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Sonntag SR, Klein B, Brinkmann R, Grisanti S, Miura Y. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy of Mouse Models of Age-related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:24. [PMID: 38285461 PMCID: PMC10829802 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate fluorescence lifetime of mouse models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO). Methods Two AMD mouse models, apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice and NF-E2-related factor-2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) mice, and their wild-type mice underwent monthly ophthalmic examinations including FLIO from 3 months of age. After euthanasia at the age of 6 or 11 months, blood plasma was collected to determine total antioxidant capacity and eyes were enucleated for Oil red O (ORO) lipid staining of chorioretinal tissue. Results In FLIO, the mean fluorescence lifetime (τm) of wild type shortened with age in both spectral channels. In short spectral channel, τm shortening was observed in both AMD models as well, but its rate was more pronounced in ApoE-/- mice and significantly different from the other strains as months of age progressed. In contrast, in long spectral channel, both model strains showed completely opposite trends, with τm becoming shorter in ApoE-/- and longer in Nrf2-/- mice than the others. Oil red O staining at Bruch's membrane was significantly stronger in ApoE-/- mice at 11 months than the other strains. Plasma total antioxidant capacity was highest in ApoE-/- mice at both 6 and 11 months. Conclusions The two AMD mouse models exhibited largely different fundus fluorescence lifetime, which might be related to the different systemic metabolic state. FLIO might be able to indicate different metabolic states of eyes at risk for AMD. Translational Relevance This animal study may provide new insights into the relationship between early AMD-associated metabolic changes and FLIO findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rebecca Sonntag
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Britta Klein
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf Brinkmann
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Salvatore Grisanti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yoko Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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2
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Kurzawa‐Akanbi M, Whitfield P, Burté F, Bertelli PM, Pathak V, Doherty M, Hilgen B, Gliaudelytė L, Platt M, Queen R, Coxhead J, Porter A, Öberg M, Fabrikova D, Davey T, Beh CS, Georgiou M, Collin J, Boczonadi V, Härtlova A, Taggart M, Al‐Aama J, Korolchuk VI, Morris CM, Guduric‐Fuchs J, Steel DH, Medina RJ, Armstrong L, Lako M. Retinal pigment epithelium extracellular vesicles are potent inducers of age-related macular degeneration disease phenotype in the outer retina. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12295. [PMID: 36544284 PMCID: PMC9772497 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness. Vision loss is caused by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors atrophy and/or retinal and choroidal angiogenesis. Here we use AMD patient-specific RPE cells with the Complement Factor H Y402H high-risk polymorphism to perform a comprehensive analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs), their cargo and role in disease pathology. We show that AMD RPE is characterised by enhanced polarised EV secretion. Multi-omics analyses demonstrate that AMD RPE EVs carry RNA, proteins and lipids, which mediate key AMD features including oxidative stress, cytoskeletal dysfunction, angiogenesis and drusen accumulation. Moreover, AMD RPE EVs induce amyloid fibril formation, revealing their role in drusen formation. We demonstrate that exposure of control RPE to AMD RPE apical EVs leads to the acquisition of AMD features such as stress vacuoles, cytoskeletal destabilization and abnormalities in the morphology of the nucleus. Retinal organoid treatment with apical AMD RPE EVs leads to disrupted neuroepithelium and the appearance of cytoprotective alpha B crystallin immunopositive cells, with some co-expressing retinal progenitor cell markers Pax6/Vsx2, suggesting injury-induced regenerative pathways activation. These findings indicate that AMD RPE EVs are potent inducers of AMD phenotype in the neighbouring RPE and retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Kurzawa‐Akanbi
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Phillip Whitfield
- Glasgow Polyomics and Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Florence Burté
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Pietro Maria Bertelli
- The Welcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Varun Pathak
- The Welcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Mary Doherty
- Lipidomics Research FacilityUniversity of the Highlands and IslandsInvernessUK
| | - Birthe Hilgen
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Lina Gliaudelytė
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - Rachel Queen
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Jonathan Coxhead
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Andrew Porter
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Maria Öberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Daniela Fabrikova
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Tracey Davey
- Electron Microscopy Research ServicesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Chia Shyan Beh
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Maria Georgiou
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Joseph Collin
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Veronika Boczonadi
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Anetta Härtlova
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- The Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneUniversity Medical Center Freiburg (Universitätklinikum Freiburg)FreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Taggart
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Jumana Al‐Aama
- Faculty of MedicineKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Jasenka Guduric‐Fuchs
- The Welcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - David H Steel
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Reinhold J Medina
- The Welcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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3
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Kiraly P, Smrekar J, Jaki Mekjavić P. Biomarkers predicting central serous chorioretinopathy episode persistence. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022; 33:11206721221137153. [PMID: 36377260 DOI: 10.1177/11206721221137153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers at presentation that are associated with a persistent central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) episode. METHODS The prospective study included 35 patients with an acute CSC episode. Potential clinical and imaging biomarkers were evaluated at baseline and 3 months from the episode onset. As biomarkers age, sex, steroid use, episode recurrence, central retinal thickness (CRT), macular volume (MV), choroidal thickness (CT), pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height, and width, number of retinal hyperreflective foci (HF), leakage pattern, and area of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) alterations were investigated. RESULTS At 3 months from the CSC episode onset, spontaneous resolution occurred in 19 patients, while 16 patients had a persistent CSC episode. The group of patients with a persistent episode was statistically significantly associated with female sex (p = 0.032), older age (p = 0.015), wider PED (p = 0.005), and higher number of HF (p = 0.02). Moreover, this group of patients had a significant association with thinner choroid and diffuse RPE alterations as a pair (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Older and female CSC patients with wider PED, increased number of HF, thinner choroid, and diffuse RPE alterations at presentation are inclined to episode persistence and could benefit from earlier treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kiraly
