1
|
Feng S, Zeng J, Li J, Yuan S, Wu B. Alleviating effect of methionine on intestinal mucosal injury induced by heat stress. J Therm Biol 2024; 123:103935. [PMID: 39098059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is an increasing concern of stakeholders worldwide. The intestine is severely impacted by the heat stress. This study aimed to investigate the alleviating effects of methionine on the intestinal damage induced by heat stress in mice. The mice were divided into four groups: control group (C), methionine deficiency group (MD), methionine + heat stress group (MH), and methionine deficiency + heat stress group (MDH). Histopathological techniques, PAS-Alcian blue staining, immunohistochemistry method, biochemical quantification method, ELISA, and micro method were used to study the changes in the intestinal mucosal morphology, the number of goblet cells, the expression of tight junction proteins, the peroxide product contents and antioxidant enzyme activities, the intestinal mucosal damage, the content of immunoglobulins and HSP70, the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. The results showed that methionine can improve intestinal mucosal morphology (increase the villi height, V/C value, and muscle layer thickness, decrease crypt depth), increase the expression of tight junction proteins (Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1) and the content of DAO, decrease the content of intestinal mucosa damage markers (ET, FABP2) and peroxidation products (MDA), increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GR, GSH-Px, SOD), the number of goblet cells, the contents of immunoglobulins (sIgA, IgA, IgG, IgM) and stress protein (HSP70), and the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. It is suggested that methionine can alleviate intestinal damage in heat-stressed mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shibin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China; Nanchong Key Laboratory of Wildlife Nutritional Ecology and Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bangyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China; Nanchong Key Laboratory of Wildlife Nutritional Ecology and Disease Prevention and Control, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lorenzo-Martín LF, Hübscher T, Bowler AD, Broguiere N, Langer J, Tillard L, Nikolaev M, Radtke F, Lutolf MP. Spatiotemporally resolved colorectal oncogenesis in mini-colons ex vivo. Nature 2024; 629:450-457. [PMID: 38658753 PMCID: PMC11078756 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional organoid culture technologies have revolutionized cancer research by allowing for more realistic and scalable reproductions of both tumour and microenvironmental structures1-3. This has enabled better modelling of low-complexity cancer cell behaviours that occur over relatively short periods of time4. However, available organoid systems do not capture the intricate evolutionary process of cancer development in terms of tissue architecture, cell diversity, homeostasis and lifespan. As a consequence, oncogenesis and tumour formation studies are not possible in vitro and instead require the extensive use of animal models, which provide limited spatiotemporal resolution of cellular dynamics and come at a considerable cost in terms of resources and animal lives. Here we developed topobiologically complex mini-colons that are able to undergo tumorigenesis ex vivo by integrating microfabrication, optogenetic and tissue engineering approaches. With this system, tumorigenic transformation can be spatiotemporally controlled by directing oncogenic activation through blue-light exposure, and emergent colon tumours can be tracked in real-time at the single-cell resolution for several weeks without breaking the culture. These induced mini-colons display rich intratumoural and intertumoural diversity and recapitulate key pathophysiological hallmarks displayed by colorectal tumours in vivo. By fine-tuning cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic parameters, mini-colons can be used to identify tumorigenic determinants and pharmacological opportunities. As a whole, our study paves the way for cancer initiation research outside living organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Francisco Lorenzo-Martín
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tania Hübscher
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amber D Bowler
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Broguiere
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Langer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Tillard
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Nikolaev
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wan J, Shahid MS, Yuan J. The Comparative Effects of Supplementing Protease Combined with Carbohydrase Enzymes on the Performance and Egg n-3 Deposition of Laying Hens Fed with Corn-Flaxseed or Wheat-Flaxseed Diets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3510. [PMID: 38003128 PMCID: PMC10668754 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed contains huge quantities of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), which reduce the performance of livestock. Three different protease and multi-carbohydrase enzymes were included in wheat-flaxseed diets (WFD) and corn-flaxseed diets (CFD) to compare their effects on performance, egg n-3 deposition, and fatty acid transporter genes in laying hens. A total of 540, twenty-week-old, Nongda-3 laying hens (DW brown × Hy-line white) were randomly assigned to six dietary groups, including 10% WFD or 10% CFD plus (i) supplemental enzyme A (alkaline protease 40,000 and neutral protease 10,000 (U/g)), (ii) enzyme B (alkaline protease 40,000, neutral protease 10,000, and cellulase 4000 (U/g)), or iii) enzyme C (neutral protease 10,000, xylanase 35,000, β-mannanase 1500, β-glucanase 2000, cellulose 500, amylase 100, and pectinase 10,000 (U/g)). An interaction (p < 0.05) was found for egg mass, hen day of egg production, and feed conversion ratio on the 9-10th week of the experiment. The WFD with enzyme B was associated with the highest egg weight in the 9-10th week. The deposition of total n-3 was superior with WFD (468.22 mg/egg) compared to CFD (397.90 mg/egg), while addition of enzyme C (464.90 mg/egg) resulted in the deposition of more total n-3 compared to enzymes A and B (411.89 and 422.42 mg/egg). The WFD and enzyme C significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and reduced the n-6:n-3 ratio in egg yolk compared to the CFD. The hepatic mRNA expression of liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) (p = 0.006), fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS-1) (p < 0.001), elongase-2 (ELOV-2) (p < 0.001), fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP1) (p < 0.001), and the intestinal mRNA expression of FATP and FABP genes were increased with WFD compared to CFD. In conclusion, WFD with enzyme C is favorable for optimal performance, results in the deposition of more n-3 and DHA, and increases the expression of fatty acid transporter genes, which helps in n-3 transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Muhammad Suhaib Shahid
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang CC, Hsu CC, Yu TH, Hung WC, Kuo SM, Chen CC, Wu CC, Chung FM, Lee YJ, Wei CT. Plasma levels and tissue expression of liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in patients with breast cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:52. [PMID: 36800961 PMCID: PMC9938596 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-02944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) is widely expressed in hepatocytes and plays a role in lipid metabolism. It has been demonstrated to be overexpressed in different types of cancer; however, few studies have investigated the association between L-FABP and breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the association between plasma concentrations of L-FABP in breast cancer patients and the expression of L-FABP in breast cancer tissue. METHOD A total of 196 patients with breast cancer and 57 age-matched control subjects were studied. Plasma L-FABP concentrations were measured using ELISA in both groups. The expression of L-FABP in breast cancer tissue was examined using immunohistochemistry. RESULT The patients had higher plasma L-FABP levels than the controls (7.6 ng/mL (interquartile range 5.2-12.1) vs. 6.3 ng/mL (interquartile range 5.3-8.5), p = 0.008). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an independent association between L-FABP and breast cancer, even after adjusting for known biomarkers. Moreover, the rates of pathologic stage T2+T3+T4, clinical stage III, positive HER-2 receptor status, and negative estrogen receptor status were significantly higher in the patients with an L-FABP level greater than the median. Furthermore, the L-FABP level gradually increased with the increasing stage. In addition, L-FABP was detected in the cytoplasm, nuclear, or both cytoplasm and nuclear of all breast cancer tissue examined, not in the normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS Plasma L-FABP levels were significantly higher in the patients with breast cancer than in the controls. In addition, L-FABP was expressed in breast cancer tissue, which suggests that L-FABP may be involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chang Chang
- grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Dachang Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chang Hsu
- grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan ,Health Examination Center, E-Da Dachang Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80794 Taiwan ,grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Teng-Hung Yu
- grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan ,grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Hung
- grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan ,grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Ming Kuo
- grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Chen
- grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Department of Pathology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan ,grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ching Wu
- grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan ,grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Fu-Mei Chung
- grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | | | - Ching-Ting Wei
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan. .,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yi-Da Rd., Jiau-Shu Village, Yan-Chao Township, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gajda AM, Tawfeeq HR, Lackey AI, Zhou YX, Kanaan H, Pappas A, Xu H, Kodukula S, Storch J. The proximal intestinal Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins liver FABP (LFABP) and intestinal FABP (IFABP) differentially modulate whole body energy homeostasis but are not centrally involved in net dietary lipid absorption: Studies of the LFABP/IFABP double knockout mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159238. [PMID: 36206853 PMCID: PMC9940823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proximal intestinal enterocytes expresses both intestinal-fatty acid binding protein (IFABP; FABP2) and liver-FABP (LFABP; FABP1). These FABPs are thought to be important in the net uptake of dietary lipid from the intestinal lumen, however their specific and potentially unique functions in the enterocyte remain incompletely understood. We previously showed markedly divergent phenotypes in LFABP-/- vs. IFABP-/- mice fed high-fat diets, with the former becoming obese and the latter remaining lean relative to wild-type (WT) mice, supporting different functional roles for each protein. Interestingly, neither mouse model displayed increased fecal lipid concentration, raising the question of whether the presence of one FABP was sufficient to compensate for absence of the other. Here, we generated an LFABP and IFABP double knockout mouse (DKO) to determine whether simultaneous ablation would lead to fat malabsorption, and to further interrogate the individual vs. overlapping functions of these proteins. Male WT, IFABP-/-, LFABP-/-, and DKO mice were fed a low-fat (10 % kcal) or high-fat (45 % kcal) diet for 12 weeks. The body weights and fat mass of the DKO mice integrated those of the LFABP-/- and IFABP-/- single knockouts, supporting the notion that IFABP and LFABP have distinct functions in intestinal lipid assimilation that result in downstream alterations in systemic energy metabolism. Remarkably, no differences in fecal fat concentrations were found in the DKO compared to WT, revealing that the FABPs are not required for net intestinal uptake of dietary lipid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Gajda
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hiba R Tawfeeq
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Atreju I Lackey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yin Xiu Zhou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hamzeh Kanaan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Arete Pappas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Heli Xu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sarala Kodukula
