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Ganjayi MS, Frank SW, Krauss TA, York ML, Bloch RJ, Baumann CW. Skeletal muscle adaptations following eccentric contractions are not mediated by keratin 18. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 137:903-909. [PMID: 39169838 PMCID: PMC11486471 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00496.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that drive muscle adaptations after eccentric exercise training are multifaceted and likely impacted by age. Previous studies have reported that many genes and proteins respond differently in young and older muscles following training. Keratin 18 (Krt18), a cytoskeletal protein involved in force transduction and organization, was found to be upregulated after muscles performed repeated bouts of eccentric contractions, with higher levels observed in young muscle compared with older muscle. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if Krt18 mediates skeletal muscle adaptations following eccentric exercise training. The anterior crural muscles of Krt18 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to either a single bout or repeated bouts of eccentric contractions, with isometric torque assessed across the initial and final bouts. Functionally, Krt18 KO and WT mice did not differ prior to performing any eccentric contractions (P ≥ 0.100). Muscle strength (tetanic isometric torques) and the ability to adapt to eccentric exercise training were also consistent across strains at all time points (P ≥ 0.169). Stated differently, immediate strength deficits and the recovery of strength following a single bout or multiple bouts of eccentric contractions were similar between Krt18 KO and WT mice. In summary, the absence of Krt18 does not impede the muscle's ability to adapt to repeated eccentric contractions, suggesting it is not essential for exercise-induced remodeling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The molecular processes that underlie the changes in skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise training are complex and involve multiple factors. Our findings indicate that Krt18 may not play a significant role in muscle adaptations following eccentric exercise training, likely due to its low expression in skeletal muscle. These results underscore the complexity of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to muscle plasticity and highlight the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muni Swamy Ganjayi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
| | - Samuel W Frank
- Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Thomas A Krauss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael L York
- School of Applied Health Science and Wellness, Division of Exercise Physiology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
| | - Robert J Bloch
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Cory W Baumann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
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Jo HD, Kim MK. Identification of EIMD Level Differences Between Long- and Short Head of Biceps Brachii Using Echo Intensity and GLCM Texture Features. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:441-449. [PMID: 37698509 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2250832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the time-course changes of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) levels in the long head of biceps brachii (LHB) and short head of the biceps brachii (SHB) using echo intensity (EI) and to determine the efficiency of the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture parameters. Methods: The participants performed 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexor. Along with muscle damage indicators, including circumference, range of motion, muscle soreness, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), the EI and GLCM texture features of the LHB and SHB was also assessed using B-mode ultrasonography. All measurements were assessed pre- and immediately post-exercise and after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Results: The muscle damage indicators indicated significant changes after the eccentric contractions (p < 0.01 for circumference, range of motion, muscle soreness, and MVIC). The EI of LHB significantly increased following the contractions (p < 0.01), but that of SHB did not (p > 0.05). In contrast, for the GLCM texture parameters, there were significant changes in the SHB (p < 0.01 for homogeneity, energy, and entropy). Conclusion: Thus, this study demonstrated that EIMD severity is different between LHB and SHB even within the same muscle. In the GLCM features, the time course of SHB after eccentric contraction revealed different patterns compared with those of LHB. Therefore, even if there are no changes in EI within a target muscle following muscle contractions, new information on muscle quality can be obtained through GLCM analysis.
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Pignanelli C, Robertson AA, Hirsch SM, Power GA, Burr JF. The addition of blood flow restriction during resistance exercise does not increase prolonged low-frequency force depression. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:738-753. [PMID: 38562023 PMCID: PMC11061635 DOI: 10.1113/ep091753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
At a given exercise intensity, blood flow restriction (BFR) reduces the volume of exercise required to impair post-exercise neuromuscular function. Compared to traditional exercise, the time course of recovery is less clear. After strenuous exercise, force output assessed with electrical muscle stimulation is impaired to a greater extent at low versus high stimulation frequencies, a condition known as prolonged low-frequency force depression (PLFFD). It is unclear if BFR increases PLFFD after exercise. This study tested if BFR during exercise increases PLFFD and slows recovery of neuromuscular function compared to regular exercise. Fifteen physically active participants performed six low-load sets of knee-extensions across four conditions: resistance exercise to task failure (RETF), resistance exercise to task failure with BFR applied continuously (BFRCONT) or intermittently (BFRINT), and resistance exercise matched to the lowest exercise volume condition (REVM). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force output, voluntary activation and a force-frequency (1-100 Hz) curve were measured before and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 h after exercise. Exercise to task failure caused similar reductions at 0 h for voluntary activation (RETF = 81.0 ± 14.2%, BFRINT = 80.9 ± 12.4% and BFRCONT = 78.6 ± 10.7%) and MVC force output (RETF = 482 ± 168 N, BFRINT = 432 ± 174 N, and BFRCONT = 443 ± 196 N), which recovered to baseline values between 4 and 24 h. PLFFD occurred only after RETF at 1 h supported by a higher frequency to evoke 50% of the force production at 100 Hz (1 h: 17.5 ± 4.4 vs. baseline: 15 ± 4.1 Hz, P = 0.0023), BFRINT (15.5 ± 4.0 Hz; P = 0.03), and REVM (14.9 ± 3.1 Hz; P = 0.002), with a trend versus BFRCONT (15.7 ± 3.5 Hz; P = 0.063). These findings indicate that, in physically active individuals, using BFR during exercise does not impair the recovery of neuromuscular function by 24 h post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pignanelli
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Alexa A. Robertson
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Steven M. Hirsch
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical EducationUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Geoffrey A. Power
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Jamie F. Burr
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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Gáspari AF, Zaminiani MG, Vilarinho MDC, Caruso D, Guimarães PDS, Piunti RP, Itaborahy A, de Moraes AC. Recovery markers in elite climbers after the national boulder climbing championship. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1251047. [PMID: 38406765 PMCID: PMC10885134 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1251047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate recovery markers among elite climbers following the National Boulder Championship. We assessed maximum isometric hand grip strength (HS), forearm swelling (circumference), delayed soreness in forearm muscles, tiredness, and exercise readiness at several time points: pre-competition, immediately post-competition (within 4 min after their last effort), and 12, 24, 48, and 60 h post-competition. Maximum isometric hand grip strength decreased by 6.38 ± 1.32% (p = 0.006) post-12 h, returning to pre-competition values post-24 h (all p > 0.05). Forearm circumference (FC) increased 1.78 ± 1.77% (p < 0.001) post-competition, returning to pre-competition values post-12 h (all p > 0.05). Forearm pain (FP) increased post-competition (p = 0.002) and post-12 h (p < 0.001), returning to pre-competition values post-24 h (all p > 0.05). Tiredness increased post-competition (p < 0.001), post-12 h (p < 0.001), and post-24 h (p < 0.001), returning to pre-competition values post-48 h (all p > 0.05). Climbing readiness was reduced post-competition (p < 0.001), post-12 h (p < 0.001), post-24 h (p < 0.001), and post-48 h (p = 0.005), only returning to pre-competition values post-60 h (p = 0.189). Visual analysis of individual data pointed out a relatively small variability in the HS and FC markers, while FP, tiredness, and readiness exhibited larger individual variations. These findings indicate that different recovery patterns exist for the analyzed markers, suggesting that athletes may require up to 60 h after a competition to fully recover and regain their ability to face new competitive challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Fernandes Gáspari
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Sport Climbing Association, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Danilo Caruso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Sport Climbing Association, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alex Itaborahy
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pexa BS, Johnston CJ, Taylor JB, Ford KR. Training Load and Current Soreness Predict Future Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in Collegiate Female Soccer Athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:1271-1282. [PMID: 38050552 PMCID: PMC10693489 DOI: 10.26603/001c.89890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Delayed onset muscles soreness (DOMS) is an indication of muscle stress and trauma that develops from excessive musculoskeletal loads. Musculoskeletal loads can be measured with wearable devices, but there is limited research on specific training load metrics that most correlate with DOMS after activity. Purpose To determine the predictive capabilities of training load variables on the development of lower extremity DOMS in female collegiate soccer athletes throughout an entire season. Study Design Prospective Cohort. Methods Twenty-seven collegiate female soccer athletes reported their lower extremity DOMS each day prior to all soccer activity. Participants wore Polar heart rate and global positioning monitors to capture training load measures. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between the training load variables and change in DOMS when collapsed across dates. Separate linear mixed models were performed with the following day's DOMS as the outcome variable, training load and the current day's DOMS as predictor variables, and participants serving as random intercepts. Results All training load variables significantly predicted change in DOMS, with number of decelerations (ρ=0.72, p <0.001), minutes spent at greater than 80% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) (ρ=0.71 , p <0.001), and distance (ρ=0.70 , p <0.001) best correlating with change in DOMS. Linear mixed models revealed a significant interaction of all training load and current day's DOMS on the following day's DOMS (p<0.001), but number of decelerations, HRmax, and total number of accelerations demonstrated the highest coefficient of determination (R2 marginal=33.2% - 29.2% , R2 conditional= 46.9% - 44.8%). Conclusions Training load variables paired with the current day's DOMS significantly predict lower extremity DOMS in the future, with number of decelerations, accelerations, and HRmax best predicting future DOMS. Although this demonstrates that training load variables predict lower extremity DOMS, future research should incorporate objective measures of strength or jump kinetics to identify if similar relationships exist. Level of Evidence Level 3.