- 574106Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Eye Hospital, 37664University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, 37667University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Smrekar
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, 172465University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Jaki Mekjavić
- Eye Hospital, 37664University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, 37667University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- 61790Institute Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Burgoyne T, Toms M, Way C, Tracey-White D, Futter CE, Moosajee M. Changes in Mitochondrial Size and Morphology in the RPE and Photoreceptors of the Developing and Ageing Zebrafish. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223542. [PMID: 36428971 PMCID: PMC9688747 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-generating cellular organelles. In the retina, they are highly numerous in the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) due to their high energetic requirements. Fission and fusion of the mitochondria within these cells allow them to adapt to changing demands over the lifespan of the organism. Using transmission electron microscopy, we examined the mitochondrial ultrastructure of zebrafish photoreceptors and RPE from 5 days post fertilisation (dpf) through to late adulthood (3 years). Notably, mitochondria in the youngest animals were large and irregular shaped with a loose cristae architecture, but by 8 dpf they had reduced in size and expanded in number with more defined cristae. Investigation of temporal gene expression of several mitochondrial-related markers indicated fission as the dominant mechanism contributing to the changes observed over time. This is likely to be due to continued mitochondrial stress resulting from the oxidative environment of the retina and prolonged light exposure. We have characterised retinal mitochondrial ageing in a key vertebrate model organism, that provides a basis for future studies of retinal diseases that are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Maria Toms
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Chris Way
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Dhani Tracey-White
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Clare E. Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Correspondence:
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Tan LX, Li J, Germer CJ, Lakkaraju A. Analysis of mitochondrial dynamics and function in the retinal pigment epithelium by high-speed high-resolution live imaging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1044672. [PMID: 36393836 PMCID: PMC9651161 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1044672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which causes irreversible blindness in over 50 million older adults worldwide. A key site of insult in AMD is the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of postmitotic polarized cells that performs essential functions for photoreceptor health and vision. Recent studies from our group and others have identified several features of mitochondrial dysfunction in AMD including mitochondrial fragmentation and bioenergetic defects. While these studies provide valuable insight at fixed points in time, high-resolution, high-speed live imaging is essential for following mitochondrial injury in real time and identifying disease mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate the advantages of live imaging to investigate RPE mitochondrial dynamics in cell-based and mouse models. We show that mitochondria in the RPE form extensive networks that are destroyed by fixation and discuss important live imaging considerations that can interfere with accurate evaluation of mitochondrial integrity such as RPE differentiation status and acquisition parameters. Our data demonstrate that RPE mitochondria show localized heterogeneities in membrane potential and ATP production that could reflect focal changes in metabolism and oxidative stress. Contacts between the mitochondria and organelles such as the ER and lysosomes mediate calcium flux and mitochondrial fission. Live imaging of mouse RPE flatmounts revealed a striking loss of mitochondrial integrity in albino mouse RPE compared to pigmented mice that could have significant functional consequences for cellular metabolism. Our studies lay a framework to guide experimental design and selection of model systems for evaluating mitochondrial health and function in the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xuan Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jianlong Li
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Colin J. Germer
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aparna Lakkaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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6
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Tong Y, Zhang Z, Wang S. Role of Mitochondria in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Aging and Degeneration. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:926627. [PMID: 35912040 PMCID: PMC9337215 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.926627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form a monolayer between the neuroretina and choroid. It has multiple important functions, including acting as outer blood-retina barrier, maintaining the function of neuroretina and photoreceptors, participating in the visual cycle and regulating retinal immune response. Due to high oxidative stress environment, RPE cells are vulnerable to dysfunction, cellular senescence, and cell death, which underlies RPE aging and age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Mitochondria are the powerhouse of cells and a major source of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to mitochondrial DNA damage, cell death, senescence, and age-related diseases. Mitochondria also undergo dynamic changes including fission/fusion, biogenesis and mitophagy for quality control in response to stresses. The role of mitochondria, especially mitochondrial dynamics, in RPE aging and age-related diseases, is still unclear. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of mitochondrial function, biogenesis and especially dynamics such as morphological changes and mitophagy in RPE aging and age-related RPE diseases, as well as in the biological processes of RPE cellular senescence and cell death. We also discuss the current preclinical and clinical research efforts to prevent or treat RPE degeneration by restoring mitochondrial function and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tong
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane Personalized Health Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Shusheng Wang,
