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Kayacan Y, Makaracı Y, Ucar C, Amonette WE, Yıldız S. Heart Rate Variability and Cortisol Levels Before and After a Brief Anaerobic Exercise in Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1479-1485. [PMID: 36727970 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kayacan, Y, Makaracı, Y, Ucar, C, Amonette, WE, and Yıldız, S. Heart rate variability and cortisol levels before and after a brief anaerobic exercise in handball players. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1479-1485, 2023-Evaluating stress in athletes is important for monitoring overall physiologic load and is a core practice for sport performance teams. This study examined relationships between 2 metrics of training stress, heart rate variability (HRV) and cortisol, before and after intense anaerobic power testing. Electrocardiogram recordings and saliva samples were collected before and immediately after a Wingate anaerobic power test (WAnT-30) from professional handball players ( n = 20) and sedentary controls ( n = 18). Between-group differences and correlations were computed to assess study hypotheses. No differences were observed in HRV frequency-dependent parameters between groups, but in athletes, Min. R-R ( p < 0.01) and Avg.R-R ( p = 0.03) before WAnT-30 and the percentage of successive normal cardiac beat intervals greater than 50 milliseconds (i.e., pNN50; p = 0.03) after WAnT-30 were elevated. A high positive correlation was detected between the pretest and post-test cortisol levels in athletes ( p = 0.0001; r = 0.87) but not in sedentary individuals. No correlations were observed between the cortisol levels and WAnT-30 power parameters in either group. Relationships were evident in the standard deviation of RR intervals ( p = 0.02, r = -0.53), square root of the mean squared difference of successive RR intervals ( p = 0.043, r = -0.46), very low frequency ( p = 0.032; r = -0.480), high-frequency ( p = 0.02; r = -0.52) variables, and pretesting cortisol in athletes. These findings suggest that HRV analysis is a valuable tool for examining cardiovascular regulation, independent of cortisol; the data may provide valuable information for performance teams in evaluating acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yıldırım Kayacan
- Yasar Dogu Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Yücel Makaracı
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Cihat Ucar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - William E Amonette
- Health and Human Performance Institute, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Sedat Yıldız
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
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2
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The Effects of Physical Exercise on Saliva Composition: A Comprehensive Review. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10010007. [PMID: 35049605 PMCID: PMC8775020 DOI: 10.3390/dj10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva consists of organic and inorganic constituents. During exercise, analysis of the saliva can provide valuable information regarding training stress, adaptation and exercise performance. The objective of the present article was to review the effect of physical exercise on saliva composition. The shift in the composition of the saliva, during and after a workout, reflects the benefits of exercise, its potential risks and the capability of the saliva to serve as a health indicator. The type and the frequency of training, the physical condition and the athletes’ general health influence the hormones, immunoglobulins and saliva enzymes. The correlation between saliva and physical exercise has to be further investigated and the available knowledge to be applied for the benefit of the athletes during sports activities.
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3
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Kowal M, Sorokowski P, Żelaźniewicz A, Nowak J, Orzechowski S, Żurek G, Żurek A, Nawrat M. Are Beards Honest Signals of Male Dominance and Testosterone? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:3703-3710. [PMID: 34676468 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The male beard is one of the most visually salient and sexually dimorphic traits and a hypothesized potential marker of other traits, such as dominance, masculinity, social status, and self-confidence. However, as men can easily alter their facial hair, beards may provide unreliable information about the beard owner's characteristics. Here, we examined whether beards are honest signals of biological (testosterone levels) and psychological (self-reported dominance) traits. Young (M = 21.29, SD = 1.54) and healthy men (N = 97) participated in the study. Their beards were measured directly (using digital calipers) and by self-report. Participants provided saliva samples before and after acute exercise (to assess their testosterone and cortisol levels) and reported their dominance on a 5-item scale. The results showed that beard length (directly measured and self-reported) was not related to testosterone levels or dominance; thus, no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that beards are honest (or dishonest) signals of the beard owners' testosterone levels and dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kowal
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Dawida 1, 50-529, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Sorokowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Dawida 1, 50-529, Wrocław, Poland.
