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Porto AA, Benjamim CJR, da Silva Sobrinho AC, Gomes RL, Gonzaga LA, da Silva Rodrigues G, Vanderlei LCM, Garner DM, Valenti VE. Influence of Fluid Ingestion on Heart Rate, Cardiac Autonomic Modulation and Blood Pressure in Response to Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Nutrients 2023; 15:4534. [PMID: 37960187 PMCID: PMC10650885 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review was undertaken to investigate the involvement of hydration in heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressure in response to exercise. Data synthesis: The EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, LILACS and Web of Science databases were searched. In total, 977 studies were recognized, but only 36 were included after final screening (33 studies in meta-analysis). This study includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs with subjects > 18 years old. The hydration group consumed water or isotonic drinks, while the control group did not ingest liquids. For the hydration protocol (before, during and after exercise), the HR values during the exercise were lower compared to the controls (-6.20 bpm, 95%CI: -8.69; -3.71). In the subgroup analysis, "water ingested before and during exercise" showed lower increases in HR during exercise (-6.20, 95%CI: 11.70 to -0.71), as did "water was ingested only during exercise" (-6.12, 95%CI: -9.35 to -2.89). Water intake during exercise only revealed a trend of avoiding greater increases in HR during exercise (-4,60, 95%CI: -9.41 to 0.22), although these values were not significantly different (p = 0.06) from those of the control. "Isotonic intake during exercise" showed lower HRs than the control (-7.23 bpm, 95% CI: -11.68 to -2.79). The HRV values following the exercise were higher in the hydration protocol (SMD = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.30 to 0.67). The values of the SBP were higher than those of the controls (2.25 mmHg, 95%CI: 0.08 to 4.42). Conclusions: Hydration-attenuated exercise-induced increases in HR during exercise, improved autonomic recovery via the acceleration of cardiac vagal modulation in response to exercise and caused a modest increase in SBP values, but did not exert effects on DBP following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Porto
- Department of Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (L.A.G.); (V.E.V.)
| | - Cicero Jonas R. Benjamim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (C.J.R.B.); (A.C.d.S.S.); (G.d.S.R.)
| | - Andressa Crystine da Silva Sobrinho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (C.J.R.B.); (A.C.d.S.S.); (G.d.S.R.)
| | - Rayana Loch Gomes
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil;
| | - Luana A. Gonzaga
- Department of Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (L.A.G.); (V.E.V.)
| | - Guilherme da Silva Rodrigues
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (C.J.R.B.); (A.C.d.S.S.); (G.d.S.R.)
| | | | - David M. Garner
- Cardiorespiratory Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK;
| | - Vitor E. Valenti
- Department of Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil; (L.A.G.); (V.E.V.)
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Effect of vibroacoustic stimulation on athletes recovering from exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2427-2435. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Laurino MJL, da Silva AKF, Santos LA, Ribeiro F, Vanzella LM, Corazza DAG, Vanderlei LCM. Vagal reactivation after a cardiac rehabilitation session associated with hydration in coronary artery disease patients: crossover clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10482. [PMID: 34006912 PMCID: PMC8131702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the hydration influence on the autonomic responses of coronary artery disease subjects in the immediate recovery period after a cardiovascular rehabilitation session, in view of the risks of a delayed autonomic recovery for this population. 28 males with coronary artery disease were submitted to: (I) Maximum effort test; (II) Control protocol (CP), composed by initial rest, warm-up, exercise and passive recovery; (III) Hydration protocol (HP) similar to CP, but with rehydration during exercise. The recovery was evaluated through the heart rate (HR) variability, HR recovery and by the rate of perceived exertion and recovery. The main results revealed that the vagal reactivation occurred at the first 30 s of recovery in HP and after the first minute in CP. A better behavior of the HR at the first minute of recovery was observed in HP. The rate of perceived exertion had a significant decrease in the first minute of recovery in HP, while in CP this occurred after the third minute. In conclusion, despite an anticipated vagal reactivation found at HP, these results should be analyzed with caution as there were no significant differences between protocols for all variables and the effect sizes were small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Júlia Lopez Laurino
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - Anne Kastelianne França da Silva
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Lorena Altafin Santos
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ribeiro
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Laís Manata Vanzella
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Dayane Andrade Genoni Corazza
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Marques Vanderlei
- Physical Therapy Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
