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Noh YH, Jung KI. The Relationship between Myopia and Obesity in Adults. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 38:137-146. [PMID: 38449306 PMCID: PMC11016688 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2023.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between myopia and obesity through direct measurements of fat content. METHODS A cross-sectional study used a stratified, multistage survey, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2010). Subjects 19 years or older (n = 10,305) were included. Participants were divided into three groups according to refractive status: myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] ≤ -1.0 diopter [D]), emmetropia (-1.0 D < SE ≤ 1.0 D), and hyperopia (SE > 1.0 D). Obesity was investigated with assessment of fat mass and body mass index or waist circumference. Fat mass was measured with whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Body fat percentage was calculated as (total fat mass / body weight × 100). RESULTS Higher obesity index was found in individuals with myopic eyes after adjustment for age, sex, education level, income status, physical activity, residence, and serum vitamin D level. The significant difference in total body fat percentages among myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia was significant in the young age group (19-39 years, p < 0.05) but not in the middle age group (40-64 years) and the old age group (≥65 years). Individuals with a higher percentage of total body fat had greater odds ratios for myopia (fourth quartile of body fat; odds ratio, 1.352; 95% confidence interval, 1.178-1.551). CONCLUSIONS An association was found between adiposity and myopia in relatively young adults using direct measurements of fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Noh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung In Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Rozema J, Dankert S, Iribarren R. Emmetropization and nonmyopic eye growth. Surv Ophthalmol 2023:S0039-6257(23)00037-1. [PMID: 36796457 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Most eyes start with a hypermetropic refractive error at birth, but the growth rates of the ocular components, guided by visual cues, will slow in such a way that this refractive error decreases during the first 2 years of life. Once reaching its target, the eye enters a period of stable refractive error as it continues to grow by balancing the loss in corneal and lens power with the axial elongation. Although these basic ideas were first proposed over a century ago by Straub, the exact details on the controlling mechanism and the growth process remained elusive. Thanks to the observations collected in the last 40 years in both animals and humans, we are now beginning to get an understanding how environmental and behavioral factors stabilize or disrupt ocular growth. We survey these efforts to present what is currently known regarding the regulation of ocular growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Rozema
- Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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Gopalakrishnan A, Hussaindeen JR, Chaudhary R, Ramakrishnan B, Arunachalam S, Balakrishnan AC, Sri J S D, Sahoo M, S R, M V, S V, Narayanan A. Results of the School Children Ocular Biometry and Refractive Error Study in South India. Turk J Ophthalmol 2022; 52:412-420. [PMID: 36578223 PMCID: PMC9811226 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2021.90008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Axial length (AL) is an important contributor to refraction, and growth curves are gaining importance in the prediction of myopia. This study aimed to profile the distribution of ocular biometry parameters and to identify correlates of spherical equivalent refraction (SE) among school children in South India. Materials and Methods The School Children Ocular Biometry and Refractive Error study was conducted as part of a school screening program in southern India. The enrolled children underwent tests that included vison check, refraction, binocular vision assessment, and biometry measurements. Results The study included 1382 children whose mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 10.18 (2.88) years (range: 5-16 years). The sample was divided into 4 groups (grades 1-2, grades 3-5, grades 6-9, and grade 10) based on significant differences in right AL (p<0.001). The mean (SD) AL (range: 20.33-27.27 mm) among the four groups was 22.50 (0.64) mm, 22.88 (0.69) mm, 23.30 (0.82) mm, and 23.58 (0.87) mm, respectively. The mean SE (range: +1.86 to -6.56 D) was 0.08 (0.65 D) in class 1 and decreased with increasing grade to -0.39 (1.20 D) in grade 10. There was a significant difference in all biometry parameters between boys and girls (p<0.001). Age, AL, and mean corneal curvature were the main predictors of SE. Conclusion This study provides a profile of ocular biometry parameters among school children in South India for comparison against profiles from other regions across the country. The study data will form a reference for future studies assessing myopia in this ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Gopalakrishnan
- *Srimathi Sundari Subramanian Department of Visual Psychophysics, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Myopia Clinic, Chennai, India
| | - Jameel Rizwana Hussaindeen
- *Srimathi Sundari Subramanian Department of Visual Psychophysics, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Myopia Clinic, Chennai, India,* Address for Correspondence: Srimathi Sundari Subramanian Department of Visual Psychophysics, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Myopia Clinic, Chennai, India E-mail:
| | - Romans Chaudhary
- The Sankara Nethralaya Academy, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Bhavatharini Ramakrishnan
- *Srimathi Sundari Subramanian Department of Visual Psychophysics, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Myopia Clinic, Chennai, India
| | - Sushil Arunachalam
- *Srimathi Sundari Subramanian Department of Visual Psychophysics, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Myopia Clinic, Chennai, India
| | | | - Deepika Sri J S
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Manaswini Sahoo
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Robin S
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Varsaharinya M
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Vishnupriya S
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Anuradha Narayanan
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
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Bukhatwa SA, Suliman M. Axial Length, Anterior Chamber Depth, and Lens Thickness in Normal Libyan Eyes; Measured by the Aladdin Ocular Biometer. LIBYAN INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ocular parameters as axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and lens thickness (LT) are important for refractive and cataract surgeries, and its normal data are important to be identified.
