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Jo HD, Kim MK. Identification of EIMD Level Differences Between Long- and Short Head of Biceps Brachii Using Echo Intensity and GLCM Texture Features. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:441-449. [PMID: 37698509 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2250832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the time-course changes of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) levels in the long head of biceps brachii (LHB) and short head of the biceps brachii (SHB) using echo intensity (EI) and to determine the efficiency of the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture parameters. Methods: The participants performed 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexor. Along with muscle damage indicators, including circumference, range of motion, muscle soreness, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), the EI and GLCM texture features of the LHB and SHB was also assessed using B-mode ultrasonography. All measurements were assessed pre- and immediately post-exercise and after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Results: The muscle damage indicators indicated significant changes after the eccentric contractions (p < 0.01 for circumference, range of motion, muscle soreness, and MVIC). The EI of LHB significantly increased following the contractions (p < 0.01), but that of SHB did not (p > 0.05). In contrast, for the GLCM texture parameters, there were significant changes in the SHB (p < 0.01 for homogeneity, energy, and entropy). Conclusion: Thus, this study demonstrated that EIMD severity is different between LHB and SHB even within the same muscle. In the GLCM features, the time course of SHB after eccentric contraction revealed different patterns compared with those of LHB. Therefore, even if there are no changes in EI within a target muscle following muscle contractions, new information on muscle quality can be obtained through GLCM analysis.
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Brown F, Hill M, Renshaw D, Pedlar C, Hill J, Tallis J. Test–retest reliability of muscular performance tests and compression garment interface pressure measurements: a comparison between consecutive and multiple day recovery. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-022-00393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Kolinger D, Pisz A, Świtała K, Petruzela J, Stastny P. Acute Effects of Supra- and High-Loaded Front Squats on Mechanical Properties of Lower-Limb Muscles. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:148. [PMID: 37624128 PMCID: PMC10459263 DOI: 10.3390/sports11080148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the acute effects of supramaximal-loaded resistance exercises on muscle mechanical properties is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to examine changes in dominant limb biceps femoris and vastus lateralis oscillation frequency and stiffness before and after high- and supramaximal-loaded front squats. Nineteen male handball players participated in the experimental session with a barbell front squat 1RM. The first set was performed at 70% of the 1RM for four repetitions, and the second and third sets were performed at 90%1RM in an eccentric-concentric or an eccentric-only manner at 120% of the 1RM for three repetitions. The handheld myometer was used for the measurement of the biceps femoris and vastus lateralis stiffness and the oscillation frequency of the dominant limb 5 min before and at the 5th and 10th min after front squats. A two-way ANOVA neither indicated a statistically significant interaction (p = 0.335; η2 = 0.059 and p = 0.103; η2 = 0.118), the main effect of a condition (p = 0.124; η2 = 0.126 and p = 0.197; η2 = 0.091), nor the main effect of the time point (p = 0.314; η2 = 0.06 and p = 0.196; η2 = 0.089) for vastus lateralis and biceps femoris stiffness. However, there was a statistically significant interaction (F = 3.516; p = 0.04; η2 = 0.163) for vastus lateralis oscillation frequency. The post hoc analysis showed a significantly higher vastus lateralis oscillation frequency at POST (p = 0.037; d = 0.29) and POST_10 (p = 0.02; d = 0.29) compared to PRE during the SUPRA condition. Moreover, Friedman's test indicated statistically significant differences in biceps femoris oscillation frequency (test = 15.482; p = 0.008; Kendall's W = 0.163). Pairwise comparison showed a significantly lower biceps femoris oscillation frequency in POST (p = 0.042; d = 0.31) and POST_10 (p = 0.015; d = 0.2) during the HIGH condition compared to that in the corresponding time points during the SUPRA condition. The results of this study indicate that the SUPRA front squats, compared to the high-loaded ones, cause a significant increase in biceps femoris and vastus lateralis oscillation frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Krzysztofik
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.W.)
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.W.)
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dominik Kolinger
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.W.)
| | - Anna Pisz
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Świtała
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Jan Petruzela
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.W.)
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.W.)
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Boyd L, Deakin GB, Devantier-Thomas B, Singh U, Doma K. The Effects of Pre-conditioning on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1537-1557. [PMID: 37160563 PMCID: PMC10356650 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have utilised isometric, eccentric and downhill walking pre-conditioning as a strategy for alleviating the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) following a bout of damaging physical activity. OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of pre-conditioning strategies on indices of muscle damage and physical performance measures following a second bout of strenuous physical activity. DATA SOURCES PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies meeting the PICO (population, intervention/exposure, comparison, and outcome) criteria were included in this review: (1) general population or "untrained" participants with no contraindications affecting physical performance; (2) studies with a parallel design to examine the prevention and severity of muscle-damaging contractions; (3) outcome measures were compared using baseline and post-intervention measures; and (4) outcome measures included any markers of indirect muscle damage and muscular contractility measures. PARTICIPANTS Individuals with no resistance training experiences in the previous 6 or more months. INTERVENTIONS A single bout of pre-conditioning exercises consisting of eccentric or isometric contractions performed a minimum of 24 h prior to a bout of damaging physical activity were compared to control interventions that did not perform pre-conditioning prior to damaging physical activity. STUDY APPRAISAL Kmet appraisal system. SYNTHESIS METHODS Quantitative analysis was conducted using forest plots to examine standardised mean differences (SMD, i.e. effect size), test statistics for statistical significance (i.e. Z-values) and between-study heterogeneity by inspecting I2. RESULTS Following abstract and full-text screening, 23 articles were included in this paper. Based on the meta-analysis, the pre-conditioning group exhibited lower levels of creatine kinase at 24 h (SMD = - 1.64; Z = 8.39; p = 0.00001), 48 h (SMD = - 2.65; Z = 7.78; p = 0.00001), 72 h (SMD = - 2.39; Z = 5.71; p = 0.00001) and 96 h post-exercise (SMD = - 3.52; Z = 7.39; p = 0.00001) than the control group. Delayed-onset muscle soreness was also lower for the pre-conditioning group at 24 h (SMD = - 1.89; Z = 6.17; p = 0.00001), 48 h (SMD = - 2.50; Z = 7.99; p = 0.00001), 72 h (SMD = - 2.73; Z = 7.86; p = 0.00001) and 96 h post-exercise (SMD = - 3.30; Z = 8.47; p = 0.00001). Maximal voluntary contraction force was maintained and returned to normal sooner in the pre-conditioning group than in the control group, 24 h (SMD = 1.46; Z = 5.49; p = 0.00001), 48 h (SMD = 1.59; Z = 6.04; p = 0.00001), 72 h (SMD = 2.02; Z = 6.09; p = 0.00001) and 96 h post-exercise (SMD = 2.16; Z = 5.69; p = 0.00001). Range of motion was better maintained by the pre-conditioning group compared with the control group at 24 h (SMD = 1.48; Z = 4.30; p = 0.00001), 48 h (SMD = 2.20; Z = 5.64; p = 0.00001), 72 h (SMD = 2.66; Z = 5.42; p = 0.00001) and 96 h post-exercise (SMD = 2.5; Z = 5.46; p = 0.00001). Based on qualitative analyses, pre-conditioning activities were more effective when performed at 2-4 days before the muscle-damaging protocol compared with immediately prior to the muscle-damaging protocol, or 1-3 weeks prior to the muscle-damaging protocol. Furthermore, pre-conditioning activities performed using eccentric contractions over isometric contractions, with higher volumes, greater intensity and more lengthened muscle contractions provided greater protection from EIMD. LIMITATIONS Several outcome measures showed high inter-study heterogeneity. The inability to account for differences in durations between pre-conditioning and the second bout of damaging physical activity was also limiting. CONCLUSIONS Pre-conditioning significantly reduced the severity of creatine kinase release, delayed-onset muscle soreness, loss of maximal voluntary contraction force and the range of motion decrease. Pre-conditioning may prevent severe EIMD and accelerate recovery of muscle force generation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Boyd
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, 481, Australia
| | - Glen B Deakin
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, 481, Australia
| | - Baily Devantier-Thomas
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, 481, Australia
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, 481, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, 481, Australia.
