1
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Grosjean F, Favre M, Castella V. Comparison between MACSprep™ forensic sperm microbead kit and Erase Sperm Isolation kit for the enrichment of sperm fractions recovered from sexual assault samples. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:267-278. [PMID: 35773355 PMCID: PMC9816209 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault samples often contain mixtures of cells coming from at least two donors. Ideally, one would need to separate the cells into two cellular fractions: one consisting of the alleged aggressor's spermatozoa (the sperm fraction) and the other containing the victim's epithelial cells (the non-sperm fraction). This separation increases the probability of obtaining the alleged offender's autosomal DNA profile. However, spermatozoa are often collected along with an excess of biological material originating from the victim, and with unfavorable male:female biological material ratios, the absence of separation could result in the PCR amplification of the victim's DNA profile only. Several approaches are available to enrich/purify the spermatozoa present on sexual assault samples. In this paper, we compare a new method, the MACSprep™ Forensic Sperm MicroBead Kit (MACSprep, based on microbeads conjugated with antibodies bound to spermatozoa and their retention within a magnetic column) with the Erase Sperm Isolation Kit (Erase, a standard differential lysis separation procedure combined with a specific removal of free DNA) routinely used in our lab. The performance of both kits was tested using sets of vaginal and buccal swabs loaded with different dilutions of sperm, or azoospermic semen, representing a total of 120 independent samples. For the samples containing undiluted sperm, an average recovery of 58% was observed for the MACSprep's sperm fractions and 43% for Erase's. Significantly better recovery of azoospermic semen was observed in MACSprep's non-sperm fractions (~ 85%) compared to Erase (~ 28%). Erase performed significantly better than MACSprep in terms of recovery for diluted sperm samples (1:10 to 1:800 sperm dilutions) in the presence of vaginal cells, while the purities of the achieved sperm fractions were in favor of MACSprep for the highest sperm dilutions tested. Similar trends were observed with buccal swabs loaded with 1:200 sperm dilutions. Increased sperm dilutions on vaginal swabs resulted in higher variability in the male material recovered, whatever the separation method used. Both methods were easy to perform and resulted in male DNA extracts ready to use in less than 2 h. Both kits showed their specificities in terms of recovery efficiency and purity of the sperm fractions. Ideally, additional experiments should be performed in different laboratories, using workflow and chemistries different than ours, to better define the peculiarities observed with MACSprep for high dilutions. Improving the recovery of MACSprep for diluted samples, in addition to its better purity observed in the experiments performed, could make it a method of choice for laboratory workflow, despite MACSprep's current price per sample being about twice the price of Erase's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Grosjean
- grid.411686.c0000 0004 0511 8059Forensic Genetics Unit, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne – Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland
| | - Marylou Favre
- grid.411686.c0000 0004 0511 8059Forensic Genetics Unit, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne – Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Castella
- grid.411686.c0000 0004 0511 8059Forensic Genetics Unit, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne – Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, 1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland
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2
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Dierig L, Schmidt M, Wiegand P. Looking for the pinpoint: Optimizing identification, recovery and DNA extraction of micro traces in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 44:102191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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3
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Legrès LG. [Laser microdissection applications in histology: an open way to molecular studies]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:871-879. [PMID: 31845879 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most fascinating aspects of the use of a laser beam in the field of biology has emerged with the development of devices able to perform fine dissections of biological tissues. Laser microdissection can collect phenotypically identical cells from tissue regions laid on a microscope slide in order to make differential molecular analyses on these microdissected cells. Laser microdissection can be used many areas including oncology to specify molecular mechanisms that enable to adapt a treatment related to diagnosis and research in biology, but also forensic science for tissue selection, neurology for post-mortem studies on patients with Alzheimer's disease, for clonality studies from cell cultures and cytogenetics to decipher chromosomal rearrangements. This technology represents the missing link between clinical observations and the intrinsic physiological mechanisms of biological tissues and its major applications will be addressed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc G Legrès
- Institut de recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France, UMR_S 976 Inserm, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 avenue Claude-Vellefaux, F-75010 Paris, France
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4