Aim: This study was carried out to obtain data about AL, ACD, and LT parameters in normal Libyans.
Methods: A cross-sectional study (first of July to end of August, 2021) was done in Benghazi teaching eye hospital on 106 nondiabetic volunteers aged between 17 and 75 years with no ophthalmic disease. Ocular parameters were measured using the Aladdin optical biometer that is a noninvasive machine and without the use of drugs. Descriptive statistics and data analysis were done by using SPSS version 23.0, IBM Corporation.
Results: The mean age was 35.36 ± 13.35 years, the mean AL was 23.79 ± 0.91 mm, the mean ACD was 2.96 ± 0.62 mm, and the mean LT was 3.67 ± 0.62 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between these parameters regarding gender or age.
Conclusion: This is the first study done on Libyan population to report the AL, ACD, and LT. It showed a comparable result with studies from other populations and that age and gender have no effect on these ocular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A. Bukhatwa
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Libya
| | - Masuod Suliman
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Libya
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Pujari A, Modaboyina S, Agarwal D, Saluja G, Thangavel R, Rakheja V, Saxena R, Sharma N, Titiyal JS, Kumar A. Myopia in India. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:163-176. [PMID: 35082484 PMCID: PMC8786354 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s349393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
India is a culturally and geographically diverse nation. Its vast demographic nature does not allow a single definition for any of the given medical conditions in its territory. One important clinical condition which has created an uproar in the rest of the world is myopia. Its cause, prevalence, etiopathogenesis and other factors are being explored constantly; however, data with respect to Indian subcontinent are genuinely missing. Hence, in this review, we enumerate the country’s myopia journey from last 4 decades. The epidemiology, genetics, ocular/systemic association, quality of life, imaging, and management in myopia with necessary future directives are discussed to augment the overall management in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Pujari
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Correspondence: Amar Pujari, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room no. 212, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India, Email
| | - Sujeeth Modaboyina
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Agarwal
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Saluja
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeswari Thangavel
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Rakheja
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeewan S Titiyal
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Kumagai K, Ogino N, Horie E, Fukami M, Furukawa M, Matsumura M, Okada M. Birth Year-Dependent Increase in Axial Length of Japanese Adult. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 232:98-108. [PMID: 33991517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the correlations between the axial length and the aging-dependent and birth year-dependent age are significant. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS This study included Japanese patients ≥50 years who had undergone cataract surgery at numerous clinics from 2002 to 2020. Only 1 eye/patient was analyzed. The axial length was measured with the IOL Master. The age-dependent changes were determined by the significance of the correlation between the axial length and age by the birth year. The birth year-dependent changes were determined by the significance of the correlation between the axial length and birth year in the different age groups. The age refers to the age at the time of the cataract surgery. Spearman correlations were calculated. The turning points were identified by the LOESS, NLIN, and HPMIXED procedures. RESULTS A total of 62,362 eyes (35,508 women, 26,854 men) were studied. The mean age was 72.9 ± 8.4 (standard deviation) years (range, 50-101 years), and the mean axial length was 23.90 ± 1.66 mm (standard deviation) (range, 19.20-37.07 mm). The birth year ranged from 1908 to 1970. Analyses of the birth year-dependent changes showed significant positive correlations in 48 of 81 (59.3%) groups for women and men. The increase in the axial length was birth year-dependent, and the turning point was 1939.4 for women and 1936.7 for men. CONCLUSIONS The negative and significant correlation between the axial length and age is due to birth year-dependent changes. A birth year-dependent increase in axial length might have continued for several decades from the birth year of the late 1930s.
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Kolačko Š, Predović J, Kokot A, Bosnar D, Brzović-Šarić V, Šarić B, Balog S, Milanovic K, Ivastinovic D. Do Gender, Age, Body Mass and Height Influence Eye Biometrical Properties in Young Adults? A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111719. [PMID: 34770229 PMCID: PMC8582935 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Do gender, age, body mass and height influence eye biometrical properties in young adults? METHODS A total of 155 eyes (92 female, 63 male) of healthy subjects between the ages of 18 and 39 years were included in the study. The subjects' gender and age were recorded, and their body mass, height and biometrical properties of the eyes were measured. RESULTS The male subjects had significantly thicker and flatter corneas and lower minimal rim-to-disk ratios than the female subjects did. In both genders, age showed strong, negative correlations with anterior chamber depth and pupil diameter and a positive correlation with lens thickness. We also found significant, negative correlations between body height and mass with keratometry measurements, negative correlations between body height and optic disk rim area and rim volume, and positive correlations between body mass and axial length in both genders. CONCLUSIONS Biometric eye parameters differ among people. In addition to age and gender, which are usually taken into consideration when interpreting ocular biometry findings, we strongly suggest that body height and mass should be also routinely considered when interpreting eye biometry data, as these factors have an impact on ocular biometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefanija Kolačko
- University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Š.K.); (D.B.); (V.B.-Š.); (B.Š.)