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Yazdani M. Uncontrolled Oxygen Levels in Cultures of Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Have We Missed the Obvious? Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:651-660. [PMID: 35243933 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2050264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the outermost layer of retina located between the photoreceptor cells and the choroid. This highly-polarized monolayer provides critical support for the functioning of the other parts of the retina, especially photoreceptors. Methods of culturing RPE have been under development since its establishment in 1920s. Despite considering various factors, oxygen (O2) levels in RPE microenvironments during culture preparation and experimental procedure have been overlooked. O2 is a crucial parameter in the cultures, and therefore, maintaining RPE cells at O2 levels different from their native environment (70-90 mm Hg of O2) could have unintended consequences. Owing to the importance of the topic, lack of sufficient discussion in the literature and to encourage future research, this paper will focus on uncontrolled O2 level in cultures of RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0027 Oslo, Norway
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Ratnayaka JA, Keeling E. Serial block face scanning electron microscopy reveals novel organizational details of the retinal pigment epithelium. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:569-571. [PMID: 34380894 PMCID: PMC8504364 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.321002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Eloise Keeling
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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9
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Clinical Characteristics of Pregnancy-Associated Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in the Chinese Population. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:5580075. [PMID: 34956667 PMCID: PMC8702364 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5580075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the clinical characteristics of pregnancy-associated central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) in the Chinese population. Methods The medical records of patients diagnosed with pregnancy-associated CSC from February 2012 to October 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), symptom duration, pregnancy-related medical information, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images were collected. Results Nine patients (11 eyes) were included. Five women were in their first pregnancy and four were in their second pregnancy, two of whom experienced CSC in their first pregnancy as well. The mean age was 35.00 ± 3.97 years. The mean symptom duration at the initial visit was 19.73 ± 13.65 days. The mean gestational age at the time of development of CSC was 27.11 ± 2.09 weeks. The mean BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR)) at the initial visit was 0.36 ± 0.18 (Snellen 20/45, range 20/100–20/25). All eyes showed subretinal hyperreflective fibrin on OCT images at the initial visit. Four patients (4 eyes) were lost to follow-up before fluid resolution. The mean BCVA at the final visit was logMAR 0.10 ± 0.15 (Snellen 20/25, range 20/50–20/20)). One eye in the oldest patient had persistent subretinal fluid at 26 months postpartum. The subretinal fluid resolved completely after half-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT); however, the ellipsoid zone at the fovea remained discontinuous at 30 months after half-dose PDT. The remaining six eyes all showed spontaneous resolution of subretinal fluid around delivery and regained intact ellipsoid zone. Conclusions Pregnancy-associated CSC in Chinese developed mostly in the third trimester and usually recovered spontaneously around delivery with good final visual acuity. However, patients might require long-term follow-up until complete resolution of subretinal fluid and to detect recurrences. Half-dose PDT can be administered early if there is little reduction in the amount of subretinal fluid after delivery.
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10
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George SM, Lu F, Rao M, Leach LL, Gross JM. The retinal pigment epithelium: Development, injury responses, and regenerative potential in mammalian and non-mammalian systems. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100969. [PMID: 33901682 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diseases that result in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are among the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Atrophic (dry) AMD is the most prevalent form of AMD and there are currently no effective therapies to prevent RPE cell death or restore RPE cells lost from AMD. An intriguing approach to treat AMD and other RPE degenerative diseases is to develop therapies focused on stimulating endogenous RPE regeneration. For this to become feasible, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying RPE development, injury responses and regenerative potential is needed. In mammals, RPE regeneration is extremely limited; small lesions can be repaired by the expansion of adjacent RPE cells, but large lesions cannot be repaired as remaining RPE cells are unable to functionally replace lost RPE tissue. In some injury paradigms, RPE cells proliferate but do not regenerate a morphologically normal monolayer, while in others, proliferation is pathogenic and results in further disruption to the retina. This is in contrast to non-mammalian vertebrates, which possess tremendous RPE regenerative potential. Here, we discuss what is known about RPE formation during development in mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates, we detail the processes by which RPE cells respond to injury, and we describe examples of RPE-to-retina and RPE-to-RPE regeneration in non-mammalian vertebrates. Finally, we outline barriers to RPE-dependent regeneration in mammals that could potentially be overcome to stimulate a regenerative response from the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M George
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Fangfang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Mishal Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lyndsay L Leach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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11
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Cai H, Gong J, Noggle S, Paull D, Rizzolo LJ, Del Priore LV, Fields MA. Altered transcriptome and disease-related phenotype emerge only after fibroblasts harvested from patients with age-related macular degeneration are differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2021; 207:108576. [PMID: 33895162 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously that retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) generated from fibroblasts of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) exhibit a retinal degenerative disease phenotype and a distinct transcriptome compared to age-matched controls. Since the genetic composition of the iPSC and RPE are inherited from fibroblasts, we investigated whether differential behavior was present in the parental fibroblasts and iPSC prior to differentiation of the cell lines into RPE. Principal component analyses revealed significant overlap (essentially no differences) in the transcriptome of fibroblasts between AMD and controls. After reprogramming, there was no significant difference in the transcriptome of iPSC generated from AMD versus normal donors. In contrast, the transcriptome of RPE derived from iPSC segregated into two distinct clusters of AMD-derived cells versus controls. Interestingly, mitochondrial dysfunction in AMD-derived RPE was evident after approximately two months in culture. Moreover, these differences in mitochondrial dysfunction were not evident in the parental fibroblasts and iPSC. This study demonstrates an altered transcriptome and impaired mitochondrial function in RPE derived from AMD patients versus controls, and demonstrates these differences are not present in the original fibroblasts or iPSC. These results suggest that pathology in AMD is triggered upon differentiation of parent cells into RPE. More study of this phenomenon could advance the current understandings of the etiology of AMD and the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., Suite 8100, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jie Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., Suite 8100, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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- The New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) Research Institute, 619 West 54th St., New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Scott Noggle