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ouyang J, Yan J, Zhou X, Isnard S, Harypursat V, Cui H, Routy JP, Chen Y. Relevance of biomarkers indicating gut damage and microbial translocation in people living with HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1173956. [PMID: 37153621 PMCID: PMC10160480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1173956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier has the daunting task of allowing nutrient absorption while limiting the entry of microbial products into the systemic circulation. HIV infection disrupts the intestinal barrier and increases intestinal permeability, leading to microbial product translocation. Convergent evidence has shown that gut damage and an enhanced level of microbial translocation contribute to the enhanced immune activation, the risk of non-AIDS comorbidity, and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH). Gut biopsy procedures are invasive, and are not appropriate or feasible in large populations, even though they are the gold standard for intestinal barrier investigation. Thus, validated biomarkers that measure the degree of intestinal barrier damage and microbial translocation are needed in PLWH. Hematological biomarkers represent an objective indication of specific medical conditions and/or their severity, and should be able to be measured accurately and reproducibly via easily available and standardized blood tests. Several plasma biomarkers of intestinal damage, i.e., intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), zonulin, and regenerating islet-derived protein-3α (REG3α), and biomarkers of microbial translocation, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (1,3)-β-D-Glucan (BDG) have been used as markers of risk for developing non-AIDS comorbidities in cross sectional analyses and clinical trials, including those aiming at repair of gut damage. In this review, we critically discuss the value of different biomarkers for the estimation of gut permeability levels, paving the way towards developing validated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to repair gut epithelial damage and to improve overall disease outcomes in PLWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangyu Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean-Pierre Routy, ; Yaokai Chen,
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jean-Pierre Routy, ; Yaokai Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Assante G, Tourna A, Carpani R, Ferrari F, Prati D, Peyvandi F, Blasi F, Bandera A, Le Guennec A, Chokshi S, Patel VC, Cox IJ, Valenti L, Youngson NA. Reduced circulating FABP2 in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 may indicate enterocyte functional change rather than cell death. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18792. [PMID: 36335131 PMCID: PMC9637119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is of importance in the pathology of COVID-19 both as a route of infection, and gut dysfunction influencing the severity of disease. Systemic changes caused by SARS-CoV-2 gut infection include alterations in circulating levels of metabolites, nutrients and microbial products which alter immune and inflammatory responses. Circulating plasma markers for gut inflammation and damage such as zonulin, lipopolysaccharide and β-glycan increase in plasma along with severity of disease. However, Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein / Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 (I-FABP/FABP2), a widely used biomarker for gut cell death, has paradoxically been shown to be reduced in moderate to severe COVID-19. We also found this pattern in a pilot cohort of mild (n = 18) and moderately severe (n = 19) COVID-19 patients in Milan from March to June 2020. These patients were part of the first phase of COVID-19 in Europe and were therefore all unvaccinated. After exclusion of outliers, patients with more severe vs milder disease showed reduced FABP2 levels (median [IQR]) (124 [368] vs. 274 [558] pg/mL, P < 0.01). A reduction in NMR measured plasma relative lipid-CH3 levels approached significance (median [IQR]) (0.081 [0.011] vs. 0.073 [0.024], P = 0.06). Changes in circulating lipid levels are another feature commonly observed in severe COVID-19 and a weak positive correlation was observed in the more severe group between reduced FABP2 and reduced relative lipid-CH3 and lipid-CH2 levels. FABP2 is a key regulator of enterocyte lipid import, a process which is inhibited by gut SARS-CoV-2 infection. We propose that the reduced circulating FABP2 in moderate to severe COVID-19 is a marker of infected enterocyte functional change rather than gut damage, which could also contribute to the development of hypolipidemia in patients with more severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Assante
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - A Tourna
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - R Carpani
- Fondazione IRCSS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - F Ferrari
- Fondazione IRCSS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - D Prati
- Fondazione IRCSS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - F Peyvandi
- Fondazione IRCSS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Blasi
- Fondazione IRCSS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Bandera
- Fondazione IRCSS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Le Guennec
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College, London, UK
| | - S Chokshi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - V C Patel
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, UK
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - I J Cox
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK.
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, UK.
| | - L Valenti
- Fondazione IRCSS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - N A Youngson
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK.
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
AUNE SUSANNEKRISTINE, BONNEVIE-SVENDSEN MARTIN, NYBORG CHRISTOFFER, TRØSEID MARIUS, SELJEFLOT INGEBJØRG, HISDAL JONNY, HELSETH RAGNHILD. Gut Leakage and Cardiac Biomarkers after Prolonged Strenuous Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1476-1482. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Wu B, Tan Y, Huang H, Liu Y, Bai T, Yang L. Alleviating Effect of Methionine on Intestinal Development and Intercellular Junction Induced by Nickel. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4007-4016. [PMID: 34739676 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the alleviating effect of methionine (Met) on intestinal injury induced by nickel. The mice were divided into six groups: Met-deficient + nickel group (MDN), Met-deficient group (MD), Met + nickel group (MN), high-dose Met + nickel group (HMN), high-dose Met group (HM), and blank control group (BC). Histopathological techniques, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and real-time PCR were used to study the changes of intestinal development, the number of goblet cells, and the intercellular junction. The results showed that Met can inhibit the intestinal villus length and crypt depth decreases induced by nickel and increase the index villus length and crypt depth (V/C), the number of goblet cells, and the content of diamine oxidase (DAO) and decrease the content of fatty acid binding protein2 (FABP2) and endotoxin (ET) of the intestinal mucosa damage parameters, and the mRNA expression of intercellular junction (occludin, ZO-1, claudin-1) was damaged. It is suggested that Met could help inhibit the toxic effect of nickel on the intestinal development and intercellular connection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bangyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, Ministry of Education People's Republic of China, Nanchong, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongci Tan
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Huang
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingrui Bai
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang X, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Wang Q. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein: A rising therapeutic target in lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 87:101178. [PMID: 35780915 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are key proteins in lipid transport, and the isoforms are segregated according to their tissue origins. Several isoforms, such as adipose-FABP and epidermal-FABP, have been shown to participate in multiple pathologic processes due to their ubiquitous expression. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein, also termed FABP2 or I-FABP, is specifically expressed in the small intestine. FABP2 can traffic lipids from the intestinal lumen to enterocytes and bind superfluous fatty acids to maintain a steady pool of fatty acids in the epithelium. As a lipid chaperone, FABP2 can also carry lipophilic drugs to facilitate targeted transport. When the integrity of the intestinal epithelium is disrupted, FABP2 is released into the circulation. Thus, it can potentially serve as a clinical biomarker. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of FABP2 in intestinal lipid metabolism. We also summarize the molecular interactions that have been reported to date, highlighting the clinical prospects of FABP2 research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Youci Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yunwei Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qijun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Logan M, MacKinder M, Clark CM, Kountouri A, Jere M, Ijaz UZ, Hansen R, McGrogan P, Russell RK, Gerasimidis K. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein is a disease biomarker in paediatric coeliac disease and Crohn's disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:260. [PMID: 35606704 PMCID: PMC9125891 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a clinical need to develop biomarkers of small bowel damage in coeliac disease and Crohn’s disease. This study evaluated intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP), a potential biomarker of small bowel damage, in children with coeliac disease and Crohn’s disease. Methods The concentration iFABP was measured in plasma and urine of children with ulcerative colitis, coeliac disease, and Crohn’s disease at diagnosis and from the latter two groups after treatment with gluten free diet (GFD) or exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), respectively. Healthy children (Controls) were also recruited. Results 138 children were recruited. Plasma but not urinary iFABP was higher in patients with newly diagnosed coeliac disease than Controls (median [Q1, Q3] coeliac disease: 2104 pg/mL 1493, 2457] vs Controls: 938 pg/mL [616, 1140], p = 0.001). Plasma or urinary iFABP did not differ between patients with coeliac on GFD and Controls. Baseline iFABP in plasma decreased by 6 months on GFD (6mo GFD: 1238 pg/mL [952, 1618], p = 0.045). By 12 months this effect was lost, at which point 25% of patients with coeliac disease had detectable gluten in faeces, whilst tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies (TGA) continued to decrease. At diagnosis, patients with Crohn’s disease had higher plasma iFABP levels than Controls (EEN Start: 1339 pg/mL [895, 1969] vs Controls: 938 pg/mL [616, 1140], p = 0.008). iFABP did not differ according to Crohn’s disease phenotype. Induction treatment with EEN tended to decrease (p = 0.072) iFABP in plasma which was no longer different to Controls (EEN End: 1114 pg/mL [689, 1400] vs Controls: 938 pg/mL [616, 1140], p = 0.164). Plasma or urinary iFABP did not differ in patients with ulcerative colitis from Controls (plasma iFABP, ulcerative colitis: 1309 pg/mL [1005, 1458] vs Controls: 938 pg/mL [616, 1140], p = 0.301; urinary iFABP ulcerative colitis: 38 pg/mg [29, 81] vs Controls: 53 pg/mg [27, 109], p = 0.605). Conclusions Plasma, but not urinary iFABP is a candidate biomarker with better fidelity in monitoring compliance during GFD than TGA. The role of plasma iFABP in Crohn’s disease is promising but warrants further investigation. Trial registration: Clinical Trials.gov, NCT02341248. Registered on 19/01/2015. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-022-02334-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Logan
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - Mary MacKinder
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - Clare Martha Clark
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - Aikaterini Kountouri
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - Mwansa Jere
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Umer Zeeshan Ijaz
- Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Hansen
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paraic McGrogan
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard K Russell
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, 9 Sciennes, Road, Edinburgh, EH9 1LF, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hoofien A, Guz-Mark A, Zevit N, Tsadok Perets T, Assa A, Layfer O, Matar M, Nachmias-Friedler V, Silbermintz A, Shamir R. Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein Levels in Pediatric Celiac Patients in Transition From Active Disease to Clinical and Serological Remission. JPGN REPORTS 2021; 2:e070. [PMID: 37207053 PMCID: PMC10191526 DOI: 10.1097/pg9.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is increasingly diagnosed without endoscopy. As such, the need for accurate serological markers to aid in the diagnosis and follow-up of CD has increased. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) is a cytosolic protein present in enterocytes, whose blood levels reflect mucosal damage in a reliable and quantifiable way. The aim of this study was to compare I-FABP levels in newly diagnosed patients with CD and to examine changes in levels following 6 months of gluten-free diet (GFD). Methods A prospective observational case control study of pediatric patients diagnosed with CD, with measurements of tissue transglutaminase IgA (TTG-IgA) and I-FABP levels at diagnosis and after 6 months of gluten free diet were compared to a control group of nonceliac patients. Results This study included 35 patients and 32 controls. The CD group had higher I-FABP levels at diagnosis compared with the control group (median 641.7 pg/mL versus 334 pg/mL; P < 0.05). I-FABP levels significantly differed between patients presenting with TTG-IgA level 3-10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) compared with those presenting with values >10 times ULN (median 432.2 pg/mL versus 796.2 pg/mL; P < 0.05). Patients with CD had a significant decrease in median I-FABP levels after 6 months of GFD (median 268.2 pg/mL), paralleling a decrease in TTG-IgA and GFD adherence. Conclusions I-FABP levels are increased in patients with CD at diagnosis compared with controls and decrease significantly while patients adhere to GFD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Hoofien