- Department of Nursing and Palliative Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jurica Predović
- University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Š.K.); (D.B.); (V.B.-Š.); (B.Š.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (S.B.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Damir Bosnar
- University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Š.K.); (D.B.); (V.B.-Š.); (B.Š.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Brzović-Šarić
- University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Š.K.); (D.B.); (V.B.-Š.); (B.Š.)
| | - Borna Šarić
- University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Š.K.); (D.B.); (V.B.-Š.); (B.Š.)
| | - Slaven Balog
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (S.B.); (K.M.)
- Dr. Balog Ophthalmology Clinic, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Milanovic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (S.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Domagoj Ivastinovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
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Shinojima A, Kurihara T, Mori K, Iwai Y, Hanyuda A, Negishi K, Torii H, Tsubota K. Association between ocular axial length and anthropometrics of Asian adults. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:328. [PMID: 34446087 PMCID: PMC8393449 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study is to analyze axial length, body height, hand length, and foot length to find new factors that predict myopia and to identify gender differences as one of the factors of high myopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted as a single observation. Body height, hand length, and foot length were measured according to standard anthropometric methods. Axial length, retinal thickness, and choroidal thickness were measured using the IOL Master 700 and the Heidelberg Spectralis-OCT. To account for body height differences among participants, foot length/body height and hand length/body height were analyzed using a mixed-effects model. Results A total of 80 eyes (men, n = 20, 40 eyes; women, n = 20, 40 eyes) were analyzed. The mean age was 33.5 years (range 21–59 years, SD: 9.6). For choroidal thickness, there was a significant association with axial length in men (p < 0.001) and a trend toward an association in women (p = 0.072). There was also a significant association between foot length/body height and axial length in men (p = 0.015), but not in women (p = 0.58). These results suggest that factors that determine body height and foot length may be related to axial length, although they vary by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Shinojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Kiwako Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yujiro Iwai
- Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Hanyuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Torii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Tsubota Laboratory, Inc, 304 Toshin Shinanomachi-ekimae Bldg., 34 Shinanomachi, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan.
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Erdinest N, London N. Letter to the Editor. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 41:202. [PMID: 33156549 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Erdinest
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Association of anthropometric measures across the life-course with refractive error and ocular biometry at age 15 years. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:269. [PMID: 32641126 PMCID: PMC7341653 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A recent Genome-wide association meta-analysis (GWAS) of refractive error reported shared genetics with anthropometric traits such as height, BMI and obesity. To explore a potential relationship with refractive error and ocular structure we performed a life-course analysis including both maternal and child characteristics using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. Methods Measures collected across the life-course were analysed to explore the association of height, weight, and BMI with refractive error and ocular biometric measures at age 15 years from 1613children. The outcome measures were the mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of refractive error (dioptres), axial length (AXL; mm), and radius of corneal curvature (RCC; mm). Potential confounding variables; maternal age at conception, maternal education level, parental socio-economic status, gestational age, breast-feeding, and gender were adjusted for within each multi-variable model. Results Maternal height was positively associated with teenage AXL (0.010 mm; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.017) and RCC (0.005 mm; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.007), increased maternal weight was positively associated with AXL (0.004 mm; 95% CI: 0.0001, 0.008). Birth length was associated with an increase in teenage AXL (0.067 mm; 95% CI: 0.032, 0.10) and flatter RCC (0.023 mm; 95% CI: 0.013, 0.034) and increasing birth weight was associated with flatter RCC (0.005 mm; 95% CI: 0.0003, 0.009). An increase in teenage height was associated with a lower MSE (− 0.007 D; 95% CI: − 0.013, − 0.001), an increase in AXL (0.021 mm; 95% CI: 0.015, 0.028) and flatter RCC (0.008 mm; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.010). Weight at 15 years was associated with an increase in AXL (0.005 mm; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.009). Conclusions At each life stage (pre-natal, birth, and teenage) height and weight, but not BMI, demonstrate an association with AXL and RCC measured at age 15 years. However, the negative association between refractive error and an increase in height was only present at the teenage life stage. Further research into the growth pattern of ocular structures and the development of refractive error over the life-course is required, particularly at the time of puberty.
