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Paris HL, Sinai EC, Shei RJ, Keller AM, Mickleborough TD. The influence of carbohydrate ingestion on peripheral and central fatigue during exercise in hypoxia: A narrative review. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 21:1423-1435. [PMID: 33106121 PMCID: PMC8140067 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1842512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia impairs aerobic performance by accelerating fatiguing processes. These processes may originate from sites either distal (peripheral) or proximal (central) to the neuromuscular junction, though these are not mutually exclusive. Peripheral mechanisms include decrements in muscle glycogen or fluctuations in intramuscular metabolites, whereas central responses commonly refer to reductions in central motor drive elicited by alterations in blood glucose and neurotransmitter concentrations as well as arterial hypoxemia. Hypoxia may accelerate both peripheral and central pathways of fatigue, with the level of hypoxia strongly dictating the degree and primary locus of impairment. As more people journey to hypoxic settings for work and recreation, developing strategies to improve work capacity in these environments becomes increasingly relevant. Given that sea level performance improves with nutritional interventions such as carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion, a similar strategy may prove effective in delaying fatigue in hypoxia, particularly considering how the metabolic pathways enhanced with CHO supplementation overlap the fatiguing pathways upregulated in hypoxia. Many questions regarding the relationship between CHO, hypoxia, and fatigue remain unanswered, including specifics on when to ingest, what to ingest, and how varying altitudes influence supplementation effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to examine the peripheral and central mechanisms contributing to fatigue during aerobic exercise at varying degrees of hypoxia and to assess the role of CHO ingestion in attenuating fatigue onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Erin C Sinai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Charlot K, Chapelot D, Siracusa J, Lavoué C, Colin P, Oustric P, Thivel D, Finlayson G, Bourrilhon C. An augmented food strategy leads to complete energy compensation during a 15-day military training expedition in the cold. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14591. [PMID: 34057319 PMCID: PMC8165736 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soldiers on military expeditions usually fail to compensate for the increase in energy expenditure, with potential deleterious consequences. We therefore analyzed the characteristics of energy compensation in 12 male soldiers, during a 15-day expedition in the cold, while alleviating some of the contextual limitations of food intake (~20-MJ daily bags of easy-to-use, highly palatable and familiar foods with multiple and long breaks allowed during the day). Body and fat mass losses were low and moderate, respectively (-1.13 ± 1.42% and -19.5 ± 15.6%, respectively, p < .021). Mean energy intake (EI) was high (~16.3 MJ) and increased at each third of the expedition (15.3 ± 2.1, 16.1 ± 2.1, and 17.6 ± 2.0 for D1-5, D6-10 and D11-15, respectively, p < .012). This resulted in reaching a neutral energy balance as soon as the D6 to 10 period and reaching normal energy availability during D11 to 15. Participants only increased their EI during the mid-day (10:00-14:00) period (p = .002) whereas hunger and thirst only increased in the morning, with higher scores during D11-15 than D1-5 (p < .009). Last, the reward value of sweet foods was also higher during D11-15 than during D1-5 (p = .026). The changes in body mass were positively associated with EI (r = 0.598, p = .040) and carbohydrate intake (r = 0.622, p = .031). This study indicates that complete energy compensation can be reached in challenging field conditions when food intake is facilitated, offering some guidelines to limit energy deficit during operational missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Charlot
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions ExtrêmesDépartement Environnements OpérationnelsInstitut de Recherche Biomédicale des ArméesBretigny‐Sur‐OrgeFrance
- LBEPSUniv EvryIRBAUniversité Paris SaclayEvryFrance
| | - Didier Chapelot
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et StatistiqueEquipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN)Inserm (U1153)Inra (U1125)CnamUniversité Paris 13BobignyFrance
| | - Julien Siracusa
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions ExtrêmesDépartement Environnements OpérationnelsInstitut de Recherche Biomédicale des ArméesBretigny‐Sur‐OrgeFrance
- LBEPSUniv EvryIRBAUniversité Paris SaclayEvryFrance
| | - Chloé Lavoué