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van Oorschot RA, Szkuta B, Meakin GE, Kokshoorn B, Goray M. DNA transfer in forensic science: A review. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 38:140-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Deconvolution of blood-blood mixtures using DEPArrayTM separated single cell STR profiling. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-018-0291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Whose blood is it? Application of DEPArray™ technology for the identification of individual/s who contributed blood to a mixed stain. Int J Legal Med 2018; 133:419-426. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Wei T, Liao F, Wang Y, Pan C, Xiao C, Huang D. A novel multiplex assay of SNP-STR markers for forensic purpose. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200700. [PMID: 30020969 PMCID: PMC6051632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Like DIP-STR markers (deletion/insertion polymorphism-short tandem repeat combinations), SNP-STR markers (single nucleotide polymorphism-STR combinations) are also valuable in forensic DNA mixture analysis. In this study, eight SNP-STRs were selected, and a stable and sensitive multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for amplifying these SNP-STRs and the Amelogenin gender marker according to the principle of amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). This novel multiplex set allows detection of the minor DNA contributor in a DNA mixture of any gender and cellular origin with high resolution (beyond a DNA ratio of 1:20). In addition, SNP-STR haplotype frequencies were estimated based on a survey of 350 unrelated individuals from Chinese Han population, and the combined power of discrimination (PD) and power of exclusion (PE) of the eight SNP-STRs were calculated as 0.99999999965 and 0.9996, which were obviously higher than that of the eight STR loci: 0.9999999954 and 0.9989 respectively. The results indicated that the SNP-STR compound markers have higher application value in forensic identification compared to standard autosomal STRs, especially in the analysis of imbalanced DNA mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wei
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Fei Liao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Yaowu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Chao Xiao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Daixin Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Tao R, Wang S, Zhang J, Zhang J, Yang Z, Sheng X, Hou Y, Zhang S, Li C. Separation/extraction, detection, and interpretation of DNA mixtures in forensic science (review). Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:1247-1261. [PMID: 29802461 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting mixed DNA samples containing material from multiple contributors has long been considered a major challenge in forensic casework, especially when encountering low-template DNA (LT-DNA) or high-order mixtures that may involve missing alleles (dropout) and unrelated alleles (drop-in), among others. In the last decades, extraordinary progress has been made in the analysis of mixed DNA samples, which has led to increasing attention to this research field. The advent of new methods for the separation and extraction of DNA from mixtures, novel or jointly applied genetic markers for detection and reliable interpretation approaches for estimating the weight of evidence, as well as the powerful massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technology, has greatly extended the range of mixed samples that can be correctly analyzed. Here, we summarized the investigative approaches and progress in the field of forensic DNA mixture analysis, hoping to provide some assistance to forensic practitioners and to promote further development involving this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Tao
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Ministry of Justice, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiashuo Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Ministry of Justice, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China.,Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Ministry of Justice, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China.,Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Ministry of Justice, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China.,Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Ministry of Justice, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China.,Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Hou
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Suhua Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Ministry of Justice, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengtao Li
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Ministry of Justice, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Shanghai, 200063, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Analysis of cellular autofluorescence in touch samples by flow cytometry: implications for front end separation of trace mixture evidence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4167-4179. [PMID: 28516277 PMCID: PMC5486938 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to survey optical and biochemical variation in cell populations deposited onto a surface through touch or contact and identify specific features that may be used to distinguish and then sort cell populations from separate contributors in a trace biological mixture. Although we were not able to detect meaningful biochemical variation in touch samples deposited by different contributors through preliminary antibody surveys, we did observe distinct differences in red autofluorescence emissions (650-670 nm), with as much as a tenfold difference in mean fluorescence intensities observed between certain pairs of donors. Results indicate that the level of red autofluorescence in touch samples can be influenced by a donor's contact with specific material prior to handling the substrate from which cells were collected. In particular, we observed increased red autofluorescence in cells deposited subsequent to handling laboratory gloves, plant material, and certain types of marker ink, which could be easily visualized microscopically or using flow cytometry, and persisted after hand washing. To test whether these observed optical differences could potentially be used as the basis for a cell separation workflow, a controlled two-person touch mixture was separated into two fractions via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using gating criteria based on intensity of 650-670 nm emissions and then subjected to DNA analysis. Genetic analysis of the sorted fractions provided partial DNA profiles that were consistent with separation of individual contributors from the mixture suggesting that variation in autofluorescence signatures, even if driven by extrinsic factors, may nonetheless be a useful means of isolating contributors to some touch mixtures. Graphical Abstract Conceptual workflow diagram. Trace biological mixtures containing cells from multiple individuals are analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells are then physically separated into two populations based on intensity of red autofluorescence using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting. Each isolated cell fraction is subjected to DNA analysis resulting in a DNA profile for each contributor.