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Silva AKFD, Laurino MJL, Vanzella LM, Santos LA, Ribeiro F, Corazza DAG, Vanderlei LCM. Influence of the hydration on autonomic modulation and cardiorespiratory parameters of coronary heart disease patients submitted to a cardiovascular rehabilitation session: crossover clinical trial protocol. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Vianna LC, Fernandes IA, Martinez DG, Teixeira AL, Silva BM, Fadel PJ, Nóbrega ACL. Water drinking enhances the gain of arterial baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in healthy young humans. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1318-1325. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauro C. Vianna
- NeuroVASQ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory; Faculty of Physical Education; University of Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Igor A. Fernandes
- NeuroVASQ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory; Faculty of Physical Education; University of Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Daniel G. Martinez
- Research Unit for Cardiovascular and Exercise Physiology; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora MG Brazil
| | - André L. Teixeira
- NeuroVASQ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory; Faculty of Physical Education; University of Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Bruno M. Silva
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP); Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Paul J. Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Antonio C. L. Nóbrega
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói RJ Brazil
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Effect of repeated-sprints on the reliability of short-term parasympathetic reactivation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192231. [PMID: 29408911 PMCID: PMC5800600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the reliability of post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) and vagal-related HR variability (HRV) after repeated-sprints (RSs), and contrasted it with the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) of these indices. Fourteen healthy male participants performed on four occasions, separated by 7 days, five 30-m sprints interspersed by 25-s of recovery. Post-exercise HR during 10 min of seated rest was measured. HRR during the first 60-s of recovery was computed (HRR60s). HRV indices were calculated in time and frequency domains during the last 5-min of the recovery. Absolute and relative reliability were assessed by typical error of measurement expressed as coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), respectively. Sensitivity was assessed comparing SWC to the typical error of measurement. CV ranged from 3.6% to 13.5% and from 6.3% to 109.2% for the HRR and HRV indices, respectively. ICCs were from 0.78 to 0.96 and from 0.76 to 0.92, respectively. HRR and HRV indices showed large discrepancies reliability. HRR60s and the square root of the mean sum of the squared differences between R-R intervals presented the highest levels of both absolute and relative reliability. However, SWC was lower than the typical error of measurement, indicating insufficient sensitivity to confidently detect small, but meaningful, changes in HRR and HRV indices.
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Moreno IL, Vanderlei LCM, Vanderlei FM, Pastre CM, Abreu LCD, Ferreira C. Effects of water ingestion throughout exercise and recovery on cardiac autonomic modulation during and after exercise. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201600030008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Rocha TC, Ramos PDS, Ricardo DR. INGESTÃO DE ÁGUA NO SISTEMA NERVOSO AUTÔNOMO: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA E META-ANÁLISE. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220162201154165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Verificar, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, o efeito da ingestão de água (IA) no sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA) e variáveis hemodinâmicas em indivíduos adultos. Foram analisados estudos publicados entre 2000 e 2015, tendo como referência a base de dados Medline via Pubmed, sendo utilizado na construção da frase de pesquisa o MeSH. Foram estabelecidos os seguintes critérios de inclusão: ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados (ECCR) realizados em humanos, na língua inglesa. Como critério de exclusão: intervenções pouco claras, mal descritas ou inadequadas e na forma de resumos. Utilizou-se as seguintes variáveis para a seleção dos estudos: frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial (PA), componente de alta frequência (AF) e resistência vascular periférica (RVP). Foi usada a sistematização PRISMA para a elaboração desta revisão e a realização de uma meta-análise com o objetivo de evidenciar matematicamente os resultados da frequência cardíaca após a ingestão de água em sete estudos que avaliaram esta variável. Fizeram parte desta revisão 10 ECCR envolvendo 246 indivíduos com idade entre 19 a 64 anos, sendo que 34,55% do sexo masculino. A maioria dos ECCR analisados apresentou alterações após a IA. As alterações comumente observadas foram: diminuição da FC (estatisticamente significativa p < 0,001), aumento da AF e RVP. Contudo, em relação à PA, os resultados demonstraram-se conflitantes, com estudos que evidenciaram aumento e outros que não observaram diferença significativa. Esta revisão evidencia os efeitos da IA no SNA, em especial na FC, AF e RVP, não obstante em relação às alterações hemodinâmicas expressas pela PA permanece ainda um óbice em relação à comunidade científica.
