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Motomura A, Inoue H, Ishii N, Horioka K, Okaba K, Moue C, Ohashi R, Yajima D. A suicide case of liquid nicotine intoxication. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 68:102400. [PMID: 38237272 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A man in his 50 s, who was found vomiting and in a disturbed state when the emergency medical team arrived, then went into cardiopulmonary arrest during transport and died without responding to resuscitation. The hospital initially suspected that the death may have been caused by internal causes, but since the deceased had previously been transported to the hospital in a suicide attempt, the hospital called police regarding suspicions of unnatural death. The police investigation revealed two empty bottles of nicotine liquid for e-cigarettes in his house and a search history of "nicotine suicide" on his cellphone. In a forensic autopsy, he was found to be highly obese, and abundant fat deposits were observed in his organs. A stent was placed in the aorta, but no abnormality was found. There was no obvious stenosis or obstruction in the coronary arteries. Drug screening using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed on cardiac blood, urine, and stomach contents collected at autopsy, which revealed the presence of some medical products such as aripiprazole, nicotine, and cotinine. Further quantitative testing revealed high concentrations of nicotine in all samples. The left and right femoral venous blood concentrations were above the lethal dose, suggesting that arrhythmia or respiratory failure due to nicotine intoxication was the cause of death. With the widespread use of e-cigarettes, high concentrations of nicotine are readily available, and case reports of serious nicotine addiction are increasing. It is important to always consider addiction when conducting forensic evaluations in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Motomura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chu-o Ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Namiko Ishii
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chu-o Ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kie Horioka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu 90220, Finland; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Keisuke Okaba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chu-o Ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Chihiro Moue
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Ryuto Ohashi
- School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yajima
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chu-o Ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Wang J, Chen K, Huang X, Jin Z, He J, Han B, Feng L, Meng N, Yang C, Yao P, Li Z. Parent-child attachment mediates the association between parental conflict perceptions and suicide intention: a cross-sectional survey among middle school students in China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1332095. [PMID: 38633232 PMCID: PMC11021730 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1332095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adolescent suicide is a prevalent issue globally, with various factors contributing to this phenomenon. This study aimed to investigate these factors and their interrelationships to better understand the causes of adolescent suicide and provide evidence for its prevention. Methods This study conducted among middle school students in Liaoning Province, China, from April to May 2016, A cross-sectional survey was administered to 1,028 students aged 10-19, using instruments such as the Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC), and revised version of Inventory of Parent Attachment (IPPA-R). Result Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that adolescents aged 15-19, adolescents with strong perceptions of parental conflict were at high risk of suicide intention. Adolescents living in rural areas, adolescents with high mother-child attachment, adolescents with high father-child attachment were at low risk of suicide intention. Furthermore, parent-child attachment played a mediating role between two dimensions of parental conflict perception (resolved situations and response effect) and suicide intention. Discussion The study concludes that adolescents living in urban areas, older adolescents, adolescents with a high level of parental conflict intensity, and those with low levels of parent-child attachment are at high risk of suicide intention. parent-child attachment played a mediating role between two dimensions of parental conflict perception (resolved situations and response effect) and suicide intention. Interventions aimed at reducing family conflicts and improving parent-child relationships are recommended to decrease the incidence of adolescent suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinyuan Huang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiyu Jin
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bingsong Han
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Nana Meng
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Cong Yang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Pin Yao
- Department of Health Management, Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Stimulant use in suicides: A systematic review. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 338:111391. [PMID: 35908335 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Suicide remains a global public health concern and the increased supply and use of synthetic stimulants globally may have implications for the burden of suicides attributable to substance use. This systematic review investigated any potential associations of stimulant use detected in post-mortem biological specimens and suicides. We conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis (CRD42021237966). Medline, EMBASE, TOXLINE, and Scopus databases were searched for terms related to forensic toxicology, post-mortem toxicology, suicide and stimulants. The primary outcome was to estimate the prevalence of stimulant use in suicides. There were 26 studies whichcontributed to prevalence measures; in studies reporting at the individual compound level, suicides involved cocaine (0.1-23%), caffeine (3.2-22%), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (0.1-17%), amphetamine (0.2-9.3%), methamphetamine (3.1-7%), and phentermine (0.9-1%). Overall, stimulant use in suicides was over-represented compared to estimates of stimulant use in the general population and has increased over time. Thirteen case reports used to contextualise suicides involving stimulants found no examples of cocaine or methamphetamine mono-intoxication of suicidal intent. This suggests mechanisms other than acute toxicity involved in stimulant-associated suicide. Future research by in-depth psychological autopsies of suicides involving stimulants, in combination with segmental hair analysis to determine the chronicity of stimulant exposure, may contribute to a better understanding of the burden of suicide attributable to stimulant use.