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Baumann CW, Deane CS, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ, Willis CRG, Lowe DA. Adaptability to eccentric exercise training is diminished with age in female mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1135-1145. [PMID: 37823203 PMCID: PMC10979833 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00428.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of skeletal muscle to adapt to eccentric contractions has been suggested to be blunted in older muscle. If eccentric exercise is to be a safe and efficient training mode for older adults, preclinical studies need to establish if older muscle can effectively adapt and if not, determine the molecular signatures that are causing this impairment. The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent age impacts functional adaptations of muscle and identify genetic signatures associated with adaptation (or lack thereof). The anterior crural muscles of young (4 mo) and older (28 mo) female mice performed repeated bouts of eccentric contractions in vivo (50 contractions/wk for 5 wk) and isometric torque was measured across the initial and final bouts. Transcriptomics was completed by RNA-sequencing 1 wk following the fifth bout to identify common and differentially regulated genes. When torques post eccentric contractions were compared after the first and fifth bouts, young muscle exhibited a robust ability to adapt, increasing isometric torque 20%-36%, whereas isometric torque of older muscle decreased up to 18% (P ≤ 0.047). Using differential gene expression, young and older muscles shared some common transcriptional changes in response to eccentric exercise training, whereas other transcripts appeared to be age dependent. That is, the ability to express particular genes after repeated bouts of eccentric contractions was not the same between ages. These molecular signatures may reveal, in part, why older muscles do not appear to be as adaptive to exercise training as young muscles.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ability to adapt to exercise training may help prevent and combat sarcopenia. Here, we demonstrate young mouse muscles get stronger whereas older mouse muscles become weaker after repeated bouts of eccentric contractions, and that numerous genes were differentially expressed between age groups following training. These results highlight that molecular and functional plasticity is not fixed in skeletal muscle with advancing age, and the ability to handle or cope with physical stress may be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory W Baumann
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
| | - Colleen S Deane
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Development & Health, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
| | - Craig R G Willis
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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Api G, Legnani RFDS, Foschiera DB, Clemente FM, Legnani E. Influence of Cluster Sets on Mechanical and Perceptual Variables in Adolescent Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2810. [PMID: 36833507 PMCID: PMC9956823 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cluster sets (CS) are effective in maintaining performance and reducing perceived effort compared to traditional sets (TRD). However, little is known about these effects on adolescent athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of CS on the performance of mechanical and perceptual variables in young athletes. Eleven subjects [4 boys (age = 15.5 ± 0.8 years; body mass = 54.3 ± 7.0 kg; body height = 1.67 ± 0.04 m; Back Squat 1RM/body mass: 1.62 ± 0.19 kg; years from peak height velocity [PHV]: 0.94 ± 0.50) and 7 girls (age = 17.2 ± 1.4 years; body mass = 54.7 ± 6.3 kg; body height = 1.63 ± 0.08 m; Back Squat 1RM/body mass: 1.22 ± 0.16 kg; years from PHV: 3.33 ± 1.00)] participated in a randomized crossover design with one traditional (TRD: 3 × 8, no intra-set and 225 s interest rest) and two clusters (CS1: 3 × 2 × 4, one 30 s intra-set and 180 s inter-set rest; and CS2: 3 × 4 × 2, three 30 s intra-set and 90 s inter-set rest) protocols. The subjects were assessed for a Back Squat 1RM for the first meet, then performed the three protocols on three different days, with at least 48 h between them. During experimental sessions, a back squat exercise was performed, and mean propulsive velocity (MPV), power (MPP), and force (MPF) were collected to analyze performance between protocols, together with measures of countermovement jump (CMJ) and perceptual responses through Rating of Perceived Exertion for each set (RPE-Set) and the overall session (S-RPE), and Muscle Soreness (DOMS). The results showed that velocity and power decline (MVD and MPD) were favorable for CS2 (MVD: -5.61 ± 14.84%; MPD: -5.63 ± 14.91%) against TRD (MVD: -21.10 ± 11.88%; MPD: -20.98 ± 11.85%) (p < 0.01) and CS1 (MVD: -21.44 ± 12.13%; MPD: -21.50 ± 12.20%) (p < 0.05). For RPE-Set, the scores were smaller for CS2 (RPE8: 3.23 ± 0.61; RPE16: 4.32 ± 1.42; RPE24: 4.46 ± 1.51) compared to TRD (RPE8: 4.73 ± 1.33; RPE16: 5.46 ± 1.62; RPE24: 6.23 ± 1.97) (p = 0.008), as well as for Session RPE (CS2: 4.32 ± 1.59; TRD: 5.68 ± 1.75) (p = 0.015). There were no changes for jump height (CMJ: p = 0.985), and the difference between time points in CMJ (ΔCMJ: p = 0.213) and muscle soreness (DOMS: p = 0.437) were identified. Our findings suggest that using CS with a greater number of intra-set rests is more efficient even with the total rest interval equalized, presenting lower decreases in mechanical performance and lower perceptual effort responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Api
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology, Curitiba 81310-900, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elto Legnani
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology, Curitiba 81310-900, Paraná, Brazil
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Hody S, Warren BE, Votion DM, Rogister B, Lemieux H. Eccentric Exercise Causes Specific Adjustment in Pyruvate Oxidation by Mitochondria. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1300-1308. [PMID: 35320143 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of eccentric exercise on mitochondrial function has only been poorly investigated and remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration, specifically triggered by a single bout of eccentric treadmill exercise. METHODS Male adult mice were randomly divided into eccentric (ECC; downhill running), concentric (CON; uphill running), and unexercised control groups ( n = 5/group). Running groups performed 18 bouts of 5 min at 20 cm·s -1 on an inclined treadmill (±15° to 20°). Mice were sacrificed 48 h after exercise for blood and quadriceps muscles collection. Deep proximal (red) and superficial distal (white) muscle portions were used for high-resolution respirometric measurements. RESULTS Plasma creatine kinase activity was significantly higher in the ECC compared with CON group, reflecting exercise-induced muscle damage ( P < 0.01). The ECC exercise induced a significant decrease in oxidative phosphorylation capacity in both quadriceps femoris parts ( P = 0.032 in proximal portion, P = 0.010 in distal portion) in comparison with the CON group. This observation was only made for the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) pathway using pyruvate + malate as substrates. When expressed as a flux control ratio, indicating a change related to mitochondrial quality rather than quantity, this change seemed more prominent in distal compared with proximal portion of quadriceps muscle. No significant difference between groups was found for the NADH pathway with glutamate or glutamate + malate as substrates, for the succinate pathway or for fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that ECC exercise specifically affects pyruvate mitochondrial transport and/or oxidation 48 h after exercise, and this alteration mainly concerns the distal white muscle portion. This study provides new perspectives to improve our understanding of the mitochondrial adaptation associated with ECC exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Hody
- Department of Motricity Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, BELGIUM
| | - Blair E Warren
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège, BELGIUM
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Abstract
PURPOSE The ability of skeletal muscle to adapt to eccentric (ECC) contraction-induced injury is known as the repeated bout effect (RBE). Despite the RBE being a well-established phenomenon observed in skeletal muscle, cellular and molecular events particularly those at the membranes that contribute to the adaptive potential of muscle have yet to be established. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how membrane-associated proteins respond to the RBE. METHODS Anterior crural muscles of C57BL/6 female mice (3-5 months) were subjected to repeated bouts of in vivo ECCs, with isometric torque being measured immediately before and after injury. A total of six bouts were completed with 7 d between each bout. Protein content of dystrophin, β-sarcoglycan, and junctophilin were then assessed via immunoblotting in injured and uninjured muscles. RESULTS When expressed relative to preinjury isometric torque of bout 1, deficits in postinjury isometric torque during bout 2 (38%) did not differ from bout 1 (36%; P = 0.646) and were attenuated during bouts 3 through 6 (range, 24%-15%; P ≤ 0.014). Contents of dystrophin, β-sarcoglycan, and junctophilin did not change immediately after a single bout of 50 maximal ECCs (P ≥ 0.155); however, as a result of repeated bouts, contents of dystrophin, β-sarcoglycan, and junctophilin all increased compared with muscles that completed one or no bouts of ECC contractions (P ≤ 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The RBE represents a physiological measure of skeletal muscle plasticity. Here, we demonstrate that repeated bouts of ECC contractions increase contents of dystrophin, β-sarcoglycan, and junctophilin and attenuate postinjury torque deficits. Given our results, accumulation of membrane-associated proteins likely contributes to strength adaptations observed after repeated bouts of ECC contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R. Sidky
- Division of Rehabilitation Science & Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Dawn A. Lowe
- Division of Rehabilitation Science & Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cory W. Baumann
- Division of Rehabilitation Science & Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
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Effect of Daily Oral Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on Exercise Capacity Recovery after a Half-Marathon. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114023. [PMID: 34836278 PMCID: PMC8619570 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A half-marathon (HM) is a vigorous high-intensity exercise, which could induce lower extremity musculoskeletal injury risks for recreational runners. They usually consume nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in order to shorten their return to play but ignore the side effects, such as peptic ulcers and renal and vascular disorders. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 (PS128) could improve inflammation and oxidative stress by modulating the gut microbiota, thus potentially improving muscle damage and recovery. However, few studies have addressed the PS128 exercise capacity recovery 96 h after HM. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of PS128 on exercise capacity and physiological adaptation after HM. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover trial was used for the experiment. HM was conducted at the beginning and end of the 4-week nutritional supplement administration. Eight recreational runners took two capsules (3 × 1010 CFU/capsule) of PS128 each morning and evening before meals for 4 weeks as the PS128 treatment (LT), or they took two capsules of placebo for 4 weeks as the placebo treatment (PT). In both treatments, an exercise capacity test (lower extremity muscle strength, anaerobic power, lower extremity explosive force, and aerobic capacity) and blood test (muscle fatigue, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and renal injury) were performed before the administration of the nutritional supplement (baseline), 48 h before HM (pre), and 0 h (0 h post), 3 h (3 h post), 24 h (24 h post), 48 h (48 h post), 72 h (72 h post), and 96 h (96 h post) after HM. There was no significant difference in the total duration of HM between PT and LT, but PT was found to be significantly higher than LT at Stage 4 (15,751–21,000 m) of HM (3394 ± 727 s vs. 2778 ± 551 s, p = 0.02). The lower extremity muscle strength measured using an isokinetic dynamometer in PT was significantly lower than that in LT at 72 h after HM. The lower extremity explosive force from the countermovement jump (CMJ) in PT was significantly decreased compared to 24 h prior. There was no significant difference between anaerobic power and aerobic capacity between the two treatments after HM. After HM, LT had lower muscle damage indices, such as myoglobin (3 h post-PT vs. -LT: 190.6 ± 118 ng/mL vs. 91.7 ± 68.6 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) and creatine phosphokinase (24 h post-PT vs. -LT: 875.8 ± 572.3 IU/L vs. 401 ± 295.7 IU/L, p < 0.0001). Blood urea nitrogen recovered in 24 h (24 h pre- vs. post-LT, p > 0.05) and higher superoxide dismutase was found in LT (96 h post-PT vs. -LT: 0.267 ± 0.088 U/mL vs. 0.462 ± 0.122 U/mL, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, PS128 supplementation was associated with an improvement in muscle damage, renal damage, and oxidative stress caused by HM through microbiota modulation and related metabolites but not in exercise capacity.