- From the Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Anat Guz-Mark
- From the Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Zevit
- From the Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tsachi Tsadok Perets
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Peath Tikva, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Amit Assa
- From the Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel; 6Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Olga Layfer
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Peath Tikva, Israel
| | - Manar Matar
- From the Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Vered Nachmias-Friedler
- From the Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Ari Silbermintz
- From the Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Raanan Shamir
- From the Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Levy E, Beaulieu JF, Spahis S. From Congenital Disorders of Fat Malabsorption to Understanding Intra-Enterocyte Mechanisms Behind Chylomicron Assembly and Secretion. Front Physiol 2021; 12:629222. [PMID: 33584351 PMCID: PMC7873531 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.629222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, a large body of information on the events responsible for intestinal fat digestion and absorption has been accumulated. In particular, many groups have extensively focused on the absorptive phase in order to highlight the critical "players" and the main mechanisms orchestrating the assembly and secretion of chylomicrons (CM) as essential vehicles of alimentary lipids. The major aim of this article is to review understanding derived from basic science and clinical conditions associated with impaired packaging and export of CM. We have particularly insisted on inborn metabolic pathways in humans as well as on genetically modified animal models (recapitulating pathological features). The ultimate goal of this approach is that "experiments of nature" and in vivo model strategy collectively allow gaining novel mechanistic insight and filling the gap between the underlying genetic defect and the apparent clinical phenotype. Thus, uncovering the cause of disease contributes not only to understanding normal physiologic pathway, but also to capturing disorder onset, progression, treatment and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emile Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Centre, CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Suárez M, Canclini L, Esteves A. Identification of a non-classical three-dimensional nuclear localization signal in the intestinal fatty acid binding protein. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242312. [PMID: 33180886 PMCID: PMC7660557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FABP) is a small protein expressed along the small intestine that bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. Several lines of evidence suggest that, once in the nucleus, it interacts with nuclear receptors, activating them and thus transferring the bound ligand into the nucleus. Previous work by our group suggests that FABP2 would participate in the cytoplasm-nucleus translocation of fatty acids. Because the consensus NLS is absent in the sequence of FABP2, we propose that a 3D signal could be responsible for its nuclear translocation. The results obtained by transfection assays of recombinant wild type and mutated forms of Danio rerio Fabp2 in Caco-2 cell cultures, showed that lysine 17, arginine 29 and lysine 30 residues, which are located in the helix-turn-helix region, would constitute a functional non-classical three-dimensional NLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Suárez
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Canclini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Esteves
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Endo H, Kondo J, Onuma K, Ohue M, Inoue M. Small subset of Wnt-activated cells is an initiator of regrowth in colorectal cancer organoids after irradiation. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:4429-4441. [PMID: 33043499 PMCID: PMC7734167 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most colorectal cancers (CRCs) are differentiated adenocarcinomas, which maintain expression of both stemness and differentiation markers. This observation suggests that CRC cells could retain a regeneration system of normal cells upon injury. However, the role of stemness in cancer cell regeneration after irradiation is poorly understood. Here, we examined the effect of radiation on growth, stemness, and differentiation in organoids derived from differentiated adenocarcinomas. Following a sublethal dose of irradiation, proliferation and stemness markers, including Wnt target genes, were drastically reduced, but differentiation markers remained. After a static growth phase after high dose of radiation, regrowth foci appeared; these consisted of highly proliferating cells that expressed stem cell markers. Radiosensitivity and the ability to form foci differed among the cancer tissue‐originated spheroid (CTOS) lines examined and showed good correlation with in vivo radiation sensitivity. Pre‐treating organoids with histone deacetylase inhibitors increased radiation sensitivity; this increase was accompanied by the suppression of Wnt signal‐related gene expression. Accordingly, Wnt inhibitors increased organoid radiosensitivity. These results suggested that only a small subset of, but not all, cancer cells with high Wnt activity at the time of irradiation could give rise to foci formation. In conclusion, we established a radiation sensitivity assay using CRC organoids that could provide a novel platform for evaluating the effects of radiosensitizers on differentiated adenocarcinomas in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Endo
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunishige Onuma
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohue
- Department of Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zambruni M, Ochoa TJ, Somasunderam A, Cabada MM, Morales ML, Mitreva M, Rosa BA, Acosta GJ, Vigo NI, Riveros M, Arango S, Durand D, Berends MN, Melby P, Utay NS. Stunting Is Preceded by Intestinal Mucosal Damage and Microbiome Changes and Is Associated with Systemic Inflammation in a Cohort of Peruvian Infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:1009-1017. [PMID: 31482782 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stunting, defined as height-for-age Z score equal to or lower than -2, is associated with increased childhood mortality, cognitive impairment, and chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between linear growth, intestinal damage, and systemic inflammation in infants at risk of stunting. We followed up 78 infants aged 5-12 months living in rural areas of Peru for 6 months. Blood samples for biomarkers of intestinal damage (intestinal fatty-acid-binding protein [I-FABP] and zonulin) and systemic inflammation (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], soluble CD14, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP]) and fecal samples for microbiome analysis were collected at baseline and closure of the study. The children's growth and health status were monitored through biweekly home visits by trained staff. Twenty-one percent of the children became stunted: compared with non-stunted children, they had worse nutritional parameters and higher levels of serum I-FABP at baseline. The likelihood of becoming stunted was strongly associated with an increase in sCD14 over time; LBP and TNF-α showed a trend toward increase in stunted children but not in controls. The fecal microbiota composition of stunted children had an increased beta diversity compared with that of healthy controls throughout the study. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus 1 and 2, Clostridium sensu stricto, and Collinsella increased in children becoming stunted but not in controls, whereas Providencia abundance decreased. In conclusion, stunting in our population was preceded by an increase in markers of enterocyte turnover and differences in the fecal microbiota and was associated with increasing levels of systemic inflammation markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Zambruni
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Theresa J Ochoa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Anoma Somasunderam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Miguel M Cabada
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia-University of Texas Medical Branch Collaborative Research Center Cusco, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Cusco, Peru
| | - Maria L Morales
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia-University of Texas Medical Branch Collaborative Research Center Cusco, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Cusco, Peru
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gonzalo J Acosta
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Natalia I Vigo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maribel Riveros
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sara Arango
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - David Durand
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maitreyee N Berends
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Peter Melby
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Netanya S Utay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Singh A, Verma AK, Das P, Prakash S, Pramanik R, Nayak B, Datta Gupta S, Sreenivas V, Kumar L, Ahuja V, Makharia GK. Non-immunological biomarkers for assessment of villous abnormalities in patients with celiac disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:438-445. [PMID: 31498492 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Demonstration of villous abnormalities is an essential component of diagnosis of celiac disease (CeD) that requires duodenal biopsies. There is a need for non-invasive biomarker(s) that can predict the presence of villous abnormalities. METHODS Levels of plasma citrulline, plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), and serum regenerating gene 1α (Reg1α) were estimated in treatment naïve patients with CeD and controls. The levels of these biomarkers and their cyclical pattern were validated in a predicted model of enteropathy. Optimum diagnostic cut-off values were derived, and the results were further validated in a prospective validation cohort. RESULTS While level of plasma citrulline was significantly lower, the levels of plasma I-FABP and serum Reg1α were significantly higher in patients with CeD (n = 131) in comparison with healthy (n = 216) and disease controls (n = 133), and their levels reversed after a gluten-free diet (GFD). In the model of predicted enteropathy (n = 70), a sequential decrease and then increase in the level of plasma citrulline was observed; such a sequential change was not observed with I-FABP and Reg1α. The diagnostic accuracy for prediction of presence of villous abnormality was 89% and 78% if citrulline level was ≤ 30 μM/L and I-FABP levels were ≥ 1100 pg/mL, respectively. The results were validated in a prospective validation cohort (n = 104) with a sensitivity and specificity of 79.5% and 83.1%, respectively, for predicting villous abnormalities of modified Marsh grade > 2 at calculated cut-off values of citrulline and I-FABP. CONCLUSIONS Plasma citrulline ≤ 30 μM/L is the most consistent, highly reproducible non-invasive biomarker that can predict the presence of villous abnormality and has the potential for avoiding duodenal biopsies in 78% patients suspected to have CeD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil K Verma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Celiac Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Departments of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Prakash
- Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Raja Pramanik
- Department of Medical Oncology, BRA Rotary Cancer Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - B Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - V Sreenivas