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Chen TCC, Kang HY, Tseng WC, Lin SC, Chan CW, Chen HL, Chou TY, Wang HH, Lau WY, Nosaka K. Muscle damage induced by maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors after 3-week immobilization. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:382-392. [PMID: 36427271 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of a 3-week immobilization (IM) on muscle damage induced by maximal eccentric exercise (MaxEC) to test the hypothesis that the IM would make muscles prone to muscle damage. Young healthy sedentary men were pseudo-randomly assigned to IM or control group (n = 12/group). Non-dominant arms of the IM group participants were immobilized at 90° elbow flexion by a cast for 21 days. All participants performed MaxEC consisting of five sets of six elbow flexor contractions by lowering a dumbbell set at 100% of pre-exercise maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) strength of the non-dominant arm. This was performed at 2 days after the cast removal for the IM group. MVC torque, range of motion (ROM), muscle thickness (MT), muscle hardness, position sense (PS), and joint reaction angle (JRA) of the elbow flexors were measured at baseline, post-immobilization, and before, immediately after, and one to 5 days after MaxEC. The IM decreased MVC torque (-17 ± 2%), ROM (-2 ± 1%), MT (-7 ± 3%), and JRA (-12 ± 6%), and increased in muscle hardness (20 ± 6%) and PS (11 ± 2%) (p < 0.05). Changes in MVC (e.g., 2 days: -40 ± 5 vs. -30 ± 9%), ROM (2 days: -11 ± 2 vs. -9 ± 3%), muscle soreness (peak: 63 ± 22 vs. 48 ± 14 mm), plasma CK activity (peak: 7820 ± 4011 vs. 4980 ± 1363 IU/L), PS (maximal change: -23 ± 2 vs. -18 ± 3%), and JRA (maximal change: -37 ± 4 vs. -26 ± 3%) after MaxEC were greater (p < 0.05) for the IM than control group. These results supported the hypothesis and showed that the IM made the muscles more vulnerable to muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Chung-Ching Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yu Kang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Tseng
- Department of Physical Education, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Lin
- Department of Physical Education, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Wei Chan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lian Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ying Chou
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hao Wang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wing Yin Lau
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Ema R. Unique neuromuscular activation of the rectus femoris during concentric and eccentric cycling. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2022; 63:102638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Shoji M, Ema R, Nosaka K, Kanda A, Hirata K, Akagi R. Muscle Damage Indicated by Maximal Voluntary Contraction Strength Changes From Immediately to 1 Day After Eccentric Exercise of the Knee Extensors. Front Physiol 2021; 12:775157. [PMID: 34867482 PMCID: PMC8635727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.775157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined if the magnitude of changes in indirect muscle damage markers could be predicted by maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque changes from immediately to 1 day after eccentric exercise. Twenty-eight young men performed 100 maximal isokinetic (60°/s) eccentric contractions of the knee extensors. MVIC torque, potentiated doublet torque, voluntary activation (VA) during MVIC, shear modulus of rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis and lateralis, and muscle soreness of these muscles were measured before, immediately after, and 1–3 days post-exercise. Based on the recovery rate of the MVIC torque from immediately to 1-day post-exercise, the participants were placed to a recovery group that showed an increase in the MVIC torque (11.3–79.9%, n = 15) or a no-recovery group that showed no recovery (−71.9 to 0%, n = 13). No significant difference in MVIC torque decrease immediately post-exercise was found between the recovery (−33 ± 12%) and no-recovery (−32 ± 9%) groups. At 1–3 days, changes in MVIC torque (−40 to −26% vs. −22 to −12%), potentiated doublet torque (−37 to −22% vs. −20 to −9%), and proximal RF shear modulus (29–34% vs. 8–15%) were greater (p < 0.05) for the no-recovery than recovery group. No significant group differences were found for muscle soreness. The recovery rate of MVIC torque was correlated (p < 0.05) with the change in MVIC torque from baseline to 2 (r = 0.624) or 3 days post-exercise (r = 0.526), or peak change in potentiated doublet torque at 1–3 days post-exercise from baseline (r = 0.691), but not correlated with the changes in other dependent variables. These results suggest that the recovery rate of MVIC torque predicts changes in neuromuscular function but not muscle soreness and stiffness following eccentric exercise of the knee extensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Shoji
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ema
- Faculty of Sport Science, Shizuoka Sangyo University, Iwata-shi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Akihiro Kanda
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.,Mizuno Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa-shi, Japan
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.,College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
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Hill EC, Housh TJ, Smith CM, Keller JL, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. High- vs. Low-Intensity Fatiguing Eccentric Exercise on Muscle Thickness, Strength, and Blood Flow. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:33-40. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ho CC, Nosaka K, Tseng KW, Tseng WC, Lau WY, Bogdanis GC, Chen TC. Effect of preconditioning exercise on biceps brachii myotendinous junction displacement during elbow flexor eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:813-825. [PMID: 33349963 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that 30 low-intensity (10%) eccentric contractions (10%EC) or two maximal voluntary isometric contractions at a long muscle length (2MVIC) that were performed at two days before maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors consisting of five sets of six maximal eccentric contractions (MaxEC) would reduce increases in biceps brachii distal myotendinous junction displacement (MTJd) over the eccentric contractions during MaxEC. Sedentary young men were randomly placed (n = 12/group) to a control group that performed two bouts of MaxEC (CONT-1st, CONT-2nd) separated by two weeks, or one of two preconditioning groups that performed 10%EC or 2MVIC at 20° elbow flexion at two days prior to MaxEC. All exercises were performed by the non-dominant arm. MTJd of each contraction was assessed by B-mode ultrasound, and its changes over sets were compared among the groups. The average MTJd from the start to the end of six eccentric contractions in the first set was similar among the groups (6.4 ± 0.7 mm). The MTJd increased from the first to fifth set, but the increase was smaller (P < .05) for the 10%EC (13 ± 6%) and 2MVIC (16 ± 9%) groups, and CONT-2nd (3 ± 6%) when compared with CONT-1st (60 ± 12%). Both 10%EC and 2MVIC groups showed smaller (P < .05) changes in all muscle damage markers after MaxEC similarly when compared with CONT-1st, but the changes were greater than those after CONT-2nd. These results supported the hypothesis that protective effect was associated with less MTJd changes, suggesting that this is associated with the mechanisms underpinning the preconditioning effect on muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chiao Ho
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kou-Wei Tseng
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Tseng
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Yin Lau