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Bjørnsen T, Wernbom M, Paulsen G, Berntsen S, Brankovic R, Stålesen H, Sundnes J, Raastad T. Frequent blood flow restricted training not to failure and to failure induces similar gains in myonuclei and muscle mass. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1420-1439. [PMID: 33735465 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of short-term high-frequency failure vs non-failure blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) on changes in satellite cells (SCs), myonuclei, muscle size, and strength. Seventeen untrained men performed four sets of BFRRE to failure (Failure) with one leg and not to failure (Non-failure; 30-15-15-15 repetitions) with the other leg using knee-extensions at 20% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Fourteen sessions were distributed over two 5-day blocks, separated by a 10-day rest period. Muscle samples obtained before, at mid-training, and 10-day post-intervention (Post10) were analyzed for muscle fiber area (MFA), myonuclei, and SC. Muscle size and echo intensity of m.rectus femoris (RF) and m.vastus lateralis (VL) were measured by ultrasonography, and knee extension strength with 1RM and maximal isometric contraction (MVC) up until Post24. Both protocols increased myonuclear numbers in type-1 (12%-17%) and type-2 fibers (20%-23%), and SC in type-1 (92%-134%) and type-2 fibers (23%-48%) at Post10 (p < 0.05). RF and VL size increased by 5%-10% in both legs at Post10 to Post24, whereas the MFA of type-1 fibers in Failure was decreased at Post10 (-10 ± 16%; p = 0.02). Echo intensity increased by ~20% in both legs during Block1 (p < 0.001) and was ~8 to 11% below baseline at Post24 (p = 0.001-0.002). MVC and 1RM decreased by 5%-10% after Block1, but increased in both legs by 6%-11% at Post24 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both short-term high-frequency failure and non-failure BFRRE induced increases in SCs, in myonuclei content, muscle size, and strength, concomitant with decreased echo intensity. Intriguingly, the responses were delayed and peaked 10-24 days after the training intervention. Our findings may shed light on the mechanisms involved in resistance exercise-induced overreaching and supercompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Robert Brankovic
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Håkon Stålesen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Joakim Sundnes
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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12
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de Azevedo Franke R, Rodrigues R, Geremia JM, Teixeira BC, Boeno F, Rabello R, Baroni BM, Lima CS. Moderate intensity cycling is better than running on recovery of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 50:65-73. [PMID: 33932873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of moderate intensity running and cycling on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage in men. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirty volunteers were randomized in three groups [running (RG; n = 10), cycling (CG; n = 10) and control (CON; n = 10)] and were evaluated at baseline, post 24, 48 and 72 h of knee extensors' muscle damage protocol. CON performed passive recovery, while RG and CG performed active recovery immediately after the protocol, as well as 24 h and 48 h afterwards. MAIN OUTCOMES (i) maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC); (ii) delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS); (iii) plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. RESULTS No group-by-time interaction was found in any outcome evaluated (p > 0.05). All groups presented decreases in MVIC and increases in DOMS (p < 0.001), without differences in CK and LDH. Compared with CON, exercise groups presented likely beneficial effects for LDH, while only CG had a likely beneficial effect for DOMS. Lastly, CG presented likely/very likely beneficial effects for MVIC and DOMS compared to RG. CONCLUSION Although the null hypothesis analysis did not find differences, the magnitude-based inference analysis suggested that moderate intensity cycling have likely beneficial effects on knee extensor muscle recovery after eccentric exercise protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Boeno
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rabello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, MI, Italy
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13
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Maeo S, Huang M, Wu Y, Sakurai H, Kusagawa Y, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Greater Hamstrings Muscle Hypertrophy but Similar Damage Protection after Training at Long versus Short Muscle Lengths. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:825-837. [PMID: 33009197 PMCID: PMC7969179 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of seated versus prone leg curl training on hamstrings muscle hypertrophy and susceptibility to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. METHODS Part 1: Twenty healthy adults conducted seated leg curl training with one leg (Seated-Leg) and prone with the other (Prone-Leg), at 70% one-repetition maximum (1RM), 10 repetitions per set, 5 sets per session, 2 sessions per week for 12 wk. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-measured muscle volume of the individual and whole hamstrings was assessed pre- and posttraining. Part 2: Nineteen participants from part 1 and another 12 untrained controls (Control-Leg) performed eccentric phase-only leg curl exercise at 90% 1RM, 10 repetitions per set, 3 sets for each of the seated/prone conditions with each leg. MRI-measured transverse relaxation time (T2) and 1RM of seated/prone leg curl were assessed before, 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise. RESULTS Part 1: Training-induced increases in muscle volume were greater in Seated-Leg versus Prone-Leg for the whole hamstrings (+14% vs +9%) and each biarticular (+8%-24% vs +4%-19%), but not monoarticular (+10% vs +9%), hamstring muscle. Part 2: After eccentric exercise, Control-Leg had greater increases in T2 in each hamstring muscle (e.g., semitendinosus at 72 h: +52%) than Seated-Leg (+4%) and Prone-Leg (+6%). Decreases in 1RM were also greater in Control-Leg (e.g., seated/prone 1RM at 24 h: -12%/-24%) than Seated-Leg (0%/-3%) and Prone-Leg (+2%/-5%). None of the changes significantly differed between Seated-Leg and Prone-Leg at any time points. CONCLUSION Hamstrings muscle size can be more effectively increased by seated than prone leg curl training, suggesting that training at long muscle lengths promotes muscle hypertrophy, but both are similarly effective in reducing susceptibility to muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiaki Maeo
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Meng Huang
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Yuhang Wu
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Hikaru Sakurai
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Tadao Isaka
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
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14
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Lindsay A, Abbott G, Ingalls CP, Baumann CW. Muscle Strength Does Not Adapt From a Second to Third Bout of Eccentric Contractions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Repeated Bout Effect. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:576-584. [PMID: 33337696 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lindsay, A, Abbott, G, Ingalls, CP, and Baumann, CW. Muscle strength does not adapt from a second to third bout of eccentric contractions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the repeated bout effect. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 576-584, 2021-The greatest muscle strength adaptations to repeated bouts of eccentric contractions (ECC) occur after the initial injury, with little to no change in subsequent bouts. However, because of the disparity in injury models, it is unknown whether three or more bouts provide further adaptation. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature to evaluate whether a third bout of skeletal muscle ECC impacts immediate strength loss and rate of strength recovery compared with a second bout. A search of the literature in Web of Science, SCOPUS, Medline, and the American College of Sports Medicine database was conducted between May and September 2019 using the keywords eccentric contraction or lengthening contraction and muscle and repeated or multiple, and bout. Eleven studies with 12 experimental groups, using 72 human subjects, 48 mice, and 11 rabbits, met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis using a random effects model and effect sizes (ESs; Hedges' g) calculated from the standardized mean differences was completed. Calculated ESs for immediate strength loss provided no evidence that a third bout of ECC results in greater loss of strength compared with a second bout (ES = -0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.41 to 0.17). Furthermore, the rate of strength recovery was not different between a second and third bout (ES = -0.15, 95% CI = -1.01 to 0.70). These results indicate a third bout of skeletal muscle ECC does not improve indices of strength loss or rate of strength recovery compared with a second bout. Therefore, coaches and athletes should expect some level of persistent weakness after each of their initial training sessions involving ECC, and the faster recovery of strength deficits in the second bout documented by previous research is not different from a third bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christopher P Ingalls
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Cory W Baumann
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
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15
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Hill EC, Housh TJ, Smith CM, Keller JL, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. High- vs. Low-Intensity Fatiguing Eccentric Exercise on Muscle Thickness, Strength, and Blood Flow. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:33-40. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Ueda H, Tsuchiya Y, Ochi E. Fast-Velocity Eccentric Cycling Exercise Causes Greater Muscle Damage Than Slow Eccentric Cycling. Front Physiol 2020; 11:596640. [PMID: 33381052 PMCID: PMC7767822 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.596640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate muscle damage occurring in the early and recovery phases after fast-velocity and slow-velocity eccentric cycling. Eleven untrained men (age, 20.0 ± 1.7 years; height, 171.3 ± 6.8 cm; weight, 61.8 ± 7.7 kg; and %body fat, 13.2 ± 2.9%) performed slow-velocity maximal isokinetic eccentric cycling (slow-velocity; 30°/s) with one leg and fast-velocity (fast-velocity; 210°/s) isokinetic eccentric cycling with the other leg. Changes in maximal voluntary isokinetic concentric contraction (MVCC) torque at velocities of 30 and 210°/s, range of motion (ROM), and muscle soreness were assessed by pressure using a digital muscle stiffness instrument; thigh circumference, muscle echo intensity, and muscle stiffness were assessed before exercise, and immediately after exercise, 1 day, and 4 days after exercise. Comparing with the results obtained for slow-velocity cycling (post: 215.9 ± 32.3 Nm, day 1: 192.9 ± 47.4 Nm, day 4: 184.3 ± 47.2 Nm) and before exercise, MVCC after fast-velocity cycling significantly decreased at immediately (160.4 ± 43.5 Nm), 1 day (143.6 ± 54.1 Nm), and 4 days (150.1 ± 44.5 Nm) after exercise (p < 0.05). Significant increase in muscle soreness for vastus lateralis was observed after fast-velocity cycling (41.2 ± 16.9 mm) compared with slow-velocity cycling (23.7 ± 12.2 mm) 4 days after exercise (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in muscle soreness was observed for rectus femoris and vastus medialis at any time points after exercise. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the ROM, thigh circumference, muscle echo intensity, and muscle stiffness. In conclusion, fast-velocity eccentric cycling causes a decrease in muscle strength and an increase in soreness as compared to slow-velocity eccentric cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ueda