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, BRA Rotary Cancer Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Govind K Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lackey AI, Chen T, Zhou YX, Bottasso Arias NM, Doran JM, Zacharisen SM, Gajda AM, Jonsson WO, Córsico B, Anthony TG, Joseph LB, Storch J. Mechanisms underlying reduced weight gain in intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP) null mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G518-G530. [PMID: 31905021 PMCID: PMC7099495 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00120.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal-fatty acid binding protein (IFABP; FABP2) is a 15-kDa intracellular protein abundantly present in the cytosol of the small intestinal (SI) enterocyte. High-fat (HF) feeding of IFABP-/- mice resulted in reduced weight gain and fat mass relative to wild-type (WT) mice. Here, we examined intestinal properties that may underlie the observed lean phenotype of high fat-fed IFABP-/- mice. No alterations in fecal lipid content were found, suggesting that the IFABP-/- mice are not malabsorbing dietary fat. However, the total excreted fecal mass, normalized to food intake, was increased for the IFABP-/- mice relative to WT mice. Moreover, intestinal transit time was more rapid in the IFABP-/- mice. IFABP-/- mice displayed a shortened average villus length, a thinner muscularis layer, reduced goblet cell density, and reduced Paneth cell abundance. The number of proliferating cells in the crypts of IFABP-/- mice did not differ from that of WT mice, suggesting that the blunt villi phenotype is not due to alterations in proliferation. IFABP-/- mice were observed to have altered expression of genes and proteins related to intestinal structure, while immunohistochemical analyses revealed increased staining for markers of inflammation. Taken together, these studies indicate that the ablation of IFABP, coupled with high-fat feeding, leads to changes in gut motility and morphology, which likely contribute to the relatively leaner phenotype occurring at the whole-body level. Thus, IFABP is likely involved in dietary lipid sensing and signaling, influencing intestinal motility, intestinal structure, and nutrient absorption, thereby impacting systemic energy metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) is thought to be essential for the efficient uptake and trafficking of dietary fatty acids. In this study, we demonstrate that high-fat-fed IFABP-/- mice have an increased fecal output and are likely malabsorbing other nutrients in addition to lipid. Furthermore, we observe that the ablation of IFABP leads to marked alterations in intestinal morphology and secretory cell abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atreju I Lackey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Tina Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Yin X Zhou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Natalia M Bottasso Arias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Justine M Doran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Sophia M Zacharisen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Angela M Gajda
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - William O Jonsson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Betina Córsico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Auclair N, Patey N, Melbouci L, Ou Y, Magri-Tomaz L, Sané A, Garofalo C, Levy E, St-Pierre DH. Acylated Ghrelin and The Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in The Intestine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17975. [PMID: 31784591 PMCID: PMC6884495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acylated ghrelin (AG) is a gastrointestinal (GI) peptide mainly secreted by the stomach that promotes cytosolic lipid droplets (CLD) hypertrophy in adipose tissues and liver. However, the role of AG in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the intestine remains unexplored. This study aimed at determining whether AG influences CLD production and chylomicron (CM) secretion in the intestine. The effects of AG and oleic acid on CLD accumulation and CM secretion were first investigated in cultured Caco-2/15 enterocytes. Intestinal lipid metabolism was also studied in Syrian Golden Hamsters submitted to conventional (CD) or Western (WD) diets for 8 weeks and continuously administered with AG or physiological saline for the ultimate 2 weeks. In cultured Caco-2/15 enterocytes, CLD accumulation influenced CM secretion while AG reduced fatty acid uptake. In WD hamsters, continuous AG treatment amplified chylomicron output while reducing postprandial CLD accumulation in the intestine. The present study supports the intimate relationship between CLD accumulation and CM secretion in the intestine and it underlines the importance of further characterizing the mechanisms through which AG exerts its effects on lipid metabolism in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Auclair
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2X 1Y4, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Patey
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Melbouci
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2X 1Y4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Y Ou
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2X 1Y4, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Magri-Tomaz
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2X 1Y4, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Sané
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Garofalo
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - E Levy
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1A8, Quebec, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
| | - D H St-Pierre
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1A8, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, H2X 1Y4, Quebec, Canada. .,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cinkajzlová A, Lacinová Z, Kloučková J, Kaválková P, Kratochvílová H, Křížová J, Trachta P, Mráz M, Haluzík M. Increased intestinal permeability in patients with short bowel syndrome is not affected by parenteral nutrition. Physiol Res 2019; 68:817-825. [PMID: 31424246 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to assess the presence and degree of intestinal leakage in subjects suffering from short bowel syndrome (SBS) and its modification by parenteral nutrition. To this end we assessed circulating levels of selected makers of intestinal permeability including zonulin, fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP-2), citrulline and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2). We also measured lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) as a marker of circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide acting through the CD14 molecule. Eleven SBS and 10 age- and BMI-matched control subjects were included into the study. The effect of parenteral nutrition was assessed after 14 days, 6 and 12 months from its initiation, respectively. At baseline, SBS patients had increased gut permeability as measured by zonulin (47.24+/-2.14 vs. 39.48+/-1.20 ng/ml, p=0.006) and LBP (30.32+/-13.25 vs. 9.77+/-0.71 microg/ml, p<0.001) compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, SBS subjects had reduced FABP-2, unchanged citrulline and increased sCD14 and GLP-2 relative to control group. Throughout the whole study period the administered parenteral nutrition had no significant effect on any of the studied parameters. Taken together, our data show that patients with short bowel syndrome have increased intestinal permeability that is not affected by parenteral nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cinkajzlová
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sané A, Ahmarani L, Delvin E, Auclair N, Spahis S, Levy E. SAR1B GTPase is necessary to protect intestinal cells from disorders of lipid homeostasis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1755-1764. [PMID: 31409740 PMCID: PMC6795079 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in SAR1B GTPase inhibit chylomicron (CM) trafficking to the Golgi and result in a huge intraenterocyte lipid accumulation with a failure to release CMs and liposoluble vitamins into the blood circulation. The central aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that SAR1B deletion (SAR1B−/−) disturbs enterocyte lipid homeostasis (e.g., FA β-oxidation and lipogenesis) while promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. Another issue is to compare the impact of SAR1B−/− to that of its paralogue SAR1A−/− and combined SAR1A−/−/B−/−. To address these critical issues, we have generated Caco-2/15 cells with a knockout of SAR1A, SAR1B, or SAR1A/B genes. SAR1B−/− results in lipid homeostasis disruption, reflected by enhanced mitochondrial FA β-oxidation and diminished lipogenesis in intestinal absorptive cells via the implication of PPARα and PGC1α transcription factors. Additionally, SAR1B−/−cells, which mimicked enterocytes of CM retention disease, spontaneously disclosed inflammatory and oxidative characteristics via the implication of NF-κB and NRF2. In most conditions, SAR1A−/− cells showed a similar trend, albeit less dramatic, but synergetic effects were observed with the combined defects of the two SAR1 paralogues. In conclusion, SAR1B and its paralogue are needed not only for CM trafficking but also for lipid homeostasis, prooxidant/antioxidant balance, and protection against inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Sané
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lena Ahmarani
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nikolas Auclair
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Departments of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Departments of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rath NC, Gupta A, Liyanage R, Lay JO. Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate-Induced Changes in Chicken Enterocytes. PROTEOMICS INSIGHTS 2019; 10:1178641819840369. [PMID: 31019367 PMCID: PMC6463336 DOI: 10.1177/1178641819840369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increased intestinal epithelial permeability has been linked to many enteric diseases because it allows easy access of microbial pathogens and toxins into the system. In poultry production, the restrictions in the use of antibiotic growth promoters have increased the chances of birds being susceptible to different enteric diseases. Thus, understanding the mechanisms which compromise intestinal function is pertinent. Based on our previous observation which showed the primary chicken enterocytes in culture undergoing dystrophic changes on treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), we surmised that this model, which appeared to mimic increased intestinal permeability, may help to understand the mechanisms of this problem. As genomic and proteomic changes are associated with many physiological and pathological problems, we were interested to find whether certain proteomic changes underlie the morphological alterations in the enterocytes induced by PMA. We exposed primary enterocyte cultures to a sub-lethal concentration of PMA, extracted the proteins, and analyzed by mass spectrometry for differentially regulated proteins. Our results showed that PMA affected several biological processes which negatively affected their energy metabolism, nuclear activities, and differentially regulated the levels of several stress proteins, chaperon, cytoskeletal, and signal transduction proteins that appear to be relevant in the cause of enterocyte dystrophy. Phorbol myristate acetate-affected signal transduction activities also raise the possibilities of their increased susceptibility to pathogens. The changes in enterocyte integrity can make intestine vulnerable to invasion by microbial pathogens and disrupt gut homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan C Rath
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Department of Poultry Science, Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Statewide Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jackson O Lay
- Statewide Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Disentangling Host-Microbiota Regulation of Lipid Secretion by Enterocytes: Insights from Commensals Lactobacillus paracasei and Escherichia coli. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01493-18. [PMID: 30181250 PMCID: PMC6123438 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01493-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota contributes to nutrients absorption and metabolism by enterocytes, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood, and most conclusions are inferred from studies comparing germfree and conventional animals colonized with diverse bacterial species. We selected two model commensal microorganisms, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus paracasei, to assess the role of the small-intestinal microbiota in modulating lipid absorption and metabolism by the epithelium. Using an integrated approach encompassing cellular and murine models and combining metabolic parameters measurement, lipid droplet imaging, and gene expression analysis, we demonstrated that under homeostatic conditions, L. paracasei promotes fat storage in enterocytes, whereas E. coli enhances lipid catabolism and reduces chylomicron circulating levels. The Akt/mammalian target of sirolimus (mTOR) pathway is inhibited by both bacterial species in vitro, indicating that several regulatory pathways are involved in the distinct intracellular lipid outcomes associated with each bacterial species. Moreover, soluble bacterial factors partially reproduce the effects observed with live microorganisms. However, reduction of chylomicron circulating levels in E. coli-colonized animals is lost under high-fat-diet conditions, whereas it is potentiated by L. paracasei colonization accompanied by resistance to hypercholesterolemia and excess body weight gain.IMPORTANCE The specific contribution of each bacterial species within a complex microbiota to the regulation of host lipid metabolism remains largely unknown. Using two model commensal microorganisms, L. paracasei and E. coli, we demonstrated that both bacterial species impacted host lipid metabolism in a diet-dependent manner and, notably, that L. paracasei-colonized mice but not E. coli-colonized mice resisted high-fat-diet-induced body weight gain. In addition, we set up cellular models of fatty acid absorption and secretion by enterocytes cocultured with bacteria and showed that, in vitro, both L. paracasei and E. coli inhibited lipid secretion, through increased intracellular fat storage and enhanced lipid catabolism, respectively.