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of P.E. & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Bontemps B, Vercruyssen F, Gruet M, Louis J. Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2020; 50:2083-2110. [PMID: 33037592 PMCID: PMC7674385 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Downhill running (DR) is a whole-body exercise model that is used to investigate the physiological consequences of eccentric muscle actions and/or exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). In a sporting context, DR sections can be part of running disciplines (off-road and road running) and can accentuate EIMD, leading to a reduction in performance. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) better inform on the acute and delayed physiological effects of DR; (2) identify and discuss, using a comprehensive approach, the DR characteristics that affect the physiological responses to DR and their potential interactions; (3) provide the current state of evidence on preventive and in-situ strategies to better adapt to DR. Key findings of this review show that DR may have an impact on exercise performance by altering muscle structure and function due to EIMD. In the majority of studies, EIMD are assessed through isometric maximal voluntary contraction, blood creatine kinase and delayed onset muscle soreness, with DR characteristics (slope, exercise duration, and running speed) acting as the main influencing factors. In previous studies, the median (25th percentile, Q1; 75th percentile, Q3) slope, exercise duration, and running speed were - 12% (- 15%; - 10%), 40 min (30 min; 45 min) and 11.3 km h-1 (9.8 km h-1; 12.9 km h-1), respectively. Regardless of DR characteristics, people the least accustomed to DR generally experienced the most EIMD. There is growing evidence to suggest that preventive strategies that consist of prior exposure to DR are the most effective to better tolerate DR. The effectiveness of in-situ strategies such as lower limb compression garments and specific footwear remains to be confirmed. Our review finally highlights important discrepancies between studies in the assessment of EIMD, DR protocols and populations, which prevent drawing firm conclusions on factors that most influence the response to DR, and adaptive strategies to DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Bontemps
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire IAPS, Toulon, France
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Mathieu Gruet
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire IAPS, Toulon, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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Tseng WC, Nosaka K, Tseng KW, Chou TY, Chen TC. Contralateral Effects by Unilateral Eccentric versus Concentric Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:474-483. [PMID: 31524834 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unilateral resistance training increases muscle strength of the contralateral homologous muscle by the cross-education effect. Muscle damage induced by second eccentric exercise bout is attenuated, even when it is performed by the contralateral limb. The present study compared the effects of unilateral eccentric training (ET) and concentric training (CT) of the elbow flexors (EF) on maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) strength and muscle damage of the contralateral untrained EF. METHODS Young men were placed into ET, CT, ipsilateral repeated bout (IL-RB), and contralateral repeated bout (CL-RB) groups (n = 12 per group). The ET and CT groups performed unilateral EF training consisting of five sets of six eccentric and concentric contractions, respectively, once a week for 5 wk by increasing the intensity from 10% to 100% of MVC, followed by 30 maximal eccentric contractions (30MaxEC) of the opposite EF 1 wk later. The IL-RB group performed two bouts of 30MaxEC separated by 2 wk using the nondominant arm, and CL-RB group performed two bouts of 30MaxEC with a different arm for each bout in 1-wk apart. RESULTS The MVC increased (P < 0.05) greater for the trained (19% ± 8%) and untrained (11% ± 5%) arms in ET when compared with those in CT (10% ± 6%, 5% ± 2%). The magnitude of changes in muscle damage markers was reduced by 71% ± 19% after the second than the first bout for IL-RB group, and by 48% ± 21% for CL-RB group. Eccentric training and CT attenuated the magnitude by 58% ± 25% and 13% ± 13%, respectively, and the protective effect of ET was greater (P < 0.05) than CL-RB, but smaller (P < 0.05) than IL-RB. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that cross-education effect was stronger for ET than CT, and progressive ET produced greater contralateral muscle damage protective effect than a single eccentric exercise bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chin Tseng
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - Kuo-Wei Tseng
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Tai-Ying Chou
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
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Exercise induced changes in echo intensity within the muscle: a brief review. J Ultrasound 2020; 23:457-472. [PMID: 31925731 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-019-00424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Echo intensity is the mean pixel intensity of a specific region of interest from an ultrasound image. This variable has been increasingly used in the literature as a physiological marker. Although there has been an increased interest in reporting changes in echo intensity in response to exercise, little consensus exists as to what a change in echo intensity represents physiologically. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the earliest, as well as the most up to date literature regarding the changes in echo intensity in response to exercise. Echo intensity has been used to measure muscle quality, muscle damage, acute swelling, and intramuscular glycogen. The changes in echo intensity, however, are not consistent throughout the literature and often times lead to conclusions that seem contrary to the physiologic effects of exercise. For example, echo intensity increases in conjunction with increases in strength, contrary to what would be expected if echo intensity was a marker of muscle quality/muscle damage. It is conceivable that a change in echo intensity represents a range of physiologic effects at different time points. We recommend that these effects should be determined experimentally in order to rule out what echo intensity might and might not represent. Until this is done, caution should be employed when interpreting changes in echo intensity with acute and chronic exercise.
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Barreto RV, de Lima LCR, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Protective Effect Conferred by Isometric Preconditioning Against Slow- and Fast-Velocity Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1203. [PMID: 31632283 PMCID: PMC6779724 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated if the same isometric preconditioning protocol (IPP) attenuates the magnitude of muscle damage induced by different maximal eccentric exercise protocols in the elbow flexors. Sixty-four untrained men were assigned to either two experimental or two control groups. Participants in the experimental groups performed an IPP prior to either slow (60°·s-1 - ISO + ECC-S) or fast (180°·s-1 - ISO + ECC-F) maximal eccentric contractions (MaxECC). Subjects in the control groups performed slow (ECC-S) or fast (ECC-F) MaxECC without IPP. Maximal isokinetic concentric torque (MVC), muscle soreness (SOR), and muscle thickness (MT) were assessed before, immediately after, and 1-4 days following the MaxECC. Significant (p < 0.05) group vs. time interactions were found for MVC (F = 4,517), SOR (F = 6,318), and MT (F = 1,863). The ECC-S group presented faster (p < 0.05) recovery of MVC and MT and less (p < 0.05) SOR at 96 h post-MaxECC compared with ECC-F group. No significant differences in MVC and MT were found between ECC-S and ECC-F groups following MaxECC. The ISO + ECC-S group showed faster (p < 0.05) recovery of MVC and SOR compared to the ECC-S group. No significant differences were evident between ISO + ECC-S and ECC-S in any variable. The ISO + ECC-F group showed faster (p < 0.05) recovery of all assessed variables compared with the ECC-F group. MVC was greater (p < 0.05) at 48-72 h, and SOR was less (p < 0.05) at 48-96 h in the ISO + ECC-F compared to the ECC-F group. No significant differences were evident between ISO + ECC-S and ISO + ECC-F for any variable. These results show that the IPP accelerated recovery of MVC and SOR for the slow-eccentric exercise condition and attenuated strength loss and SOR in addition to faster recovery of all assessed variables for the fast-eccentric exercise condition. Therefore, the IPP can be used as a strategy to attenuate and accelerate recovery of muscle damage induced by different-velocity eccentric exercises, resulting in greater protection against muscle damage induced by faster velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Coelho Rabello de Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil.,Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, University Centre Herminio Ometto, Araras, Brazil.,School of Physical Education, Salesian University Centre of São Paulo, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila Coelho Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
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14