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions ExtrêmesDépartement Environnements OpérationnelsInstitut de Recherche Biomédicale des ArméesBretigny‐Sur‐OrgeFrance
- LBEPSUniv EvryIRBAUniversité Paris SaclayEvryFrance
| | - Philippe Colin
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions ExtrêmesDépartement Environnements OpérationnelsInstitut de Recherche Biomédicale des ArméesBretigny‐Sur‐OrgeFrance
- LBEPSUniv EvryIRBAUniversité Paris SaclayEvryFrance
| | - Pauline Oustric
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research GroupSchool of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - David Thivel
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research GroupSchool of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
- Laboratoire des adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA 3533)Université Clermont AuvergneClermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research GroupSchool of PsychologyFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - Cyprien Bourrilhon
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions ExtrêmesDépartement Environnements OpérationnelsInstitut de Recherche Biomédicale des ArméesBretigny‐Sur‐OrgeFrance
- LBEPSUniv EvryIRBAUniversité Paris SaclayEvryFrance
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Caris AV, Thomatieli-Santos RV. Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation Attenuates the Increase in Rating of Perceived Exertion during Intense Exercise in Hypoxia Similar to 4200 m. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123797. [PMID: 33322280 PMCID: PMC7763460 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) indicates the feeling of fatigue. However, hypoxia worsens the condition and can worsen RPE. We evaluated whether carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation alters RPE and physiological markers in running at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion in a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Nine volunteers underwent three running tests at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion: (1) hypoxia and placebo, (2) hypoxia and 8% maltodextrin, and (3) hypoxia after six days of glutamine supplementation (20 g/day) and 8% maltodextrin. The exercise and supplementation were randomized and double-blinded. Lactate, heart rate, haemoglobin O2 saturation (SpO2%), and RPE (6-20 scale) were analyzed at the 15th and 30th min. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. SpO2% decreased at the 15th and 30th minutes compared to resting in placebo, carbohydrate, and glutamine supplementation. RPE increased at the 30th minute compared to the 15th minute in placebo and carbohydrate supplementation; however, there was no difference in the glutamine supplementation condition. Heart rate and lactate increased after the 15th and 30th minutes compared to resting, similar to the three conditions studied. We conclude that previous supplementation with glutamine and carbohydrate during intense exercise in hypoxia similar to 4500 m can attenuate the increase in RPE by the increase in glycemia and can be a useful strategy for people who exercise in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline V. Caris
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil;
| | - Ronaldo V. Thomatieli-Santos
- Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-5572-0177
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The Possible Importance of Glutamine Supplementation to Mood and Cognition in Hypoxia from High Altitude. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123627. [PMID: 33255790 PMCID: PMC7760805 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia induced by low O2 pressure is responsible for several physiological and behavioral alterations. Changes in physiological systems are frequent, including inflammation and psychobiological declines such as mood and cognition worsening, resulting in increased reaction time, difficulty solving problems, reduced memory and concentration. The paper discusses the possible relationship between glutamine supplementation and worsening cognition mediated by inflammation induced by high altitude hypoxia. The paper is a narrative literature review conducted to verify the effects of glutamine supplementation on psychobiological aspects. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science databases and gray literature by Google Scholar for English articles. Mechanistic pathways mediated by glutamine suggest potential positive effects of its supplementation on mood and cognition, mainly its potential effect on inflammation. However, clinical studies are scarce, making any conclusions impossible. Although glutamine plays an important role and seems to mitigate inflammation, clinical studies should test this hypothesis, which will contribute to a better mood and cognition state for several people who suffer from problems mediated by hypoxia.
