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Jones L, Zenko Z. A systematic narrative review of extrinsic strategies to improve affective responses to exercise. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1186986. [PMID: 37496882 PMCID: PMC10366615 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1186986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extrinsic strategies affect the exercise experience but fall outside the frequency, intensity, time, and type (i.e., dose-determining) principles. To our knowledge, no systematic review has focused on extrinsic strategies to influence the affective responses to exercise. The objective was to identify extrinsic strategies that seek to influence affective responses during exercise and other motivationally relevant variables including post-exercise momentary affective valence, remembered and forecasted pleasure, and enjoyment. Methods For inclusion, eligible articles reported peer-reviewed original research, used acute bouts of exercise, and used a dimensional approach for measuring affective responses or measured enjoyment post-exercise. Web of Science, PubMed, and PsychINFO databases were last searched on 10th September 2021. Quality assessment was completed following the Effective Public Health Practice Project approach. Results were presented using a narrative synthesis. Results 125 studies were included with sample descriptions, study design (extrinsic strategies, mode, type, intensity, and duration), measurement details, and results summarised for each study. Conclusions 71% of studies were categorised as Weak according to the quality assessment tool with sampling practices (self-referred participants) and poor reporting of participant withdrawals/drop-outs the predominant reasons for Weak ratings. A wide variety of extrinsic strategies were reported with music, music videos, immersive virtual reality, outdoor exercise, caffeine, high-to-low pattern of exercise intensity, self-selected exercise intensity, and manipulation of self-efficacy offering promise as suitable strategies to positively change how people feel during exercise. Systematic Review Registration https://osf.io/jbh8v/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton Jones
- Health Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary Zenko
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA, United States
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2
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Segmented session perceived exertion and affective responses to self-paced treadmill exercise. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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Paul D, Jones L, Read P. Load Monitoring With Foucault: Suggestions for the Management of Perceived Exertion in the Elite Sport Context. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Jesus RSD, Batista RÉS, Santos VME, Ohara D, Alves EDS, Ribeiro LFP. Exercise Duration Affects Session Ratings of Perceived Exertion as a Function of Exercise Intensity. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1730-1746. [PMID: 34039119 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211018445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) are considered a practical marker of whole session exercise intensity, but its relationship to exercise volume has remained unclear. We analyzed the effects of exercise duration at different intensities on overall and differentiated sRPE. Sixteen males (Mage = 22.6, SD = 2.2 years; Mheight = 176.4, SD = 5.8 cm; Mweight = 74.0, SD = 5.9 kg; and Mbody fat = 9.4, SD = 2.2%) performed 15 and 30 minute runs at speeds associated with RPE levels of two (weak), three (moderate) and five (strong) on Borg's CR-10 scale during a previous graded exercise test. We used Foster's scale to access sRPE 30 minutes after each trial. Significant increases in sRPE were found with increases in running speed (p < 0.01, ηG2 = 0.48) and duration (p < 0.01, ηG2 = 0.16), with a significant speed X duration interaction (p < 0.01, ηG2 = 0.10). In addition, there was a significant effect for sRPE type (p = 0.01, ηG2 = 0.05) in that overall sRPE was slightly lower than sRPE differentiated to legs and higher than sRPE differentiated to breathing through the trials. Changes in sRPE from 15 to 30-minute trials were minimal for the slow speed and weak sRPE (Cohen´s dz = 0.04 - 0.25) but got higher at the moderate (Cohen´s dz = 0.88 - 1.06) and strong (Cohen´s dz = 1.94 - 2.50) speeds and sRPEs. Thus, exercise duration affects sRPE in an intensity dependent manner. This finding has practical relevance for prescribing exercise, suggesting a need to target specific training loads or aims to optimize trainees' retrospective perceptions of the exercise experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Évelyn Santos Batista
- Departamento de Pedagogia do Movimento do Corpo Humano, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David Ohara
- Departmento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