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Hwang IC, Bae JH, Kim JM, Lee JM, Nguyen QD. Adult body height and age-related macular degeneration in healthy individuals: A nationwide population-based survey from Korea. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232593. [PMID: 32357183 PMCID: PMC7194362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to evaluate the relationship between adult body height and risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) among healthy Koreans using nationwide population-based data. We analyzed data derived from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011. Participants over 40 years of age were included in the sample after excluding individuals with systemic comorbidities or missing relevant data. The presence and severity of AMD were graded using fundus photographs. The relationship between body height and risk of AMD was determined using multiple logistic regression analyses. Among a total of 8,435 participants, 544 (6.45%) had AMD: 502 (5.95%) with early AMD and 42 (0.5%) with late AMD. In multivariate-adjusted analyses, taller body height was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of AMD (odds ratio [OR], 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81–0.99), while body mass index (BMI) was not associated with AMD. An inverse association between body height and risk of AMD was observed most frequently in participants under 65 years of age (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70–0.94). Furthermore, body height showed an inverse association with risk of AMD among obese participants (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2) (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60–0.93). Subgroup analysis by AMD type disclosed a significant inverse association between body height and early AMD (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.79–0.97) but not late AMD. Our results suggest that shorter body height is independently associated with increased risk of AMD, especially early AMD, in a dose-response manner in people who are obese or under 65 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Cheol Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Bae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Joon Mo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Quan Dong Nguyen
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
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High Myopia and Its Associated Factors in JPHC-NEXT Eye Study: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111788. [PMID: 31731571 PMCID: PMC6912595 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of high myopia has been noted. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics and the related factors of high myopia in a Japanese adult population. Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study for the Next Generation (JPHC-NEXT) Eye Study was performed in Chikusei-city, a rural area in mid-east Japan, between 2013 and 2015. A cross-sectional observational analysis was conducted to investigate prevalence and related factors of high myopia. A total of 6101 participants aged ≥40 years without a history of ocular surgeries was included. High myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction of ≤−6.00 diopters according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Potential high myopia-related factors included intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal structure, corneal endothelial cell density, age, height, body mass index, heart rate, blood pressure, biochemical profile, and current history of systemic and ocular disorders. The odds ratios of high myopia were estimated using the logistic regression models adjusted for the associated factors. The prevalence of high myopia was 3.8% in males and 5.9% in females with a significant difference. Age was inversely associated, IOP was positively associated, and none of other factors were associated with high myopia in both sexes. In conclusion, only age and IOP were associated with high myopia in this community-based sample.
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Yamashita T, Iwase A, Sakai H, Terasaki H, Sakamoto T, Araie M. Differences of body height, axial length, and refractive error at different ages in Kumejima study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 257:371-378. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Yamashita T, Iwase A, Kii Y, Sakai H, Terasaki H, Sakamoto T, Araie M. Location of Ocular Tessellations in Japanese: Population-Based Kumejima Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:4963-4967. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yamashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Yuya Kii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of the Ryukyus Faculty of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hiroto Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Taiji Sakamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Araie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanto Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Ocular biometric characteristics of cataract patients in western China. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:99. [PMID: 29665792 PMCID: PMC5904982 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to measure ocular biometric characteristics in older cataract patients from western China. METHODS Ocular biometry records were retrospectively analyzed for 6933 patients with cataracts (6933 eyes) at least 50 years old who were treated at West China Hospital of Sichuan University. RESULTS Partial coherence laser interferometry gave the following population averages: axial length (AL), 24.32 ± 2.42 mm; anterior chamber depth (ACD), 3.08 ± 0.47 mm; keratometric power (K), 44.23 ± 1.66 diopters; and corneal astigmatism (CA), 1.00 ± 0.92 diopters. The percentage of individuals with AL > 26.5 mm was 13.66%, while the percentage with CA > 1.0 diopters was 35.54%. Mean AL and ACD showed a trend of decrease with increasing age (P < 0.001). AL correlated positively with ACD (Spearman coefficient, 0.542) and CA (0.111), but negatively with K (- 0.411) (all P < 0.01). K also correlated negatively with ACD (- 0.078, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results show, for the first time, that older cataract patients from western China have similar ocular biometric characteristics as other populations. The high prevalence of severe axial myopia warrants further investigation.
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Rozema JJ, Herscovici Z, Snir M, Axer-Siegel R. Analysing the ocular biometry of new-born infants. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 38:119-128. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos J. Rozema
- Department of Ophthalmology; Antwerp University Hospital; Edegem Belgium
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Zvi Herscovici
- Department of Ophthalmology; Rabin Medical Center; Petah Tiqva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Moshe Snir
- Department of Ophthalmology; Rabin Medical Center; Petah Tiqva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ruth Axer-Siegel
- Department of Ophthalmology; Rabin Medical Center; Petah Tiqva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the possible association between body stature (height) and corneal thickness and radius in younger-adult Caucasians, especially within the context of previously published literature. METHODS Body height and weight were measured in 109 healthy subjects, with an average age of 24 ± 6 years (mean ± SD). Subjects underwent an ophthalmic assessment including anterior segment imaging by Scheimpflug topography and specular microscopy. Central and peripheral corneal thickness and corneal radius were analyzed. The relationship between body stature and corneal parameters was assessed using simple and multiple regression analysis. Effect size was determined by generating regression and correlation coefficients. RESULTS Body height ranged from 1.54 to 1.86 m (mean ± SD 1.67 ± 0.08 m), central corneal thickness from 465 to 629 μm (554 ± 33 μm), whereas corneal radius measured between 7.16 and 8.49 mm (7.75 ± 0.24 mm). Body height was weakly associated with central corneal thickness and peripheral corneal thickness (r ≥ -0.180), and moderately with corneal radius (r = 0.351). Based on the regression equations, central corneal thickness decreases by 8 μm, whereas corneal radius increases by 0.11 mm for each 0.1-m difference in body height. No significant correlations were found for similar assessments using body weight or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Differences in corneal radius and corneal thickness can be linked to body stature. However, effect sizes were consistently small and no more than 13% of the variability in corneal curvature could be explained by variations in body stature.