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Santos Silva Lopes J, Monteiro de Magalhães Neto A, Oliveira Gonçalves LC, Lourenço Alves PR, Castilho de Almeida A, Marlise Balbinotti Andrade C. Kinetics of Muscle Damage Biomarkers at Moments Subsequent to a Fight in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Practice by Disabled Athletes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1055. [PMID: 31507436 PMCID: PMC6716534 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Evidence indicates that muscle injury caused by exercise can lead to functional, biochemical, and clinical damage. These outcomes encompass an intrinsic potential to understand the real magnitude of interpretation of classic signs in sport environments and to monitor athletes, contributing to specific actions. However, little or no research has explored the general behavior of the variables presented in response to paradesportivo Brazilian jiu-jitsu. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological behavior through clinical, functional, and metabolic outcomes in the moments following a simulated fight. Methods: Six disabled athletes, male Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners (34-44 years old), were included. The participants had their outcomes analyzed individually and the variables studied were correlated. It is noteworthy that participants I and II are professional athletes with world titles. The ethics committee involving human beings of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (register no. 2.997.241) accepted the study. The participants attended the collection site four times, with a 24-h interval between sessions, characterizing the following moments: pre-exertion, and post-exertion, 24, 48, and 72 h after the simulated fight. Data collected were muscle pain, perception of recovery, muscle strength, and blood samples for creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analysis. The variables described were measured at all collection moments. The data were presented in individual raw values of each participant, with Spearman correlation analysis to verify the relationship between variables and moments. Results: The outcomes demonstrated that the CK and LDH activity was higher of high-performance parathletes (I and II) and the reported muscle pain was lower. The fight did not influence maximal isometric strength levels in either participant. In addition, regarding delayed effects, the participants reported peak pain, CK, LDH, and decreased perception of recovery within 24 h. However, it was found that, at 72 h, all values had recovered, close to baseline levels. Conclusion: The presented outcomes provide parameters and suggest a safe scenario based on the intensity and volume commonly adopted in this sports parade modality where the level of effort recommended during combat does not seem to cause deleterious damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Santos Silva Lopes
- Medicine Department, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGSC), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFTM), Cuiabá, Brazil
- Department of Physical Therapy, Centro Universitário do Vale do Araguaia (UNIVAR), Barra do Garças, Brazil
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15
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Shiromaru FF, de Salles Painelli V, Silva-Batista C, Longo AR, Lasevicius T, Schoenfeld BJ, Aihara AY, Tricoli V, de Almeida Peres B, Teixeira EL. Differential muscle hypertrophy and edema responses between high-load and low-load exercise with blood flow restriction. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1713-1726. [PMID: 31281989 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether early increases in cross-sectional area (CSA) of different muscles composing the quadriceps with low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) were mainly driven by muscle hypertrophy or by edema-induced swelling. We also compared these changes to those promoted by high-load resistance training (HL-RT). In a randomized within-subject design, fifteen healthy, untrained men were submitted to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for CSA and edema-induced muscle swelling assessment (fast spin echo inversion recovery, FSE-STIR). MRI was performed in LL-BFR and HL-RT at baseline (W0) and after 3 weeks (W3), with a further measure after 6 weeks (W6) for HL-RT. Participants were also assessed at these time points for indirect muscle damage markers (range of motion, ROM; muscle soreness, SOR). CSA significantly increased for all the quadriceps muscles, for both LL-BFR and HL-RT at W3 (all P < .05) compared to W0. However, FSE-STIR was elevated at W3 for all the quadriceps muscles only for HL-RT (all P < .0001), not LL-BFR (all P > .05). Significant increases and decreases were shown in SOR and ROM, respectively, for HL-RT in W3 compared to W0 (both P < .05), while these changes were mitigated at W6 compared to W0 (both P > .05). No significant changes in SOR or ROM were demonstrated for LL-BFR across the study. Early increases in CSA with LL-BFR seem to occur without the presence of muscle edema, whereas initial gains obtained by HL-RT were influenced by muscle edema, in addition to muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Freitas Shiromaru
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Silva-Batista
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariel Roberth Longo
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lasevicius
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bergson de Almeida Peres
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Luiz Teixeira
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Biazon TMPC, Ugrinowitsch C, Soligon SD, Oliveira RM, Bergamasco JG, Borghi-Silva A, Libardi CA. The Association Between Muscle Deoxygenation and Muscle Hypertrophy to Blood Flow Restricted Training Performed at High and Low Loads. Front Physiol 2019; 10:446. [PMID: 31057426 PMCID: PMC6479177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic stress induced by blood flow restriction (BFR) during resistance training (RT) might maximize muscle growth. However, it is currently unknown whether metabolic stress are associated with muscle hypertrophy after RT protocols with high- or low load. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the effect of high load RT (HL-RT), high load BFR (HL-BFR), and low load BFR (LL-BFR) on deoxyhemoglobin concentration [HHb] (proxy marker of metabolic stress), muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), activation, strength, architecture and edema before (T1), after 5 (T2), and 10 weeks (T3) of training with these protocols. Additionally, we analyzed the occurrence of association between muscle deoxygenation and muscle hypertrophy. Thirty young men were selected and each of participants’ legs was allocated to one of the three experimental protocols in a randomized and balanced way according to quartiles of the baseline CSA and leg extension 1-RM values of the dominant leg. The dynamic maximum strength was measured by 1-RM test and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle cross-sectional area CSA echo intensity (CSAecho) and pennation angle (PA) were performed through ultrasound images. The measurement of muscle activation by surface electromyography (EMG) and [HHb] through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of VL were performed during the training session with relative load obtained after the 1-RM, before (T1), after 5 (T2), and 10 weeks (T3) training. The training total volume (TTV) was greater for HL-RT and HL-BFR compared to LL-BFR. There was no difference in 1-RM, CSA, CSAecho, CSAecho/CSA, and PA increases between protocols. Regarding the magnitude of the EMG, the HL-RT and HL-BFR groups showed higher values than and LL-BFR. On the other hand, [HHb] was higher for HL-BFR and LL-BFR. In conclusion, our results suggest that the addition of BFR to exercise contributes to neuromuscular adaptations only when RT is performed with low-load. Furthermore, we found a significant association between the changes in [HHb] (i.e., metabolic stress) and increases in muscle CSA from T2 to T3 only for the LL-BFR, when muscle edema was attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís M P C Biazon
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel D Soligon
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ramon M Oliveira
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - João G Bergamasco
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Audrey Borghi-Silva
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
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17