Collapse
|
24
|
VanDussen KL, Stojmirović A, Li K, Liu TC, Kimes PK, Muegge BD, Simpson KF, Ciorba MA, Perrigoue JG, Friedman JR, Towne JE, Head RD, Stappenbeck TS. Abnormal Small Intestinal Epithelial Microvilli in Patients With Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:815-828. [PMID: 29782846 PMCID: PMC6378688 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Crohn disease (CD) presents as chronic and often progressive intestinal inflammation, but the contributing pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. We aimed to identify alterations in intestinal cells that could contribute to the chronic and progressive course of CD. METHODS We took an unbiased system-wide approach by performing sequence analysis of RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ileal tissue sections from patients with CD (n = 36) and without CD (controls; n = 32). We selected relatively uninflamed samples, based on histology, before gene expression profiling; validation studies were performed using adjacent serial tissue sections. A separate set of samples (3 control and 4 CD samples) was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. We developed methods to visualize an overlapping modular network of genes dysregulated in the CD samples. We validated our findings using biopsy samples (110 CD samples for gene expression analysis and 54 for histologic analysis) from the UNITI-2 phase 3 trial of ustekinumab for patients with CD and healthy individuals (26 samples used in gene expression analysis). RESULTS We identified gene clusters that were altered in nearly all CD samples. One cluster encoded genes associated with the enterocyte brush border, leading us to investigate microvilli. In ileal tissues from patients with CD, the microvilli were of decreased length and had ultrastructural defects compared with tissues from controls. Microvilli length correlated with expression of genes that regulate microvilli structure and function. Network analysis linked the microvilli cluster to several other down-regulated clusters associated with altered intracellular trafficking and cellular metabolism. Enrichment of a core microvilli gene set also was lower in the UNITI-2 trial CD samples compared with controls; expression of microvilli genes was correlated with microvilli length and endoscopy score and was associated with response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS In a transcriptome analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded ileal tissues from patients with CD and controls, we associated transcriptional alterations with histologic alterations, such as differences in microvilli length. Decreased microvilli length and decreased expression of the microvilli gene set might contribute to epithelial malfunction and the chronic and progressive disease course in patients with CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L. VanDussen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aleksandar Stojmirović
- Department of Janssen Research and Development, LLC. 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Katherine Li
- Department of Janssen Research and Development, LLC. 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick K. Kimes
- Department of Janssen Research and Development, LLC. 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Brian D. Muegge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine F. Simpson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew A. Ciorba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jacqueline G. Perrigoue
- Department of Janssen Research and Development, LLC. 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Joshua R. Friedman
- Department of Janssen Research and Development, LLC. 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Towne
- Department of Janssen Research and Development, LLC. 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Richard D. Head
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Correspondence: Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Histological organization of intestinal villi in the crocodilian caiman yacare (Daudin, 1802) during dietary lipid absorption. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-018-0401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
26
|
Auclair N, Melbouci L, St-Pierre D, Levy E. Gastrointestinal factors regulating lipid droplet formation in the intestine. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:1-14. [PMID: 29305172 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLD) are considered as neutral lipid reservoirs, which protect cells from lipotoxicity. It became clear that these fascinating dynamic organelles play a role not only in energy storage and metabolism, but also in cellular lipid and protein handling, inter-organelle communication, and signaling among diverse functions. Their dysregulation is associated with multiple disorders, including obesity, liver steatosis and cardiovascular diseases. The central aim of this review is to highlight the link between intra-enterocyte CLD dynamics and the formation of chylomicrons, the main intestinal dietary lipid vehicle, after overviewing the morphology, molecular composition, biogenesis and functions of CLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Auclair
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - L Melbouci
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Sciences and Physical Activities, UQAM, Quebec, Canada H2X 1Y4
| | - D St-Pierre
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Sciences and Physical Activities, UQAM, Quebec, Canada H2X 1Y4
| | - E Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Leccioli V, Oliveri M, Romeo M, Berretta M, Rossi P. A New Proposal for the Pathogenic Mechanism of Non-Coeliac/Non-Allergic Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity: Piecing Together the Puzzle of Recent Scientific Evidence. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111203. [PMID: 29099090 PMCID: PMC5707675 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coeliac/non-allergic gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCG/WS) is a gluten-related disorder, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear. Recently, the involvement of an increased intestinal permeability has been recognized in the onset of this clinical condition. However, mechanisms through which it takes place are still unclear. In this review, we attempt to uncover these mechanisms by providing, for the first time, an integrated vision of recent scientific literature, resulting in a new hypothesis about the pathogenic mechanisms involved in NCG/WS. According to this, the root cause of NCG/WS is a particular dysbiotic profile characterized by decreased butyrate-producing-Firmicutes and/or Bifidobacteria, leading to low levels of intestinal butyrate. Beyond a critical threshold of the latter, a chain reaction of events and vicious circles occurs, involving other protagonists such as microbial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and wheat α-amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs). NCG/WS is likely to be a multi-factor-onset disorder, probably transient and preventable, related to quality and balance of the diet, and not to the presence of gluten in itself. If future studies confirm our proposal, this would have important implications both for the definition of the disease, as well as for the prevention and therapeutic-nutritional management of individuals with NCG/WS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Leccioli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mara Oliveri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marcello Romeo
- C.E.R.H.M. Center for Experimental Research for Human Microbiome Ludes H.E.I., Pietro Stiges Palace, Strait Street, 1436 Valletta, Malta.
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO-Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Paola Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Poquet L, Wooster TJ. Infant digestion physiology and the relevance of in vitro biochemical models to test infant formula lipid digestion. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 60:1876-95. [PMID: 27279140 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in the diet of preterm and term infants providing a key energy source and essential lipid components for development. While a lot is known about adult lipid digestion, our understanding of infant digestion physiology is still incomplete, the greatest gap being on the biochemistry of the small intestine, particularly the activity and relative importance of the various lipases active in the intestine. The literature has been reviewed to identify the characteristics of lipid digestion of preterm and term infants, but also to better understand the physiology of the infant gastrointestinal tract compared to adults that impacts the absorption of lipids. The main differences are a higher gastric pH, submicellar bile salt concentration, a far more important role of gastric lipases as well as differences at the level of the intestinal barrier. Importantly, the consequences of improper in vitro replication of gastric digestions conditions (pH and lipase specificity) are demonstrated using examples from the most recent of studies. It is true that some animal models could be adapted to study infant lipid digestion physiology, however the ethical relevance of such models is questionable, hence the development of accurate in vitro models is a must. In vitro models that combine up to date knowledge of digestion biochemistry with intestinal cells in culture are the best choice to replicate digestion and absorption in infant population, this would allow the adaptation of infant formula for a better digestion and absorption of dietary lipids by preterm and term infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Poquet
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Tim J Wooster
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Progress towards non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up of celiac disease in children; a prospective multicentre study to the usefulness of plasma I-FABP. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8671. [PMID: 28819290 PMCID: PMC5561259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This prospective study investigates whether measurement of plasma intestinal-fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), a sensitive marker for small intestinal epithelial damage, improves non-invasive diagnosing of celiac disease (CD), and whether I-FABP levels are useful to evaluate mucosal healing in patients on a gluten-free diet (GFD). Ninety children with elevated tTG-IgA titres and HLA-DQ2/DQ8 positivity were included (study group). Duodenal biopsies were taken, except in those fulfilling the ESPGHAN criteria. Plasma I-FABP levels and tTG-IgA titres were assessed sequentially during six months of follow-up. Eighty children with normal tTG-IgA titres served as control group. In 61/90 (67.8%) of the children in the study group an increased I-FABP level was found; in all these children CD diagnosis was confirmed. Interestingly, in 14/30 (46.7%) children with slightly elevated tTG-IgA titres (<10x upper limit of normal), an increased I-FABP level was found. In all these children the diagnosis of CD was confirmed histologically. After gluten elimination for six weeks I-FABP levels had decreased towards levels in the control group. Measurement of plasma I-FABP, in addition to tTG-IgA, EMA-IgA and HLAtyping, enables non-invasive diagnosing of CD in a substantial number of children, and might therefore be of value in the diagnostic approach of CD.