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) Research Institute, 619 West 54th St., New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Daniel Paull
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) Research Institute, 619 West 54th St., New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Lawrence J Rizzolo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., Suite 8100, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520-8062, USA
| | - Lucian V Del Priore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., Suite 8100, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mark A Fields
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., Suite 8100, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Łysek-Gładysińska M, Wieczorek A, Jóźwik A, Walaszczyk A, Jelonek K, Szczukiewicz-Markowska G, Horbańczuk OK, Pietrowska M, Widłak P, Gabryś D. Aging-Related Changes in the Ultrastructure of Hepatocytes and Cardiomyocytes of Elderly Mice Are Enhanced in ApoE-Deficient Animals. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030502. [PMID: 33652838 PMCID: PMC7996907 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is associated with various morphological and functional changes, yet the mechanisms of these phenomena remain unclear in many tissues and organs. Hyperlipidemia is among the factors putatively involved in the aging of the liver and heart. Here, we analyzed morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical features in adult (7-month-old) and elderly (17-month-old) mice, and then compared age-related features between wild type (C57Bl/6 strain) and ApoE-deficient (transgenic ApoE−/−) animals. Increased numbers of damaged mitochondria, lysosomes, and lipid depositions were observed in the hepatocytes of elderly animals. Importantly, these aging-related changes were significantly stronger in hepatocytes from ApoE-deficient animals. An increased number of damaged mitochondria was observed in the cardiomyocytes of elderly animals. However, the difference between wild type and ApoE-deficient mice was expressed in the larger size of mitochondria detected in the transgenic animals. Moreover, a few aging-related differences were noted between wild type and ApoE-deficient mice at the level of plasma biochemical markers. Levels of cholesterol and HDL increased in the plasma of elderly ApoE−/− mice and were markedly higher than in the plasma of elderly wild type animals. On the other hand, the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) decreased in the plasma of elderly ApoE−/− mice and was markedly lower than in the plasma of elderly wild type animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Łysek-Gładysińska
- Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Jan Kochanowski, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.Ł.-G.); (A.J.)
| | - Anna Wieczorek
- Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Jan Kochanowski, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Artur Jóźwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.Ł.-G.); (A.J.)
| | - Anna Walaszczyk
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Karol Jelonek
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland; (K.J.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Grażyna Szczukiewicz-Markowska
- Department of Surgical Medicine with the Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Collegium Medicum, University of Jan Kochanowski, al. IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Olaf K. Horbańczuk
- Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland; (K.J.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Widłak
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland; (K.J.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Dorota Gabryś
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland;
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Keeling E, Chatelet DS, Tan NYT, Khan F, Richards R, Thisainathan T, Goggin P, Page A, Tumbarello DA, Lotery AJ, Ratnayaka JA. 3D-Reconstructed Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Provide Insights into the Anatomy of the Outer Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218408. [PMID: 33182490 PMCID: PMC7672636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is located between the neuroretina and the choroid, and plays a critical role in vision. RPE cells internalise outer segments (OS) from overlying photoreceptors in the daily photoreceptor renewal. Changes to RPE structure are linked with age and retinopathy, which has been described in the past by conventional 2D electron microscopy. We used serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to reconstruct RPE cells from the central mouse retina. Three-dimensional-reconstructed OS revealed the RPE to support large numbers of photoreceptors (90–216 per RPE cell). Larger bi-nucleate RPE maintained more photoreceptors, although their cytoplasmic volume was comparable to smaller mono-nucleate RPE supporting fewer photoreceptors. Scrutiny of RPE microvilli and interdigitating OS revealed the angle and surface area of contact between RPE and photoreceptors. Bi-nucleate RPE contained more mitochondria compared to mono-nucleate RPE. Furthermore, bi-nucleate cells contained larger sub-RPE spaces, supporting a likely association with disease. Use of perfusion-fixed tissues ensured the highest possible standard of preservation, providing novel insights into the 3D RPE architecture and changes linked with retinopathy. This study serves as a benchmark for comparing retinal tissues from donor eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Keeling
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.K.); (N.Y.T.T.); (F.K.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (A.J.L.)
| | - David S. Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.S.C.); (P.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Nicole Y. T. Tan
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.K.); (N.Y.T.T.); (F.K.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Farihah Khan
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.K.); (N.Y.T.T.); (F.K.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Rhys Richards
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.K.); (N.Y.T.T.); (F.K.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Thibana Thisainathan
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.K.); (N.Y.T.T.); (F.K.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Patricia Goggin
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.S.C.); (P.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Anton Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.S.C.); (P.G.); (A.P.)
| | - David A. Tumbarello
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Andrew J. Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.K.); (N.Y.T.T.); (F.K.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (A.J.L.)
- Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J. Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.K.); (N.Y.T.T.); (F.K.); (R.R.); (T.T.); (A.J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-238120-8183
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Perkins G, Lee JH, Park S, Kang M, Perez-Flores MC, Ju S, Phillips G, Lysakowski A, Gratton MA, Yamoah EN. Altered Outer Hair Cell Mitochondrial and Subsurface Cisternae Connectomics Are Candidate Mechanisms for Hearing Loss in Mice. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8556-8572. [PMID: 33020216 PMCID: PMC7605424 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2901-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelle crosstalk is vital for cellular functions. The propinquity of mitochondria, ER, and plasma membrane promote regulation of multiple functions, which include intracellular Ca2+ flux, and cellular biogenesis. Although the purposes of apposing mitochondria and ER have been described, an understanding of altered organelle connectomics related to disease states is emerging. Since inner ear outer hair cell (OHC) degeneration is a common trait of age-related hearing loss, the objective of this study was to investigate whether the structural and functional coupling of mitochondria with subsurface cisternae (SSC) was affected by aging. We applied functional and structural probes to equal numbers of male and female mice with a hearing phenotype akin to human aging. We discovered the polarization of cristae and crista junctions in mitochondria tethered to the SSC in OHCs. Aging was associated with SSC stress and decoupling of mitochondria with the SSC, mitochondrial fission/fusion imbalance, a remarkable reduction in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, reduced K+-induced Ca2+ uptake, and marked plasticity of cristae membranes. A model of structure-based ATP production predicts profound energy stress in older OHCs. This report provides data suggesting that altered membrane organelle connectomics may result in progressive hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | | | | | | | - Saeyeon Ju
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Grady Phillips
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Anna Lysakowski
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Otolaryngology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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Autophagy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Regulatory Mechanism of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2896036. [PMID: 32831993 PMCID: PMC7429811 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2896036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe visual loss and irreversible blindness in the elderly population worldwide. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are the major site of pathological alterations in AMD. They are responsible for the phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) and clearance of cellular waste under physiological conditions. Age-related, cumulative oxidative stimuli contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD. Excessive oxidative stress induces RPE cell degeneration and incomplete digestion of POSs, leading to the continuous accumulation of cellular waste (such as lipofuscin). Autophagy is a major system of degradation of damaged or unnecessary proteins. However, degenerative RPE cells in AMD patients cannot perform autophagy sufficiently to resist oxidative damage. Increasing evidence supports the idea that enhancing the autophagic process can properly alleviate oxidative injury in AMD and protect RPE and photoreceptor cells from degeneration and death, although overactivated autophagy may lead to cell death at early stages of retinal degenerative diseases. The crosstalk among the NFE2L2, PGC-1, p62, AMPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways may play a crucial role in improving disturbed autophagy and mitigating the progression of AMD. In this review, we discuss how autophagy prevents oxidative damage in AMD, summarize potential neuroprotective strategies for therapeutic interventions, and provide an overview of these neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Annamalai B, Nicholson C, Parsons N, Stephenson S, Atkinson C, Jones B, Rohrer B. Immunization Against Oxidized Elastin Exacerbates Structural and Functional Damage in Mouse Model of Smoke-Induced Ocular Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:45. [PMID: 32207814 PMCID: PMC7401451 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in Western populations. While an overactive complement system has been linked to pathogenesis, mechanisms contributing to its activation are largely unknown. In aged and AMD eyes, loss of the elastin layer (EL) of Bruch's membrane (BrM) has been reported. Elastin antibodies are elevated in patients with AMD, the pathogenic significance of which is unclear. Here we assess the role of elastin antibodies using a mouse model of smoke-induced ocular pathology (SIOP), which similarly demonstrates EL loss. Methods C57BL/6J mice were immunized with elastin or elastin peptide oxidatively modified by cigarette smoke (ox-elastin). Mice were then exposed to cigarette smoke or air for 6 months. Visual function was assessed by optokinetic response, retinal morphology by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and electron microscopy, and complement activation and antibody deposition by Western blot. Results Ox-elastin IgG and IgM antibodies were elevated in ox-elastin immunized mice following 6 months of smoke, whereas elastin immunization had a smaller effect. Ox-elastin immunization exacerbated smoke-induced vision loss, with thicker BrM and more damaged retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) mitochondria compared with mice immunized with elastin or nonimmunized controls. These changes were correlated with increased levels of IgM, IgG2, IgG3, and complement activation products in RPE/choroid. Conclusions These data demonstrate that SIOP mice generate elastin-specific antibodies and that immunization with ox-elastin exacerbates ocular pathology. Elastin antibodies represented complement fixing isotypes that, together with the increased presence of complement activation seen in immunized mice, suggest that elastin antibodies exert pathogenic effects through mediating complement activation.