| | | | - Judyta Nowak
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Żurek
- University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alina Żurek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Dawida 1, 50-529, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Nawrat
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Dawida 1, 50-529, Wrocław, Poland
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4
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Honceriu C, Curpan AS, Ciobica A, Ciobica A, Trus C, Timofte D. Connections between Different Sports and Ergogenic Aids-Focusing on Salivary Cortisol and Amylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57080753. [PMID: 34440959 PMCID: PMC8400367 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Athletes are exposed to a tremendous amount of stress, both physically and mentally, when performing high intensity sports with frequent practices, pushing numerous athletes into choose to use ergogenic aids such as caffeine or β-alanine to significantly improve their performance and ease the stress and pressure that is put onto the body. The beneficial or even detrimental effects of these so-called ergogenic aids can be appreciated through the use of numerous diagnostic tools that can analyze various body fluids. In the recent years, saliva samples are gaining more ground in the field of diagnostic as it is a non-invasive procedure, contains a tremendous amount of analytes that are subject to pathophysiological changes caused by diseases, exercises, fatigue as well as nutrition and hydration. Thus, we describe here the current progress regarding potential novel biomarkers for stress and physical activity, salivary α-amylase and salivary cortisol, as well as their use and measurement in combination with different already-known or new ergogenic aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Honceriu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, No 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alexandrina-Stefania Curpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, No 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, No 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, No 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei nr. 54, Sector 5, 050094 Bucuresti, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Andrei Ciobica
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Constantin Trus
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dunarea de Jos University, 800008 Galati, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Daniel Timofte
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (D.T.)
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Dote-Montero M, Carneiro-Barrera A, Martinez-Vizcaino V, Ruiz JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Acute effect of HIIT on testosterone and cortisol levels in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1722-1744. [PMID: 34022085 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To determine the acute effect of a single high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session on testosterone and cortisol levels in healthy individuals, a systematic search of studies was conducted in MEDLINE and Web of Science databases from inception to February 2020. Meta-analyses were performed to establish the acute effect of HIIT on testosterone and cortisol levels immediately after a single HIIT session; after 30 min and 60 min (primary outcomes); and after 120 min, 180 min, and 24 h (secondary outcomes, only for pre-post intervention groups). Potential effect-size modifiers were assessed by meta-regression analyses and analyses of variance. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane's risk of bias tool and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. The meta-analyses of 10 controlled studies (213 participants) and 50 pre-post intervention groups (677 participants) revealed a significant increase in testosterone immediately after a single HIIT session (d = 0.92 and 0.52, respectively), which disappeared after 30 min (d = 0.18 and -0.04), and returned to baseline values after 60 min (d = -0.37 and -0.16). Significant increases of cortisol were found immediately after (d = 2.17 and 0.64), after 30 min (d = 1.62 and 0.67) and 60 min (d = 1.32 and 0.27). Testosterone and cortisol levels decreased significantly after 120 min (d = -0.48 and -0.95, respectively) and 180 min (d = -0.29 and -1.08), and returned to baseline values after 24 h (d = 0.14 and -0.02). HIIT components and participant's characteristics seem to moderate the effect sizes. In conclusion, testosterone and cortisol increase immediately after a single HIIT session, then drop below baseline levels, and finally return to baseline values after 24 h. This meta-analysis provides a better understanding of the acute endocrine response to a single HIIT session, which would certainly be valuable for both clinicians and coaches in the prescription of exercise programs to improve health and performance. Testosterone and cortisol may be used as sensitive biomarkers to monitor the anabolic and catabolic response to HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dote-Montero
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Almudena Carneiro-Barrera
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Mind, Brain, and Behaviour Research Centre, CIMCYC, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente Martinez-Vizcaino
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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6