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10
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Analyse von Hautkontaktspuren in der forensischen Genetik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Entstehung und Spurenentnahme. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-016-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Zhao XC, Wang L, Sun J, Jiang BW, Zhang EL, Ye J. Isolating Sperm from Cell Mixtures Using Magnetic Beads Coupled with an Anti-PH-20 Antibody for Forensic DNA Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159401. [PMID: 27442128 PMCID: PMC4956189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal swabs taken in rape cases usually contain epithelial cells from the victim and sperm from the assailant and forensic DNA analysis requires separation of sperm from these cell mixtures. PH-20, which is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored hyaluronidase located on the head of sperm, has important functions in fertilization. Here we describe a newly developed method for sperm isolation using anti-PH-20 antibody-coupled immunomagnetic beads (anti-PH-20 IMBs). Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed the IMBs recognized the head of sperm specifically and exhibited a great capacity to capture sperm cells. However, we found it necessary to incubate the IMB–sperm complex with DNase I before sperm lysis in order to remove any female DNA completely. We compared the sensitivity of anti-PH-20 IMBs in sperm and epithelial cell discrimination to those coated with a different anti-sperm antibody (anti-SP-10, anti-ADAM2 or anti-JLP). Only the anti-PH-20 IMBs succeeded in isolating sperm from cell mixtures at a sperm/epithelial cell ratio of 103:105. Further, our method exhibited greater power and better stability for sperm isolation compared to the traditional differential lysis strategy. Taken together, the anti-PH-20 IMB method described here could be effective for the isolation of sperm needed to obtain a single-sourced DNA profile as an aid to identifying the perpetrator in sexual assault cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chun Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XCZ); (JY)
| | - Le Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Wei Jiang
- Department of Scientific Instruments, the First Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Er-Li Zhang
- Department of Criminalistics, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ye
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XCZ); (JY)
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12
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Stanciu CE, Philpott MK, Bustamante EE, Kwon YJ, Ehrhardt CJ. Analysis of red autofluorescence (650-670nm) in epidermal cell populations and its potential for distinguishing contributors to 'touch' biological samples. F1000Res 2016; 5:180. [PMID: 27990254 PMCID: PMC5130068 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8036.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of touch DNA mixtures poses a significant challenge for forensic caseworking laboratories. Front end techniques that facilitate separation of contributor cell populations before DNA extraction are a way to circumvent this problem. The goal of this study was to survey intrinsic fluorescence of epidermal cells collected from touch surfaces and investigate whether this property could potentially be used to discriminate between contributor cell populations in a biological mixture. Analysis of red autofluorescence (650-670nm) showed that some contributors could be distinguished on this basis. Variation was also observed between autofluorescence profiles of epidermal cell populations from a single contributor sampled on different days. This dataset suggests that red autofluorescence may be a useful marker for identifying distinct cell populations in some mixtures. Future efforts should continue to investigate the extrinsic or intrinsic factors contributing to this signature, and to identify additional biomarkers that could complement this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Stanciu
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M Katherine Philpott
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Eduardo E Bustamante
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ye Jin Kwon
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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13
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Abstract
Effective sampling of biological material is critical to the ability to acquire DNA profiles of probative value. The main methods of collection are swabbing, tapelifting, or direct excision. This chapter describes the key aspects to consider when applying these methods, in addition to suggested procedures for swabbing and tapelifting. Important issues to be considered, such as exhibit triaging, pre-examination preparation, contamination risk reduction, sample localization, sample identification, and sample prioritization as well as aspects of record keeping, packaging, and storage, are also raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland A H van Oorschot
- Victoria Police Forensic Services Department, 31 Forensic Drive, Macleod, Melbourne, VIC, 3085, Australia.