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Structural parameters associated with location of peaks of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in young healthy eyes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177247. [PMID: 28542289 PMCID: PMC5444611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The location of the peaks of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness is affected by several ocular parameters. In this study, we have generated equations that can determine the peaks of the cpRNFL. This study was a prospective, observational, cross sectional study of 118 healthy right eyes. The axial length, optic disc tilt, superiortemporal (ST)- and inferiortemporal (IT)-peaks of the cpRNFL thickness, and angles of the ST and IT retinal arteries (RA) and veins (RV) were determined. The correlations between the location of the ST- and IT-peaks and ocular structural parameters and the sex, body height and weight were calculated. The best fit equations to generate the location of the ST/IT-peaks were determined using corrected-Akaike Information Criteria. The location of the ST-peak was 0.72+(0.40 x ST-RA)+(0.27 x ST-RV)+(0.14 x height)–(0.47 x papillo-macular-position)–(0.11 x disc tilt) with a coefficient of correlation of 0.61 (P<0.0001). The location of the IT-peak was 21.88+(0.53 x IT-RA)+(0.15 x IT-RV)+(0.041 x corneal thickness)-(1.00 x axial length) with a coefficient of correlation of 0.59 (P<0.0001). The location of ST/IT peaks is determined by different parameters of the ocular structure. These equations allow clinicians to obtain an accurate location of the peaks for a more accurate diagnosis of glaucoma.
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Huang D, Chen X, Gong Q, Yuan C, Ding H, Bai J, Zhu H, Fu Z, Yu R, Liu H. Ocular biometric parameters among 3-year-old Chinese children: testability, distribution and association with anthropometric parameters. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29577. [PMID: 27384307 PMCID: PMC4935861 DOI: 10.1038/srep29577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This survey was conducted to determine the testability, distribution and associations of ocular biometric parameters in Chinese preschool children. Ocular biometric examinations, including the axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CR), were conducted on 1,688 3-year-old subjects by using an IOLMaster in August 2015. Anthropometric parameters, including height and weight, were measured according to a standardized protocol, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The testability was 93.7% for the AL and 78.6% for the CR overall, and both measures improved with age. Girls performed slightly better in AL measurements (P = 0.08), and the difference in CR was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The AL distribution was normal in girls (P = 0.12), whereas it was not in boys (P < 0.05). For CR1, all subgroups presented normal distributions (P = 0.16 for boys; P = 0.20 for girls), but the distribution varied when the subgroups were combined (P < 0.05). CR2 presented a normal distribution (P = 0.11), whereas the AL/CR ratio was abnormal (P < 0.001). Boys exhibited a significantly longer AL, a greater CR and a greater AL/CR ratio than girls (all P < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xuejuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qi Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chaoqun Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Yuhua District, Nanjing, 210012 China
| | - Jing Bai
- Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Yuhua District, Nanjing, 210012 China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhujun Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Rongbin Yu
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Hashimoto S, Yasuda M, Ninomiya T, Hata J, Yoshida D, Tahara-Asakuma T, Hirakawa Y, Arakawa S, Fujiwara K, Kiyohara Y, Ishibashi T. Foveal and Macular Thickness in a Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2016; 23:202-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2015.1136651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Hashimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miho Yasuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Jun Hata
- Center for Cohort Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daigo Yoshida
- Center for Cohort Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tahara-Asakuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hirakawa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Arakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kota Fujiwara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kiyohara
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Chan MPY, Grossi CM, Khawaja AP, Yip JLY, Khaw KT, Patel PJ, Khaw PT, Morgan JE, Vernon SA, Foster PJ. Associations with Intraocular Pressure in a Large Cohort: Results from the UK Biobank. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:771-82. [PMID: 26795295 PMCID: PMC4819446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the associations of physical and demographic factors with Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg) and corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc) in a British cohort. DESIGN Cross-sectional study within the UK Biobank, a large-scale multisite cohort study in the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS We included 110 573 participants from the UK Biobank with intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements available. Their mean age was 57 years (range, 40-69 years); 54% were women, and 90% were white. METHODS Participants had 1 IOP measurement made on each eye using the Ocular Response Analyzer noncontact tonometer. Linear regression models were used to assess the associations of IOP with physical and demographic factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The IOPg and IOPcc. RESULTS The mean IOPg was 15.72 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.70-15.74 mmHg), and the mean IOPcc was 