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Richert E, von der Burchard C, Klettner A, Arnold P, Lucius R, Brinkmann R, Roider J, Tode J. Modulation of inflammatory processes by thermal stimulating and RPE regenerative laser therapies in age related macular degeneration mouse models. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100031. [PMID: 33604557 PMCID: PMC7885883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammatory processes play a major role within the multifactorial pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Neuroretina sparing laser therapies, thermal stimulation of the retina (TSR) and selective retina therapy (SRT), are known to reduce AMD-like pathology in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the effect of TSR and SRT on inflammatory processes in AMD mouse models. Methods One randomized eye of 8 months old apolipoprotein (Apo)E and 9 months old nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) -like 2 (NRF2) knock out mice were treated by TSR (10 ms, 532 nm, 50 µm2 spot size, mean 4.5 W, ~200 spots) or SRT (~1.4 µs pulses, 532 nm, 50 µm spot size, 100 Hz over 300 ms, mean 2.5 µJ per pulse, ~200 spots). Fellow eyes, untreated knock out mice and wild-type BL/6J mice acted as controls. All mice were examined funduscopically and by optical coherence tomography (OCT) at the day of laser treatment. Mice were euthanized and enucleated either 1 day or 7 days after laser treatment and examined by gene expression analysis of 84 inflammatory genes. Results The inflammatory gene expression profile of both knock out models compared to healthy BL/6J mice suggests a regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes especially concerning T-cell activity and immune cell recruitment. TSR resulted in downregulation of several pro-inflammatory cell-mediators both in ApoE -/- and NRF2-/- mice compared to treatment naïve litter mates one day after treatment. In contrast, SRT induced pro-inflammatory cell-mediators connected with necrosis one day after treatment as expected following laser-induced selective RPE cell death. Seven days after laser treatment, both findings were reversed. Conclusions Both TSR and SRT influence inflammatory processes in AMD mouse models. However, they act conversely. TSR leads to anti-inflammatory processes shortly after laser therapy and induces immune-cell recruitment one week after treatment. SRT leads to a quick inflammatory response to laser induced RPE necrotic processes. One week after SRT inflammation is inhibited. It remains unclear, if and to what extent this might play a role in a therapeutic or preventive approach of both laser modalities on AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Richert
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claus von der Burchard
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Anatomy, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Anatomy, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Brinkmann
- Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johann Roider
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Tode
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover, Germany.,Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
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Risk Factors for Persistent or Recurrent Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:5970659. [PMID: 31485346 PMCID: PMC6710733 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5970659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the risk factors for persistent or recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Materials and Methods Consecutive treatment-naïve CSC patients were included from January 2017 to October 2018. All patients were asked to complete questionnaires, addressing previously described risk factors for the development of CSC. Patients were divided into two groups: those with acute CSC, who were in the first episode, with spontaneous resolution of subretinal fluid within 3 months, and with no recurrence within 1 year; and those with persistent or recurrent CSC, the remaining patients. Results In total, 138 patients were enrolled: 20 (14.5%) with acute CSC and 118 (85.5%) with persistent or recurrent CSC. Using multivariate analysis, male sex (odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval: 5.63 [1.02–31.02]; p=0.047), older age (OR: 1.14 [1.03–1.25]; p=0.008), and higher Insomnia Severity Index score (OR: 1.30 [1.05–1.60]; p=0.015) were found to be independently associated with persistent or recurrent CSC. Conclusions Male sex, age, and sleep disorders are risk factors for persistent or recurrent CSC in the natural history. These patients may require early photodynamic therapy. Treatment for sleep disorders is strongly recommended. All CSC patients may require careful and periodic follow-up.