| | - Timothy J Verdon
- Victoria Police Forensic Services Department, 31 Forensic Drive, Macleod, Melbourne, VIC, 3085, Australia.,Department of Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Kaye N Ballantyne
- Victoria Police Forensic Services Department, 31 Forensic Drive, Macleod, Melbourne, VIC, 3085, Australia.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
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14
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A new approach for the separation of spermatozoa from other cell types in forensically relevant samples. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Han JP, Yang F, Xu C, Wei YL, Zhao XC, Hu L, Ye J, Li CX. A new strategy for sperm isolation and STR typing from multi-donor sperm mixtures. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 13:239-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Williams E, Lin MH, Harbison S, Fleming R. The development of a method of suspension RNA-FISH for forensically relevant epithelial cells using LNA probes. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 9:85-92. [PMID: 24528586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNA profiling is becoming a common method for body fluid identification in forensic science but there are disadvantages when cell mixtures are present from more than one individual. A method that could identify and separate such cell mixtures would simplify downstream analysis. To do this, we have developed a novel method of RNA suspension-fluorescent in situ hybridization (RNA S-FISH) using a locked nucleic acid (LNA) probe for the keratin 10 (KRT10) mRNA that is suitable as a potential marker for epithelial cells. As sample size may be restricted in forensic samples, this method has focused on minimizing cell loss whilst maintaining signal strength. Furthermore, we have shown that it is possible to obtain full DNA profiles from 150 RNA S-FISH labeled cells isolated using laser microdissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eletra Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; ESR, Private Bag 92021, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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De Moors A, Georgalis T, Armstrong G, Modler J, Frégeau CJ. Sperm Hy-Liter™: An effective tool for the detection of spermatozoa in sexual assault exhibits. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 7:367-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Garvin AM, Fischer A, Schnee-Griese J, Jelinski A, Bottinelli M, Soldati G, Tubio M, Castella V, Monney N, Malik N, Madrid M. Isolating DNA from sexual assault cases: a comparison of standard methods with a nuclease-based approach. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2012; 3:25. [PMID: 23211019 PMCID: PMC3546913 DOI: 10.1186/2041-2223-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Profiling sperm DNA present on vaginal swabs taken from rape victims often contributes to identifying and incarcerating rapists. Large amounts of the victim’s epithelial cells contaminate the sperm present on swabs, however, and complicate this process. The standard method for obtaining relatively pure sperm DNA from a vaginal swab is to digest the epithelial cells with Proteinase K in order to solubilize the victim’s DNA, and to then physically separate the soluble DNA from the intact sperm by pelleting the sperm, removing the victim’s fraction, and repeatedly washing the sperm pellet. An alternative approach that does not require washing steps is to digest with Proteinase K, pellet the sperm, remove the victim’s fraction, and then digest the residual victim’s DNA with a nuclease. Methods The nuclease approach has been commercialized in a product, the Erase Sperm Isolation Kit (PTC Labs, Columbia, MO, USA), and five crime laboratories have tested it on semen-spiked female buccal swabs in a direct comparison with their standard methods. Comparisons have also been performed on timed post-coital vaginal swabs and evidence collected from sexual assault cases. Results For the semen-spiked buccal swabs, Erase outperformed the standard methods in all five laboratories and in most cases was able to provide a clean male profile from buccal swabs spiked with only 1,500 sperm. The vaginal swabs taken after consensual sex and the evidence collected from rape victims showed a similar pattern of Erase providing superior profiles. Conclusions In all samples tested, STR profiles of the male DNA fractions obtained with Erase were as good as or better than those obtained using the standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Garvin
- Confarma France SARL, Zone Industrielle Canal d'Alsace, Hombourg, 68490, France.