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Vernillo G, Agnello L, Barbuti A, Di Meco S, Lombardi G, Merati G, La Torre A. Postexercise autonomic function after repeated-sprints training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26215172 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effects of an 8-week repeated-sprint (RS) training protocol on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation (PNSr) in healthy adults. METHODS Eighteen male adults (24.3 ± 3.7 years) were assigned to either of two groups. One group (n = 9) performed RS training (EXP, 3 times week(-1), 18 maximal all-out 15-m sprints interspersed with 17 s of passive recovery); the other served as the control group (CON, n = 9). Performance before, during, and after was assessed by measuring RS ability time (S dec) and total sprint time. The subjects were then seated for 10 min immediately after each trial and postexercise HR recovery (HRR), and vagal-related HR variability (HRV) indices were measured. RESULTS All subjects demonstrated a decrease in S dec. However, only EXP showed a decrease in total sprint time (-10.5 % of baseline value). Using a qualitative statistical analysis method, we found a likely to almost certain positive effect of RS training on HR. The mean of each HRR and HRV index indicated a greater change in PNSr in EXP than in CON (e.g. with a 78/22/1 % chance to demonstrate a positive/trivial/negative effect on HRR60s after RS training; 74/21/5 % on LN rMSSD5-10min). Large correlations were noted between the changes in S dec [r = 0.59, 90 % CI (0.43)], total sprint time [r = -0.61 (0.42)] and HRR60s. CONCLUSION RS training seems to be an effective method to improve postexercise PNSr in healthy adults. Also, HRR60s appears to be a method for evaluating positive adaption to RS training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Kramer 4/a, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,CeRiSM, Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health, University of Verona, Roveretos, TN, Italy. .,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Luca Agnello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Kramer 4/a, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbuti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Medicina Molecolare e Biofisica Applicata (CIMMBA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Meco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Kramer 4/a, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giampiero Merati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Kramer 4/a, 20133, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Kramer 4/a, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Mendonca GV, Fernhall B. The influence of water ingestion on postexercise hypotension and standing haemodynamics. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 36:447-456. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo V. Mendonca
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior; Faculty of Human Kinetics; University of Lisbon; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Bo Fernhall
- College of Applied Health Sciences; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
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Araújo CG, Castro CLBD, Franca JF, Ramos PS. 4-Second Exercise Test: Reference Values for Ages 18-81 Years. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 104:366-74. [PMID: 25830712 PMCID: PMC4495451 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physiological reflexes modulated primarily by the vagus nerve allow the heart to
decelerate and accelerate rapidly after a deep inspiration followed by rapid
movement of the limbs. This is the physiological and pharmacologically validated
basis for the 4-s exercise test (4sET) used to assess the vagal modulation of
cardiac chronotropism. Objective To present reference data for 4sET in healthy adults. Methods After applying strict clinical inclusion/exclusion criteria, 1,605 healthy adults
(61% men) aged between 18 and 81 years subjected to 4sET were evaluated between
1994 and 2014. Using 4sET, the cardiac vagal index (CVI) was obtained by
calculating the ratio between the duration of two RR intervals in the
electrocardiogram: 1) after a 4-s rapid and deep breath and immediately before
pedaling and 2) at the end of a rapid and resistance-free 4-s pedaling
exercise. Results CVI varied inversely with age (r = -0.33, p < 0.01), and the intercepts and
slopes of the linear regressions between CVI and age were similar for men and
women (p > 0.05). Considering the heteroscedasticity and the asymmetry of the
distribution of the CVI values according to age, we chose to express the reference
values in percentiles for eight age groups (years): 18–30, 31–40, 41–45, 46–50,
51–55, 56–60, 61–65, and 66+, obtaining progressively lower median CVI values
ranging from 1.63 to 1.24. Conclusion The availability of CVI percentiles for different age groups should promote the
clinical use of 4sET, which is a simple and safe procedure for the evaluation of
vagal modulation of cardiac chronotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Plínio Santos Ramos
- Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Teixeira AL, Ramos PS, Vianna LC, Ricardo DR. Effects of ovarian hormones and oral contraceptive pills on cardiac vagal withdrawal at the onset of dynamic exercise. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119626. [PMID: 25785599 PMCID: PMC4364722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the ovarian hormones and the use of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on cardiac vagal withdrawal at the onset of dynamic exercise. Thirty physically active women aged 19-32 years were divided into two groups: OCP users (n = 17) and non-OCP users (n = 13). Participants were studied randomly at three different phases of the menstrual cycle: early follicular (day 3.6 ± 1.2; range 1-5), ovulatory (day 14.3 ± 0.8; range 13-16) and midluteal (day 21.3 ± 0.8; range 20-24), according to endogenous (in non-OCP users) or exogenous (in OCP users) estradiol and progesterone variations. The cardiac vagal withdrawal was represented by the cardiac vagal index (CVI), which was obtained by the 4-s exercise test. Additionally, resting heart rate, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were obtained. The CVI was not significantly different between the three phases of the menstrual cycle in either the non-OCP users (early follicular: 1.58 ± 0.1; ovulatory: 1.56 ± 0.1; midluteal: 1.58 ± 0.1, P > 0.05) or OCP users (early follicular: 1.47 ± 0.1; ovulatory: 1.49 ± 0.1; midluteal: 1.47 ± 0.1, P > 0.05) (mean ± SEM). Resting cardiovascular responses were not affected by hormonal phase or OCP use, except that the SBP was higher in the OCP users than non-OCP users in all phases of the cycle (P < 0.05). In summary, our results demonstrate that cardiac vagal withdrawal at the onset of dynamic exercise was not impacted by the menstrual cycle or OCP use in physically active women.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L. Teixeira
- Maternity Hospital Therezinha de Jesus, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences—SUPREMA, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sports Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Plinio S. Ramos
- Maternity Hospital Therezinha de Jesus, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences—SUPREMA, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sports Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lauro C. Vianna
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Djalma R. Ricardo
- Maternity Hospital Therezinha de Jesus, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences—SUPREMA, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sports Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Stanley J, Peake JM, Buchheit M. Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following exercise: implications for training prescription. Sports Med 2014; 43:1259-77. [PMID: 23912805 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of exercise training is to initiate desirable physiological adaptations that ultimately enhance physical work capacity. Optimal training prescription requires an individualized approach, with an appropriate balance of training stimulus and recovery and optimal periodization. Recovery from exercise involves integrated physiological responses. The cardiovascular system plays a fundamental role in facilitating many of these responses, including thermoregulation and delivery/removal of nutrients and waste products. As a marker of cardiovascular recovery, cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following a training session is highly individualized. It appears to parallel the acute/intermediate recovery of the thermoregulatory and vascular systems, as described by the supercompensation theory. The physiological mechanisms underlying cardiac parasympathetic reactivation are not completely understood. However, changes in cardiac autonomic activity may provide a proxy measure of the changes in autonomic input into organs and (by default) the blood flow requirements to restore homeostasis. Metaboreflex stimulation (e.g. muscle and blood acidosis) is likely a key determinant of parasympathetic reactivation in the short term (0-90 min post-exercise), whereas baroreflex stimulation (e.g. exercise-induced changes in plasma volume) probably mediates parasympathetic reactivation in the intermediate term (1-48 h post-exercise). Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation does not appear to coincide with the recovery of all physiological systems (e.g. energy stores or the neuromuscular system). However, this may reflect the limited data currently available on parasympathetic reactivation following strength/resistance-based exercise of variable intensity. In this review, we quantitatively analyse post-exercise cardiac parasympathetic reactivation in athletes and healthy individuals following aerobic exercise, with respect to exercise intensity and duration, and fitness/training status. Our results demonstrate that the time required for complete cardiac autonomic recovery after a single aerobic-based training session is up to 24 h following low-intensity exercise, 24-48 h following threshold-intensity exercise and at least 48 h following high-intensity exercise. Based on limited data, exercise duration is unlikely to be the greatest determinant of cardiac parasympathetic reactivation. Cardiac autonomic recovery occurs more rapidly in individuals with greater aerobic fitness. Our data lend support to the concept that in conjunction with daily training logs, data on cardiac parasympathetic activity are useful for individualizing training programmes. In the final sections of this review, we provide recommendations for structuring training microcycles with reference to cardiac parasympathetic recovery kinetics. Ultimately, coaches should structure training programmes tailored to the unique recovery kinetics of each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Stanley