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Meiji Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Margaritelis NV, Theodorou AA, Chatzinikolaou PN, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V. Eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers: early and late phase adaptations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:549-559. [PMID: 33156414 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute high-intensity unaccustomed eccentric exercise performed by naive subjects is accompanied by disturbances in muscle damage biomarkers. The aim of the study was to investigate whether a causal relationship indeed exists between eccentric exercise and muscle damage. METHODS Twenty-four men randomly assigned into a concentric only or an eccentric-only training group and performed 10 weeks of isokinetic resistance exercise (one session/week of 75 maximal knee extensors actions). Physiological markers of muscle function and damage (i.e., range of motion, delayed onset muscle soreness, isometric, concentric and eccentric peak torque) were assessed prior to and 1-3 and 5 days post each session. Biochemical markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase) and inflammation (C-reactive protein) were measured prior and 2 days post each session. RESULTS After the first bout, eccentric exercise induced greater muscle damage compared to concentric exercise; however, during the nine following sessions, this effect progressively diminished, while after the 10th week of training, no alterations in muscle damage biomarkers were observed after either exercise protocol. Additionally, strength gains at the end of the training period were comparable between the two groups and were mode-specific. CONCLUSION (1) eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers; (2) muscle damage occurs as a result of muscle unaccustomedness to this action type; (3) exercise-induced muscle damage is not a prerequisite for increased muscle strength. Collectively, we believe that muscle unaccustomedness to high-intensity eccentric exercise, and not eccentric exercise per se, is the trigger for muscle damage as indicated by muscle damage biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- Dialysis Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Anastasios A Theodorou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Αntistasis 41, 17237, Athens, Greece.
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18
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Yitzchaki N, Zhu WG, Kuehne TE, Vasenina E, Dankel SJ, Buckner SL. An examination of changes in skeletal muscle thickness, echo intensity, strength and soreness following resistance exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2020; 40:238-244. [PMID: 32187417 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is suggested that changes in echo intensity (EI) measured through ultrasound can detect muscle swelling. However, changes in EI have never been examined relative to a non-exercise control following naïve exposure to exercise. PURPOSE Examine the changes in muscle thickness (MT), EI and isometric strength (ISO) before, immediately after, and 24, and 48 hr following biceps curls. METHODS Twenty-seven non-resistance-trained individuals visited the laboratory four times. During visit 1, paperwork was completed and strength was measured. During visit 2, MT and ISO were measured before four sets of curls. Additional measures were taken immediately after exercise, as well as 24 and 48 hr post. Results are displayed as means (SD). RESULTS For MT, there was an interaction (p < .001). For the experimental condition, MT increased from pre [2.88(0.64) cm] to post [3.27(0.67) cm] and remained elevated 48 hr post. There were no changes for MT in the control arm. In the experimental arm, EI increased from pre [22.9(9.6) AU] to post [29.1(12.3) AU] exercise and returned to baseline by 24 hr. For the control condition, EI was different between pre [24.8(10.2) AU] and 48 hr [21.5(10.7) AU]. The change in EI in the experimental condition was greater than the control condition immediately post (p = .039) and at 48 hr (p = .016). For ISO, there was an interaction (p < .001). In the experimental condition, ISO decreased from pre [40.6(14.7) Nm)] to post [24.8(9.4) Nm] and remained depressed. CONCLUSIONS Exercise produced a swelling response, which was elevated 48 hr post. Despite a sustained increase in MT, EI was only elevated immediately post exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Yitzchaki
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Wenyuan G Zhu
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tayla E Kuehne
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ecaterina Vasenina
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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19
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Yamaguchi S, Suzuki K, Kanda K, Okada J. N-terminal fragments of titin in urine as a biomarker for eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.9.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazue Kanda
- Institute for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Waseda University
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20
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Exercise induced changes in echo intensity within the muscle: a brief review. J Ultrasound 2020; 23:457-472. [PMID: 31925731 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-019-00424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Echo intensity is the mean pixel intensity of a specific region of interest from an ultrasound image. This variable has been increasingly used in the literature as a physiological marker. Although there has been an increased interest in reporting changes in echo intensity in response to exercise, little consensus exists as to what a change in echo intensity represents physiologically. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the earliest, as well as the most up to date literature regarding the changes in echo intensity in response to exercise. Echo intensity has been used to measure muscle quality, muscle damage, acute swelling, and intramuscular glycogen. The changes in echo intensity, however, are not consistent throughout the literature and often times lead to conclusions that seem contrary to the physiologic effects of exercise. For example, echo intensity increases in conjunction with increases in strength, contrary to what would be expected if echo intensity was a marker of muscle quality/muscle damage. It is conceivable that a change in echo intensity represents a range of physiologic effects at different time points. We recommend that these effects should be determined experimentally in order to rule out what echo intensity might and might not represent. Until this is done, caution should be employed when interpreting changes in echo intensity with acute and chronic exercise.
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21
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Damas F, Angleri V, Phillips SM, Witard OC, Ugrinowitsch C, Santanielo N, Soligon SD, Costa LAR, Lixandrão ME, Conceição MS, Libardi CA. Myofibrillar protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy individualized responses to systematically changing resistance training variables in trained young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:806-815. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00350.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of resistance training (RT) variables is used among athletes, recreational exercisers, and compromised populations (e.g., elderly) attempting to potentiate muscle hypertrophy. However, it is unknown whether an individual’s inherent predisposition dictates the RT-induced muscle hypertrophic response. Resistance-trained young [26 (3) y] men ( n = 20) performed 8 wk unilateral RT (2 times/wk), with 1 leg randomly assigned to a standard progressive RT [control (CON)] and the contralateral leg to a variable RT (VAR; modulating exercise load, volume, contraction type, and interset rest interval). The VAR leg completed all 4 RT variations every 2 wk. Bilateral vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured, pre- and post-RT and acute integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates were assessed at rest and over 48 h following the final RT session. Muscle CSA increase was similar between CON and VAR ( P > 0.05), despite higher total training volume (TTV) in VAR ( P < 0.05). The 0–48-h integrated MyoPS increase postexercise was slightly greater for VAR than CON ( P < 0.05). All participants were considered “responders” to RT, although none benefited to a greater extent from a specific protocol. Between-subjects variability (MyoPS, 3.30%; CSA, 37.8%) was 40-fold greater than the intrasubject (between legs) variability (MyoPS, 0.08%; CSA, 0.9%). The higher TTV and greater MyoPS response in VAR did not translate to a greater muscle hypertrophic response. Manipulating common RT variables elicited similar muscle hypertrophy than a standard progressive RT program in trained young men. Intrinsic individual factors are key determinants of the MyoPS and change in muscle CSA compared with extrinsic manipulation of common RT variables. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Systematically manipulating resistance training (RT) variables during RT augments the stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) and training volume but fails to potentiate muscle hypertrophy compared with a standard progressive RT. Any modest further MyoPS increase and higher training volumes do not reflect in a greater hypertrophic response. Between-subject variability was 40-fold greater than the variability promoted by extrinsic manipulation of RT variables, indicating that individual intrinsic factors are stronger determinants of the hypertrophic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Damas
- MUSCULAB–Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Vitor Angleri
- MUSCULAB–Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Oliver C. Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Santanielo
- MUSCULAB–Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Samuel D. Soligon
- MUSCULAB–Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. R. Costa
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel E. Lixandrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel S. Conceição
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleiton A. Libardi
- MUSCULAB–Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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22
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Alvarez IF, Damas F, Biazon TMPD, Miquelini M, Doma K, Libardi CA. Muscle damage responses to resistance exercise performed with high-load versus low-load associated with partial blood flow restriction in young women. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:125-134. [PMID: 31043129 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1614680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare if an acute exercise session of high-load resistance training (HL-RT, e.g. 70% of 1 repetition-maximum, 1 RM) induces a higher magnitude of muscle damage compared with a RT protocol with low-loads (e.g. 20% 1 RM) associated with partial blood flow restriction (LL-BFR), and investigate the recovery in the days after the protocols. We used an unilateral crossover research design in which 10 young women (22(2) y; 162(5) cm; 66(11) kg) performed HL-RT and LL-BFR in a randomized, counterbalanced manner with a minimum interval of 2 weeks between protocols. Indirect muscle damage markers were evaluated before and once a day for 4 days into recovery. Main results showed decreases of 8-12% at 24-48 h in maximal voluntary isometric and concentric contraction torques (P < 0.03), and changes in muscle architecture markers (P < 0.03) for HL-RT and LL-BFR, with no differences between protocols (P > 0.05). Moreover, delayed onset muscle soreness increased only after LL-BFR (P < 0.001). We conclude that an acute bout of low volume HL-RT or LL-BFR to failure resulted in edema-induced muscle swelling, but do not induce major or long-lasting decrements in muscle function and the level of soreness promoted from LL-BFR was mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieda Fernanda Alvarez
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Felipe Damas
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Thaís Marina Pires de Biazon
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Maiara Miquelini