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20
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Thompson R, Zoppis S, McCord B. An overview of DNA typing methods for human identification: past, present, and future. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 830:3-16. [PMID: 22139649 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-461-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents a brief introduction to the historical development of current technologies used in DNA analysis for human identification. The text describes the development of the PCR and short tandem repeats along with subsequent advances in instrumentation such as real-time PCR and capillary electrophoresis. These techniques have brought about a revolution in DNA typing methods through increased efficiency and the application of multiplex fluorescence detection. More recently the development of new STR based typing methods utilizing mini- and Y-STR PCR multiplexes has increased the flexibility of the investigator, permitting the analysis of inhibited and degraded DNA. Future directions for DNA typing are also discussed, including the development of methods for touch samples based on low copy DNA analysis and the determination of tissue/cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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21
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Schneider C, Müller U, Kilper R, Siebertz B. Low copy number DNA profiling from isolated sperm using the aureka®-micromanipulation system. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2011; 6:461-5. [PMID: 22155149 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A new cell isolation technique linked to the aureka® micromanipulation system (aureka®) was used to pick sperm from mixed samples containing sperm and epithelial cells. Both cell types were stained using the HY-LITER™ high-resolution, fluorescent staining kit. To isolate a single sperm of interest under a fluorescent microscope, a specific microsphere picking technique was used. This sensitive and reliable cell identification and isolation technique enables low-copy-number (LCN) DNA profiling, as few as 20 sperm are sufficient for obtaining a full short tandem repeat (STR) profile without any allelic drop out. The presented protocol covers the whole workflow, from sample staining and cell pick up to STR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schneider
- Galantos Genetics GmbH, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30a, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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22
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LMD-assisted single cell DNA typing of forensic biological evidence: Issues of the cell type and sample condition. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Vandewoestyne M, Deforce D. Laser capture microdissection for forensic DNA analysis. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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DNA profiling of spermatozoa by laser capture microdissection and low volume-PCR. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22316. [PMID: 21853031 PMCID: PMC3154896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic profiling of sperm from complex biological mixtures such as sexual assault casework samples requires isolation of a pure sperm population and the ability to analyze low abundant samples. Current standard procedure for sperm isolation includes preferential lysis of epithelial contaminants followed by collection of intact sperm by centrifugation. While effective for samples where sperm are abundant, this method is less effective when samples contain few spermatozoa. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a proven method for the isolation of cells biological mixtures, even when found in low abundance. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of LCM coupled with on-chip low volume PCR (LV-PCR) for the isolation and genotyping of low abundance sperm samples. Our results indicate that this method can obtain complete profiles (13-16 loci) from as few as 15 sperm cells with 80% reproducibility, whereas at least 40 sperm cells are required to profile 13-16 loci by standard 'in-tube' PCR. Further, LCM and LV-PCR of a sexual assault casework sample generated a DNA genotype that was consistent with that of the suspect. This method was unable, however, to analyze a casework sample from a gang rape case in which two or more sperm contributors were in a mixed population. The results indicate that LCM and LV-PCR is sensitive and effective for genotyping sperm from sperm/epithelial cell mixtures when epithelial lysis may be insufficient due to low abundance of sperm; LCM and LV-PCR, however, failed in a casework sample when spermatozoa from multiple donors was present, indicating that further study is necessitated.
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25
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Vandewoestyne M, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Van Hoofstat D, Deforce D. Evaluation of three DNA extraction protocols for forensic STR typing after laser capture microdissection. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2011; 6:258-62. [PMID: 21727054 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In forensic sciences, short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is a valuable tool in identifying the donor(s) of biological stains. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) can be used as a cell separating technique to isolate specific cell types in mixed samples. An important challenge lies in the development of a DNA isolation method appropriate for laser microdissected cells, as these samples usually contain minute amounts of cells. In this study three different DNA isolation methods for LCM collected cells were compared. The PicoPure DNA extraction method outperformed both other methods (IQ™ system and short alkaline method). Consequently, the minimal number of LCM collected cells necessary for STR typing was determined. Using the PicoPure DNA extraction method, full DNA profiles could be obtained from as little as 10 cells. Nevertheless, despite the occurrence of allelic drop out in some of the samples, lower amounts of cells gave rise to useful DNA profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mado Vandewoestyne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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26