Collapse
|
30
|
Wood SM, Gill AJ, Brodsky AS, Lu S, Friedman K, Karashchuk G, Lombardo K, Yang D, Resnick MB. Fatty acid-binding protein 1 is preferentially lost in microsatellite instable colorectal carcinomas and is immune modulated via the interferon γ pathway. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:123-133. [PMID: 27687006 PMCID: PMC5218856 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) is an intracellular protein responsible for the transportation of long chain fatty acids. Aside from its functions in lipid metabolism and cellular differentiation, FABP1 also plays a role in inflammation through its interaction with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Previously, we compared expression of colonic epithelium genes in a subset of microsatellite instable (MSI) colorectal carcinomas (medullary carcinomas) to normal colonic mucosa and found that FABP1 expression was markedly decreased in the tumors. Further analysis of RNA expression in the colorectal subtypes and The Cancer Genome Atlas data set found that FABP1 expression is decreased in the CMS1 subset of colorectal carcinomas, which is characterized by microsatellite instability. As MSI colorectal carcinomas are known for their robust immune response, we then aimed to link FABP1 to the immune microenvironment of MSI carcinomas. To confirm the gene expression results, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of a cohort of colorectal carcinomas. FABP1 was preferentially lost in MSI carcinomas (123/133, 93%) compared with microsatellite stable carcinomas (240/562, 43%, P<0.0001). In addition, higher numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were present in tumors with loss of FABP1 (P<0.0001). Decreased expression of the fatty acid storage and glucose regulator, PPARγ, was associated with the loss of FABP1 (P<0.0001). Colorectal cancer cell lines treated with interferon γ exhibited decreased expression of FABP1. FABP1 expression was partially recovered with the treatment of the cell lines with rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist. This study demonstrated that the loss of FABP1 expression is associated with MSI carcinomas and that interferon γ stimulation plays a role in this process via its interaction with PPARγ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Wood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Alexander S Brodsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kenneth Friedman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Galina Karashchuk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kara Lombardo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dongfang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Murray B Resnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Soayfane Z, Tercé F, Cantiello M, Robenek H, Nauze M, Bézirard V, Allart S, Payré B, Capilla F, Cartier C, Peres C, Al Saati T, Théodorou V, Nelson DW, Yen CLE, Collet X, Coméra C. Exposure to dietary lipid leads to rapid production of cytosolic lipid droplets near the brush border membrane. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:48. [PMID: 27478484 PMCID: PMC4965885 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal absorption of dietary lipids involves their hydrolysis in the lumen of proximal intestine as well as uptake, intracellular transport and re-assembly of hydrolyzed lipids in enterocytes, leading to the formation and secretion of the lipoproteins chylomicrons and HDL. In this study, we examined the potential involvement of cytosolic lipid droplets (CLD) whose function in the process of lipid absorption is poorly understood. Methods Intestinal lipid absorption was studied in mouse after gavage. Three populations of CLD were purified by density ultracentrifugations, as well as the brush border membranes, which were analyzed by western-blots. Immunofluorescent localization of membranes transporters or metabolic enzymes, as well as kinetics of CLD production, were also studied in intestine or Caco-2 cells. Results We isolated three populations of CLD (ranging from 15 to 1000 nm) which showed differential expression of the major lipid transporters scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD-36), Niemann Pick C-like 1 (NPC1L1), and the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCG5/G8 but also caveolin 2 and fatty acid binding proteins. The enzyme monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) was identified in the brush border membrane (BBM) in addition to the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting local synthesis of triglycerides and CLD at both places. Conclusions We show a very fast production of CLD by enterocytes associated with a transfer of apical constituents as lipid transporters. Our findings suggest that following their uptake by enterocytes, lipids can be partially metabolized at the BBM and packaged into CLD for their transportation to the ER. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0107-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Soayfane
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - François Tercé
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Michela Cantiello
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Horst Robenek
- Leibniz-Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michel Nauze
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Valérie Bézirard
- UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse, cedex 3, France
| | - Sophie Allart
- INSERM UMR 1043 (INSERM/UPS/CNRS/USC Inra), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Payré
- CMEAB, Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Capilla
- INSERM/UPS - US006/CREFRE, Service d'Histopathologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Cartier
- UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse, cedex 3, France
| | - Christine Peres
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Talal Al Saati
- INSERM/UPS - US006/CREFRE, Service d'Histopathologie, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Vassilia Théodorou
- UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse, cedex 3, France
| | - David W Nelson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Chi-Liang Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Xavier Collet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - Christine Coméra
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, UMR 1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France.,UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse, cedex 3, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein fails to predict endoscopic disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28:807-13. [PMID: 26919325 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is of major importance to prevent long-term complications. Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) has been identified as a marker for intestinal damage and correlates with the degree of inflammation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether I-FABP can predict active disease or remission in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in a real-life IBD cohort. METHODS In total, 70 patients with endoscopic disease activity available and 194 patients with disease activity on the basis of a stringent combi-score of clinical activity index, C-reactive protein, and fecal calprotectin were included. Plasma I-FABP was compared between patients with active disease and remission. In a small subgroup of CD patients, follow-up samples were analyzed. RESULTS In CD (139.2 vs. 119.2 pg/ml; P=0.37) and UC (107.8 vs. 151.8 pg/ml; P=0.33), the median I-FABP did not differ in endoscopic active disease versus remission. In UC patients with active disease on the basis of the combi-score, the median I-FABP (106.8 vs. 172.0 pg/ml; P=0.03) was significantly lower than in patients in remission, but not in CD (145.5 vs. 157.5 pg/ml; P=0.29). Neither disease location in CD nor extent of disease in UC influenced I-FABP significantly. I-FABP was not different (P=0.78) in CD patients with a change in disease activity over time. CONCLUSION Plasma I-FABP did not differ between endoscopic active disease and remission in both CD and UC. I-FABP was lower in active UC but not CD on the basis of the combi-score. On the basis of these findings, I-FABP has no potential as a novel noninvasive biomarker for disease activity in IBD.
Collapse
|
33
|
Serum I-FABP Detects Gluten Responsiveness in Adult Celiac Disease Patients on a Short-Term Gluten Challenge. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111:1014-22. [PMID: 27185075 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Response to gluten challenge (GC) is a key feature in diagnostic algorithms and research trials in celiac disease (CD). Currently, autoantibody titers, late responders to GC, and invasive duodenal biopsies are used to evaluate gluten responsiveness. This study investigated the accuracy of serum intestinal-fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), a marker for intestinal epithelial damage, to predict intestinal damage during GC in patients with CD. METHODS Twenty adult CD patients in remission underwent a two-week GC with 3 or 7.5 g of gluten daily. Study visits occurred at day -14, 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Serum I-FABP, antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (tTG-IgA), deamidated gliadin peptides (IgA-DGP), and anti-actin (AAA-IgA) were assessed at each visit. Villous-height to crypt-depth ratio (Vh:Cd) and intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) count were evaluated at day -14, 3, and 14. Forty-three CD-serology negative individuals were included to compare serum I-FABP levels in CD patients on a gluten-free diet (GFD) with those in healthy subjects. RESULTS Serum I-FABP levels increased significantly during a two-week GC. In contrast, the most pronounced autoantibody increase was found at day 28, when patients had already returned to a GFD for two weeks. IgA-AAA titers were only significantly elevated at day 28. I-FABP levels and IEL count correlated at baseline (r=0.458, P=0.042) and at day 14 (r=0.654, P=0.002) of GC. Neither gluten dose nor time on a GFD influenced I-FABP change during GC. CONCLUSIONS Serum I-FABP levels increased significantly during a two-week GC in adult CD patients and correlated with IEL count. The data suggest that serum I-FABP is an early marker of gluten-induced enteropathy in celiac patients and may be of use in both clinical and research settings.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sané A, Seidman E, Spahis S, Lamantia V, Garofalo C, Montoudis A, Marcil V, Levy E. New Insights In Intestinal Sar1B GTPase Regulation and Role in Cholesterol Homeostasis. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2270-82. [PMID: 25826777 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sar1B GTPase is a key component of Coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles that bud from the endoplasmic reticulum to export newly synthesized proteins. The aims of this study were to determine whether Sar1B responds to lipid regulation and to evaluate its role in cholesterol (CHOL) homeostasis. The influence of lipids on Sar1B protein expression was analyzed in Caco-2/15 cells by Western blot. Our results showed that the presence of CHOL (200 μM) and oleic acid (0.5 mM), bound to albumin, increases Sar1B protein expression. Similarly, supplementation of the medium with micelles composed of taurocholate with monooleylglycerol or oleic acid also stimulated Sar1B expression, but the addition of CHOL (200 μM) to micelle content did not modify its regulation. On the other hand, overexpression of Sar1B impacted on CHOL transport and metabolism in view of the reduced cellular CHOL content along with elevated secretion when incubated with oleic acid-containing micelles for 24 h, thereby disclosing induced CHOL transport. This was accompanied with higher secretion of free- and esterified-CHOL within chylomicrons, which was not the case when oleic acid was replaced with monooleylglycerol or when albumin-bound CHOL was given alone. The aforementioned cellular CHOL depletion was accompanied with a low phosphorylated/non phosphorylated HMG-CoA reductase ratio, indicating elevated enzymatic activity. Combination of Sar1B overexpression with micelle incubation led to reduction in intestinal CHOL transporters (NPC1L1, SR-BI) and metabolic regulators (PCSK9 and LDLR). The present work showed that Sar1B is regulated in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by dietary lipids, suggesting an adaptation to alimentary lipid flux. Our data also suggest that Sar1B overexpression contributes to regulation of CHOL transport and metabolism by facilitating rapid uptake and transport of CHOL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Sané
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Ernest Seidman
- Research Institute, McGill University, Campus MGH, C10.148.6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1A8
| | - Valérie Lamantia
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Alain Montoudis
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5.,Research Institute, McGill University, Campus MGH, C10.148.6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1A8