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Nuzzo JL, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. CORP: Measurement of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:513-543. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00569.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle strength, the maximal force-generating capacity of a muscle or group of muscles, is regularly assessed in physiological experiments and clinical trials. An understanding of the expected variation in strength and the factors that contribute to this variation is important when designing experiments, describing methodologies, interpreting results, and attempting to replicate methods of others and reproduce their findings. In this review (Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology), we report on the intra- and inter-rater reliability of tests of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation in humans. Isometric, isokinetic, and isoinertial strength exhibit good intra-rater reliability in most samples (correlation coefficients ≥0.90). However, some tests of isoinertial strength exhibit systematic bias that is not resolved by familiarization. With the exception of grip strength, few attempts have been made to examine inter-rater reliability of tests of muscle strength. The acute factors most likely to affect muscle strength and serve as a source of its variation from trial-to-trial or day-to-day include attentional focus, breathing technique, remote muscle contractions, rest periods, temperature (core, muscle), time of day, visual feedback, body and limb posture, body stabilization, acute caffeine consumption, dehydration, pain, fatigue from preceding exercise, and static stretching >60 s. Voluntary activation, the nervous system’s ability to drive a muscle to create its maximal force, exhibits good intra-rater reliability when examined with twitch interpolation (correlation coefficients >0.80). However, inter-rater reliability has not been formally examined. The methodological factors most likely to influence voluntary activation are myograph compliance and sensitivity; stimulation location, intensity, and inadvertent stimulation of antagonists; joint angle (muscle length); and the resting twitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Nuzzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janet L. Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon C. Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Prasartwuth O, Suteebut R, Chawawisuttikool J, Yavuz US, Turker KS. Using first bout effect to study the mechanisms underlying eccentric exercise induced force loss. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:48-53. [PMID: 30691760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first bout of eccentric exercise is known to have a protective effect on the consequent bouts. This effect is still disputable as it is not known whether it protects muscle damage by reducing force production or by improving force recovery in the healing process. The underlying mechanisms of this protective effect have not been fully understood. OBJECTIVES To determine the mechanisms of this protective effect, three different loads were used for the first eccentric bout. This was done to investigate whether the protective effect is related to the size of the load in the first bout. To determine the neural adaptations, voluntary activation was assessed and to determine the muscular adaptations, the resting twitch was measured. METHOD Thirty healthy participants were selectively allocated into three groups (low-, moderate- and high-load group) to match for maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (n = 10 per group). Participants in each group performed only one of the three sets of ten eccentric (ECC) exercises of the elbow flexors (10%, 20% and 40% of MVC) as their first eccentric bout. The second bout of eccentric exercise was performed two weeks later and was identical for all the three groups, i.e., 40% ECC. RESULTS The results showed that for the first bout, MVC, voluntary activation and the resting twitch displayed significant (p < 0.0001) interaction (group x time). This was not the case however for the second bout as there was no significant (group x time) interaction in all outcome variables immediately after exercise. When the first and second bouts were compared, it was found that the high-load group had faster recovery in MVC at day 1 and 4 corresponding to voluntary activation and only at day 4 corresponding to the resting twitch. CONCLUSIONS In this study, it was found that high-load exercise aids fast recovery either via neural or muscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orawan Prasartwuth
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
| | - Roongtip Suteebut
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Jitapa Chawawisuttikool
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Utku S Yavuz
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Gottingen, Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Germany
| | - Kemal S Turker
- Koc University School of Medicine, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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Souza RPD, Donadio MVF, Heinzmann-Filho JP, Baptista RR, Pinto LA, Epifanio M, Marostica PJC. THE USE OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY TO EVALUATE MUSCLE THICKNESS AND SUBCUTANEOUS FAT IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 36:457-465. [PMID: 30540111 PMCID: PMC6322811 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;4;00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare muscle thickness and subcutaneous fat in cystic fibrosis (CF)
patients and healthy controls using ultrasonography (US), and to correlate
US findings with nutritional, clinical and functional variables. Methods: Patients aged 6 to 18 years old with a diagnosis of CF and healthy controls
were included. Participants underwent anthropometric measurements, an
ultrasonographic evaluation of muscle thickness and subcutaneous fat in the
triceps, quadriceps, and gastrocnemius regions, and skinfold thickness
measurements. Body fat percentage was estimated using skinfold measurement.
Subjects with CF also underwent a pulmonary function assessment using
spirometry. Results: We studied 39 CF patients and 45 controls. Alower body mass index was
observed in CF patients (p=0.011). Body composition and muscle thickness
were similar between the groups. Only calf (p=0.023) circumference and femur
diameter (p<0.001) were lower in CF patients. Although there were no
significant between-group differences in the comparison of US measurements
of subcutaneous fat, CF patients exhibited decreased skinfold thickness in
the triceps (p=0.031) and quadriceps (p=0.019). Moreover, there were weak
and moderate correlations of US quadricep thickness with forced vital
capacity (FVC) and lean mass, respectively. Moderate correlations of the
triceps, quadriceps and gastrocnemius between US subcutaneous fat and
skinfold measurements were found. Conclusions: Patients with CF presented a reduction in subcutaneous fat content. Muscle
thickness correlated with FVC and nutritional parameters. In addition, US
findings correlated positively with skinfold measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pereira de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Matias Epifanio
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Paulo José Cauduro Marostica
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Tsuchiya Y, Ueda H, Ochi E. Muscular recruitment is associated with muscular function and swelling following eccentric contractions of human elbow flexors. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:1097-1101. [PMID: 30411600 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.09102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the relationship between muscle fiber recruitment and the magnitude of muscle damage by isotonic eccentric contractions (ECCs). METHODS Ten healthy men (age: 27.2±6.0 y, height: 174. 0±5.3 cm, body mass 70.1±2.1 kg) were recruited in this study. Subjects performed 30 ECCs of the elbow flexors using a dumbbell adjusted to 40% and 80% one repetition maximum of each individual. The dependent variables maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque, Range of Motion (ROM), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), cross-sectional area (CSA) and transverse relaxation time (T2) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were measured immediately before, immediately after and 1, 3, and 5 days after each exercise. RESULTS The decreased MVC and limited ROM were significantly greater for 80% than that 40% (P<0.05) at immediately after ECCs. However, no significant difference between 40% and 80% was found for DOMS. CSA at 5 days after ECCs was significantly higher 80% (P<0.05) than 40% (P<0.05). No significant changes in post T2 (acute T2) was found for 40%, but an increased acute T2 was observed in 80% (P<0.05). We found a significant correlation between the change in T2 at immediately after and MVC at immediately after (r=0.77, P<0.05). In addition, a significant correlation between the change in T2 at immediately after and change in CSA at 3 days after (r=-0.83, P<0.05) was found. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the muscle strength loss and swelling following ECCs are related to the muscle fiber recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Modern Life, Teikyo Heisei University, Nakano, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ueda
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Uruidominami, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan -
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Chen TC, Lin MJ, Lai JH, Chen HL, Yu HI, Nosaka K. Low-intensity elbow flexion eccentric contractions attenuate maximal eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of the contralateral arm. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1068-1072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Damas F, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA, Jannig PR, Hector AJ, McGlory C, Lixandrão ME, Vechin FC, Montenegro H, Tricoli V, Roschel H, Phillips SM. Resistance training in young men induces muscle transcriptome-wide changes associated with muscle structure and metabolism refining the response to exercise-induced stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2607-2616. [PMID: 30196447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression is an important process underpinning the acute and chronic adaptive response to resistance exercise (RE) training. PURPOSE To investigate the effect of training status on vastus lateralis muscle global transcriptome at rest and following acute RE. METHODS Muscle biopsies of nine young men (age: 26(2) years; body mass: 69(9) kg; height 172(6) cm) who undertook RE training for 10 weeks were collected pre and 24 h post-RE in the untrained (W1) and trained (W10) states and analysed using microarray. Tests of differential expression were conducted for rested and after RE contrasts in both training states. To control for false discovery rate (FDR), multiple testing correction was performed at a cut-off of FDR < 0.05. RESULTS Unaccustomed RE (at W1) upregulated muscle gene transcripts related to stress (e.g., heat shock proteins), damage and inflammation, structural remodelling, protein turnover and increased translational capacity. Trained muscles (at W10) showed changes in the transcriptome signature regarding the regulation of energy metabolism, favouring a more oxidative one, upregulated antioxidant- and immune-related genes/terms, and gene transcripts related to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, muscle contraction, development and growth. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight that chronic repetition of RE changes muscle transcriptome response towards a more refined response to RE-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
- MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, SP310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, SP310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Amy J Hector
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Manoel E Lixandrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Vechin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Horacio Montenegro
- MB Bioinformatica, Rua José Martins, 603, 13084-175, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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Tsuchiya Y, Nakazato K, Ochi E. Contralateral repeated bout effect after eccentric exercise on muscular activation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1997-2005. [PMID: 29987366 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the contralateral and ipsilateral repeated bout effects of eccentric contractions (ECCs) on muscle fiber activation using transverse relaxation time (T2) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Eleven men (22.3 ± 2.9 years) performed two bouts of 30 maximal ECCs of the elbow flexors spaced 2 weeks apart. Initially, all subjects performed 30 ECCs for one arm (ECC1). After 2 weeks, they performed 30 ECCs for both ipsilateral arm (IL-RBE) and contralateral arm (CL-RBE). Measurements were maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque, range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness, cross-sectional area (CSA), and T2 at before, immediately after, 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after ECCs. RESULTS The loss of MVC torque, limited ROM, and developed muscle soreness and CSA were inhibited for IL-RBE and CL-RBE compared with ECC1 (p < 0.05). The acute T2, which is an indicator of the activation of muscle fibers, was longer for IL-RBE and CL-RBE than ECC1 (p < 0.05). Otherwise, no significant difference between IL-RBE and CL-RBE was observed in other measurements. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that one of the mechanisms for CL-RBE of ECCs is the increase in muscle fiber activation. In addition, the magnitude of protective effect for CL-RBE was similar to the IL-RBE in untrained young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Modern life, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, 3-7-2, Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan.