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McHale TS, Chee WC, Hodges-Simeon CR, Zava DT, Albert G, Chan KC, Gray PB. Salivary aldosterone and cortisone respond differently to high- and low-psychologically stressful soccer competitions. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2688-2697. [PMID: 32705936 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1796164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone and cortisone are released in response to physical and psychological stress. However, aldosterone and cortisone responses in children engaged in physical competition have not been described. We examined salivary aldosterone and salivary cortisone responses among Hong Kongese boys, aged 8-11 years, during (1) a soccer match against unknown competitors (N = 84, high psychological stress condition) and (2) an intrasquad soccer scrimmage against teammates (N = 81, low psychological stress condition). Aldosterone levels increased during the soccer match and intrasquad soccer scrimmage conditions, consistent with the view that aldosterone responds to physical stress. During the soccer match, winning competitors experienced larger increases in aldosterone compared to losing competitors, indicating that the degree of aldosterone increase was attenuated by match outcome. Cortisone increased during the soccer match and decreased during the intrasquad soccer scrimmage. Competitors on teams that resulted in a tie had larger cortisone increases compared to winners or losers. These findings highlight that the degree of cortisone change is related to boy's cognitive appraisal of the competitor type (i.e., teammates vs. unknown competitors) and the competitive nature of the game (e.g., tie). These results shed new light on adrenal hormone mediators of stress and competition during middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S McHale
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University , Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University , Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Wai-Chi Chee
- Department of Education Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Graham Albert
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ka-Chun Chan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Peter B Gray
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, USA
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7
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Kowal M, Sorokowski P, Żelaźniewicz A, Nowak J, Orzechowski S, Żurek G, Żurek A, Juszkiewicz A, Wojtycka L, Sieniuć W, Poniatowska M, Tarnowska K, Kowalska K, Drabik K, Łukaszek P, Krawczyk K, Stefaniak T, Danek N. No relationship between the digit ratios (2D:4D) and salivary testosterone change: Study on men under an acute exercise. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10068. [PMID: 32572079 PMCID: PMC7308391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The digit ratio (2D:4D) is said to be a potential marker of exposure to prenatal sex steroids. Some studies suggest that the 2D:4D is also linked with the testosterone response to challenging situations due to organizational effect of prenatal hormonal milieu on adult endocrine functioning. However, up to date, there were only four studies (conducted on small samples) that examined the 2D:4D and the testosterone response to a challenging situation (i.e. physical exertion or aggressive context). Here, we examined the relationship between the 2D:4D and the testosterone change under an acute exercise among 97 men. We found that the digit ratios (the right 2D:4D, the left 2D:4D, and the right minus left 2D:4D) were neither predictors of pre-exercise testosterone, nor the change in testosterone level after a cycling task. Our results add a contradictory to previous studies evidence in a discussion on the links of the 2D:4D and the testosterone change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kowal
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Sorokowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
| | | | - Judyta Nowak
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Żurek
- University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alina Żurek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Lidia Wojtycka
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Kaja Kowalska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Natalia Danek
- University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Pero R, Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, Gentile L, Franco A, Laneri S, De Biasi MG, Pagliuca C, Colicchio R, Salvatore P, D’Alicandro G, Terracciano D, Cennamo M, La Civita E, Liotti A, Mazzaccara C, Frisso G, Lombardo B, Scudiero O. HNP-1 and HBD-1 as Biomarkers for the Immune Systems of Elite Basketball Athletes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060306. [PMID: 32517339 PMCID: PMC7345027 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute or strenuous exercise is sometimes related to upper respiratory tract infections in athletes. Practicing intense and regular exercise can lead to incorrect activation of the immune system, causing athletes to be excluded from training programs and competitions. Defensins are small antimicrobial peptides that are part of the innate immune system and dynamically involved in several biological activities. In this study, we highlight the role of human defensins in competitive basketball athletes. In particular, we consider the behavior of alpha- and beta-defensins together with white blood cells in a cohort of players. Moreover, we focus our attention on cortisol, a physiological indicator of stress, and testosterone, both of which are human hormones involved in muscle metabolism. The free-testosterone/cortisol ratio is considered to be an indicator of overtraining among athletes. This paper provides an up-to-date information of the role of human defensins as self-defense molecules during a continuous stressor such as long-term exercise, and it recognizes them as potential markers of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaela Pero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (G.F.); (B.L.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (O.S.); Tel.: +39-339-459-6163 (R.P.); +39-339-613-9908 (O.S.)