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Effects of silver nanoparticles and ions on a co-culture model for the gastrointestinal epithelium. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:9. [PMID: 26888332 PMCID: PMC4756536 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increased incorporation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) into consumer products makes the characterization of potential risk for humans and other organisms essential. The oral route is an important uptake route for NPs, therefore the study of the gastrointestinal tract in respect to NP uptake and toxicity is very timely. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Ag NPs and ions on a Caco-2/TC7:HT29-MTX intestinal co-culture model with mucus secretion, which constitutes an important protective barrier to exogenous agents in vivo and may strongly influence particle uptake. Methods The presence of the mucus layer was confirmed with staining techniques (alcian blue and toluidine blue). Mono and co-cultures of Caco-2/TC7 and HT29-MTX cells were exposed to Ag NPs (Ag 20 and 200 nm) and AgNO3 and viability (alamar blue), ROS induction (DCFH-DA assay) and IL-8 release (ELISA) were measured. The particle agglomeration in the media was evaluated with DLS and the ion release with ultrafiltration and ICP-MS. The effects of the Ag NPs and AgNO3 on cells in co-culture were studied at a proteome level with two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) followed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization - Time Of Flight/ Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Intracellular localization was assessed with NanoSIMS and TEM. Results The presence of mucus layer led to protection against ROS and decrease in IL-8 release. Both Ag 20 and 200 nm NPs were taken up by the cells and Ag NPs 20 nm were mainly localized in organelles with high sulfur content. A dose- and size-dependent increase in IL-8 release was observed with a lack of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Sixty one differentially abundant proteins were identified involved in cytoskeleton arrangement and cell cycle, oxidative stress, apoptosis, metabolism/detoxification and stress. Conclusions The presence of mucus layer had an impact on modulating the induced toxicity of NPs. NP-specific effects were observed for uptake, pro-inflammatory response and changes at the proteome level. The low level of overlap between differentially abundant proteins observed in both Ag NPs and AgNO3 treated co-culture suggests size-dependent responses that cannot only be attributed to soluble Ag. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0117-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
36
|
Esteves A, Knoll-Gellida A, Canclini L, Silvarrey MC, André M, Babin PJ. Fatty acid binding proteins have the potential to channel dietary fatty acids into enterocyte nuclei. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:219-32. [PMID: 26658423 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m062232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lipid binding proteins, including fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) 1 and 2, are highly expressed in tissues involved in the active lipid metabolism. A zebrafish model was used to demonstrate differential expression levels of fabp1b.1, fabp1b.2, and fabp2 transcripts in liver, anterior intestine, and brain. Transcription levels of fabp1b.1 and fabp2 in the anterior intestine were upregulated after feeding and modulated according to diet formulation. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy immunodetection with gold particles localized these FABPs in the microvilli, cytosol, and nuclei of most enterocytes in the anterior intestinal mucosa. Nuclear localization was mostly in the interchromatin space outside the condensed chromatin clusters. Native PAGE binding assay of BODIPY-FL-labeled FAs demonstrated binding of BODIPY-FLC(12) but not BODIPY-FLC(5) to recombinant Fabp1b.1 and Fabp2. The binding of BODIPY-FLC(12) to Fabp1b.1 was fully displaced by oleic acid. In vivo experiments demonstrated, for the first time, that intestinal absorption of dietary BODIPY-FLC(12) was followed by colocalization of the labeled FA with Fabp1b and Fabp2 in the nuclei. These data suggest that dietary FAs complexed with FABPs are able to reach the enterocyte nucleus with the potential to modulate nuclear activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Esteves
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anja Knoll-Gellida
- University Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), F-33615 Pessac, France INSERM, U1211, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucia Canclini
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Michèle André
- University Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), F-33615 Pessac, France INSERM, U1211, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- University Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), F-33615 Pessac, France INSERM, U1211, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Adriaanse MPM, van der Sande LJTM, van den Neucker AM, Menheere PPCA, Dompeling E, Buurman WA, Vreugdenhil ACE. Evidence for a Cystic Fibrosis Enteropathy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138062. [PMID: 26484665 PMCID: PMC4617711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have suggested the existence of enteropathy in cystic fibrosis (CF), which may contribute to intestinal function impairment, a poor nutritional status and decline in lung function. This study evaluated enterocyte damage and intestinal inflammation in CF and studied its associations with nutritional status, CF-related morbidities such as impaired lung function and diabetes, and medication use. Methods Sixty-eight CF patients and 107 controls were studied. Levels of serum intestinal-fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), a specific marker for enterocyte damage, were retrospectively determined. The faecal intestinal inflammation marker calprotectin was prospectively studied. Nutritional status, lung function (FEV1), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), CF-related diabetes (CFRD) and use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) were obtained from the medical charts. Results Serum I-FABP levels were elevated in CF patients as compared with controls (p<0.001), and correlated negatively with FEV1 predicted value in children (r-.734, p<0.05). Faecal calprotectin level was elevated in 93% of CF patients, and correlated negatively with FEV1 predicted value in adults (r-.484, p<0.05). No correlation was found between calprotectin levels in faeces and sputum. Faecal calprotectin level was significantly associated with the presence of CFRD, EPI, and PPI use. Conclusion This study demonstrated enterocyte damage and intestinal inflammation in CF patients, and provides evidence for an inverse correlation between enteropathy and lung function. The presented associations of enteropathy with important CF-related morbidities further emphasize the clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlou P. M. Adriaanse
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda J. T. M. van der Sande
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anita M. van den Neucker
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul P. C. A. Menheere
- Department of Immunodiagnostics, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Edward Dompeling
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim A. Buurman
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anita C. E. Vreugdenhil
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Expression Pattern of Fatty Acid Binding Proteins in Celiac Disease Enteropathy. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:738563. [PMID: 26346822 PMCID: PMC4540995 DOI: 10.1155/2015/738563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy that develops in genetically susceptible individuals following exposure to dietary gluten. Severe changes at the intestinal mucosa observed in untreated CD patients are linked to changes in the level and in the pattern of expression of different genes. Fully differentiated epithelial cells express two isoforms of fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs): intestinal and liver, IFABP and LFABP, respectively. These proteins bind and transport long chain fatty acids and also have other important biological roles in signaling pathways, particularly those related to PPARγ and inflammatory processes. Herein, we analyze the serum levels of IFABP and characterize the expression of both FABPs at protein and mRNA level in small intestinal mucosa in severe enteropathy and normal tissue. As a result, we observed higher levels of circulating IFABP in untreated CD patients compared with controls and patients on gluten-free diet. In duodenal mucosa a differential FABPs expression pattern was observed with a reduction in mRNA levels compared to controls explained by the epithelium loss in severe enteropathy. In conclusion, we report changes in FABPs' expression pattern in severe enteropathy. Consequently, there might be alterations in lipid metabolism and the inflammatory process in the small intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
|
39
|
Knowles BC, Weis VG, Yu S, Roland JT, Williams JA, Alvarado GS, Lapierre LA, Shub MD, Gao N, Goldenring JR. Rab11a regulates syntaxin 3 localization and microvillus assembly in enterocytes. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1617-26. [PMID: 25673875 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab11a is a key component of the apical recycling endosome that aids in the trafficking of proteins to the luminal surface in polarized epithelial cells. Utilizing conditional Rab11a-knockout specific to intestinal epithelial cells, and human colonic epithelial CaCo2-BBE cells with stable Rab11a knockdown, we examined the molecular and pathological impact of Rab11a deficiency on the establishment of apical cell polarity and microvillus morphogenesis. We demonstrate that loss of Rab11a induced alterations in enterocyte polarity, shortened microvillar length and affected the formation of microvilli along the lateral membranes. Rab11a deficiency in enterocytes altered the apical localization of syntaxin 3. These data affirm the role of Rab11a in apical membrane trafficking and the maintenance of apical microvilli in enterocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byron C Knowles
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Victoria G Weis
- Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Joseph T Roland
- Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Janice A Williams
- Vanderbilt Ingraham Cancer Center: Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Gabriela S Alvarado
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Lynne A Lapierre
- Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Mitchell D Shub
- Phoenix Children's Hospital and the Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08903, USA
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gajda AM, Storch J. Enterocyte fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs): different functions of liver and intestinal FABPs in the intestine. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 93:9-16. [PMID: 25458898 PMCID: PMC4323920 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP) are highly abundant cytosolic proteins that are expressed in most mammalian tissues. In the intestinal enterocyte, both liver- (LFABP; FABP1) and intestinal FABPs (IFABP; FABP2) are expressed. These proteins display high-affinity binding for long-chain fatty acids (FA) and other hydrophobic ligands; thus, they are believed to be involved with uptake and trafficking of lipids in the intestine. In vitro studies have identified differences in ligand-binding stoichiometry and specificity, and in mechanisms of FA transfer to membranes, and it has been hypothesized that LFABP and IFABP have different functions in the enterocyte. Studies directly comparing LFABP- and IFABP-null mice have revealed markedly different phenotypes, indicating that these proteins indeed have different functions in intestinal lipid metabolism and whole body energy homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the evolving knowledge of the functions of LFABP and IFABP in the intestinal enterocyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Gajda
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Takenaka T, Harada N, Kuze J, Chiba M, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Human small intestinal epithelial cells differentiated from adult intestinal stem cells as a novel system for predicting oral drug absorption in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1947-54. [PMID: 25200868 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs) possess both a long-term proliferation ability and differentiation capability into enterocytes. As a novel in vitro system for the evaluation of drug absorption, we characterized a human small intestinal epithelial cell (HIEC) monolayer that differentiated from adult ISCs. Continuous proliferation/differentiation from ISCs consistently conferred the capability of maturation of enterocytes to HIECs over 25 passages. The morphologically matured HIEC monolayer consisted of polarized columnar epithelia with dense microvilli, tight junctions, and desmosomes 8 days after seeding onto culture inserts. Transepithelial electrical resistance across the monolayer was 9-fold lower in HIECs (98.9 Ω × cm(2)) than in Caco-2 cells (900 Ω × cm(2)), which indicated that the looseness of the tight junctions in the HIEC monolayer was similar to that in the human small intestine (approximately 40 Ω × cm(2)). No significant differences were observed in the overall gene expression patterns of the major drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters between the HIEC and Caco-2 cell monolayers. Furthermore, the functions of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein in the HIEC monolayer were confirmed by the vectorial transport of marker substrates and their disappearance in the presence of specific inhibitors. The apparent drug permeability values of paracellularly transported compounds (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4000, atenolol, and terbutaline) and nucleoside transporter substrates (didanosine, ribavirin, and doxifluridine) in the HIEC monolayer were markedly higher than those of Caco-2 cells, whereas transcellularly transported drugs (pindolol and midazolam) were equally well permeated. In conclusion, the HIEC monolayer can serve as a novel and superior alternative to the conventional Caco-2 cell monolayer for predicting oral absorption in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takenaka
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.)
| | - Naomoto Harada
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.)
| | - Jiro Kuze
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.)
| | - Masato Chiba
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.)
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.)
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.).