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McAlister C. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridisation and laser microdissection to identify and isolate male cells in an azoospermic sexual assault case. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2011; 5:69-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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van Oorschot RAH, Ballantyne KN, Mitchell RJ. Forensic trace DNA: a review. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2010; 1:14. [PMID: 21122102 PMCID: PMC3012025 DOI: 10.1186/2041-2223-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DNA analysis is frequently used to acquire information from biological material to aid enquiries associated with criminal offences, disaster victim identification and missing persons investigations. As the relevance and value of DNA profiling to forensic investigations has increased, so too has the desire to generate this information from smaller amounts of DNA. Trace DNA samples may be defined as any sample which falls below recommended thresholds at any stage of the analysis, from sample detection through to profile interpretation, and can not be defined by a precise picogram amount. Here we review aspects associated with the collection, DNA extraction, amplification, profiling and interpretation of trace DNA samples. Contamination and transfer issues are also briefly discussed within the context of trace DNA analysis. Whilst several methodological changes have facilitated profiling from trace samples in recent years it is also clear that many opportunities exist for further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland AH van Oorschot
- Forensic Services Department, Victoria Police, 31 Forensic Drive, Macleod 3085, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kaye N Ballantyne
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R John Mitchell
- Department of Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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28
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Simons JL, Vintiner SK. Effects of histological staining on the analysis of human DNA from archived slides. J Forensic Sci 2010; 56 Suppl 1:S223-8. [PMID: 21198622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Archived slides of cell smears treated with histological stains for sperm detection are often the only source of DNA available when cold cases are reopened. There have been conflicting reports as to the negative effects of particular histological stains on DNA recovery and quality from human cells, making stain selection an important consideration for forensic laboratories. This study investigates the effect of several staining systems on DNA recovery from histological slide samples stored from 0 to 10 weeks. DNA profiles obtained after analysis of these samples with AmpFlSTR(®) Identifiler™ and increased cycle AmpFlSTR(®) SGM Plus™ short tandem repeat (STR) profiling systems and the effects that these stains have on DNA quantity and quality over time are described. Results indicate that Christmas Tree and Hematoxylin and Eosin stains do not have significantly different effects on DNA quality after 10-week storage of slides. This research will assist scientists to select staining systems that have minimal deleterious effects on the DNA recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Simons
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand.
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29
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Brück S, Evers H, Heidorn F, Müller U, Kilper R, Verhoff MA. Single Cells for Forensic DNA Analysis-From Evidence Material to Test Tube. J Forensic Sci 2010; 56:176-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Vandewoestyne M, Deforce D. Laser capture microdissection in forensic research: a review. Int J Legal Med 2010; 124:513-21. [PMID: 20680318 PMCID: PMC2952761 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In forensic sciences, short tandem repeat (STR) analysis has become the prime tool for DNA-based identification of the donor(s) of biological stains and/or traces. Many traces, however, contain cells and, hence, DNA, from more than a single individual, giving rise to mixed genotypes and the subsequent difficulties in interpreting the results. An even more challenging situation occurs when cells of a victim are much more abundant than the cells of the perpetrator. Therefore, the forensic community seeks to improve cell-separation methods in order to generate single-donor cell populations from a mixed trace in order to facilitate DNA typing and identification. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) offers a valuable tool for precise separation of specific cells. This review summarises all possible forensic applications of LCM, gives an overview of the staining and detection options, including automated detection and retrieval of cells of interest, and reviews the DNA extraction protocols compatible with LCM of cells from forensic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mado Vandewoestyne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Schulz MM, Buschner MG, Leidig R, Wehner HD, Fritz P, Häbig K, Bonin M, Schütz M, Shiozawa T, Wehner F. A New Approach to the Investigation of Sexual Offenses-Cytoskeleton Analysis Reveals the Origin of Cells Found on Forensic Swabs. J Forensic Sci 2010; 55:492-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Benschop CC, Wiebosch DC, Kloosterman AD, Sijen T. Post-coital vaginal sampling with nylon flocked swabs improves DNA typing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2010; 4:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Investigative strategy for the forensic detection of sperm traces. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2009; 5:182-8. [PMID: 19517276 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-009-9092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In a retrospective study, the results from 786 samples of alleged sexual assaults during a 5-year period were evaluated. Of the samples, 758 were from female victims and 28 were from male victims. The material examined during this 5-year period consisted of 561 cotton swabs with swabs taken from the genitals, mouth, anus, or skin surface. In addition, textile products were examined 191 times, paper products 23 times, and other evidentiary materials 11 times. The acid phosphatase (acP) test was performed as a preliminary test for all samples, followed by microscopy after Baecchi staining. DNA analysis was performed on 74 samples following individual court orders. The retrospectively evaluated results from this period indicate that additional tests for the detection of sperm on textiles and paper products are dispensable after a negative acP test. This is different for genital swabs, since sperm could be found microscopically in 3% of cases with a negative acP test, and DNA analysis was also successful. However, an individual investigative strategy has to be determined for each case, as, depending on the structure of the case, the evidence of male DNA on a female victim, or on her clothes, for instance, can also have evidentiary value without microscopic proof for sperm.