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mennitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (G.F.); (B.L.)
| | - Luca Gentile
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Adelaide Franco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (S.L.); (M.G.D.B.)
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (S.L.); (M.G.D.B.)
| | - Margherita G. De Biasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (S.L.); (M.G.D.B.)
| | - Chiara Pagliuca
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (G.F.); (B.L.)
| | - Roberta Colicchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (G.F.); (B.L.)
| | - Paola Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (G.F.); (B.L.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanni D’Alicandro
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center of Sports Medicine and Disability, AORN, Santobono-Pausillipon, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Daniela Terracciano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.T.); (M.C.); (E.L.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Michele Cennamo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.T.); (M.C.); (E.L.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Evelina La Civita
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.T.); (M.C.); (E.L.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonietta Liotti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.T.); (M.C.); (E.L.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Cristina Mazzaccara
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (G.F.); (B.L.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giulia Frisso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (G.F.); (B.L.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Barbara Lombardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (G.F.); (B.L.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.); (C.M.); (G.F.); (B.L.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (O.S.); Tel.: +39-339-459-6163 (R.P.); +39-339-613-9908 (O.S.)
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9
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Rodrigues de Araujo V, Lisboa P, Boaventura G, Caramez F, Pires L, Oliveira E, Moura E, Casimiro-Lopes G. Acute high-intensity exercise test in soccer athletes affects salivary biochemical markers. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:850-855. [PMID: 30027785 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1481288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Saliva has been reported as a potential biological fluid for biochemical monitoring. This study investigated salivary markers of exercise intensity, oral mucosal immunity, and redox homeostasis in soccer athletes subjected to an acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocol characterised by a repeated sprint ability test. Thirty-two professional soccer athletes were recruited and saliva aliquots were collected at rest and immediately after HIIE protocol. When compared with pre-test values we observed that HIIE protocol induced moderate changes for total protein (p = .015; effect size (ES) = 0.51; smallest worthwhile change (SWC)factor = 5.7) and for cortisol levels (p < .0001; ES = 0.49; SWCfactor = 3.9). Lactate levels showed very large changes (p < .000; ES = 1.35; SWCfactor = 10.8), while Ig-A alterations were considered unclear. Besides, transferrin changes were trivial and maintained its levels at rest and after HIIE below the proposed threshold of 0.5 mg/dL. Regarding redox homeostasis we observed unclear effects for TBARs, MDA, GSH, GSSG, CAT, and SOD while uric acid showed large decreases (p = .005; ES = 0.80; SWCfactor = -5.4). HIIE protocol as a physical test conducted in soccer athletes increased salivary concentration of exercise intensity markers, such as lactate, total protein, and cortisol, but did not affect Ig-A levels. Redox homeostasis in saliva seems to be more related with uric acid levels as a possible key factor TBARs homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Lisboa
- a Physical Education and Sports Institute , Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Gabriel Boaventura
- a Physical Education and Sports Institute , Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Fabiele Caramez
- a Physical Education and Sports Institute , Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Luciane Pires
- a Physical Education and Sports Institute , Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Elaine Oliveira
- a Physical Education and Sports Institute , Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Egberto Moura
- a Physical Education and Sports Institute , Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Gustavo Casimiro-Lopes