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Chen CH, Ye X, Wang YT, Chen YS, Tseng WC. Differential Effects of Different Warm-up Protocols on Repeated Sprints-Induced Muscle Damage. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 32:3276-3284. [PMID: 29084097 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chen, CH, Ye, X, Wang, YT, Chen, YS, and Tseng, WC. Differential effects of different warm-up protocols on repeated sprints-induced muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3276-3284, 2018-The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether adding a set of hamstring resistance exercise or dynamic stretching to a regular running-based warm-up before a bout of repeated sprints provides protective effects against the sprinting-induced muscle damage. Twelve elite tennis players participated in this study. After the familiarization, subjects completed 3 separate randomly sequenced experimental visits, during which 3 different warm-up interventions were performed before the muscle-damaging protocol (12 sets of 30-m maximal repeated sprints): 5 minutes of running (control); control with single leg slide curl (SLC); and control with active hamstring stretching (AHS). Before, immediately (POST0), 1 day (POST1), and 2 days after (POST2) the sprints, hip flexion passive range of motion, hamstring muscle thickness and pennation angle, muscle stiffness, and knee flexion concentric peak torque were measured. Repeated sprints have induced muscle damage in all 3 visits. For AHS, the muscle thickness and stiffness values at POST2 were significantly lower than those of other 2 protocols. In addition, the decrements of concentric strength at POST0, POST1, and POST2 for AHS were also significantly less than those of control and SLC. Therefore, adding a set of dynamic hamstrings stretching to a regular warm-up protocol before repeated sprints has protective effect on the sprinting-induced muscle damage. Athletes whose competitions are densely scheduled (e.g., tennis player in a tournament) may take advantage of this strategy to facilitate muscle recovery from the potential muscle damage, thus, to get maximal recovery for the subsequent competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Yi-Tse Wang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Tseng
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Cadore EL, González-Izal M, Grazioli R, Setuain I, Pinto RS, Izquierdo M. Effects of Concentric and Eccentric Strength Training on Fatigue Induced by Concentric and Eccentric Exercises. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:91-98. [PMID: 30204507 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the concentric and eccentric training effects on fatigue induced by eccentric and concentric protocols. METHODS A total of 22 men and women (22 [3.6] y) were assigned to concentric (GCON, n = 11) or eccentric training (GECC, n = 11). The concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) protocols were composed of 4 sets of 20 knee-extension/flexion repetitions. Force losses were analyzed by comparing 10 repetitions' mean torques during the protocols and by verifying the maximal voluntary contraction and rate of torque development before and after the protocols. Muscle damage was assessed using echo intensity of the vastus lateralis 48 h after the protocols. Training consisted of 6 wk of isokinetic exercise at 60°/s (concentric or eccentric) twice weekly. RESULTS Before training, both protocols resulted in dynamic and isometric force losses in GCON and GECC (P < .01), but the magnitude was greater after the CON protocol than after the ECC protocol (P < .001). After training, both GCON and GECC showed similar force decreases during the CON and ECC protocols (P < .01), and these changes were not different from the pretraining decreases. Regarding maximal voluntary contraction after training, GECC showed lower force decreases than GCON after ECC exercise (-13.7% vs -22.3%, respectively, P < .05), whereas GCON showed lower maximal voluntary contraction decreases after CON exercise compared with pretraining (-29.2%, P < .05). Losses in rate of torque development were similar after the protocols before and after the training regimens. No changes in echo intensity were observed after the protocols before and after training. CONCLUSION Both interventions resulted in similar force decreases during fatigue protocols compared with those associated with pretraining.
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19
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Chen TC, Lin MJ, Chen HL, Yu HI, Nosaka K. Contralateral Repeated Bout Effect of the Knee Flexors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:542-550. [PMID: 29077637 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors (EF) confers protective effect against muscle damage of the same exercise performed by the opposite arm at 1, 7, or 28 d later. This is known as the contralateral repeated bout effect (CL-RBE), but it is not known whether CL-RBE is evident for the knee flexors (KF). The present study tested the hypothesis that KF CL-RBE would be observed at 1, 7, and 28 d after the initial bout. METHODS Young untrained men were assigned to a control or one of three experimental groups (n = 13 per group). The experimental groups performed 60 maximal KF eccentric contractions (60MaxEC) using one leg followed by the same exercise using the opposite leg at 1, 7, or 28 d later. The control group used the nondominant leg to repeat 60MaxEC separated by 14 d. Changes in several indirect muscle damage markers after 60MaxEC were compared between bouts and among the groups by using a mixed-design, two-way ANOVA. RESULTS Changes in maximal voluntary isokinetic concentric contraction torque, range of motion, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity after the first 60MaxEC were similar among the groups. These changes were smaller after the second than the first 60MaxEC for the control, 1-d, and 7-d groups, and the changes after the second 60MaxEC were smaller for the control than for both the 1- and 7-d groups (P < 0.05). When the KF CL-RBE was compared with the EF CL-RBE of the previous study, the magnitude was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that CL-RBE was evident for KF in a similar manner to that for EF, but did not last for 28 d, and the CL-RBE was smaller than the ipsilateral RBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Ju Lin
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Hsin-Lian Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Hui-I Yu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
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20
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Lima LCR, Bassan NM, Cardozo AC, Gonçalves M, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Isometric pre-conditioning blunts exercise-induced muscle damage but does not attenuate changes in running economy following downhill running. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 60:1-9. [PMID: 29751254 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Running economy (RE) is impaired following unaccustomed eccentric-biased exercises that induce muscle damage. It is also known that muscle damage is reduced when maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) are performed at a long muscle length 2-4 days prior to maximal eccentric exercise with the same muscle, a phenomenon that can be described as isometric pre-conditioning (IPC). We tested the hypothesis that IPC could attenuate muscle damage and changes in RE following downhill running. Thirty untrained men were randomly assigned into experimental or control groups and ran downhill on a treadmill (-15%) for 30 min. Participants in the experimental group completed 10 MVIC in a leg press machine two days prior to downhill running, while participants in the control group did not perform IPC. The magnitude of changes in muscle soreness determined 48 h after downhill running was greater for the control group (122 ± 28 mm) than for the experimental group (92 ± 38 mm). Isometric peak torque recovered faster in the experimental group compared with the control group (3 days vs. no full recovery, respectively). No significant effect of IPC was found for countermovement jump height, serum creatine kinase activity or any parameters associated with RE. These results supported the hypothesis that IPC attenuates changes in markers of muscle damage. The hypothesis that IPC attenuates changes in RE was not supported by our data. It appears that the mechanisms involved in changes in markers of muscle damage and parameters associated with RE following downhill running are not completely shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C R Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil; Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP 13607-339, Brazil; Faculty of Physical Education, Centro Universitário Salesiano de São Paulo, Rua Baronesa Geraldo Resende, 330, Campinas, SP 13075-270, Brazil.