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Charlot K, Chapelot D. Comparison of energy-matched high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise sessions on latency to eat, energy intake, and appetite. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:665-673. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval exercises (HIIex) have gained popularity but their effects on eating behavior are poorly known. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the effects of HIIex on the 3 main components of eating behavior (appetite, intake, and latency to eat) differ from those of moderate-intensity continuous exercises (MICex) for the same energy expenditure. Fifteen young normal-weight males completed 3 sessions in a counterbalanced order: HIIex (30-s bouts at 90% of maximal oxygen uptake interceded with 60-s bouts at 35% of maximal oxygen uptake for 20 min), MICex (42% of maximal oxygen uptake for 40 min), and a resting session (REST). Trials were scheduled 80 and 100 min after a standard breakfast for MICex and HIIex, respectively. At 120 min, participants were isolated until they asked for lunch. Appetite was rated on 4 visual analog scales (hunger, desire to eat, fullness, and prospective consumption) every 15 min until meal request. Results showed that the mean latency of requesting lunch was significantly longer after HIIex than after REST (+17.3 ± 4.3 min, P = 0.004), but not after MICex (P = 0.686). Energy intake was not different between conditions, leading to a negative energy balance in the 2 exercise sessions. Thus, the effects of HIIex on eating behavior are likely primarily mediated through the latency of meal initiation. However, inter-individual variability was large and further studies are needed to identify the predictive factors of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Charlot
- Université Paris 13, Laboratoire Réponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles à l’Hypoxie, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Laboratoire Réponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles à l’Hypoxie, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
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Effects of Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation on Oral Mucosa Immunity after Strenuous Exercise at High Altitude: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070692. [PMID: 28671626 PMCID: PMC5537807 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on salivary immunity after exercise at a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Fifteen volunteers performed exercise of 70% of VO2peak until exhaustion and were divided into three groups: hypoxia placebo, hypoxia 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min), and hypoxia after six days glutamine (20 g/day) and 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min). All procedures were randomized and double-blind. Saliva was collected at rest (basal), before exercise (pre-exercise), immediately after exercise (post-exercise), and two hours after exercise. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test were performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. SaO₂% reduced when comparing baseline vs. pre-exercise, post-exercise, and after recovery for all three groups. There was also a reduction of SaO₂% in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for the hypoxia group and an increase was observed in pre-exercise vs. recovery for both supplementation groups, and between post-exercise and for the three groups studied. There was an increase of salivary flow in post-exercise vs. recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) decreased from baseline vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Glutamine group. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) increased from post-exercise vs. after recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Reduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was observed from baseline vs. post-exercise and after recovery for the Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group; a lower concentration was observed in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise and recovery. TNF-α had a reduction from baseline vs. post-exercise for both supplementation groups, and a lower secretion between baseline vs. recovery, and pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Five hours of hypoxia and exercise did not change IgA. Carbohydrates, with greater efficiency than glutamine, induced anti-inflammatory responses.
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Kelly LP, Basset FA. Acute Normobaric Hypoxia Increases Post-exercise Lipid Oxidation in Healthy Males. Front Physiol 2017; 8:293. [PMID: 28567018 PMCID: PMC5434119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of the current study was to determine the effect of moderate normobaric hypoxia exposure during constant load cycling on post-exercise energy metabolism recorded in normoxia. Indirect calorimetry was used to examine whole body substrate oxidation before, during, 40–60 min post, and 22 h after performing 60 min of cycling exercise at two different fractions of inspired oxygen (FIO2): (i) FIO2 = 0.2091 (normoxia) and (ii) FIO2 = 0.15 (hypoxia). Seven active healthy male participants (26 ± 4 years of age) completed both experimental trials in randomized order with a 7-day washout period to avoid carryover effects between conditions. Resting energy expenditure was initially elevated following cycling exercise in normoxia and hypoxia (Δ 0.14 ± 0.05, kcal min−1, p = 0.037; Δ 0.19 ± 0.03 kcal min−1, p < 0.001, respectively), but returned to baseline levels the next morning in both conditions. Although, the same absolute workload was used in both environmental conditions (157 ± 10 W), a shift in resting substrate oxidation occurred after exercise performed in hypoxia while post-exercise measurements were similar to baseline after cycling exercise in normoxia. The additional metabolic stress of hypoxia exposure was sufficient to increase the rate of lipid oxidation (Δ 42 ± 11 mg min−1, p = 0.019) and tended to suppress carbohydrate oxidation (Δ −55 ± 26 mg min−1, p = 0.076) 40–60 min post-exercise. This shift in substrate oxidation persisted the next morning, where lipid oxidation remained elevated (Δ 9 ± 3 mg min−1, p = 0.0357) and carbohydrate oxidation was suppressed (Δ −22 ± 6 mg min−1, p = 0.019). In conclusion, prior exercise performed under moderate normobaric hypoxia alters post-exercise energy metabolism. This is an important consideration when evaluating the metabolic consequences of hypoxia exposure during prolonged exercise, and future studies should evaluate its role in the beneficial effects of intermittent hypoxia training observed in persons with obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Kelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Fabien A Basset
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
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Feriche B, García-Ramos A, Morales-Artacho AJ, Padial P. Resistance Training Using Different Hypoxic Training Strategies: a Basis for Hypertrophy and Muscle Power Development. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:12. [PMID: 28315193 PMCID: PMC5357242 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The possible muscular strength, hypertrophy, and muscle power benefits of resistance training under environmental conditions of hypoxia are currently being investigated.Nowadays, resistance training in hypoxia constitutes a promising new training strategy for strength and muscle gains. The main mechanisms responsible for these effects seem to be related to increased metabolite accumulation due to hypoxia. However, no data are reported in the literature to describe and compare the efficacy of the different hypertrophic resistance training strategies in hypoxia.Moreover, improvements in sprinting, jumping, or throwing performance have also been described at terrestrial altitude, encouraging research into the speed of explosive movements at altitude. It has been suggested that the reduction in the aerodynamic resistance and/or the increase in the anaerobic metabolism at higher altitudes can influence the metabolic cost, increase the take-off velocities, or improve the motor unit recruitment patterns, which may explain these improvements. Despite these findings, the applicability of altitude conditions in improving muscle power by resistance training remains to be clarified.This review examines current knowledge regarding resistance training in different types of hypoxia, focusing on strategies designed to improve muscle hypertrophy as well as power for explosive movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta Alfacar sn, 18011, Granada, Spain.
