary for meiotic progression but may have a role in the regulation of its progression and germ cell survival at that time and provide evidence for a link between meiotic arrest and follicle growth initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne Rosario
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hazel L Stewart
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emily Walshe
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Reichmann J, Dobie K, Lister LM, Crichton JH, Best D, MacLennan M, Read D, Raymond ES, Hung CC, Boyle S, Shirahige K, Cooke HJ, Herbert M, Adams IR. Tex19.1 inhibits the N-end rule pathway and maintains acetylated SMC3 cohesin and sister chromatid cohesion in oocytes. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201702123. [PMID: 32232464 PMCID: PMC7199850 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent oocyte aneuploidy, a major cause of Down syndrome, is associated with declining sister chromatid cohesion in postnatal oocytes. Here we show that cohesion in postnatal mouse oocytes is regulated by Tex19.1. We show Tex19.1-/- oocytes have defects maintaining chiasmata, missegregate their chromosomes during meiosis, and transmit aneuploidies to the next generation. Furthermore, we show that mouse Tex19.1 inhibits N-end rule protein degradation mediated by its interacting partner UBR2, and that Ubr2 itself has a previously undescribed role in negatively regulating the acetylated SMC3 subpopulation of cohesin in mitotic somatic cells. Lastly, we show that acetylated SMC3 is associated with meiotic chromosome axes in mouse oocytes, and that this population of cohesin is specifically depleted in the absence of Tex19.1. These findings indicate that Tex19.1 regulates UBR protein activity to maintain acetylated SMC3 and sister chromatid cohesion in postnatal oocytes and prevent aneuploidy from arising in the female germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Reichmann
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Dobie
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa M. Lister
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Biomedicine West Wing, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James H. Crichton
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Diana Best
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marie MacLennan
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Read
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eleanor S. Raymond
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chao-Chun Hung
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shelagh Boyle
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Howard J. Cooke
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mary Herbert
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Biomedicine West Wing, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Fertility Centre, Biomedicine West Wing, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian R. Adams
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
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7
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Hamada N, Hamazaki N, Shimamoto S, Hikabe O, Nagamatsu G, Takada Y, Kato K, Hayashi K. Germ cell-intrinsic effects of sex chromosomes on early oocyte differentiation in mice. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008676. [PMID: 32214314 PMCID: PMC7138321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of sex chromosomes is required for gametogenesis in both males and females, as represented by sex chromosome disorders causing agametic phenotypes. Although studies using model animals have investigated the functional requirement of sex chromosomes, involvement of these chromosomes in gametogenesis remains elusive. Here, we elicit a germ cell-intrinsic effect of sex chromosomes on oogenesis, using a novel culture system in which oocytes were induced from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) harboring XX, XO or XY. In the culture system, oogenesis using XO and XY ESCs was severely disturbed, with XY ESCs being more strongly affected. The culture system revealed multiple defects in the oogenesis of XO and XY ESCs, such as delayed meiotic entry and progression, and mispairing of the homologous chromosomes. Interestingly, Eif2s3y, a Y-linked gene that promotes proliferation of spermatogonia, had an inhibitory effect on oogenesis. This led us to the concept that male and female gametogenesis appear to be in mutual conflict at an early stage. This study provides a deeper understanding of oogenesis under a sex-reversal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Hamada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hamazaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - So Shimamoto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Orie Hikabe
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Takada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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8