- a Physical Education and Sports Institute , Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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10
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Kilian Y, Engel F, Wahl P, Achtzehn S, Sperlich B, Mester J. Markers of biological stress in response to a single session of high-intensity interval training and high-volume training in young athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2177-2186. [PMID: 27614882 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs high-volume training (HVT) on salivary stress markers [cortisol (sC), testosterone (sT), alpha-amylase (sAA)], metabolic and cardiorespiratory response in young athletes. METHODS Twelve young male cyclists (14 ± 1 years; 57.9 ± 9.4 mL min-1 kg-1 peak oxygen uptake) performed one session of HIIT (4 × 4 min intervals at 90-95 % peak power output separated by 3 min of active rest) and one session of HVT (90 min constant load at 60 % peak power output). The levels of sC, sT, their ratio (sT/sC) and sAA were determined before and 0, 30, 60, 180 min after each intervention. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory stress was characterized by blood lactate, blood pH, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), ventilation (V E) and ventilatory equivalent (V E/[Formula: see text]). RESULTS sC increased 30 and 60 min after HIIT. However, 180 min post exercise, sC decreased below baseline levels in both conditions. sT increased 0 and 30 min after HIIT and 0 min after HVT. sAA and sT/sC ratio did not change significantly over time in HIIT nor HVT. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory stress, evidenced by blood lactate, HR, [Formula: see text], V E, and V E/[Formula: see text] was higher during HIIT compared to HVT. CONCLUSION The metabolic and cardiorespiratory stress during HIIT was higher compared to HVT, but based on salivary analyses (cortisol, testosterone, alpha-amylase), we conclude no strong acute catabolic effects neither by HIIT nor by HVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kilian
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany. .,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Florian Engel
- Research Centre for School Sports and the Physical Education of Children and Young Adults, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Silvia Achtzehn
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Mester
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Twelve weeks of soccer-specific training: effects on mucosal immunity, salivary alpha-amylase and body composition in male African youths. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Alghadir AH, Gabr SA, Aly FA. The effects of four weeks aerobic training on saliva cortisol and testosterone in young healthy persons. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2029-33. [PMID: 26311920 PMCID: PMC4540811 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks moderate aerobic exercise on outcome measures of saliva stress hormones and lactate levels in healthy adult volunteers. [Subjects and Methods] Sixteen healthy students with an age range of 15-25 years participated in this study. The participants performed an exercise test of moderate intensity for 4 weeks, three times per week. The exercise was treadmill walking. Saliva concentrations of cortisol, testosterone and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured before and after the 4 weeks of moderate aerobic training using immunoassay techniques. [Results] After 4 weeks of exercise, there were significant increases in cortisol, free testosterone levels, and LDH activity along with a significant decrease in the ratios between testosterone and cortisol levels. No significant correlations were found among the studied parameters in the resting stage, a result which supports the positive effect of exercise on stress hormones following 4 weeks of training. [Conclusion] The results suggest that four weeks exercise of moderate intensity significantly affects the salivary stress hormones of young healthy volunteers. The data support the importance of salivary stress hormones as potential biological markers especially for older ages. However, more research is required to validate these biological markers which determine the host response to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Alghadir
- Rehabilitation Research Chair (RRC), Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Gabr
- Rehabilitation Research Chair (RRC), Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Farag A Aly
- Rehabilitation Research Chair (RRC), Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia ; Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt
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13