| | - Natália M Bassan
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Adalgiso C Cardozo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Gonçalves
- Biomechanics Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Camila C Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
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21
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Chen TC, Lin MJ, Chen HL, Lai JH, Yu HI, Nosaka K. Muscle damage protective effect by two maximal isometric contractions on maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors of the contralateral arm. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1354-1360. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Chen
- Department of Physical Education; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei City Taiwan
| | - M. J. Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation; National Chiayi University; Chiayi County Taiwan
| | - H. L. Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation; National Chiayi University; Chiayi County Taiwan
| | - J. H. Lai
- Department of Physical Education; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei City Taiwan
| | - H. I. Yu
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Division; Chiayi Christian Hospital; Chiayi City Taiwan
| | - K. Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research; School of Medical and Health Sciences; Edith Cowan University; Joondalup Western Australia Australia
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22
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Lin MJ, Nosaka K, Ho CC, Chen HL, Tseng KW, Ratel S, Chen TCC. Influence of Maturation Status on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and the Repeated Bout Effect in Females. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1118. [PMID: 29354073 PMCID: PMC5760894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared changes in indirect muscle damage markers, proprioception and arterial stiffness after elbow flexor eccentric exercise between pre-pubescent (9-10 y), pubescent (14-15 y), and post-pubescent (20-24 y) healthy, untrained females (n = 13/group). The maturation of the participants was confirmed by the hand bone age. All participants performed two bouts of 30 sub-maximal eccentric contractions (EC1, EC2) using a dumbbell set at 60% of pre-exercise maximal voluntary isometric elbow flexion strength at 90°. Changes in maximal voluntary concentric contraction (MVC) torque, muscle soreness (SOR), plasma creatine kinase activity, proprioception (position sense, joint reaction angle) and arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity: cfPWV) before to 5 days after EC1 and EC2 were compared among groups by a mixed-design two-way ANOVA. Pre-exercise MVC torque and cfPWV were smaller (P < 0.05) for the pre-pubescent (MVC: 10.0 ± 0.9 Nm, cfPWV: 903 ± 60 cm/s) and the pubescent (14.3 ± 1.1 Nm, 967 ± 61 cm/s) than the post-pubescent (19.1 ± 1.4 Nm, 1,103 ± 73 cm/s). Changes in all variables after EC1 were smaller (P < 0.05) for the pre-pubescent (e.g., MVC at 1 d post-exercise: -10 ± 6%, peak SOR: 5 ± 2 mm) than the pubescent (-15 ± 9%, 12 ± 6 mm) and the post-pubescent (-25 ± 7%, 19 ± 13 mm). After EC2, changes in all variables were smaller (P < 0.05) than those after EC1 for all groups (e.g., MVC at 1 d post-exercise, pre-pubescent: -4 ± 6%, pubescent: -9 ± 4%, post-pubescent: -14 ± 5%; peak SOR: 3 ± 2, 7 ± 3, 11 ± 6 mm), but the magnitude of the repeated bout effect was not different (P > 0.05) among the groups. These results show that the extents of muscle damage, and proprioception and arterial stiffness changes after eccentric exercise are greater at later stages of maturation, but the repeated bout effect is not affected by maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Chih-Chiao Ho
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lian Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Tseng
- Department of Exercise Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
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23
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Damas F, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C. The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:485-500. [PMID: 29282529 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT)-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a highly intricate process. Despite substantial advances, we are far from understanding exactly how muscle hypertrophy develops during RT. The aim of the present review is to discuss new insights related to the role of skeletal muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in mediating RT-induced hypertrophy. Specifically, the thesis that in the early phase of RT (≤ 4 previous RT sessions) increases in muscle cross-sectional area are mostly attributable to muscle damage-induced muscle swelling; then (after ~ 10 sessions), a modest magnitude of muscle hypertrophy ensues; but only during a latter phase of RT (after ~ 18 sessions) is true muscle hypertrophy observed. We argue that the initial increases in MPS post-RT are likely directed to muscle repair and remodelling due to damage, and do not correlate with eventual muscle hypertrophy induced by several RT weeks. Increases in MPS post-RT session only contribute to muscle hypertrophy after a progressive attenuation of muscle damage, and even more significantly when damage is minimal. Furthermore, RT protocols that do not promote significant muscle damage still induce similar muscle hypertrophy and strength gains compared to conditions that do promote initial muscle damage. Thus, we conclude that muscle damage is not the process that mediates or potentiates RT-induced muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training-MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training-MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
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Nausheen S, Moiz JA, Raza S, Shareef MY, Anwer S, Alghadir AH. Preconditioning by light-load eccentric exercise is equally effective as low-level laser therapy in attenuating exercise-induced muscle damage in collegiate men. J Pain Res 2017; 10:2213-2221. [PMID: 28979160 PMCID: PMC5602376 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s139615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Previous studies have already reported an independent effect of light-load eccentric exercise (10% eccentric exercise contraction [EEC]) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as a protective measure against more strenuous eccentric exercise. However, the difference between these two interventions is largely unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the preconditioning effect of 10% EEC vs. LLLT on subjective, physiological, and biochemical markers of muscle damage in elbow flexors in collegiate men. Methods All 36 enrolled subjects were randomly assigned to either 10% EEC or LLLT group. Subjects in 10% EEC group performed 30 repetitions of an eccentric exercise with 10% maximal voluntary contraction strength 2 days prior to maximal eccentric exercise bout, whereas subjects in LLLT group were given LLLT. All the indirect markers of muscle damage were measured pre-exercise and at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the exercise-induced muscle damage protocol. Results The muscle soreness was reduced in both groups (p = 0.024); however, soreness was attenuated more in LLLT group at 48 hours (33.5 vs. 42.7, p = 0.004). There was no significant difference between the effect of 10% EEC and LLLT groups on other markers of muscle damage like a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (p = 0.47), range of motion (p = 0.16), upper arm circumference (p = 0.70), creatine kinase (p = 0.42), and lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.08). Within-group analysis showed both interventions provided similar protection over time. Conclusion This study indicated that light-load eccentric exercise confers similar protective effect against subsequent maximal eccentric exercise as LLLT. Both the treatments could be used reciprocally based on the patient preference, costs, and feasibility of the equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Nausheen
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Jamal Ali Moiz
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shahid Raza
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shahnawaz Anwer
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Physiotherapy, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Ahmad H Alghadir
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hyldahl RD, Chen TC, Nosaka K. Mechanisms and Mediators of the Skeletal Muscle Repeated Bout Effect. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2017; 45:24-33. [PMID: 27782911 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle adapts to exercise-induced damage by orchestrating several but still poorly understood mechanisms that endow protection from subsequent damage. Known widely as the repeated bout effect, we propose that neural adaptations, alterations to muscle mechanical properties, structural remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and biochemical signaling work in concert to coordinate the protective adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Hyldahl
- 1Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; 2Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan; and 3Centre for Exercise and Sports Sciences, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Matta TTD, Pereira WCDA, Radaelli R, Pinto RS, Oliveira LFD. Texture analysis of ultrasound images is a sensitive method to follow-up muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:477-482. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Torres da Matta
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Programa de Engenharia Biomédica; Rio de Janeiro Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Escola de Educação Física e Desporto; Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | | | - Regis Radaelli
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Laboratório de Pesquisa e Exercício; Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Laboratório de Pesquisa e Exercício; Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Liliam Fernandes de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Programa de Engenharia Biomédica; Rio de Janeiro Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Escola de Educação Física e Desporto; Rio de Janeiro Brasil
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Mechanisms underpinning protection against eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage by ischemic preconditioning. Med Hypotheses 2016; 98:21-27. [PMID: 28012598 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric exercise training is effective for increasing muscle mass and strength, and improving insulin sensitivity and blood lipid profiles. However, potential muscle damage symptoms such as prolonged loss of muscle function and delayed onset of muscle soreness may restrict the use of eccentric exercise, especially in clinical populations. Therefore, strategies to reduce eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) are necessary, and an extensive number of scientific studies have tried to identify potential intervention modalities to perform eccentric exercises without adverse effects. The present paper is based on a narrative review of current literature, and provides a novel hypothesis by which an ischemic preconditioning (IPC) of the extremities may reduce EIMD. IPC consists of an intermittent application of short-time non-lethal ischemia to an extremity (e.g. using a tourniquet) followed by reperfusion and was discovered in clinical settings in an attempt to minimize inflammatory responses induced by ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion-injury (I/R-Injury) during surgery. The present hypothesis is based on morphological and biochemical similarities in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle damage during clinical surgery and EIMD. Even though the primary origin of stress differs between I/R-Injury and EIMD, subsequent cellular alterations characterized by an intracellular accumulation of Ca2+, an increased production of reactive oxygen species or increased apoptotic signaling are essential elements for both. Moreover, the incipient immune response appears to be similar in I/R-Injury and EIMD, which is indicated by an infiltration of leukocytes into the damaged soft-tissue. Thus far, IPC is considered as a potential intervention strategy in the area of cardiovascular or orthopedic surgery and provides significant impact on soft-tissue protection and downregulation of undesired excessive inflammation induced by I/R-Injury. Based on the known major impact of IPC on skeletal muscle physiology and immunology, the present paper aims to illustrate the potential protective effects of IPC on EIMD by discussing possible underlying mechanisms.