15.95 mmHg (15.92-15.97 mmHg). After adjusting for covariates, IOPg and IOPcc were both significantly associated with older age, male sex, higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), faster heart rate, greater myopia, self-reported glaucoma, and colder season (all P < 0.001). The strongest determinants of both IOPg and IOPcc were SBP (partial R(2): IOPg 2.30%, IOPcc 2.26%), followed by refractive error (IOPg 0.60%, IOPcc 1.04%). The following variables had different directions of association with IOPg and IOPcc: height (-0.77 mmHg/m IOPg; 1.03 mmHg/m IOPcc), smoking (0.19 mmHg IOPg, -0.35 mmHg IOPcc), self-reported diabetes (0.41 mmHg IOPg, -0.05 mmHg IOPcc), and black ethnicity (-0.80 mmHg IOPg, 0.77 mmHg IOPcc). This suggests that height, smoking, diabetes, and ethnicity are related to corneal biomechanical properties. The increase in both IOPg and IOPcc with age was greatest among those of mixed ethnicities, followed by blacks and whites. The same set of covariates explained 7.4% of the variability of IOPcc but only 5.3% of the variability of IOPg. CONCLUSIONS This analysis of associations with IOP in a large cohort demonstrated that some variables clearly have different associations with IOPg and IOPcc, and that these 2 measurements may reflect different biological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Y Chan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlota M Grossi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Y Yip
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Praveen J Patel
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng T Khaw
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - James E Morgan
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Vernon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
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Yamashita T, Sakamoto T, Yoshihara N, Terasaki H, Kii Y, Tanaka M, Nakao K. Circumpapillary course of retinal pigment epithelium can be fit to sine wave and amplitude of sine wave is significantly correlated with ovality ratio of optic disc. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122191. [PMID: 25848777 PMCID: PMC4388545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a method of quantifying the degree of optic disc tilt in normal eyes. This was a prospective, observational cross sectional study of 126 right eyes of 126 healthy volunteers. The optic disc tilt was determined from the circular peripapillary optical coherence tomographic (OCT) scan images. The course of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer in the peripapillary cross sectional scan images was fit to a sine wave curve, and the amplitude of the sine curve was used to reflect the degree of the optic disc tilt in the optical axis. The repeatability of the amplitude determinations was calculated. The correlation between the amplitude and the ovality ratio of the optic disc was determined. The correlation between the amplitude and the body height was also calculated. The mean amplitudewas 36.6 ± 17.5 pixels, which was significantly and inversely correlated with the ovality ratio of the optic disc (R = -0.59, P<0.001). The intra-rater and inter-rater correlation coefficients of the amplitude were significant high (P<0.001, both). The amplitude was significantly and inversely correlated with the body height (R = -0.38, P<0.001), but not with the axial length. In conclusion, a sine wave function can be used to describe the course of the RPE in the circumpapillary OCT images. The results indicate that the amplitude of the sine wave can be used to represent the degree of optic disc tilt. Thus, the sine wave analyses can be used as a quantifiable and repeatable method to determine the optic disc tilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yamashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Taiji Sakamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoya Yoshihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroto Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuya Kii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE To provide comparative ocular topography data from a substantial population of East Asian and white eyes. METHODS This study evaluated 675 subjects from three ethnic groups: white (n = 255), Chinese (n = 299), and Japanese (n = 121) at investigational sites in four locations: Wenzhou, China; Melbourne, Australia; Tokyo, Japan; and Jacksonville, USA. Subjects underwent the same measurements of ocular topography using identical equipment and protocols. A videokeratoscope (Medmont E300) was used to measure apical corneal radius, simulated K-reading (K), corneal shape factor (CSF), and corneal sagittal height at 10 mm in the two principal meridians. Digital photography was also used to measure ocular parameters including horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID), vertical palpebral aperture (PA), the intercanthal angle (ICA), and upper and lower lid angles. RESULTS Mean HVID measurements were significantly smaller for the Chinese and Japanese groups than whites: 11.26, 11.10, and 11.75 mm, respectively. Horizontal K was significantly steeper for the white than the Chinese and Japanese groups: 7.79, 7.86, and 7.92 mm, respectively. The Chinese eyes showed significantly higher mean vertical CSF (i.e., more prolate) than the other two groups. The Chinese group had significantly narrower PA and steeper ICA than the other two groups: the mean PA and ICA values were 9.71, 10.31, and 10.58 mm and 7.56, 6.32, and 6.27 degrees, for the Chinese, Japanese, and white groups, respectively. One-third of the Chinese (32%) and 31% of the Japanese subjects showed no apparent supratarsal fold ("single eyelid"). There were also significant differences between groups for corneal sagittal height at 10 mm and upper and lower lid angles, but no significant differences for vertical K and horizontal CSF. CONCLUSIONS This study has highlighted some differences in ocular topography between Chinese, Japanese, and white ethnic groups that may be relevant to soft contact lens fit.