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Warren GL, Call JA, Farthing AK, Baadom-Piaro B. Minimal Evidence for a Secondary Loss of Strength After an Acute Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:41-59. [PMID: 27100114 PMCID: PMC5214801 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An immediate loss of strength follows virtually all types of muscle injury but there is debate whether the initial strength loss is maximal or if a secondary loss of strength occurs during the first 3 days post-injury. OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature to determine if a secondary loss of strength occurs after an injurious initiating event. METHODS Literature searches were performed using eight electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Cochrane Library). Search terms included skeletal muscle AND (injur* OR damage*) AND (strength OR force OR torque). The extracted strength data were converted to a standard format by calculating the standardized mean difference, which is reported as the effect size (ES) along with its 95 % confidence interval (CI). The calculation of ES was designed so that a negative ES that was statistically less than zero would be interpreted as indicating a secondary loss of strength. RESULTS A total of 223 studies with over 4000 human and animal subjects yielded data on 262 independent groups and a total of 936 separate ESs. Our overall meta-analysis yielded a small-to-medium, positive overall ES that was statistically greater than zero (overall ES = +0.34, 95 % CI 0.27-0.40; P < 0.00000001). Considerable variation in ES was observed among studies (I 2 = 86 %), which could be partially explained by the research group conducting the study, sex of the subject, day of post-injury strength assessment, whether fatigue was present immediately post-injury, and the muscle group injured. From the subgroup meta-analyses probing these variables, 36 subgroup ESs were calculated and none were statistically less than zero. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings do not support the presence of a secondary loss of strength following an acute muscle injury, and strongly suggest that strength, on average, recovers steadily over the first 3 days post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L Warren
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, PO Box 4019, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
| | - Jarrod A Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amy K Farthing
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, PO Box 4019, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
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Damas F, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C. The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:485-500. [PMID: 29282529 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT)-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a highly intricate process. Despite substantial advances, we are far from understanding exactly how muscle hypertrophy develops during RT. The aim of the present review is to discuss new insights related to the role of skeletal muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in mediating RT-induced hypertrophy. Specifically, the thesis that in the early phase of RT (≤ 4 previous RT sessions) increases in muscle cross-sectional area are mostly attributable to muscle damage-induced muscle swelling; then (after ~ 10 sessions), a modest magnitude of muscle hypertrophy ensues; but only during a latter phase of RT (after ~ 18 sessions) is true muscle hypertrophy observed. We argue that the initial increases in MPS post-RT are likely directed to muscle repair and remodelling due to damage, and do not correlate with eventual muscle hypertrophy induced by several RT weeks. Increases in MPS post-RT session only contribute to muscle hypertrophy after a progressive attenuation of muscle damage, and even more significantly when damage is minimal. Furthermore, RT protocols that do not promote significant muscle damage still induce similar muscle hypertrophy and strength gains compared to conditions that do promote initial muscle damage. Thus, we conclude that muscle damage is not the process that mediates or potentiates RT-induced muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training-MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training-MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
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Doma K, Schumann M, Leicht AS, Heilbronn BE, Damas F, Burt D. The repeated bout effect of traditional resistance exercises on running performance across 3 bouts. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:978-985. [PMID: 28553994 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the repeated bout effect of 3 typical lower body resistance-training sessions on maximal and submaximal effort running performance. Twelve resistance-untrained men (age, 24 ± 4 years; height, 1.81 ± 0.10 m; body mass, 79.3 ± 10.9 kg; peak oxygen uptake, 48.2 ± 6.5 mL·kg-1·min-1; 6-repetition maximum squat, 71.7 ± 12.2 kg) undertook 3 bouts of resistance-training sessions at 6-repetitions maximum. Countermovement jump (CMJ), lower-body range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness, and creatine kinase (CK) were examined prior to and immediately, 24 h (T24), and 48 h (T48) after each resistance-training bout. Submaximal (i.e., below anaerobic threshold (AT)) and maximal (i.e., above AT) running performances were also conducted at T24 and T48. Most indirect muscle damage markers (i.e., CMJ, ROM, and muscle soreness) and submaximal running performance were significantly improved (P < 0.05; 1.9%) following the third resistance-training bout compared with the second bout. Whilst maximal running performance was also improved following the third bout (P < 0.05; 9.8%) compared with other bouts, the measures were still reduced by 12%-20% versus baseline. However, the increase in CK was attenuated following the second bout (P < 0.05) with no further protection following the third bout (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the initial bout induced the greatest change in CK; however, at least 2 bouts were required to produce protective effects on other indirect muscle damage markers and submaximal running performance measures. This suggests that submaximal running sessions should be avoided for at least 48 h after resistance training until the third bout, although a greater recovery period may be required for maximal running sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- a College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville QLD4811, Australia
| | - Moritz Schumann
- b Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Anthony Scott Leicht
- a College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville QLD4811, Australia
| | | | - Felipe Damas
- c School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Dean Burt
- d Sport and Exercise Science, Staffordshire University, Staffordshire WS12 4JH, England
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Hillman AR, Taylor BC, Thompkins D. The effects of tart cherry juice with whey protein on the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage following plyometric exercise. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Chen TREVORC, CHEN HSINLIAN, LIN MINGJU, YU HUII, NOSAKA KAZUNORI. Contralateral Repeated Bout Effect of Eccentric Exercise of the Elbow Flexors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:2030-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Damas F, Phillips SM, Libardi CA, Vechin FC, Lixandrão ME, Jannig PR, Costa LAR, Bacurau AV, Snijders T, Parise G, Tricoli V, Roschel H, Ugrinowitsch C. Resistance training-induced changes in integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis are related to hypertrophy only after attenuation of muscle damage. J Physiol 2016; 594:5209-22. [PMID: 27219125 PMCID: PMC5023708 DOI: 10.1113/jp272472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is one of the main outcomes from resistance training (RT), but how it is modulated throughout training is still unknown. We show that changes in myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) after an initial resistance exercise (RE) bout in the first week of RT (T1) were greater than those seen post-RE at the third (T2) and tenth week (T3) of RT, with values being similar at T2 and T3. Muscle damage (Z-band streaming) was the highest during post-RE recovery at T1, lower at T2 and minimal at T3. When muscle damage was the highest, so was the integrated MyoPS (at T1), but neither were related to hypertrophy; however, integrated MyoPS at T2 and T3 were correlated with hypertrophy. We conclude that muscle hypertrophy is the result of accumulated intermittent increases in MyoPS mainly after a progressive attenuation of muscle damage. ABSTRACT Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is one of the main outcomes of resistance training (RT), but how hypertrophy is modulated and the mechanisms regulating it are still unknown. To investigate how muscle hypertrophy is modulated through RT, we measured day-to-day integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) using deuterium oxide and assessed muscle damage at the beginning (T1), at 3 weeks (T2) and at 10 weeks of RT (T3). Ten young men (27 (1) years, mean (SEM)) had muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) taken to measure integrated MyoPS and muscle damage (Z-band streaming and indirect parameters) before, and 24 h and 48 h post resistance exercise (post-RE) at T1, T2 and T3. Fibre cross-sectional area (fCSA) was evaluated using biopsies at T1, T2 and T3. Increases in fCSA were observed only at T3 (P = 0.017). Changes in MyoPS post-RE at T1, T2 and T3 were greater at T1 (P < 0.03) than at T2 and T3 (similar values between T2 and T3). Muscle damage was the highest during post-RE recovery at T1, attenuated at T2 and further attenuated at T3. The change in MyoPS post-RE at both T2 and T3, but not at T1, was strongly correlated (r ≈ 0.9, P < 0.04) with muscle hypertrophy. Initial MyoPS response post-RE in an RT programme is not directed to support muscle hypertrophy, coinciding with the greatest muscle damage. However, integrated MyoPS is quickly 'refined' by 3 weeks of RT, and is related to muscle hypertrophy. We conclude that muscle hypertrophy is the result of accumulated intermittent changes in MyoPS post-RE in RT, which coincides with progressive attenuation of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Vechin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel E Lixandrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz A R Costa
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline V Bacurau