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Chen TREVORC, CHEN HSINLIAN, LIN MINGJU, YU HUII, NOSAKA KAZUNORI. Contralateral Repeated Bout Effect of Eccentric Exercise of the Elbow Flexors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:2030-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Damas F, Phillips SM, Libardi CA, Vechin FC, Lixandrão ME, Jannig PR, Costa LAR, Bacurau AV, Snijders T, Parise G, Tricoli V, Roschel H, Ugrinowitsch C. Resistance training-induced changes in integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis are related to hypertrophy only after attenuation of muscle damage. J Physiol 2016; 594:5209-22. [PMID: 27219125 PMCID: PMC5023708 DOI: 10.1113/jp272472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is one of the main outcomes from resistance training (RT), but how it is modulated throughout training is still unknown. We show that changes in myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) after an initial resistance exercise (RE) bout in the first week of RT (T1) were greater than those seen post-RE at the third (T2) and tenth week (T3) of RT, with values being similar at T2 and T3. Muscle damage (Z-band streaming) was the highest during post-RE recovery at T1, lower at T2 and minimal at T3. When muscle damage was the highest, so was the integrated MyoPS (at T1), but neither were related to hypertrophy; however, integrated MyoPS at T2 and T3 were correlated with hypertrophy. We conclude that muscle hypertrophy is the result of accumulated intermittent increases in MyoPS mainly after a progressive attenuation of muscle damage. ABSTRACT Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is one of the main outcomes of resistance training (RT), but how hypertrophy is modulated and the mechanisms regulating it are still unknown. To investigate how muscle hypertrophy is modulated through RT, we measured day-to-day integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) using deuterium oxide and assessed muscle damage at the beginning (T1), at 3 weeks (T2) and at 10 weeks of RT (T3). Ten young men (27 (1) years, mean (SEM)) had muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) taken to measure integrated MyoPS and muscle damage (Z-band streaming and indirect parameters) before, and 24 h and 48 h post resistance exercise (post-RE) at T1, T2 and T3. Fibre cross-sectional area (fCSA) was evaluated using biopsies at T1, T2 and T3. Increases in fCSA were observed only at T3 (P = 0.017). Changes in MyoPS post-RE at T1, T2 and T3 were greater at T1 (P < 0.03) than at T2 and T3 (similar values between T2 and T3). Muscle damage was the highest during post-RE recovery at T1, attenuated at T2 and further attenuated at T3. The change in MyoPS post-RE at both T2 and T3, but not at T1, was strongly correlated (r ≈ 0.9, P < 0.04) with muscle hypertrophy. Initial MyoPS response post-RE in an RT programme is not directed to support muscle hypertrophy, coinciding with the greatest muscle damage. However, integrated MyoPS is quickly 'refined' by 3 weeks of RT, and is related to muscle hypertrophy. We conclude that muscle hypertrophy is the result of accumulated intermittent changes in MyoPS post-RE in RT, which coincides with progressive attenuation of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP310, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Vechin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel E Lixandrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz A R Costa
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline V Bacurau
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, 05508-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tseng KW, Tseng WC, Lin MJ, Chen HL, Nosaka K, Chen TC. Protective effect by maximal isometric contractions against maximal eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of the knee extensors. Res Sports Med 2016; 24:243-56. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1202826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Wei Tseng
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Tseng
- Graduate institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lian Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Trevor C. Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Meneghel AJ, Verlengia R, Crisp AH, Aoki MS, Nosaka K, da Mota GR, Lopes CR. Muscle damage of resistance-trained men after two bouts of eccentric bench press exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:2961-6. [PMID: 24736774 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that resistance-trained individuals would also show less muscle damage in the second than in the first eccentric exercise bout (i.e., repeated bout effect) as shown in untrained individuals. This study investigated changes in indirect markers of muscle damage after 2 bouts of free weight eccentric exercise performed by 8 resistance-trained men. The participants (24.4 ± 1.2 years) performed 4 sets of 8 eccentric actions (3 seconds for each repetition) at 70% of eccentric 1 repetition maximum (1RM) load in a bench press exercise with 2 minutes of rest between sets, and repeated the same exercise 2 weeks later. Bench press 1RM, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) assessed by a 6-point Likert scale, serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, and plasma prostaglandin E2 concentration (PGE2) were measured before and 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after the exercise, and the changes were compared between bouts. The changes in the variables were smaller (p ≤ 0.05) after the second than the first bout indicated by a smaller decline in 1RM strength (first bout: -10.2 ± 1.0% vs. second bout: -5.7 ± 1.5%), peak DOMS (3.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5), peak CK (637.3 ± 133.3 vs. 305.4 ± 63.6 IU·L), and peak PGE2 (761.2 ± 171.0 vs. 307.2 ± 48.3 pg·mL). These results show a typical repeated bout effect. Thus, it is concluded that the repeated bout effect occurs in resistance-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson J Meneghel
- 1Human Performance Research Group-College of Health Science, Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 2School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; 3School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University (ECU), Joondalup, Australia; 4Department of Sport Sciences-Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil; and 5Adventist University of Hortolandia (UNASP), Hortolandia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lima LCR, Denadai BS. Attenuation of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage conferred by maximal isometric contractions: a mini review. Front Physiol 2015; 6:300. [PMID: 26578972 PMCID: PMC4621416 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although, beneficial in determined contexts, eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) might be unwanted during training regimens, competitions and daily activities. There are a vast number of studies investigating strategies to attenuate EIMD response after damaging exercise bouts. Many of them consist of performing exercises that induce EIMD, consuming supplements or using equipment that are not accessible for most people. It appears that performing maximal isometric contractions (ISOs) 2–4 days prior to damaging bouts promotes significant attenuation of EIMD symptoms that are not related to muscle function. It has been shown that the volume of ISOs, muscle length in which they are performed, and interval between them and the damaging bout influence the magnitude of this protection. In addition, it appears that this protection is not long-lived, lasting no longer than 4 days. Although no particular mechanisms for these adaptations were identified, professionals should consider applying this non-damaging stimulus before submitting their patients to unaccustomed exercised. However, it seems not to be the best option for athletes or relatively trained individuals. Future, studies should focus on establishing if ISOs protect other populations (i.e., trained individuals) or muscle groups (i.e., knee extensors) against EIMD, as well as investigate different mechanisms for ISO-induced protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C R Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University Rio Claro, Brazil
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Early resistance training-induced increases in muscle cross-sectional area are concomitant with edema-induced muscle swelling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:49-56. [PMID: 26280652 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been proposed that skeletal muscle shows signs of resistance training (RT)-induced muscle hypertrophy much earlier (i.e., ~3-4 weeks of RT) than previously thought. We determined if early increases in whole muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) during a period of RT were concomitant with edematous muscle swelling and thus not completely attributable to hypertrophy. METHODS We analyzed vastus lateralis muscle ultrasound CSA images and their respective echo intensities (CSA-USecho) at the beginning (T1), in the 3rd week of RT (T2) and at the end (T3) of a 10-week RT period in ten untrained young men. Functional parameters [training volume (TV = load × reps × sets) and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] and muscle damage markers (myoglobin and interleukin-6) were also assessed. RESULT Muscle CSA increased significantly at T2 (~2.7%) and T3 (~10.4%) versus T1. Similarly, CSA-USecho increased at T2 (~17.2%) and T3 (~13.7%). However, when CSA-USecho was normalized to the increase in muscle CSA, only T2 showed a significantly higher USecho versus T1. Additionally, TV increased at T2 and T3 versus T1, but MVC increased only at T3. Myoglobin and Interleukin-6 were elevated at T2 versus T1, and myoglobin was also higher at T2 versus T3. CONCLUSION We propose that early RT-induced increases in muscle CSA in untrained young individuals are not purely hypertrophy, since there is concomitant edema-induced muscle swelling, probably due to muscle damage, which may account for a large proportion of the increase. Therefore, muscle CSA increases (particularly early in an RT program) should not be labeled as hypertrophy without some concomitant measure of muscle edema/damage.