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Successful Multiorgan Donation From a Brain-dead Donor Following Liquid Nicotine Voluntary Intoxication: A Case Report. Transplant Direct 2021; 7:e700. [PMID: 34036170 PMCID: PMC8133194 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Scarpino M, Rosso T, Lanzo G, Lolli F, Bonizzoli M, Lazzeri C, Mannaioni G, Baronti R, Fattapposta F, Grippo A. Severe neurological nicotine intoxication by e-cigarette liquids: Systematic literature review. Acta Neurol Scand 2021; 143:121-130. [PMID: 32866996 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are a popular, easily purchased, alternative source of nicotine that is considered safer than conventional tobacco. However, Intentional or accidental exposure to e-liquid substances, mainly nicotine, can lead to serious, potentially fatal toxicity. Emergency and critical care physicians should keep in mind acute intoxication of this poison with a biphasic toxic syndrome. We highlight its potentially fatal outcome and suggest monitoring the adverse effects of nicotine according to a multimodal protocol integrating somatosensory evoked potentials, electroencephalography and neuroimaging data with anamnestic report and toxicological and laboratory data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maenia Scarpino
- Neurophysiopathology Unit Neuromuscolar Department AOU Careggi Florence Italy
- IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Florence Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- UOC Neurologia Distretto di Asolo Azienda ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana Treviso Italia
| | - Giovanni Lanzo
- Neurophysiopathology Unit Neuromuscolar Department AOU Careggi Florence Italy
| | - Francesco Lolli
- Biomedical Science Department Mario Serio University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Manuela Bonizzoli
- Traumatic Intensive Care Unit Neuromuscolar Department AOU Careggi Florence Italy
| | - Chiara Lazzeri
- Traumatic Intensive Care Unit Neuromuscolar Department AOU Careggi Florence Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEURORFARBA) University Florence Florence Italy
| | - Roberto Baronti
- Laboratory of Clinical Toxicology and Antidoping Azienda USL Toscana Centro Florence Italy
| | | | - Antonello Grippo
- Neurophysiopathology Unit Neuromuscolar Department AOU Careggi Florence Italy
- IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Florence Italy
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Yumoto T, Hamaguchi H, Mae S, Nakao A. Potentially fatal ingestion of heat-not-burn cigarettes successfully treated by gastric lavage. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1:1709-1711. [PMID: 33392579 PMCID: PMC7771750 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly introduced heat-not-burn or electronic cigarettes can cause lethal nicotine intoxication if ingested at higher doses. Although routine gastric lavage is not recommended, it should be considered if the amount of intoxicant is lethal. A 59-year-old man with a history of depression was brought to our emergency department after intentional ingestion of 8 heat-not-burn cigarettes, which were estimated to contain a total of 100 mg of nicotine. Abdominal computed tomography confirmed the gastric contents, detecting multiple stick-like and rod-shaped high-density structures. Gastric lavage was performed to minimize absorption of the potentially lethal nicotine dose. The patient exhibited only mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Emergency physicians should be aware of this novel heat-not-burn cigarette and its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yumoto
- Department of Emergency MedicineKasaoka Daiichi HospitalKasaokaOkayamaJapan
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster MedicineOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesKitaOkayamaJapan
| | - Hisashi Hamaguchi
- Department of Emergency MedicineKasaoka Daiichi HospitalKasaokaOkayamaJapan
- Department of Medical EducationKurashiki Central HospitalKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Souichiro Mae
- Department of Emergency MedicineKasaoka Daiichi HospitalKasaokaOkayamaJapan
- Emergency and Critical Care CenterKurashiki Central HospitalKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Atsunori Nakao
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care, and Disaster MedicineOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesKitaOkayamaJapan
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Ishigami A, Hata S, Ishida Y, Nosaka M, Kuninaka Y, Yamamoto H, Shimada E, Hashizume Y, Takayasu T, Kimura A, Furukawa F, Kondo T. Complete decapitation by a self-constructed guillotine in a burned body - complex suicide or postmortem burning? Int J Legal Med 2020; 135:301-305. [PMID: 32474665 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a suicide case of complete decapitation using a self-constructed guillotine. A 45-year-old man, whose body was severely burned, was found dead. The head was completely separated from the middle level of the neck, and a sharp blade with a steel frame was placed between the head and neck. The severance plane passed between the C4 and C5 vertebrae. Vital reactions such as hemorrhage could not be confirmed at the decapitated skin edge because the body was severely burned. Both common carotid arteries were sharply transected. Subendocardial hemorrhage was detected in the left ventricle. Only a little blood, but no soot, was detected in the respiratory tract, including the trachea and bilateral bronchi. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was noted at the edge of the cervical spinal cord. The saturation level of CO-Hb was 5.7% in the left cardiac blood, 5.9% in the right cardiac blood, and 5.8% in the peripheral blood from the femoral vein. Cervical transection was diagnosed as the cause of death. We believe that he was unintentionally burned by spread fire from an automobile after decapitation by a self-constructed guillotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ishigami
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hata
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishida
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nosaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yumi Kuninaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamamoto
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Emi Shimada
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hashizume
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Takayasu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Fukumi Furukawa
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kondo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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Ershad M, Beld J, Mostafa A, Dela Cruz M, Vearrier D, Greenberg MI. Nicotine Content from Cigarettes Submerged in Soda. J Med Toxicol 2020; 16:452-457. [PMID: 32180139 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-020-00766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarettes and other tobacco products may be extinguished by submersion in liquids in beverage cans or bottles. Cases of nicotine poisoning in children have been reported following ingestion of such liquids. The aim of this study is to analyze the variability of nicotine concentrations with respect to number of cigarettes immersed and the duration of immersion in a soda can METHODS: One unsmoked cigarette was immersed in a cola containing soda can. Three separate samples of the mixture were obtained at different intervals of time post immersion up to 1 week. At the same time, a set of four cola cans were immersed with an increasing number of unsmoked cigarettes and samples obtained. All the samples were then analyzed for nicotine concentrations using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The mean concentration of nicotine measured over the course of 6 hours from one full cigarette in 55 ml of a cola beverage was 0.48 mg/ml. Nicotine concentrations steadily increased in the first 6 hours following submersion, after which, the levels plateaued (r = 0.530, n = 18, p = 0.024). There was a strong positive correlation between nicotine concentrations and the number of cigarettes (r = 0.967, n = 12, p = 3e-7). CONCLUSIONS The mean concentration of nicotine measured over the course of 6 hours from one immersed cigarette can be potentially toxic especially to children. Nicotine concentrations are positively correlated with the number of cigarettes and time of immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Ershad
- Medical Toxicology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Joris Beld
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Medical Toxicology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maricel Dela Cruz
- Medical Toxicology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Vearrier
- Emergency Medicine, Medical Toxicology, University of Mississipi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississipi, USA
| | - Michael I Greenberg
- Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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