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ochi E, Tsuchiya Y, Nosaka K. Differences in post-exercise T2 relaxation time changes between eccentric and concentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2145-2154. [PMID: 27632383 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared maximal eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) contractions of the elbow flexors for changes in transverse relaxation time (T2) and indirect markers of muscle damage. METHODS Twelve young men performed five sets of six maximal isokinetic (30°/s) ECC with one arm followed by CON with the other arm. Magnetic resonance images to assess T2 and cross-sectional area (CSA) of biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis, and measurements of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque, range of motion (ROM), and muscle soreness were taken before, immediately after, and 1, 3, and 5 days after each exercise. RESULTS MVC torque and ROM decreased greater after ECC than CON (p < 0.05), and muscle soreness developed only after ECC. Biceps brachii and brachialis CSA increased immediately after CON, but delayed increases in brachialis CSA were found only after ECC (p < 0.05). T2 of the muscles increased greater after CON (27-34 %) than ECC (16-18 %) immediately post-exercise (p < 0.05), but returned to baseline by 1 day after CON. The biceps brachii and brachialis T2 increased by 9-29 % at 1-5 days after ECC (p < 0.05). The post-ECC T2 changes showed no significant correlations with the changes in MVC torque, muscle soreness, and CSA, but the T2 increase immediately post-ECC was correlated with the peak T2 in 1-5-day post-ECC (r = 0.63, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that muscle activity during exercise was lower in ECC than CON, and the T2 changes after ECC do not necessarily relate to the changes in other indirect markers of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Ochi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, 3-7-2, Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Modern and Life, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2, Nakano, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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Peñailillo L, Guzmán N, Cangas J, Reyes A, Zbinden-Foncea H. Metabolic demand and muscle damage induced by eccentric cycling of knee extensor and flexor muscles. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 17:179-187. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1217278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fochi AG, Damas F, Berton R, Alvarez I, Miquelini M, Salvini TF, Libardi CA. Greater eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage by large versus small range of motion with the same end-point. Biol Sport 2016; 33:285-9. [PMID: 27601784 PMCID: PMC4993145 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1208480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors can affect the magnitude of eccentric exercise (ECC)-induced muscle damage, but little is known regarding the effect of the range of motion (ROM) in ECC-induced muscle damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether elbow flexor ECC with 120° of ROM (from 60° of elbow flexion until elbow full extension - 180° [120ROM]) induces a greater magnitude of muscle damage compared with a protocol with 60° of ROM (120-180° of elbow flexion [60ROM]). Twelve healthy young men (age: 22 ± 3.1 years; height: 1.75 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 75.6 ± 13.6 kg) performed the ECC with 120ROM and 60ROM using different arms in a random order separated by 2 weeks and were tested before and 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after ECC for maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (MVC-ISO), ROM and muscle soreness. The 120ROM protocol showed greater changes and effect sizes (ES) for MVC-ISO (-35%, ES: 1.97), ROM (-11.5°, ES: 1.27) and muscle soreness (19 mm, ES: 1.18) compared with the 60ROM protocol (-23%, ES: 0.93; -12%, ES: 0.56; 17°, ES: 0.63; 8 mm, ES: 1.07, respectively). In conclusion, ECC of the elbow flexors with 120° of ROM promotes a greater magnitude of muscle damage compared with a protocol with 60° of ROM, even when both protocols are performed at long muscle lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Fochi
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - F Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Berton
- School of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I Alvarez
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - M Miquelini
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - T F Salvini
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - C A Libardi
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Mizuno S, Kojima C, Goto K. Timing of carbohydrate ingestion did not affect inflammatory response and exercise performance during prolonged intermittent running. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:506. [PMID: 27186470 PMCID: PMC4842188 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise is known to attenuate exercise-induced elevation of plasma IL-6 concentration. However, the influence of timing of carbohydrate ingestion remains unclear. Purpose The present study investigated the influence of different timing of carbohydrate ingestion during a simulated soccer game on exercise performance, metabolic and inflammatory responses. Methods Seven active males performed 3 exercise trials in a randomized order. The exercise consisted of two consecutive bouts of 45 min running (4–16 km/h), separated with 15 min rest period between bouts. The subjects ingested carbohydrate gel (1.0 g/kg) immediately before the first bout of exercise (ONE), immediately before first and second bouts of exercise (0.5 g/kg for each ingestion) (TWO) or placebo immediately before exercise (PLA) Time course changes of maximal jump height, peak power output during 6-s maximal pedaling, perceived fatigue and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Blood samples were also drawn to determine blood glucose, serum insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), myoglobin (Mb), creatine kinase (CK) and plasma IL-6 concentrations. Results Blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were significantly higher in the ONE trial after first bout of 45 min exercise compared with PLA trial (P < 0.05), while serum FFA concentration was significantly elevated in PLA compared with ONE and TWO trials after second bout of exercise (P < 0.05). However, changes of jump height, peak power output during 6-s maximal pedaling, perceived fatigue, HR, or indirect muscle damage (Mb, CK) and inflammatory (IL-6) markers were not significantly different among three trials (P > 0.05). Conclusions The timing of carbohydrate ingestion did not affect exercise performance, exercise-induced muscle damage or inflammatory response during a simulated soccer game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahiro Mizuno
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan ; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
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Wassinger CA, Rich D, Cameron N, Clark S, Davenport S, Lingelbach M, Smith A, Baxter GD, Davidson J. Cervical & thoracic manipulations: Acute effects upon pain pressure threshold and self-reported pain in experimentally induced shoulder pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:227-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Meneghel AJ, Verlengia R, Crisp AH, Aoki MS, Nosaka K, da Mota GR, Lopes CR. Muscle damage of resistance-trained men after two bouts of eccentric bench press exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:2961-6. [PMID: 24736774 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that resistance-trained individuals would also show less muscle damage in the second than in the first eccentric exercise bout (i.e., repeated bout effect) as shown in untrained individuals. This study investigated changes in indirect markers of muscle damage after 2 bouts of free weight eccentric exercise performed by 8 resistance-trained men. The participants (24.4 ± 1.2 years) performed 4 sets of 8 eccentric actions (3 seconds for each repetition) at 70% of eccentric 1 repetition maximum (1RM) load in a bench press exercise with 2 minutes of rest between sets, and repeated the same exercise 2 weeks later. Bench press 1RM, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) assessed by a 6-point Likert scale, serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, and plasma prostaglandin E2 concentration (PGE2) were measured before and 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after the exercise, and the changes were compared between bouts. The changes in the variables were smaller (p ≤ 0.05) after the second than the first bout indicated by a smaller decline in 1RM strength (first bout: -10.2 ± 1.0% vs. second bout: -5.7 ± 1.5%), peak DOMS (3.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5), peak CK (637.3 ± 133.3 vs. 305.4 ± 63.6 IU·L), and peak PGE2 (761.2 ± 171.0 vs. 307.2 ± 48.3 pg·mL). These results show a typical repeated bout effect. Thus, it is concluded that the repeated bout effect occurs in resistance-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson J Meneghel
- 1Human Performance Research Group-College of Health Science, Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 2School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; 3School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University (ECU), Joondalup, Australia; 4Department of Sport Sciences-Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil; and 5Adventist University of Hortolandia (UNASP), Hortolandia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Case JM, Mannava S, Fallin JH, Stone AV, Freehill MT. Acute changes in glenohumeral range-of-motion following in-season minor league pitching starts. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2015; 43:360-5. [PMID: 26095759 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2015.1059249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric glenohumeral range-of-motion (ROM) between the throwing and non-throwing arms of overhead athletes has been well described in the literature. Thresholds of internal rotation (IR) loss have been associated with throwing arm injury in baseball players. Acute changes in shoulder ROM following an individual pitching appearance remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To determine the acute change of external rotation (ER), IR, and total arc-of-motion (TAM) in minor league starting pitchers immediately following an in-season starting pitching appearance. METHODS Nine minor league starting pitchers participated in the study with data collected for 22 individual starts. IR, ER and TAM were measured in the throwing shoulder and non-throwing shoulder at three time points for each appearance: before, immediately following, and at 24 hours following the pitching appearance. RESULTS In the throwing arm, IR significantly decreased (49.4 vs 46.0, p = 0.037) immediately after pitching, and ER significantly increased immediately following an appearance (150.7 vs 153.6, p = 0.030) and at 24 hours (150.7 vs 154.0, p = 0.028). No difference was detected in throwing arm TAM and IR at 24 hours, or TAM immediately following an appearance. CONCLUSIONS Minor league pitchers demonstrate the dynamic glenohumeral ROM changes after starting appearances of increased ER and diminished IR with maintenance of TAM. At 24 hours, the observed loss of IR had resolved, whereas the gains in ER remained present. Our study supports the need to further assess the acute changes of glenohumeral ROM in pitchers, and the association of acute glenohumeral ROM change with the development of pathologic ROM profiles and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Case
- a 1 Santa Monica Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Group , Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Sandeep Mannava
- b 2 Wake Forest Baptist Health - Orthopaedic Surgery , Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joshua H Fallin
- c 3 Chicago White Sox Major League Baseball Organization , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Austin V Stone
- b 2 Wake Forest Baptist Health - Orthopaedic Surgery , Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael T Freehill
- b 2 Wake Forest Baptist Health - Orthopaedic Surgery , Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Early resistance training-induced increases in muscle cross-sectional area are concomitant with edema-induced muscle swelling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:49-56. [PMID: 26280652 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been proposed that skeletal muscle shows signs of resistance training (RT)-induced muscle hypertrophy much earlier (i.e., ~3-4 weeks of RT) than previously thought. We determined if early increases in whole muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) during a period of RT were concomitant with edematous muscle swelling and thus not completely attributable to hypertrophy. METHODS We analyzed vastus lateralis muscle ultrasound CSA images and their respective echo intensities (CSA-USecho) at the beginning (T1), in the 3rd week of RT (T2) and at the end (T3) of a 10-week RT period in ten untrained young men. Functional parameters [training volume (TV = load × reps × sets) and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] and muscle damage markers (myoglobin and interleukin-6) were also assessed. RESULT Muscle CSA increased significantly at T2 (~2.7%) and T3 (~10.4%) versus T1. Similarly, CSA-USecho increased at T2 (~17.2%) and T3 (~13.7%). However, when CSA-USecho was normalized to the increase in muscle CSA, only T2 showed a significantly higher USecho versus T1. Additionally, TV increased at T2 and T3 versus T1, but MVC increased only at T3. Myoglobin and Interleukin-6 were elevated at T2 versus T1, and myoglobin was also higher at T2 versus T3. CONCLUSION We propose that early RT-induced increases in muscle CSA in untrained young individuals are not purely hypertrophy, since there is concomitant edema-induced muscle swelling, probably due to muscle damage, which may account for a large proportion of the increase. Therefore, muscle CSA increases (particularly early in an RT program) should not be labeled as hypertrophy without some concomitant measure of muscle edema/damage.