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta Alfacar sn, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta Alfacar sn, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta Alfacar sn, 18011, Granada, Spain
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Caris AV, Da Silva ET, Dos Santos SA, Lira FS, Oyama LM, Tufik S, Dos Santos RVT. Carbohydrate Supplementation Influences Serum Cytokines after Exercise under Hypoxic Conditions. Nutrients 2016; 8:E706. [PMID: 27827949 PMCID: PMC5133093 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise performed at the hypoxia equivalent of an altitude of 4200 m is associated with elevated inflammatory mediators and changes in the Th1/Th2 response. By contrast, supplementation with carbohydrates has an anti-inflammatory effect when exercise is performed under normoxic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on cytokines and cellular damage markers after exercise under hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 4200 m. METHODS Seven adult male volunteers who exercised for 60 min at an intensity of 50% VO2Peak were randomly evaluated under three distinct conditions; normoxia, hypoxia and hypoxia + carbohydrate supplementation. Blood samples were collected at rest, at the end of exercise and after 60 min of recovery. To evaluate hypoxia + carbohydrate supplementation, volunteers received a solution of 6% carbohydrate (maltodextrin) or a placebo (strawberry-flavored Crystal Light®; Kraft Foods, Northfield, IL, USA) every 20 min during exercise and recovery. Statistical analyses comprised analysis of variance, with a one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test with a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS Under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, there was a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 after exercise and after recovery compared to at rest (p < 0.05), while in the hypoxia + carbohydrate group, there was a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α after exercise compared to at rest (p < 0.05). Furthermore, under this condition, TNF-α, IL-2 and the balance of IL-2/IL-4 were increased after recovery compared to at rest (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We conclude that carbohydrate supplementation modified the IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations and shifted the IL-2/IL-4 balance towards Th1 in response without glycemic, glutaminemia and cell damage effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Venticinque Caris
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Fabio Santos Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos 11060-001, Brazil.
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Bailey DP, Smith LR, Chrismas BC, Taylor L, Stensel DJ, Deighton K, Douglas JA, Kerr CJ. Appetite and gut hormone responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise versus high-intensity interval exercise, in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Appetite 2015; 89:237-45. [PMID: 25700630 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of continuous moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in combination with short exposure to hypoxia on appetite and plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Twelve healthy males completed four, 2.6 h trials in a random order: (1) MIE-normoxia, (2) MIE-hypoxia, (3) HIIE-normoxia, and (4) HIIE-hypoxia. Exercise took place in an environmental chamber. During MIE, participants ran for 50 min at 70% of altitude-specific maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and during HIIE performed 6 × 3 min running at 90% V˙O2max interspersed with 6 × 3 min active recovery at 50% V˙O2max with a 7 min warm-up and cool-down at 70% V˙O2max (50 min total). In hypoxic trials, exercise was performed at a simulated altitude of 2980 m (14.5% O2). Exercise was completed after a standardised breakfast. A second meal standardised to 30% of participants' daily energy requirements was provided 45 min after exercise. Appetite was suppressed more in hypoxia than normoxia during exercise, post-exercise, and for the full 2.6 h trial period (linear mixed modelling, p <0.05). Plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations were lower in hypoxia than normoxia post-exercise and for the full 2.6 h trial period (p <0.05). PYY concentrations were higher in HIIE than MIE under hypoxic conditions during exercise (p = 0.042). No differences in GLP-1 were observed between conditions (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that short exposure to hypoxia causes suppressions in appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations. Furthermore, appetite responses to exercise do not appear to be influenced by exercise modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Bailey
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA, UK.