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Feichtinger J, McFarlane RJ. Meiotic gene activation in somatic and germ cell tumours. Andrology 2019; 7:415-427. [PMID: 31102330 PMCID: PMC6766858 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Germ cell tumours are uniquely associated with the gametogenic tissues of males and females. A feature of these cancers is that they can express genes that are normally tightly restricted to meiotic cells. This aberrant gene expression has been used as an indicator that these cancer cells are attempting a programmed germ line event, meiotic entry. However, work in non‐germ cell cancers has also indicated that meiotic genes can become aberrantly activated in a wide range of cancer types and indeed provide functions that serve as oncogenic drivers. Here, we review the activation of meiotic factors in cancers and explore commonalities between meiotic gene activation in germ cell and non‐germ cell cancers. Objectives The objectives of this review are to highlight key questions relating to meiotic gene activation in germ cell tumours and to offer possible interpretations as to the biological relevance in this unique cancer type. Materials and Methods PubMed and the GEPIA database were searched for papers in English and for cancer gene expression data, respectively. Results We provide a brief overview of meiotic progression, with a focus on the unique mechanisms of reductional chromosome segregation in meiosis I. We then offer detailed insight into the role of meiotic chromosome regulators in non‐germ cell cancers and extend this to provide an overview of how this might relate to germ cell tumours. Conclusions We propose that meiotic gene activation in germ cell tumours might not indicate an unscheduled attempt to enter a full meiotic programme. Rather, it might simply reflect either aberrant activation of a subset of meiotic genes, with little or no biological relevance, or aberrant activation of a subset of meiotic genes as positive tumour evolutionary/oncogenic drivers. These postulates provide the provocation for further studies in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feichtinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,OMICS Center Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R J McFarlane
- North West Cancer Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
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9
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MacLennan M, García-Cañadas M, Reichmann J, Khazina E, Wagner G, Playfoot CJ, Salvador-Palomeque C, Mann AR, Peressini P, Sanchez L, Dobie K, Read D, Hung CC, Eskeland R, Meehan RR, Weichenrieder O, García-Pérez JL, Adams IR. Mobilization of LINE-1 retrotransposons is restricted by Tex19.1 in mouse embryonic stem cells. eLife 2017; 6:e26152. [PMID: 28806172 PMCID: PMC5570191 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobilization of retrotransposons to new genomic locations is a significant driver of mammalian genome evolution, but these mutagenic events can also cause genetic disorders. In humans, retrotransposon mobilization is mediated primarily by proteins encoded by LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons, which mobilize in pluripotent cells early in development. Here we show that TEX19.1, which is induced by developmentally programmed DNA hypomethylation, can directly interact with the L1-encoded protein L1-ORF1p, stimulate its polyubiquitylation and degradation, and restrict L1 mobilization. We also show that TEX19.1 likely acts, at least in part, through promoting the activity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR2 towards L1-ORF1p. Moreover, loss of Tex19.1 increases L1-ORF1p levels and L1 mobilization in pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells, implying that Tex19.1 prevents de novo retrotransposition in the pluripotent phase of the germline cycle. These data show that post-translational regulation of L1 retrotransposons plays a key role in maintaining trans-generational genome stability in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie MacLennan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit,
MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
| | - Marta García-Cañadas
- Centro de Genómica e
Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de
Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada,
Spain
| | - Judith Reichmann
- MRC Human Genetics Unit,
MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
| | - Elena Khazina
- Department of
Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental
Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Wagner
- Department of
Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental
Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher J Playfoot
- MRC Human Genetics Unit,
MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
| | - Carmen Salvador-Palomeque
- Centro de Genómica e
Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de
Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada,
Spain
| | - Abigail R Mann
- MRC Human Genetics Unit,
MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
| | - Paula Peressini
- Centro de Genómica e
Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de
Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada,
Spain
| | - Laura Sanchez
- Centro de Genómica e
Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de
Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada,
Spain
| | - Karen Dobie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit,
MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
| | - David Read
- MRC Human Genetics Unit,
MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
| | - Chao-Chun Hung
- MRC Human Genetics Unit,
MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
| | - Ragnhild Eskeland
- Department of
Biosciences, University of Oslo,
Oslo,
Norway
- Norwegian Center for
Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology, Oslo
University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit,
MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
| | - Oliver Weichenrieder
- Department of
Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental
Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jose Luis García-Pérez
- MRC Human Genetics Unit,
MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
- Centro de Genómica e
Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de
Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada,
Spain
| | - Ian R Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit,
MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
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