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Tyka AK, Chwastowski M, Cison T, Palka T, Tyka A, Szygula Z, Pilch W, Strzala M, Cepero M. Effect of creatine malate supplementation on physical performance, body composition and selected hormone levels in spinters and long-distance runners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:114-22. [PMID: 25804393 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.102.2015.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to determine whether creatine malate (CML) supplementation results in similar ergogenic effect in sprinters and long-distance runners. The other goal was to compare changes in body composition, physical performance and hormone levels after six-week training in athletes, divided into subgroups supplemented with creatine malate or taking placebo. RESULTS Six-week supplementation combined with physical training induced different effects in athletes. Significantly higher increases in relative and absolute peak power and total work (p < 0.05) were found in sprinters compared to other groups. Except for growth hormone, post-exercise venous blood serum hormone levels exhibited no statistically significant differences in athletes. After CML loading period, a significant increase in growth hormone was found in the group of sprinters. CONCLUSIONS A significant ergogenic effect was found in sprinters, which was reflected by the increase in anaerobic exercise indices and morphological indices and elevated growth hormone level, after graded exercise testing. The significant increase in the distance covered during graded test was only observed in supplemented long-distance runners, whereas no significant changes in maximal oxygen uptake, relative peak power and relative total work were noticed. This could be caused by later anaerobic threshold appearance in exercise test to exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Tyka
- University of Physical Education Department of Recreation and Biological Regeneration, Faculty of Tourism and Leisure Cracow Poland
| | - M Chwastowski
- University of Physical Education Doctoral Studies, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Cracow Poland
| | - T Cison
- University of Physical Education Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Al. Jana Pawla II 78 31-571 Cracow Poland
| | - T Palka
- University of Physical Education Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Al. Jana Pawla II 78 31-571 Cracow Poland
| | - Anna Tyka
- University of Physical Education Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Al. Jana Pawla II 78 31-571 Cracow Poland
| | - Z Szygula
- University of Physical Education Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Al. Jana Pawla II 78 31-571 Cracow Poland
| | - W Pilch
- University of Physical Education Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Al. Jana Pawla II 78 31-571 Cracow Poland
| | - M Strzala
- University of Physical Education Department of the Theory and Methodology of Water Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Cracow Poland
| | - M Cepero
- University of Granada Faculty of Education Granada Spain
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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and physical activity: possible inflammatory and immune modulation and tracks for interventions in young populations. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:726-34. [PMID: 25936296 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by persistent joint inflammation that manifests as joint pain and swelling and limited range of joint motion. In healthy subjects, the literature reports that physical activity has an anti-inflammatory effect. In JIA patients, exercise could be used as a therapeutic tool to counteract disease-related inflammation and thereby improve clinical symptoms, although transient flare of pain could be the price to pay. Indeed, in patients with a chronic inflammatory disease, physical activity is prone to exacerbate underlying inflammatory stress. Physical activity improves quality of life and symptoms in JIA patients, but the mechanisms of action remain unclear. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced immune and hormonal changes. Data on the impact of acute and chronic physical activities on the secretion of hormones and other molecules such as miRNA or peptides involved in the inflammatory process in JIA was compiled and summarized, and the key role of the biological effect of muscle-derived interleukin 6 in the exercise-induced modulation of pro/anti-inflammatory balance is addressed. We also go on to review the effect of training and type of exercise on cytokine response. This review highlights the beneficial effect of physical exercise in children with JIA and potential effect of exercise on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory response.