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35
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Vandewoestyne M, Van Hoofstat D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D. Suspension fluorescence in situ hybridization (S-FISH) combined with automatic detection and laser microdissection for STR profiling of male cells in male/female mixtures. Int J Legal Med 2009; 123:441-7. [PMID: 19319556 PMCID: PMC2754505 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-009-0341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Laser microdissection is a valuable tool for isolating specific cells from mixtures, such as male cells in a mixture with female cells, e.g., in cases of sexual assault. These cells can be stained with Y-chromosome-specific probes. We developed an automatic screening method to detect male cells after fluorescence in situ hybridization in suspension (S-FISH). To simulate forensic casework, the method was tested on female saliva after cataglottis (a kiss involving tongue-to-tongue contact) and on licking traces (swabs of dried male saliva on female skin) even after drying. After isolation of the detected cells, short tandem repeat profiling was performed. Full DNA profiles could consistently be obtained from as little as ten buccal cells. Isolation of five cells resulted in a mean of 98% (SD of 3.4%) of the alleles detected, showing that the developed S-FISH staining had no significant negative influence on DNA recovery and can be used in forensic casework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mado Vandewoestyne
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Van Hoofstat
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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36
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Automatic detection of spermatozoa for laser capture microdissection. Int J Legal Med 2008; 123:169-75. [PMID: 18661142 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-008-0271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In sexual assault crimes, differential extraction of spermatozoa from vaginal swab smears is often ineffective, especially when only a few spermatozoa are present in an overwhelming amount of epithelial cells. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) enables the precise separation of spermatozoa and epithelial cells. However, standard sperm-staining techniques are non-specific and rely on sperm morphology for identification. Moreover, manual screening of the microscope slides is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Here, we describe an automated screening method to detect spermatozoa stained with Sperm HY-LITER. Different ratios of spermatozoa and epithelial cells were used to assess the automatic detection method. In addition, real postcoital samples were also screened. Detected spermatozoa were isolated using LCM and DNA analysis was performed. Robust DNA profiles without allelic dropout could be obtained from as little as 30 spermatozoa recovered from postcoital samples, showing that the staining had no significant influence on DNA recovery.
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37
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Use of laser microdissection for phylogenetic characterization of polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:4231-5. [PMID: 18456855 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02545-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our novel approach for taxonomic identification of uncultured bacteria harboring specific physiological features in complex environmental samples combines cell collection by laser microdissection and subsequent DNA analysis. The newly developed approach was successfully tested for collection and phylogenetic characterization of polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria in activated sludge and lake sediment.
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38
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Murray C, McAlister C, Elliott K. Identification and isolation of male cells using fluorescence in situ hybridisation and laser microdissection, for use in the investigation of sexual assault. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2007; 1:247-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Deciphering the cellular and molecular interactions that drive disease within the tissue microenvironment holds promise for discovering drug targets of the future. In order to recapitulate the in vivo interactions through molecular analysis, one must be able to analyze specific cell populations within the context of their heterogeneous tissue microecology. Laser capture microdissection is a method to procure subpopulations of tissue cells under direct microscopic visualization. Laser capture microdissection technology can harvest the cells of interest directly or can isolate specific cells by cutting away unwanted cells to give histologically pure enriched cell populations. A variety of downstream applications exist: DNA genotyping and loss-of-heterozygosity analysis, RNA transcript profiling, cDNA library generation, mass spectrometry proteomics discovery and signal pathway profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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40
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Kirschner J, Plaschke-Schluetter A. Advancing forensics with precise target excision: the CellCut Plus laser microdissection instrument. Nat Methods 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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