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Iribarren R. Crystalline lens and refractive development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 47:86-106. [PMID: 25683786 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Individual refractive errors usually change along lifespan. Most children are hyperopic in early life. This hyperopia is usually lost during growth years, leading to emmetropia in adults, but myopia also develops in children during school years or during early adult life. Those subjects who remain emmetropic are prone to have hyperopic shifts in middle life. And even later, at older ages, myopic shifts are developed with nuclear cataract. The eye grows from 15 mm in premature newborns to approximately 24 mm in early adult years, but, in most cases, refractions are maintained stable in a clustered distribution. This growth in axial length would represent a refractive change of more than 40 diopters, which is compensated by changes in corneal and lens powers. The process which maintains the balance between the ocular components of refraction during growth is still under study. As the lens power cannot be measured in vivo, but can only be calculated based on the other ocular components, there have not been many studies of lens power in humans. Yet, recent studies have confirmed that the lens loses power during growth in children, and that hyperopic and myopic shifts in adulthood may be also produced by changes in the lens. These studies in children and adults give a picture of the changing power of the lens along lifespan. Other recent studies about the growth of the lens and the complexity of its internal structure give clues about how these changes in lens power are produced along life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Iribarren
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Luis Medical Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Body height, estimated cerebrospinal fluid pressure and open-angle glaucoma. The Beijing Eye Study 2011. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86678. [PMID: 24489767 PMCID: PMC3906067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine potential associations between body height, cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP), trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference (TLCPD) and prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in a population-based setting. Methods The population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 included 3468 individuals with a mean age of 64.6±9.8 years (range:50–93 years). A detailed ophthalmic examination was performed. Based on a previous study with lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) measurements, CSFP was calculated as CSFP[mmHg] = 0.44×Body Mass Index[kg/m2]+0.16×Diastolic Blood Pressure[mmHg]-0.18×Age[Years]-1.91 Results Data of IOP and CSFP were available for 3353 (96.7%) subjects. Taller body height was associated with higher CSFP (P<0.001; standardized correlation coefficient beta:0.13; regression coefficient B:0.29; 95% confidence interval (CI):0.25,0.33) after adjusting for male gender, urban region of habitation, higher educational level, and pulse rate. If TLCPD instead of CSFP was added, taller body height was associated with lower TLCPD (P<0.001;beta:−0.10;B:−0.20;95%CI:−0.25,−0.15). Correspondingly, higher CSFP was associated with taller body height (P = 0.003;beta:0.02;B:0.01;95%CI:0.00,0.02), after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, pulse, systolic blood pressure, and blood concentration of cholesterol. If IOP was added to the model, higher CSFP was associated with higher IOP (P<0.001;beta:0.02;B:0.02;95%CI:0.01,0.03). TLCPD was associated with lower body height (P = 0.003;beta:−0.04;B −0.02,95%CI:−0.04,−0.01) after adjusting for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, pulse, blood concentrations of triglycerides, axial length, central corneal thickness, corneal curvature radius, and anterior chamber depth. Adding the prevalence of OAG to the multivariate analysis revealed, that taller body height was associated with a lower OAG prevalence (P = 0.03;beta:−0.03;B:−1.20;95%CI:−2.28,−0.12) after adjusting for educational level and gender. Conclusions Taller body height was associated with higher CSFP and lower TLCPD (and vice versa), after adjusting for systemic and ocular parameters. Parallel to the associations between a higher prevalence of glaucoma with a lower CSFP or higher TLCPD, taller body height was associated with a lower prevalence of OAG.
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Bliss CD, Aquino S, Woodhouse S. Ocular findings and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and southern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome). Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 18 Suppl 1:86-93. [PMID: 24238103 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe ophthalmic examination findings and standard diagnostic test results in 2 penguin species. ANIMALS STUDIED Macaroni & Southern Rockhopper Penguins. PROCEDURE Complete ophthalmic examinations including Schirmer tear test (STT), modified phenol red thread test (PTT), tonometry, and echobiometry were performed on penguins housed at the Detroit Zoo. Mean and standard deviation of ophthalmic tests are reported and compared for significance using two sample t-tests with significance set at P < 0.05. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS Cataracts were the most common finding, present in 64% of Macaroni Penguins, and 68% of Rockhopper Penguins. There were anterior segment anomalies in all eyes with cataracts consistent with lens-induced uveitis. The mean modified PTT for the Macaronis was 24.7 ± 6.37 mm/15 s and 25.1 ± 7.07 mm/15 s in the Rockhoppers. The mean STT value for the Macaronis was 12.1 ± 5.43 mm/min and 11.0 ± 3.96 mm/min in the Rockhoppers. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) for the Macaronis was 21.9 ± 7.05 mmHg measured by applanation tonometry and 29.1 ± 7.16 mmHg using rebound tonometry. The Rockhoppers had a mean IOP of 20.0 ± 5.77 mmHg and 24.1 ± 5.09 mmHg for applanation and rebound tonometry, respectively. In both populations, there was a significant difference in IOP measurement between the two instruments. In the Macaroni penguins, the presence of cataracts correlated significantly with increased age and lower IOP readings. Anterior chamber distance and axial globe length were significantly greater in males than in females in both penguin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Bliss
- Michigan Veterinary Specialists, Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners Hospital, 1425 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