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,
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Moreno IL, Vanderlei LCM, Pastre CM, Vanderlei FM, de Abreu LC, Ferreira C. Cardiorespiratory effects of water ingestion during and after exercise. Int Arch Med 2013; 6:35. [PMID: 24059759 PMCID: PMC3849535 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In prolonged exercise, the state of hypohydration due to sweating raises physiological stress and induces a drop in sports performance. However, the impact of water intake in cardiorespiratory parameters when administered during and after physical activity has not been well studied. This study aimed to analyze the effects of water intake in heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), partial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiratory rate during and after prolonged exercise. METHODS Thirty-one young males (21.55 ± 1.89 yr) performed three different protocols (48 h interval between each stage): I) maximal exercise test to determine the load for the protocols; II) Control protocol (CP) and; III) Experimental protocol (EP). The protocols consisted of 10 min at rest with the subject in the supine position, 90 min of treadmill exercise (60% of VO2 peak) and 60 min of rest placed in the dorsal decubitus position. No rehydration beverage consumption was allowed during CP. During EP, however, the subjects were given water (Vittalev, Spaipa, Brazil). The parameters HR, SBP, DBP, SpO2 and respiratory rate were measured at the end of the rest, in 30, 60 and 90 minutes of the activity, except the respiratory rate parameter, and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minute post- exercise. RESULTS The hydration protocol provided minimal changes in SBP and DBP and a smaller increase in HR and did not significantly affect SpO2 during exercise and better HR recovery, faster return of SBP and DBP and a better performance for SpO2 and respiratory rate post-exercise. CONCLUSION Hydration with water influenced the behavior of cardiorespiratory parameters in healthy young subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Lessa Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, UNIFESP - Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Marcelo Pastre
- Department of Physical Therapy, UNESP – State University Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Franciele Marques Vanderlei
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, UNIFESP - Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Abreu
- Laboratory of Scientific Writing, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso Ferreira
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, UNIFESP - Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Vanderlei FM, Moreno IL, Vanderlei LCM, Pastre CM, de Abreu LC, Ferreira C. Effects of different protocols of hydration on cardiorespiratory parameters during exercise and recovery. Int Arch Med 2013; 6:33. [PMID: 23968198 PMCID: PMC3765387 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-6-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hydration plays a key role in the physiological maintenance required by exercise. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the behavior of heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiratory rate (RR) of young people during and after prolonged physical exercise, with and without the intake of water or isotonic solution. METHOD 31 young individuals (21.63 ± 1.86 years) were subjected to a four-step protocol with a 48-hour interval between each step, namely: i) a test to determine the incremental load used in subsequent steps, ii) a control protocol without hydration (CP), iii) an experimental protocol with water intake (PE1), iv) an experimental protocol with ingestion of isotonic (PE2). The protocols consisted of 10 min rest, 90 min of exercise on a treadmill at 60% of VO2peak and 60 min of recovery. The parameters HR, SBP, DBP, RR and SPO2 were measured at rest, at 30, 60 and 90 min of exercise, with the exception of RR; and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min of recovery. The two-factor analysis of variance for repeated measures model was used for analysis (p<0.05). RESULTS There was a moment effect for all variables in exercise (p<0.001), however, no effect was observed between the protocols (SBP, p=0.998; DBP, p=0.897; SpO2, p=0.077, HR=0.281) and in the interaction moment and protocol (SBP, p=0.058; DBP, p=0.191 and SpO2, p=0.510, HR=0.496). In recovery there was also a moment effect for all variables analyzed (p<0.001). There was no effect among protocols for SBP (p=0.986), DBP (p=0.536) and RR (p=0.539), however in the SpO2 (p=0.001) and HR (p=0.033) variables, effects were observed between the protocols. Regarding the moment and protocol interaction, an effect was observed for HR (SBP, p=0.431; DBP, p=0.086; SpO2, p=0.445, RR, p=0.147, HR, p=0.022). CONCLUSION For the type of exercise performed, both the water and the isotonic solution influenced the behavior of cardiorespiratory parameters, and independent of the type of hydration given the behavior of the parameters studied was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Marques Vanderlei