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Peake JM, Markworth JF, Nosaka K, Raastad T, Wadley GD, Coffey VG. Modulating exercise-induced hormesis: Does less equal more? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:172-89. [PMID: 25977451 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01055.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis encompasses the notion that low levels of stress stimulate or upregulate existing cellular and molecular pathways that improve the capacity of cells and organisms to withstand greater stress. This notion underlies much of what we know about how exercise conditions the body and induces long-term adaptations. During exercise, the body is exposed to various forms of stress, including thermal, metabolic, hypoxic, oxidative, and mechanical stress. These stressors activate biochemical messengers, which in turn activate various signaling pathways that regulate gene expression and adaptive responses. Historically, antioxidant supplements, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cryotherapy have been favored to attenuate or counteract exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. However, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators are key signaling molecules in muscle, and such strategies may mitigate adaptations to exercise. Conversely, withholding dietary carbohydrate and restricting muscle blood flow during exercise may augment adaptations to exercise. In this review article, we combine, integrate, and apply knowledge about the fundamental mechanisms of exercise adaptation. We also critically evaluate the rationale for using interventions that target these mechanisms under the overarching concept of hormesis. There is currently insufficient evidence to establish whether these treatments exert dose-dependent effects on muscle adaptation. However, there appears to be some dissociation between the biochemical/molecular effects and functional/performance outcomes of some of these treatments. Although several of these treatments influence common kinases, transcription factors, and proteins, it remains to be determined if these interventions complement or negate each other, and whether such effects are strong enough to influence adaptations to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sports Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia;
| | | | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Glenn D Wadley
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Christian M, Nussbaum MA. An exploratory study of the effects of occupational exposure to physical demands on biomarkers of cartilage and muscle damage. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:138-144. [PMID: 25559147 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.955181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers of tissue damage, derived from tissues commonly injured as a result of occupational physical demands, may be of use for future prediction of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). This exploratory study assessed whether selected biomarkers are likely to be sensitive to the level of occupational physical demands. Twenty-four participants were recruited to form two groups, with relatively high and low levels of WMSD risk. Serum levels of Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP), Interleukin-6 (IL6), and Creatine Kinase (CK)--which respectively indicate cartilage damage, muscle use, and muscle damage--were obtained,. Six blood samples were obtained before and after work on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of one working week. Additionally, a self-report measure of risk factor exposure, the Hollmann Index, was used to, and did, confirm group differences in WMSD risk. COMP levels varied significantly over time, but not between groups. IL6 levels were greater in the high-risk group at all time points and varied significantly over time and between groups. CK levels did not vary significantly over time or between groups. IL6 successfully differentiated between the high and low risk groups, suggesting potential use in the occupational domain. Prospective studies are needed, though, to associate biomarker levels/changes with WMSD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Christian
- a Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia
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Movement restriction does not modulate sensory and perceptual effects of exercise-induced arm pain. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:1047-55. [PMID: 25537254 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Movement restriction has been proposed as an important modulator of changes in sensory and perceptual function and motor imagery performance that are observed in musculoskeletal pain syndromes. There are no empirical data to support this view. PURPOSE The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of movement restriction on local and widespread sensory, perceptual and motor imagery changes after exercise-induced muscular pain. Further objectives were to investigate whether changes in sensory perception are correlated with pain intensity and tactile acuity or motor imagery performance. METHODS In forty healthy volunteers, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the non-dominant elbow flexors was induced using eccentric contractions until exhaustion. Participants were then randomised into two groups: a movement restriction group (wearing a sling) or a control group (not wearing a sling). Sensory and perceptual functions were measured using a range of sensory tests and a motor imagery performance task (left/right limb judgements). RESULTS Movement restriction did not modulate any of the measures. We found concurrent mechanical hypoesthesia (p < 0.01), reduced tactile acuity (p = 0.02) and pressure hyperalgesia (p < 0.01) at the painful side. We found evidence of widespread pressure hyperalgesia. Impaired tactile acuity was associated with a decrease in pain threshold to pressure (r = -0.34, p = 0.03). Motor imagery performance was unchanged (p > 0.35) by pain or movement restriction. CONCLUSION Short-term movement restriction did not influence local and widespread sensory changes induced by experimentally induced muscular pain.
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Maeo S, Ochi Y, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H, Nosaka K. Effect of a prior bout of preconditioning exercise on muscle damage from downhill walking. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:274-9. [PMID: 25693898 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether reduced-duration downhill walking (DW) would confer a protective effect against muscle damage induced by a subsequent bout of longer duration DW performed 1 week or 4 weeks later. Healthy young adults were allocated to a control or one of the preconditioning exercise (PRE-1wk or PRE-4wk) groups (10 men and 4 women per group). PRE-1wk and PRE-4wk groups performed 20-min DW (-28% slope, 5 km/h, 10% body mass added to a backpack) 1 week and 4 weeks before 40-min DW, respectively, and the control group performed 40-min DW only. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) knee extension torque, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, and muscle soreness (100-mm visual analog scale) were measured before, immediately after, and 24, 48, and 72 h after DW, and the changes in these variables were compared among groups. The control group showed symptoms of muscle damage (e.g., prolonged decrease in MVC: -14% ± 10% at 48 h post-DW) after 40-min DW. Changes in all variables after 40-min DW of PRE-1wk and PRE-4wk groups were 54%-61% smaller (P < 0.05) than the control group, without significant differences between PRE-1wk and PRE-4wk groups for MVC and plasma CK activity. Importantly, changes after the preconditioning exercise (20-min DW) were 67%-69% smaller (P < 0.05) than those after the 40-min DW of the control group. These findings suggest that 20-min DW resulting in minor muscle damage conferred a protective effect against subsequent 40-min DW, and its effect could last for more than 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiaki Maeo
- Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan., Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kouji, Tokyo 102-0088, Japan., School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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Chen TC, Chen HL, Liu YC, Nosaka K. Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of pre-adolescent and adolescent boys in comparison to young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1183-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gonzalez-Izal M, Cadore EL, Izquierdo M. Muscle conduction velocity, surface electromyography variables, and echo intensity during concentric and eccentric fatigue. Muscle Nerve 2013; 49:389-97. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gonzalez-Izal
- Department of Health Sciences; Public University of Navarre; Campus de Tudela Avenida de Tarazona s/n 31500 Tudela, Navarre Spain
| | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Department of Health Sciences; Public University of Navarre; Campus de Tudela Avenida de Tarazona s/n 31500 Tudela, Navarre Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences; Public University of Navarre; Campus de Tudela Avenida de Tarazona s/n 31500 Tudela, Navarre Spain
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