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15
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Jäger K, Schmidt M, Conzelmann A, Roebers CM. Cognitive and physiological effects of an acute physical activity intervention in elementary school children. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1473. [PMID: 25566148 PMCID: PMC4270126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an acute physical activity intervention that included cognitive engagement on executive functions and on cortisol level in young elementary school children. Half of the 104 participating children (6-8 years old) attended a 20-min sport sequence, which included cognitively engaging and playful forms of physical activity. The other half was assigned to a resting control condition. Individual differences in children's updating, inhibition, and shifting performance as well as salivary cortisol were assessed before (pre-test), immediately after (post-test), and 40 min after (follow-up) the intervention or control condition, respectively. Results revealed a significantly stronger improvement in inhibition in the experimental group compared to the control group, while it appeared that acute physical activity had no specific effect on updating and shifting. The intervention effect on inhibition leveled out 40 min after physical activity. Salivary cortisol increased significantly more in the experimental compared to the control group between post-test and follow-up and results support partly the assumed inverted U-shaped relationship between cortisol level and cognitive performance. In conclusion, results indicate that acute physical activity that includes cognitive engagement may have immediate positive effects on inhibition, but not necessarily on updating and shifting in elementary school children. This positive effect may partly be explained through cortisol elevation after acute physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jäger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Schmidt
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achim Conzelmann
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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Tauler P, Martinez S, Moreno C, Martínez P, Aguilo A. Changes in salivary hormones, immunoglobulin A, and C-reactive protein in response to ultra-endurance exercises. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:560-5. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the exercise duration on the changes in salivary stress markers in response to ultra-endurance exercises. The study was developed in 2 ultra-endurance exercise tests: the Ultra-trail Serra de Tramuntana (UTST), a 104 km ultra-marathon competition (n = 64) and the 25 km Cabrera Open Water Race (COWR) (n = 43). Participants in the COWR completed the 25 km at a constant pace of 3 km/h (3K group) or 2.5 km /h (2.5K group). Saliva samples were taken before and after the exercises. Salivary flow rate as well as cortisol, testosterone, C-reactive protein (CRP), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were measured. Salivary flow rate decreased after the UTST but increased after the COWR. The UTST induced significant increases in cortisol and CRP levels and decreases in testosterone and IgA levels. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between the time the athletes took to complete the exercise and the changes in salivary cortisol. After the COWR, higher increases in salivary cortisol levels were observed in the 3K group than in the 2.5K group. A significant effect of exercise decreasing testosterone and IgA levels was observed in both groups. No changes in the CRP levels were observed during the COWR. In conclusion, shorter times to complete the ultra-endurance exercise were associated with higher increases in cortisol. However, no relationships were found between the time to complete the exercises and the changes in testosterone, CRP, and IgA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Tauler
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Crta de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Sonia Martinez
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos Moreno
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Pau Martínez
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Antoni Aguilo
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Spain
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Caruso JF, Lutz BM, Davidson ME, Wilson K, Crane CS, Craig CE, Nissen TE, Mason ML, Coday MA, Sheaff RJ, Potter WT. Salivary Hormonal Values from High-Speed Resistive Exercise Workouts. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:625-32. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31822c7267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Wegner M, Windisch C, Budde H. Psychophysische Auswirkungen von akuter körperlicher Belastung im Kontext Schule. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Akute körperliche Belastung im mittleren Intensitätsbereich kann kognitive Leistungen verbessern. Dies ist ein weiteres Argument, Sport und Bewegung vermehrt in den Schulalltag zu integrieren. Wenig ist jedoch über den zugrunde liegenden Wirkmechanismus bekannt. Die zentrale Annahme dieses Überblicksartikels ist, dass durch akute körperliche Belastung kognitive Fähigkeiten verbessert werden und gleichzeitig die Ausschüttung von Steroidhormonen verändert wird, sodass diese veränderte Hormonkonzentration die kognitive Leistung mit beeinflusst. Befunde zum Zusammenhang von körperlicher Belastung und kognitiver Leistung sowie Steroidhormonen stützen sich häufig auf Daten von Erwachsenen. Aus diesem Grund sollen neuere Studien mit Kindern und Jugendlichen vorgestellt werden, die den Forschungsstand im Wirkdreieck akute körperliche Belastung – kognitive Leistung – Steroidhormonkonzentration sinnvoll ergänzen. Für die Schule können die Ergebnisse dieser Forschung wichtige Hinweise für die Organisation des Schulalltags geben und Möglichkeiten für die Umsetzung von bewegten Pausen aufzeigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Wegner