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Affective and metabolic responses to self-selected intensity cycle exercise in young men. Physiol Behav 2019; 205:9-14. [PMID: 30763596 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-selected intensity exercise has resulted in greater affective responses (AR) compared to prescribed exercise of similar intensity and many individuals self-select intensity at a moderate level identified by metabolic analysis. As such, self-selected intensity may be an effective alternative for exercise prescription designed to promote adherence and result in health and fitness benefits. Self-selected intensity has not been well described for many subject populations and exercise modes. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to measure affective and metabolic responses during self-selected intensity cycle exercise in college-aged men. Thirty-three men (22.4 ± 2.2 yr) performed a peak oxygen consumption test and a 20 min self-selected trial on a cycle ergometer on separate days. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured continuously throughout both exercise sessions. AR were measured using the Feeling Scale and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) using the OMNI Scale every 5 min during the self-selected trial. χ2 analysis was used to determine if a significant proportion of subjects self-selected intensity above 50% VO2 reserve (VO2R), defined as a threshold for moderate-intensity exercise and potential cardiorespiratory fitness benefits by American College of Sports Medicine. Mean self-selected intensity was 57.6 ± 11.1%VO2peak and 89.3 ± 20.2% of ventilatory threshold. Twenty eight of 33 subjects self-selected intensity above 50% VO2R (p < .05). Self-selected intensity was associated with positive AR (1.8 ± 1.4) and mean RPE of 4.0 ± 1.5. In college-aged men, self-selected intensity cycle exercise was performed at a moderate intensity level and elicited positive AR for most subjects. Therefore, self-selected intensity could be an effective component of an exercise prescription for this population.
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6
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Follador L, Alves RC, Ferreira SDS, Silva AC, Silva SGD. Perceived Exertion and Affect From Tai Chi, Yoga, and Stretching Classes for Elderly Women. Percept Mot Skills 2019; 126:223-240. [PMID: 30638426 DOI: 10.1177/0031512518823661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tai Chi, yoga, and stretching regimens are gaining popularity as alternatives to more traditional exercise, but there is scant research regarding participants' perceived exertion and affective responses to these practices. We compared experienced states of perceived exertion, feelings of pleasure/displeasure, and arousal in 70 elderly women enrolled in groups of Tai Chi ( n = 26), yoga ( n = 25), or stretching ( n = 19) classes. Mean rates of perceived exertion, feelings of pleasure, and arousal responses were significantly higher over the time course of all three groups, while the overall mean perceived exertion ( Somewhat Hard on the Borg CR-10 scale) and pleasure responses (∼ Very Good on the Feeling Scale) were similar between them. The circumplex model of affect showed that changes occurred in the high-activation pleasure quadrant (energy on the Felt Arousal Scale). From a practical perspective, the exercise intensity and affective responses elicited during these classes made participants feel good and infused with energy, likely creating a positive memory and reinforcing continued physical activity participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Follador
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Brazil
| | - Ragami C Alves
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Aldo C Silva
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Brazil
| | - Sergio G da Silva
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Brazil
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7
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Follador L, Alves RC, Ferreira SDS, Buzzachera CF, Andrade VFDS, Garcia EDSDA, Osiecki R, Barbosa SC, de Oliveira LM, da Silva SG. Physiological, Perceptual, and Affective Responses to Six High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:329-350. [PMID: 29368530 DOI: 10.1177/0031512518754584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the extent to which different high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) protocols could influence psychophysiological responses in moderately active young men. Fourteen participants completed, in a randomized order, three cycling protocols (SIT: 4 × 30-second all-out sprints; Tabata: 7 × 20 seconds at 170% ⋮O2max; and HIIT: 10 × 60 seconds at 90% HRmax) and three running HIIT protocols (4 × 4 minutes at 90%-95% HRmax, 5 × at v⋮O2max, and 4 × 1,000 meters at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 8, from the OMNI-Walk/Run scale). Oxygen uptake (⋮O2), heart rate, and RPE were recorded during each interval. Affective responses were assessed before and after each trial. The Tabata protocol elicited the highest ⋮O2 and RPE responses, and the least pleasant session-affect among the cycling trials. The v⋮O2max elicited the highest ⋮O2 and RPE responses and the lowest mean session-affect among the running trials. Findings highlight the limited application of SIT and some HIIT protocols to individuals with low fitness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Follador
- 1 Department of Physical Education, 28122 Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ragami C Alves
- 1 Department of Physical Education, 28122 Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandro Dos S Ferreira
- 1 Department of Physical Education, 28122 Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cosme F Buzzachera
- 2 Department of Physical Education, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vinicius F Dos S Andrade
- 1 Department of Physical Education, 28122 Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erick D S de A Garcia
- 1 Department of Physical Education, 28122 Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raul Osiecki
- 1 Department of Physical Education, 28122 Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sara C Barbosa
- 1 Department of Physical Education, 28122 Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Letícia M de Oliveira
- 1 Department of Physical Education, 28122 Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sergio G da Silva
- 1 Department of Physical Education, 28122 Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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8