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Núñez-Álvarez C, Suárez-Barrio C, del Olmo Aguado S, Osborne NN. Blue light negatively affects the survival of ARPE19 cells through an action on their mitochondria and blunted by red light. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e103-e115. [PMID: 30198155 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To ascertain whether red light, known to enhance mitochondrial function, can blunt a blue light insult to ARPE19 cells in culture. METHODS Semi-confluent ARPE19 cells cultured in 10% FBS were subjected to various regimes of treatment with blue (465-475 nm, 800 lux, 26 W/m2 ) and red (625-635 nm, 950 lux, 6.5 W/m2 ) light, as well as with toxins that inactivate specific enzymes associated with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Cultures were then analysed for cell viability (MTT assay), mitochondrial status (JC-1), ROS formation, immunocytochemistry and the activation of specific proteins by electrophoresis/Western blotting. In addition, ARPE19 cells were cultured in polycarbonate membrane inserts in culture medium containing 1% FBS. Such cultures were exposed to cycles of red, blue or a combination of red and blue light for up to 6 weeks. Culture medium was changed and the trans-epithelium membrane resistance (TER) of the inserts-containing cells was measured twice weekly. RESULTS ARPE19 cells in culture are affected negatively when exposed to blue light. This is indicated by a loss of viability, a depolarization of their mitochondria and a stimulation of ROS. Moreover, blue light causes an up-regulation of HO-1 and phospho-p-38-MAPK and a cleavage of apoptosis inhibitory factor, proteins which are all known to be activated during cell death. All of these negative effects of blue light are significantly blunted by the red light administered after the blue light insult in each case. ARPE19 cell loss of viability and mitochondrial potential caused by toxins that inhibit specific mitochondrial enzyme complexes was additive to an insult delivered by blue light in each case. After a time, ARPE19 cells in culture express the tight junction protein ZO-1, which is affected by blue light. The development of tight junctions between ARPE19 cells grown in inserts reached a steady peak of resistance after about 40 days and then increased very slightly over the next 40 days when still in darkness. However, maximum resistance was significantly attenuated, when cultures were treated with cycles of blue light after the initial 40 days in the dark and counteracted significantly when the blue light cycle insult was combined with red light. CONCLUSION Blue light affects mitochondrial function and also the development tight junctions between ARPE19 cells, which results in a loss of cell viability. Importantly, red light delivered after a blue light insult is significantly blunted. These findings argue for the therapeutic use of red light as a noninvasive procedure to attenuate insults caused by blue light and other insults to retinal pigment epithelial cell mitochondria that are likely to occur in age-related macular degeneration.
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Interplay between Autophagy and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010210. [PMID: 30626110 PMCID: PMC6337628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disease with many pathogenesis factors, including defective cellular waste management in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Main cellular waste in AMD are: all-trans retinal, drusen and lipofuscin, containing unfolded, damaged and unneeded proteins, which are degraded and recycled in RPE cells by two main machineries—the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. Recent findings show that these systems can act together with a significant role of the EI24 (etoposide-induced protein 2.4 homolog) ubiquitin ligase in their action. On the other hand, E3 ligases are essential in both systems, but E3 is degraded by autophagy. The interplay between UPS and autophagy was targeted in several diseases, including Alzheimer disease. Therefore, cellular waste clearing in AMD should be considered in the context of such interplay rather than either of these systems singly. Aging and oxidative stress, two major AMD risk factors, reduce both UPS and autophagy. In conclusion, molecular mechanisms of UPS and autophagy can be considered as a target in AMD prevention and therapeutic perspective. Further work is needed to identify molecules and effects important for the coordination of action of these two cellular waste management systems.
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Hyttinen JMT, Viiri J, Kaarniranta K, Błasiak J. Mitochondrial quality control in AMD: does mitophagy play a pivotal role? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2991-3008. [PMID: 29777261 PMCID: PMC11105454 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the predominant cause of visual loss in old people in the developed world, whose incidence is increasing. This disease is caused by the decrease in macular function, due to the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The aged retina is characterised by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired autophagy, and DNA damage that are linked to AMD pathogenesis. Mitophagy, a mitochondria-specific type of autophagy, is an essential part of mitochondrial quality control, the collective mechanism responsible for this organelle's homeostasis. The abundance of ROS, DNA damage, and the excessive energy consumption in the ageing retina all contribute to the degeneration of RPE cells and their mitochondria. We discuss the role of mitophagy in the cell and argue that its impairment may play a role in AMD pathogenesis. Thus, mitophagy as a potential therapeutic target in AMD and other degenerative diseases is as well explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M T Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Johanna Viiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janusz Błasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
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Abstract
The investigation of clinical and multimodal imaging factors influencing the duration of first, acute, and treatment-naive CSCR episodes by survival analysis showed that higher subfoveal choroidal thickness, higher pigment epithelial detachment or bump at leakage sites, and older age were independent predictors of longer episodes. Purpose: To evaluate the influence of clinical and multimodal imaging parameters on the duration of acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) episodes. Methods: Consecutive patients with first, treatment-naïve central serous chorioretinopathy episodes presenting within 20 days of symptoms onset were prospectively included. They were reevaluated 15 days to 20 days later, followed by monthly evaluation for 6 months. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), fluorescein leakage intensity on fluorescein angiography, elevation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lesions at leakage sites, focal/multifocal pattern of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) at baseline, time-dependent pattern of subretinal fluid (SRF) resorption on OCT using volume segmentation, history of corticosteroid intake and mean blood pressure were evaluated using univariate (Log rank test) and multivariate (Cox proportional hazard regression) survival analysis. Results: Thirty-one patients were included (26 men, 5 women, mean age: 40.0 ± 8.9 years, range: 24–58), of which 26 (84%) had episode resolution by 6 months. Using univariate analysis, episode duration was longer in cases with subfoveal choroidal thickness ≥500 μm (P = 0.0002), retinal pigment epithelium elevation at leakage sites ≥50 μm (P = 0.033), and a peak in subretinal fluid observed during follow-up (P = 0.013), and there was a near-significant association of intense fluorescein leakage (P = 0.074) with longer episodes. Using multivariate analysis, subfoveal choroidal thickness ≥500 μm (P = 0.017), retinal pigment epithelium elevation at leakage sites ≥50 μm (P = 0.010) and patient age ≥40 years (P = 0.010) were significantly and independently associated to longer episodes. Indocyanine green angiography pattern, corticosteroid intake, and blood pressure did not influence episode duration. Conclusion: Older age, higher subfoveal choroidal thickness, and higher degree of retinal pigment epithelium alteration at leakage sites are independent factors of longer acute central serous chorioretinopathy episodes.