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | | | - Henning Budde
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Iceland
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Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Jasper MA, Davies B, Graham MR, Bulloch JM, Baker JS. Concentrations of salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A after supra-maximal exercise in female adolescents. J Sports Sci 2011; 28:1361-8. [PMID: 20853205 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.510144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of supra-maximal exercise on circulating concentrations of salivary testosterone, salivary cortisol, and salivary immunoglobulin A in female adolescents. Nineteen apparently healthy females aged 15-16 years participated in this study. All participants completed 668 s sprints, interspersed with 30 s recovery intervals on a cycle ergometer. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A samples were taken before and 5 min after exercise. Experimental procedures continued over two mornings, at least 3 h after a light breakfast. Participants refrained from performing any strenuous physical activity for at least 24 h prior to the exercise test. None of the participants were engaged in a structured training programme. The group mean (± s) for peak power output was 562 ± 113.0 W. Female adolescents recruited for this study showed no changes in salivary testosterone, cortisol or immunoglobulin A following repeated bouts of supra-maximal cycling (P > 0.05). To date, there has been a paucity of information concerning adolescents' hormonal and mucosal immune function responses to supra-maximal exercise. Our data provide further guidance with regard to physical activities and sports prescription for female adolescents. Further research, on a larger sample of females, is required to elucidate the physiological significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Thomas
- Centre for Children and Young People's Health and Well-Being, School of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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20
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Abstract
Saliva contains cells and compounds, of local and non-local oral origin, namely inorganic, organic non-protein, protein/polypeptide, and lipid molecules. Moreover, some hormones, commonly assayed in plasma, such as steroids, are detectable in oral fluid and peptide/protein, and non-steroid hormones have been investigated. The sports practice environment and athletes' availability, together with hormone molecule characteristics in saliva and physical exercise behavior effects, confirm this body fluid as an alternative to serum. This review focuses on the relation between salivary steroids and psycho-physiological stress and underlines how the measurement of salivary cortisol provides an approach of self-report psychological indicator and anxiety change in relation to exercise performance. The correlation between salivary and plasma steroid hormone (cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) levels, observed during exercise, has been considered, underlining how the type, duration, and intensity of the exercise influence the salivary steroid concentrations in the same way as serum-level variations. Training conditions have been considered in relation to the salivary hormonal response. This review focuses on studies related to salivary hormone measurements, mainly steroids, in physical exercise. Saliva use in physical disciplines, as a real alternative to serum, could be a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gatti
- U.O. of Endocrinology, Department of Surgery and Medical Sciences, University of Padova (I), Padova, Italy
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Lester BM, Lagasse LL, Shankaran S, Bada HS, Bauer CR, Lin R, Das A, Higgins R. Prenatal cocaine exposure related to cortisol stress reactivity in 11-year-old children. J Pediatr 2010; 157:288-295.e1. [PMID: 20400094 PMCID: PMC3121327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the association between prenatal cocaine exposure and postnatal environmental adversity on salivary cortisol stress reactivity in school-aged children. STUDY DESIGN Subjects included 743 11-year-old children (n = 320 cocaine-exposed; 423 comparison) followed since birth in a longitudinal prospective multisite study. Saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol at baseline and after a standardized procedure to induce psychological stress. Children were divided into those who showed an increase in cortisol from baseline to post stress and those who showed a decrease or blunted cortisol response. Covariates measured included site, birthweight, maternal pre and postnatal use of alcohol, tobacco or marijuana, social class, changes in caretakers, maternal depression and psychological symptoms, domestic and community violence, child abuse, and quality of the home. RESULTS With adjustment for confounding variables, cortisol reactivity to stress was more likely to be blunted in children with prenatal cocaine exposure. Children exposed to cocaine and who experienced domestic violence showed the strongest effects. CONCLUSIONS The combination of prenatal cocaine exposure and an adverse postnatal environment could downregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis resulting in the blunted cortisol response to stress possibly increasing risk for later psychopathology and adult disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Lester
- Department of Pediatrics, Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
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22
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Influence of Selected Exercise on Serum Immunoglobulin, Testosterone and Cortisol in Semi-Endurance Elite Runners. Asian J Sports Med 1970. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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