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Sirakov M, Borra M, Cambuli FM, Plateroti M. Defining suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis on intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:930-8. [PMID: 23292893 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of the mammalian intestinal epithelium concerns several aspects of cellular and molecular biology. In fact, most of these studies aim to define molecular components or mechanisms related with the control of stemness and the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation in physiopathological conditions. It is worth mentioning that real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) approaches are commonly used, but only a few studies are available regarding suitable reference genes to normalize gene expression data. The present study was designed to validate potential reference genes in freshly isolated proliferating or differentiated epithelial cells from the mouse intestine. We also extended our analysis to the IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells, as a promising model to study intestinal physiopathology in vitro. The stability of six potential reference genes (Hprt1, Ppia, Gapdh, Rplp0, Ppib, and Vil1) has been tested both in epithelial cells isolated from the mouse intestine and in the IEC6 cell line. The software programs-geNorm and Normfinder-were used to obtain an estimation of the expression stability of each gene and, by comparing the results, to identify the most suitable genes for RT-qPCR data normalization. These multiple approaches allowed us to select different suitable reference genes for the correct quantification of mRNAs depending on the differentiated or proliferative nature of the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sirakov
- Laboratoire de Génétique du Développement, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), rue des Profs. Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gajda AM, Zhou YX, Agellon LB, Fried SK, Kodukula S, Fortson W, Patel K, Storch J. Direct comparison of mice null for liver or intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins reveals highly divergent phenotypic responses to high fat feeding. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30330-30344. [PMID: 23990461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.501676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The enterocyte expresses two fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP), intestinal FABP (IFABP; FABP2) and liver FABP (LFABP; FABP1). LFABP is also expressed in liver. Despite ligand transport and binding differences, it has remained uncertain whether these intestinally coexpressed proteins, which both bind long chain fatty acids (FA), are functionally distinct. Here, we directly compared IFABP(-/-) and LFABP(-/-) mice fed high fat diets containing long chain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, reasoning that providing an abundance of dietary lipid would reveal unique functional properties. The results showed that mucosal lipid metabolism was indeed differentially modified, with significant decreases in FA incorporation into triacylglycerol (TG) relative to phospholipid (PL) in IFABP(-/-) mice, whereas LFABP(-/-) mice had reduced monoacylglycerol incorporation in TG relative to PL, as well as reduced FA oxidation. Interestingly, striking differences were found in whole body energy homeostasis; LFABP(-/-) mice fed high fat diets became obese relative to WT, whereas IFABP(-/-) mice displayed an opposite, lean phenotype. Fuel utilization followed adiposity, with LFABP(-/-) mice preferentially utilizing lipids, and IFABP(-/-) mice preferentially metabolizing carbohydrate for energy production. Changes in body weight and fat may arise, in part, from altered food intake; mucosal levels of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and arachidonoylethanolamine were elevated in LFABP(-/-), perhaps contributing to increased energy intake. This direct comparison provides evidence that LFABP and IFABP have distinct roles in intestinal lipid metabolism; differential intracellular functions in intestine and in liver, for LFABP(-/-) mice, result in divergent downstream effects at the systemic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Gajda
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences and; the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | | | - Luis B Agellon
- the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada, and
| | - Susan K Fried
- the Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | | | | | | | - Judith Storch
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences and; the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901,.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stoltz DA, Rokhlina T, Ernst SE, Pezzulo AA, Ostedgaard LS, Karp PH, Samuel MS, Reznikov LR, Rector MV, Gansemer ND, Bouzek DC, Abou Alaiwa MH, Hoegger MJ, Ludwig PS, Taft PJ, Wallen TJ, Wohlford-Lenane C, McMenimen JD, Chen JH, Bogan KL, Adam RJ, Hornick EE, Nelson GA, Hoffman EA, Chang EH, Zabner J, McCray PB, Prather RS, Meyerholz DK, Welsh MJ. Intestinal CFTR expression alleviates meconium ileus in cystic fibrosis pigs. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2685-93. [PMID: 23676501 DOI: 10.1172/jci68867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) pigs develop disease with features remarkably similar to those in people with CF, including exocrine pancreatic destruction, focal biliary cirrhosis, micro-gallbladder, vas deferens loss, airway disease, and meconium ileus. Whereas meconium ileus occurs in 15% of babies with CF, the penetrance is 100% in newborn CF pigs. We hypothesized that transgenic expression of porcine CF transmembrane conductance regulator (pCFTR) cDNA under control of the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (iFABP) promoter would alleviate the meconium ileus. We produced 5 CFTR-/-;TgFABP>pCFTR lines. In 3 lines, intestinal expression of CFTR at least partially restored CFTR-mediated anion transport and improved the intestinal phenotype. In contrast, these pigs still had pancreatic destruction, liver disease, and reduced weight gain, and within weeks of birth, they developed sinus and lung disease, the severity of which varied over time. These data indicate that expressing CFTR in intestine without pancreatic or hepatic correction is sufficient to rescue meconium ileus. Comparing CFTR expression in different lines revealed that approximately 20% of wild-type CFTR mRNA largely prevented meconium ileus. This model may be of value for understanding CF pathophysiology and testing new preventions and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Transport and biological activities of bile acids. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1389-98. [PMID: 23603607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have emerged as important biological molecules that support the solubilization of various lipids and lipid-soluble compounds in the gut, and the regulation of gene expression and cellular function. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and eventually released into the small intestine. The majority of bile acids are recovered in the distal end of the small intestine and then returned to the liver for reuse. The components of the mechanism responsible for the recycling of bile acids within the enterohepatic circulation have been identified whereas the mechanism for intracellular transport is less understood. Recently, the ileal lipid binding protein (ILBP; human gene symbol FABP6) was shown to be needed for the efficient transport of bile acids from the apical side to the basolateral side of enterocytes in the distal intestine. This review presents an overview of the transport of bile acids between the liver and the gut as well as within hepatocytes and enterocytes. A variety of pathologies is associated with the malfunction of the bile acid transport system.
Collapse
|
47
|
Adriaanse MPM, Tack GJ, Passos VL, Damoiseaux JGMC, Schreurs MWJ, van Wijck K, Riedl RG, Masclee AAM, Buurman WA, Mulder CJJ, Vreugdenhil ACE. Serum I-FABP as marker for enterocyte damage in coeliac disease and its relation to villous atrophy and circulating autoantibodies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:482-90. [PMID: 23289539 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocyte damage is the hallmark of coeliac disease (CD) resulting in malabsorption. Little is known about the recovery of enterocyte damage and its clinical consequences. Serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) is a sensitive marker to study enterocyte damage. AIMS To evaluate the severity of enterocyte damage in adult-onset CD and its course upon a gluten-free diet (GFD). Furthermore, the correlation among enterocyte damage, CD autoantibodies and histological abnormalities during the course of disease is studied. METHODS Serum I-FABP levels were determined in 96 biopsy-proven adult CD patients and in 69 patients repeatedly upon a GFD. A total of 141 individuals with normal antitissue transglutaminase antibody (IgA-tTG) levels served as controls. I-FABP levels were related to the degree of villous atrophy (Marsh grade) and IgA-tTG. RESULTS I-FABP levels were elevated in untreated CD (median 691 pg/mL) compared with controls (median 178 pg/mL, P < 0.001) and correlated with Marsh grade (r = 0.265, P < 0.05) and IgA-tTG (r = 0.403, P < 0.01). Upon a GFD serum levels decreased significantly, however, not within the range observed in controls, despite the common observed normalisation of IgA-tTG levels and Marsh grade. CD patients with elevated I-FABP levels nonresponding to GFD showed persistent histological abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Enterocyte damage assessed by serum I-FABP correlates with the severity of villous atrophy in coeliac disease at the time of diagnosis. Although enterocyte damage improves upon treatment, substantial enterocyte damage persists despite absence of villous atrophy and low IgA-tTG levels in the majority of cases. Elevated I-FABP levels nonresponding to gluten-free diet are indicative of histological abnormalities and warrant further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P M Adriaanse
- Department of Paediatrics & Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Venold FF, Penn MH, Thorsen J, Gu J, Kortner TM, Krogdahl A, Bakke AM. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (fabp2) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Localization and alteration of expression during development of diet induced enteritis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:229-40. [PMID: 23000355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study full-length cDNAs corresponding to three isoforms of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (fabp2) in Atlantic salmon were cloned and characterized. Gene expression of fabp2 was observed in all tissues investigated, although differences were observed between isoforms. The highest fabp2a1, fabp2a2, and fabp2b expression was in the intestine. A 15kDa protein, corresponding to putative Fabp2 protein, was identified by immunoblotting using anti-human Fabp2 antibody. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry confirmed that Fabp2 protein was present in most Atlantic salmon tissues. Similar to gene expression, intestinal tissues had the highest Fabp2 protein levels, decreasing gradually from proximal to distal intestine. During development of distal intestinal inflammation caused by dietary soybean meal from 0 to 21days, Fabp2 decreased significantly on both transcriptional and protein levels. The reduction in Fabp2 was preceded by a down regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (ppar) alpha and gamma, fabp2's presumed regulatory proteins, and followed by a progressive increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Pcna) staining. Results illustrate that the early decline of distal intestinal fabp2 was likely caused by a down regulation of their regulatory proteins, but at later time points reduced Fabp2 may largely be due to a less mature enterocyte population resulting from rapid cell turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik F Venold
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Thomson ABR, Chopra A, Clandinin MT, Freeman H. Recent advances in small bowel diseases: Part II. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3353-74. [PMID: 22807605 PMCID: PMC3396188 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i26.3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As is the case in all areas of gastroenterology and hepatology, in 2009 and 2010 there were many advances in our knowledge and understanding of small intestinal diseases. Over 1000 publications were reviewed, and the important advances in basic science as well as clinical applications were considered. In Part II we review six topics: absorption, short bowel syndrome, smooth muscle function and intestinal motility, tumors, diagnostic imaging, and cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
|
50
|
Cheng J, Krausz KW, Tanaka N, Gonzalez FJ. Chronic exposure to rifaximin causes hepatic steatosis in pregnane X receptor-humanized mice. Toxicol Sci 2012; 129:456-68. [PMID: 22790967 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifaximin, a nonsystemic antibiotic that exhibits low gastrointestinal absorption, is a potent agonist of human pregnane X receptor (PXR), which contributes to its therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease. To investigate the effects of long-term administration of rifaximin on the liver, PXR-humanized mice were administered rifaximin for 6 months; wild-type and Pxr-null mice were treated in parallel as controls. Histological analysis revealed time-dependent intense hepatocellular fatty degeneration and increased hepatic triglycerides in PXR-humanized mice and not in wild-type and Pxr-null mice. After long-term treatment, PXR target genes were induced in small intestine and liver, with significant up-regulation in the expression of hepatic genes related to triglyceride synthesis and lipid accumulation. However, no significant hepatic accumulation of rifaximin was found, even after 6 months of treatment, in PXR-humanized mice. Genes in the small intestine that are involved in the uptake of fatty acids and triglycerides were induced along with increased triglyceride accumulation in intestinal epithelial cells of PXR-humanized mice; this was not observed in wild-type and Pxr-null mice. These findings suggest that long-term administration of rifaximin could lead to PXR-dependent hepatocellular fatty degeneration as a result of activation of genes involved in lipid uptake, thus indicating a potential adverse effect of rifaximin on liver function after long-term exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|