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Coratella G, Bertinato L. Isoload vs isokinetic eccentric exercise: a direct comparison of exercise-induced muscle damage and repeated bout effect. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-014-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Behringer M, Montag J, Kilian Y, McCourt M, Liphardt AM, Mester J. Serum Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein: is There a Repeated Bout Effect? Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2014; 6:5543. [PMID: 25317315 PMCID: PMC4195994 DOI: 10.4081/or.2014.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to investigate if there is a repeated bout effect for cartilage tissue, evident in the marker serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (sCOMP). Ten healthy male subjects (26.4±3.14 years) performed two high impact interventions (100 drop jumps with a 30 second interval) carried out at a 3 week interval. After each intervention, sCOMP and muscle soreness were assessed on 8 and 6 occasions respectively. Muscle soreness was determined via a visual analog scale with a maximum pain score of 10. sComp levels did not show a blunted response after the second bout (Bout 1: 12.2±3.3 U/L−1; Bout 2: 13.1±4.0 U/L−1; P>0.05). Remarkably, sCOMP increased from baseline levels by 16% after bout 1 and 15% after bout 2. Muscle soreness was blunted following the second intervention (Bout 1: 5.0±1.8; Bout 2: 1.6±0.8). Unlike the known repeated bout effect for muscle damage markers, sCOMP levels do not show a blunted response after two similar loading interventions. This information on biomarker behavior is essential to clinicians attempting to use this marker as an indicator of cartilage damage associated with the development or progression of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behringer
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University of Cologne , Germany
| | - Johannes Montag
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University of Cologne , Germany
| | - Yvonne Kilian
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University of Cologne , Germany
| | - Molly McCourt
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University of Cologne , Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Liphardt
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University of Cologne , Germany
| | - Joachim Mester
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University of Cologne , Germany
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Rech A, Radaelli R, De Assis AM, Fernandes JR, Longoni A, Vozari-Hampe MM, Pinto RS, Matté C. The effects of strength, aerobic, and concurrent exercise on skeletal muscle damage in rats. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50:79-86. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Rech
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; St. Felizardo, 750, LAPEX Building Porto Alegre RS 90690-200 Brazil
| | - Regis Radaelli
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; St. Felizardo, 750, LAPEX Building Porto Alegre RS 90690-200 Brazil
| | - Adriano M. De Assis
- Department of Biochemistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - João R. Fernandes
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; St. Felizardo, 750, LAPEX Building Porto Alegre RS 90690-200 Brazil
| | - Aline Longoni
- Department of Biochemistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | - Ronei S. Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; St. Felizardo, 750, LAPEX Building Porto Alegre RS 90690-200 Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Department of Biochemistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Lundberg TR, Alvarez-Alvarez L, de Paz JA. Muscle damage responses and adaptations to eccentric-overload resistance exercise in men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1075-84. [PMID: 24519446 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed markers of muscle damage and training adaptations to eccentric-overload flywheel resistance exercise (RE) in men and women. METHODS Dynamic strength (1 RM), jump performance, maximal power at different percentages of 1 RM, and muscle mass in three different portions of the thigh were assessed in 16 men and 16 women before and after 6 weeks (15 sessions) of flywheel supine squat RE training. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were measured before, 24, 48 and 72 h after the first and the last training session. RESULTS After training, increases in 1 RM were somewhat greater (interaction P < 0.001) in men (25 %) than in women (20 %). Squat and drop jump height and power performance at 50, 60, 70 and 80 % of 1 RM increased after training in both sexes (P < 0.05). Power improvement at 80 % of 1 RM was greater (interaction P < 0.02) in men than women. Muscle mass increased ~5 % in both groups (P < 0.05). CK increased in men after the first training session (P < 0.001), whereas the response in women was unaltered. In both sexes, LDH concentration was greater after the first training session compared with basal values (P < 0.05). After the last session, CK and LDH remained at baseline in both groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that although improvements in maximal strength and power at high loads may be slightly greater for men, eccentric-overload RE training induces comparable and favorable gains in strength, power, and muscle mass in both men and women. Equally important, it appears muscle damage does not interfere with the adaptations triggered by this training paradigm.
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Gomes RV, Santos RCO, Nosaka K, Moreira A, Miyabara EH, Aoki MS. Muscle damage after a tennis match in young players. Biol Sport 2014; 31:27-32. [PMID: 24917686 PMCID: PMC3994582 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1083276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated changes in indirect markers of muscle damage following a simulated tennis match play using nationally ranked young (17.6 ± 1.4 years) male tennis players. Ten young athletes played a 3-hour simulated match play on outdoor red clay courts following the International Tennis Federation rules. Muscle soreness, plasma creatine kinase activity (CK), serum myoglobin concentration (Mb), one repetition maximum (1RM) squat strength, and squat jump (SJ) and counter movement jump (CMJ) heights were assessed before, immediately after, and 24 and 48 h after the simulated match play. All parameters were also evaluated in a non-exercised group (control group). A small increase in the indirect markers of muscle damage (muscle soreness, CK and Mb) was detected at 24-48 hours post-match (p < 0.05). A marked acute decrement in neuromuscular performance (1RM squat strength: -35.2 ± 10.4%, SJ: -7.0 ± 6.0%, CMJ: -10.0 ± 6.3%) was observed immediately post-match (p < 0.05). At 24 h post-match, the 1RM strength and jump heights were not significantly different from the baseline values. However, several players showed a decrease of these measures at 24 h after the match play. The simulated tennis match play induced mild muscle damage in young players. Coaches could monitor changes in the indirect markers of muscle damage to assess athletes’ recovery status during training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Gomes
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R C O Santos
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Nosaka
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Moreira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - E H Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Aoki
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Alves T, Guarnier FA, Campoy FAS, Gois MO, Albuquerque MC, Seraphim PM, Netto J, Vanderlei LCM, Padovani CR, Cecchini R, Pastre CM. Strength gain through eccentric isotonic training without changes in clinical signs or blood markers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:328. [PMID: 24261331 PMCID: PMC3840568 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Localized exercises are widely used in rehabilitation processes. The predominant options are exercises with an emphasis on either concentric or eccentric contractions. Eccentric exercises promote greater strength gains compared to classical concentric stimuli, but can cause muscle damage. The aim of present study was to compare strength training composed of 10 sessions with progressive loads between groups with a predominance of concentric versus eccentric contraction through an analysis of isotonic strength, pressure pain threshold, creatine kinase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cortisol. Methods One hundred twenty male subjects were divided into four groups: C1 and E1 – single session of maximum strength with emphasis on concentric and eccentric contraction, respectively; C10 and E10 – 10 sessions with progressive loads from 80% to maximum strength with emphasis on concentric and eccentric contraction, respectively. Results Isotonic strength increased by 10% in E10 following the ten training sessions. C1 and E1 exhibited a lower pressure pain threshold 48 hours after the sessions in comparison to C10 and E10, respectively. Creatine kinase was increased in C1 in comparison to baseline, with significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in comparison to E1 at 48 and 96 hours as well as C10 at 48, 72 and 96 hours. No significant differences were found in TNF-α or cortisol among the groups or evaluation times. Conclusion Eccentric contraction training promotes functional adaptation. Moreover, both concentric and eccentric contraction training have a protective effect on the muscle in relation to a single session of maximum strength exercise. Trial registration RBR-75scwh
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Marcelo Pastre
- Department of Physical Therapy, Univ Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
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Easthope CS, Nosaka K, Caillaud C, Vercruyssen F, Louis J, Brisswalter J. Reproducibility of performance and fatigue in trail running. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 17:207-11. [PMID: 23660298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to test the reproducibility of running performance, neuromuscular fatigue markers and indirect muscle damage indicators in a field-based trail time-trial. DESIGN Running performance and changes in classical physiological parameters were analysed in 11 experienced trail runners before and in the days following four bouts of outdoor trail running (15.6 km), 7 days apart. METHODS Heart rate, running time and lactate concentration were monitored in each running bout. Maximal voluntary contraction torque, counter movement jump height, plasma creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness were assessed before and 1, 24 and 48 h post-race. Within-bout changes were elucidated using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Inter-repetition reproducibility was examined using an intraclass correlation coefficient (R) and the mean intra-subject coefficient of variation at each measurement time point. RESULTS Running time was longer (p<0.05) for the first bout compared with the other three bouts. Magnitude and time course of changes in counter movement jump height, creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness were similar among all four bouts (overall peak means: -17%, +35% and 54/100mm respectively). The acute reduction in maximal voluntary contraction torque (peak mean: -17%) was attenuated exclusively in the fourth bout (p<0.05). The two middle bouts showed good reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation) for running time, maximal voluntary contraction torque and counter movement jump height, but low to moderate for creatine kinase activity, muscle soreness, blood lactate and rate of perceived exertion. CONCLUSIONS A short outdoor trail run is a reliable model for investigations of fatigue and muscle damage, but certain methodological precautions should be respected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Easthope
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Sport, Education and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France; School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Corinne Caillaud
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australia
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Sport, Education and Health, University of South France Toulon-Var, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Sport, Education and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jeanick Brisswalter
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Sport, Education and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France.
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