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Northstone K, Guggenheim JA, Howe LD, Tilling K, Paternoster L, Kemp JP, McMahon G, Williams C. Body stature growth trajectories during childhood and the development of myopia. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:1064-73.e1. [PMID: 23415774 PMCID: PMC4441725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Stature at a particular age can be considered the cumulative result of growth during a number of preceding growth trajectory periods. We investigated whether height and weight growth trajectories from birth to age 10 years were related to refractive error at ages 11 and 15 years, and eye size at age 15 years. DESIGN Prospective analysis in a birth cohort. PARTICIPANTS Children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) U.K. birth cohort (minimum N = 2676). METHODS Growth trajectories between birth and 10 years were modeled from a series of height and weight measurements (N = 6815). Refractive error was assessed by noncycloplegic autorefraction at ages 11 and 15 years (minimum N = 4737). Axial length (AXL) and radius of corneal curvature were measured with an IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Welwyn Garden City, U.K.) at age 15 years (minimum N = 2676). Growth trajectories and an allelic score for 180 genetic variants associated with adult height were tested for association with refractive error and eye size. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Noncycloplegic autorefraction at ages 11 and 15 years, and AXL and corneal curvature at age 15 years. RESULTS Height growth trajectory during the linear phase between 2.5 and 10 years was negatively associated with refractive error at 11 and 15 years (P<0.001), but explained <0.5% of intersubject variation. Height and weight growth trajectories, especially shortly after birth, were positively associated with AXL and corneal curvature (P<0.001), predicting 1% to 5% of trait variation. Height growth after 2.5 years was not associated with corneal curvature, whereas the association with AXL continued up to 10 years. The height allelic score was associated with corneal curvature (P = 0.03) but not with refractive error or AXL. CONCLUSIONS Up to the age of 10 years, shared growth mechanisms contribute to scaling of eye and body size but minimally to the development of myopia. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Northstone
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Miraftab M, Emamian MH, Shariati M, Abdolahinia T, Fotouhi A. The distribution of axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and vitreous chamber depth in an adult population of Shahroud, Iran. BMC Ophthalmol 2012; 12:50. [PMID: 22988958 PMCID: PMC3500253 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-12-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ocular biometric parameters can be influenced by race, ethnicity, and genetics; their differences across different populations can probably explain differences in refractive errors in these populations. The aim of this study is to determine the normal range of axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and vitreous chamber depth in the population of Shahroud in the north of Iran. Methods In the first phase of Shahroud Eye Cohort Study, the 40–64 year old population were sampled cross-sectionally; 6311 were invited and 5190 (82.2%) participated in the study. Biometric examinations were done using the LENSTAR/BioGraph (WaveLight AG, Erlangen, Germany) after vision tests and before cycloplegic refraction tests. Any type of eye surgery, extensive pterygium, and lack of cooperation were used as exclusion criteria, and analyses were done with data from 4869 eyes. Results We found a mean axial length of 23.14 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.11-23.17), mean anterior chamber depth of 2.62 mm (95% CI, 2.60-2.63), mean lens thickness of 4.28 mm (95% CI, 4.27-4.29), and the mean vitreous chamber depth was 15.72 mm (95% CI, 15.70-15.75). Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests showed that the distribution of axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and vitreous chamber depth significantly differed from normal; axial length and vitreous chamber depth demonstrated a leptokurtic distribution as well. Axial length, anterior chamber depth, and vitreous chamber depth significantly decreased with age, and lens thickness significantly increased with age (p < 0.001). All indices were significantly higher in men. Conclusions The distributions of axial length, vitreous chamber depth, and lens thickness are reported for the first time in an Iranian adult population. Compared to other studies, axial length was in the mid range, nonetheless, studying axial length components showed that the Iranian population had smaller anterior chamber depth and lens thickness. Age and gender were significantly associated with all indices assessed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Iyamu E, Iyamu JE, Oghovwerha L. Anthropometry, amplitude of accommodation, and spherical equivalent refractive error in a nigerian population. ISRN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2012; 2012:295613. [PMID: 24527232 PMCID: PMC3912590 DOI: 10.5402/2012/295613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between anthropometry, amplitude of accommodation assessed by minus-lens to blur (AAPUB) and push-up to blur (AAMLB), and spherical equivalent refraction (SEQ). Method. A total of two hundred and one subjects aged between 17 and 70 years with mean age of 34.2 ± 13.3 years, consisting of 93 males and 108 females were recruited for this study. Anthropometric variables were measured with standard instruments like the free-standing rod for height, weighing balance for body weight, and body mass index (BMI) calculated. The refractive error was measured by static retinoscopy and subjective refraction. Result. An inverse correlation was found between age, AAMLB and AAPUB (r = -0.84, -0.81, both P < 0.0001). BMI increased with age (r = 0.32, P < 0.0001). There was an inverse correlation between BMI, AAPUB and AAMLB (r = -0.27, -0.25, both P < 0.0001), respectively. However, the association between SEQ and anthropometry was not significant (P > 0.05). The AAPUB and AAMLB decreased with age while BMI increased. AAPUB and AAMLB decreased with BMI, but were not affected by the SEQ. Conclusion. BMI increased with age while AA measured by the two methods decreased with age, and BMI increased with decreasing AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eghosasere Iyamu
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | | | - Liticia Oghovwerha
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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