- Doctoral student in Medicine (Cardiology), Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Moreno IL, Pastre CM, Ferreira C, de Abreu LC, Valenti VE, Vanderlei LCM. Effects of an isotonic beverage on autonomic regulation during and after exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013; 10:2. [PMID: 23286515 PMCID: PMC3565914 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND With prolonged physical activity, it is important to maintain adequate fluid balance. The impact of consuming isotonic drinks during and after exercise on the autonomic regulation of cardiac function is unclear. This study aimed to analyze the effects of consuming an isotonic drink on heart rate variability (HRV) during and after prolonged exercise. METHODS Thirty-one young males (21.55 ± 1.89 yr) performed three different protocols (48 h interval between each stage): I) maximal exercise test to determine the load for the protocols; II) Control protocol (CP) and; III). Experimental protocol (EP). The protocols consisted of 10 min at rest with the subject in the supine position, 90 min of treadmill exercise (60% of VO2 peak) and 60 min of rest placed in the dorsal decubitus position. No rehydration beverage consumption was allowed during CP. During EP, however, the subjects were given an isotonic solution (Gatorade, Brazil) containing carbohydrate (30 g), sodium (225 mg), chloride (210 mg) and potassium (60 mg) per 500 ml of the drink. For analysis of HRV data, time and frequency domain indices were investigated. HRV was recorded at rest (5-10 min), during exercise (25-30 min, 55-60 min and 85-90 min) and post-exercise (5-10 min, 15-20 min, 25-30 min, 40-45 min and 55-60 min). RESULTS Regardless of hydration, alterations in the SNS and PSNS were observed, revealing an increase in the former and a decrease in the latter. Hydrating with isotonic solution during recovery induced significant changes in cardiac autonomic modulation, promoting faster recovery of linear HRV indices. CONCLUSION Hydration with isotonic solution did not significantly influence HRV during exercise; however, after exercise it promoted faster recovery of linear indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Lessa Moreno
- UNIFESP - Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- UNESP – State University Paulista, Department of Physical Therapy. Presidente Prudente, Paulista, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Napoleão de Barros, 715 Térreo, 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Marcelo Pastre
- UNESP – State University Paulista, Department of Physical Therapy. Presidente Prudente, Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso Ferreira
- UNIFESP - Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Abreu
- Laboratory of Scientific Writing, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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de Oliveira TP, de Alvarenga Mattos R, da Silva RBF, Rezende RA, de Lima JRP. Absence of parasympathetic reactivation after maximal exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2012; 33:143-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Peçanha de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Raphael de Alvarenga Mattos
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Rhenan Bartels Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Rafael Andrade Rezende
- Exercise and Hemodynamic Laboratory; School of Physical Education and Sport; University of São Paulo; São Paulo; SP; Brazil
| | - Jorge Roberto Perrout de Lima
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Minas Gerais; Brazil
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Moreno IL, Pastre CM, Papoti M, Vanderlei LCM. Efeitos da reposição hidroeletrolítica sobre parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios em exercício e recuperação. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742012000100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: a necessidade de reposição ao máximo das perdas hídricas tornou-se estabelecida e difundida nos consensos internacionais. Entretanto, permanece pouco compreendida a influência da reposição quando administrada, igualmente, durante e após o exercício sobre parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios. OBJETIVO: analisar os efeitos da reposição hidroeletrolítica na frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), saturação parcial de oxigênio (SpO2) e frequência respiratória (f) de jovens durante e após um exercício de longa duração. MÉTODOS: 31 jovens (21,55 ± 1,89 anos) realizaram três visitas ao laboratório (intervalo de 48 horas entre elas), sendo na primeira aplicado um teste incremental, para determinação da carga utilizada nas visitas seguintes, e nas duas últimas, denominadas protocolo controle (PC) e protocolo experimental (PE), os sujeitos foram submetidos a 10 min de repouso supino, 90 min de exercício em esteira ergométrica (60% do VO2pico) e 60 min de repouso supino. No PC não houve hidratação e no PE houve ingestão de solução isotônica. Os parâmetros FC, PAS, PAD, SpO2 e f foram mensurados no final do repouso; nos minutos 30, 60 e 90 do exercício, com exceção da f; e nos minutos 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 pós-exercício. Foi aplicado o teste t de Student ou teste de Mann-Whitney e ANOVA para medidas repetidas ou teste de Friedman seguidos de testes post hoc, com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: a solução hidroeletrolítica proporcionou manutenção da PAS e da PAD, e menor incremento da FC durante o exercício; e promoveu retorno mais rápido da FC e conservou PAD, SpO2, PAS (a partir do 5º min) e f (a partir do 30º min) no período de recuperação. CONCLUSÃO: o protocolo de hidratação influenciou parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios de jovens durante e após a realização de atividade física submáxima de intensidade constante e longa duração.