| | - Lindsey R Smith
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Bryna C Chrismas
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Lee Taylor
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Polhill Avenue, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK41 9EA, UK
| | - David J Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jessica A Douglas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Catherine J Kerr
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 OBP, UK
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Duivenvoorde LPM, van Schothorst EM, Derous D, van der Stelt I, Masania J, Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ, Keijer J. Oxygen restriction as challenge test reveals early high-fat-diet-induced changes in glucose and lipid metabolism. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1179-93. [PMID: 24974902 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Challenge tests stress homeostasis and may reveal deviations in health that remain masked under unchallenged conditions. Ideally, challenge tests are non-invasive and applicable in an early phase of an animal experiment. Oxygen restriction (OxR; based on ambient, mild normobaric hypoxia) is a non-invasive challenge test that measures the flexibility to adapt metabolism. Metabolic inflexibility is one of the hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome. To test whether OxR can be used to reveal early diet-induced health effects, we exposed mice to a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet for only 5 days. The response to OxR was assessed by calorimetric measurements, followed by analysis of gene expression in liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and serum markers for e.g. protein glycation and oxidation. Although HF feeding increased body weight, HF and LF mice did not differ in indirect calorimetric values under normoxic conditions and in a fasting state. Exposure to OxR; however, increased oxygen consumption and lipid oxidation in HF mice versus LF mice. Furthermore, OxR induced gluconeogenesis and an antioxidant response in the liver of HF mice, whereas it induced de novo lipogenesis and an antioxidant response in eWAT of LF mice, indicating that HF and LF mice differed in their adaptation to OxR. OxR also increased serum markers of protein glycation and oxidation in HF mice, whereas these changes were absent in LF mice. Cumulatively, OxR is a promising new method to test food products on potential beneficial effects for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes P M Duivenvoorde
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Girard O, Amann M, Aughey R, Billaut F, Bishop DJ, Bourdon P, Buchheit M, Chapman R, D'Hooghe M, Garvican-Lewis LA, Gore CJ, Millet GP, Roach GD, Sargent C, Saunders PU, Schmidt W, Schumacher YO. Position statement--altitude training for improving team-sport players' performance: current knowledge and unresolved issues. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47 Suppl 1:i8-16. [PMID: 24282213 PMCID: PMC3903313 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the limited research on the effects of altitude (or hypoxic) training interventions on team-sport performance, players from all around the world engaged in these sports are now using altitude training more than ever before. In March 2013, an Altitude Training and Team Sports conference was held in Doha, Qatar, to establish a forum of research and practical insights into this rapidly growing field. A round-table meeting in which the panellists engaged in focused discussions concluded this conference. This has resulted in the present position statement, designed to highlight some key issues raised during the debates and to integrate the ideas into a shared conceptual framework. The present signposting document has been developed for use by support teams (coaches, performance scientists, physicians, strength and conditioning staff) and other professionals who have an interest in the practical application of altitude training for team sports. After more than four decades of research, there is still no consensus on the optimal strategies to elicit the best results from altitude training in a team-sport population. However, there are some recommended strategies discussed in this position statement to adopt for improving the acclimatisation process when training/competing at altitude and for potentially enhancing sea-level performance. It is our hope that this information will be intriguing, balanced and, more importantly, stimulating to the point that it promotes constructive discussion and serves as a guide for future research aimed at advancing the bourgeoning body of knowledge in the area of altitude training for team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Research and Education Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Markus Amann
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert Aughey
- Exercise and Active Living, Institute of Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David J Bishop
- Exercise and Active Living, Institute of Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, High Performance Department, USA Track & Field, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Medical Commission and FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Langerei, 71, 8000 Brugge, Belgium
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christopher J Gore
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Department of Physiology—Faculty of Biology and Medicine, ISSUL—Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Philo U Saunders
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Walter Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Yorck O Schumacher
- Research and Education Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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