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Chichagova V, Hallam D, Collin J, Buskin A, Saretzki G, Armstrong L, Yu-Wai-Man P, Lako M, Steel DH. Human iPSC disease modelling reveals functional and structural defects in retinal pigment epithelial cells harbouring the m.3243A > G mitochondrial DNA mutation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12320. [PMID: 28951556 PMCID: PMC5615077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The m.3243A > G mitochondrial DNA mutation was originally described in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes. The phenotypic spectrum of the m.3243A > G mutation has since expanded to include a spectrum of neuromuscular and ocular manifestations, including reduced vision with retinal degeneration, the underlying mechanism of which remains unclear. We used dermal fibroblasts, from patients with retinal pathology secondary to the m.3243A > G mutation to generate heteroplasmic induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) clones. RPE cells differentiated from these hiPSCs contained morphologically abnormal mitochondria and melanosomes, and exhibited marked functional defects in phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. These findings have striking similarities to the pathological abnormalities reported in RPE cells studied from post-mortem tissues of affected m.3243A > G mutation carriers. Overall, our results indicate that RPE cells carrying the m.3243A > G mutation have a reduced ability to perform the critical physiological function of phagocytosis. Aberrant melanosomal morphology may potentially have consequences on the ability of the cells to perform another important protective function, namely absorption of stray light. Our in vitro cell model could prove a powerful tool to further dissect the complex pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the tissue specificity of the m.3243A > G mutation, and importantly, allow the future testing of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Chichagova
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Hallam
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Collin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Buskin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and The Ageing Biology Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom.
| | - David H Steel
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom.
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Biswal MR, Han P, Zhu P, Wang Z, Li H, Ildefonso CJ, Lewin AS. Timing of Antioxidant Gene Therapy: Implications for Treating Dry AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1237-1245. [PMID: 28241311 PMCID: PMC5338629 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether antioxidant gene therapy protects the structure and function of retina in a murine model of RPE atrophy, and to determine whether antioxidant gene therapy can prevent degeneration once it has begun. Methods We induced mitochondrial oxidative stress in RPE by conditional deletion of Sod2, the gene for manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). These mice exhibited localized atrophy of the RPE and overlying photoreceptors. We restored Sod2 to the RPE of one eye using adeno-associated virus (AAV) by subretinal injection at an early (6 weeks) and a late stage (6 months), injecting the other eye with an AAV vector expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Retinal degeneration was monitored over a period of 9 months by electroretinography (ERG) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Immunohistochemical and histologic analyses were conducted to measure oxidative stress markers and to visualize retinal structure. Results One month after delivery, the AAV-Sod2 injection resulted in production of MnSod in the RPE and negligible expression in the neural retina. Electroretinography and OCT suggested no adverse effects due to increased expression of MnSOD or subretinal injection. Decrease in the ERG response and thinning retinal thickness was significantly delayed in eyes with early treatment with the Sod2 vector, but treatment at 6 months of age did not affect the ERG decline seen in these mice. Conclusions We conclude that antioxidant gene therapy may be effective in preventing the detrimental effects of oxidative stress, but may not be beneficial once substantial tissue damage has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R Biswal
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Pingyang Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Cristhian J Ildefonso
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Alfred S Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Mitochondrial dysfunction underlying outer retinal diseases. Mitochondrion 2017; 36:66-76. [PMID: 28365408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or both contribute to the initiation and progression of several outer retinal disorders. Disrupted Müller glia function might additionally subsidize to these diseases. Mitochondrial malfunctioning is importantly associated with outer retina pathologies, which can be classified as primary and secondary mitochondrial disorders. This review highlights the importance of oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA damage, underlying outer retinal disorders. Indeed, the metabolically active photoreceptors/RPE are highly prone to these hallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating that mitochondria represent a weak link in the antioxidant defenses of outer retinal cells.
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Dulull NK, Thrimawithana TR, Kwa FAA. Mimicking the ocular environment for the study of inflammatory posterior eye disorders. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:440-446. [PMID: 27871941 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The common inflammatory posterior eye disorders, age-related degeneration and glaucoma often lead to irreversible vision loss. Current treatments do not target early stages or prevent disease progression. Consequently, the identification of biomarkers or early disease models that can accurately mimic the pathological processes involved is essential. Although none of the existing models can recapitulate all pathological aspects of these disorders, these models have revealed new therapeutic targets. Efforts to accurately phenotype eye disorders at various disease stages are warranted to generate a 'super' model that can replicate the microenvironment of the eye and associated pathological hallmarks effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela K Dulull
- Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Thilini R Thrimawithana
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Faith A A Kwa
- Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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