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Stanley J, Buchheit M, Peake JM. The effect of post-exercise hydrotherapy on subsequent exercise performance and heart rate variability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:951-61. [PMID: 21710292 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of hydrotherapy on time-trial performance and cardiac parasympathetic reactivation during recovery from intense training. On three occasions, 18 well-trained cyclists completed 60 min high-intensity cycling, followed 20 min later by one of three 10-min recovery interventions: passive rest (PAS), cold water immersion (CWI), or contrast water immersion (CWT). The cyclists then rested quietly for 160 min with R-R intervals and perceptions of recovery recorded every 30 min. Cardiac parasympathetic activity was evaluated using the natural logarithm of the square root of mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals (ln rMSSD). Finally, the cyclists completed a work-based cycling time trial. Effects were examined using magnitude-based inferences. Differences in time-trial performance between the three trials were trivial. Compared with PAS, general fatigue was very likely lower for CWI (difference [90% confidence limits; -12% (-18; -5)]) and CWT [-11% (-19; -2)]. Leg soreness was almost certainly lower following CWI [-22% (-30; -14)] and CWT [-27% (-37; -15)]. The change in mean ln rMSSD following the recovery interventions (ln rMSSD(Post-interv)) was almost certainly higher following CWI [16.0% (10.4; 23.2)] and very likely higher following CWT [12.5% (5.5; 20.0)] compared with PAS, and possibly higher following CWI [3.7% (-0.9; 8.4)] compared with CWT. The correlations between performance, ln rMSSD(Post-interv) and perceptions of recovery were unclear. A moderate correlation was observed between ln rMSSD(Post-interv) and leg soreness [r = -0.50 (-0.66; -0.29)]. Although the effects of CWI and CWT on performance were trivial, the beneficial effects on perceptions of recovery support the use of these recovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Stanley
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia.
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Effect of muscle mass on muscle mechanoreflex-mediated heart rate increase at the onset of dynamic exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:429-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Millar PJ, MacDonald MJ, Bray SR, McCartney N. Isometric handgrip exercise improves acute neurocardiac regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:509-15. [PMID: 19680681 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isometric handgrip (IHG) training (>6 weeks) has been shown to reduce resting arterial blood pressure (ABP) and improve cardiac autonomic modulation. However, the effects of a single bout of IHG on acute neurocardiac regulation remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of IHG exercise on nonlinear heart rate dynamics and cardiac vagal activity. Nonlinear dynamics were assessed by sample entropy, detrended fluctuation analysis (alpha(1)), and correlation dimension techniques. The 4-second exercise test was used to calculate the cardiac vagal index (CVI), an indirect measure of cardiac vagal activity. In a randomized crossover design, 18 older (70 +/- 5 years of age) subjects completed IHG exercise (four 2-min isometric contractions at 30% MVC) and a time-matched control condition. Following a single bout of bilateral IHG, there was a small reduction in systolic blood pressure (125 +/- 2 to 122 +/- 1 mmHg, P < 0.01), in addition to, a significant decrease in alpha(1) (1.42 +/- 0.12 to 1.22 +/- 0.10, P < 0.05), an increase in sample entropy (1.28 +/- 0.03 to 1.40 +/- 0.05, P < 0.001), and an increase in the CVI (1.24 +/- 0.03 to 1.29 +/- 0.03, P < 0.01). These results suggest improvements in acute cardiac autonomic modulation following a single bout of IHG. This may be mechanistically linked to the observed reductions in ABP seen in previous IHG training studies. Alternatively, these acute effects may have clinical applications and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Millar
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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