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Lattari E, Portugal E, Junior RSM, Oliveira BRR, Santos TM, Mura G, Sancassiani F, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Arias-Carrión O, Budde H, Rocha NB, Machado S. Acute Affective Responses and Frontal Electroencephalographic Asymmetry to Prescribed and Self-selected Exercise. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2016; 12:108-119. [PMID: 27867416 PMCID: PMC5095897 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901612010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Our goal was to compare affective responses and frontal electroencephalographic alpha asymmetry induced by prescribed exercise (PE) and self-selected exercise (SS). Method: Twenty active participants underwent a submaximal exercise test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Participants enrolled a cross-over randomized study where each participant completed three conditions: PE (50%PVO2max), SS and Control. The electroencephalography was performed before and after exercise. The feeling scale, felt arousal scale and heart rate were recorded before, during and after each condition. The ratings of perceived exertion were recorded during and after each condition. Results: The heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion showed higher values in the PE and SS conditions compared to controls, with no differences between the PE and SS conditions. For the feeling scale, the SS presented higher values compared to the PE and Control conditions. The felt arousal scale presented higher values in the PE and SS conditions compared to control. There was no interaction between condition and moment, or main effect for condition and moment for frontal alpha asymmetry (InF4-InF3). Conclusion: The SS provided better affective responses compared to PE, thus can consider self-selected intensity as an appropriate option. In general, no frontal alpha asymmetry was seen due to an exercise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lattari
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PGCAF), Salgado de Oliveira University, Niteroi, Brazil ; Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Portugal
- Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, IPUB/UFRJ, RJ, Brazil; Neuroscience Laboratory of Exercise, UERJ, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gioia Mura
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Sancassiani
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Grupo de Investigación en Envejecimiento, División Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Secretaria de Salud México DF, México; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Pedagogy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Lithuanian Sport University, Kaunas, Lithuania; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, School of Allied Health Sciences, Portugal; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PGCAF), Salgado de Oliveira University, Niteroi, Brazil; Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
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Agrícola PMD, da Silva Machado DG, de Farias Junior LF, do Nascimento Neto LI, Fonteles AI, da Silva SKA, Chao CHN, Fontes EB, Elsangedy HM, Okano AH. Slow Down and Enjoy. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 124:233-247. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512516672774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pleasure plays a key role in exercise behavior. However, the influence of cycling cadence needs to be elucidated. Here, we verified the effects of cycling cadence on affect, perceived exertion (ratings of perceived exertion), and physiological responses. In three sessions, 15 men performed a maximal cycling incremental test followed by two 30-min constant workload (50% of peak power) bouts at 60 and 100 r/min. The pleasure was higher when participants cycled at 60 r/min, whereas ratings of perceived exertion, heart rate, and oxygen uptake were lower ( p < .05). Additionally, the rate of decrease in pleasure and increase in ratings of perceived exertion was less steep at 60 r/min ( p < .01). Cycling at 60 r/min is more pleasant, and the perceived effort and physiological demand are lower than at 100 r/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. D. Agrícola
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty Maurício de Nassau, Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Daniel G. da Silva Machado
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
- Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz I. do Nascimento Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
- Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - André I. Fonteles
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Samara K. A. da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Cheng H. N. Chao
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B. Fontes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Hassan M. Elsangedy
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H. Okano
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
- Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina-PR, Brazil
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Matsuo E, Matsubara S, Shiga S, Yamanaka K. Relationships between Psychophysiological Responses to Cycling Exercise and Post-Exercise Self-Efficacy. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1775. [PMID: 26635682 PMCID: PMC4655235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although self-efficacy (SE) is an important determinant of regular exercise, it is unclear how subjective and physiological states before, during, and after the exercise session affects post-exercise SE. The aim of this study was to clarify subjective and physiological factors affecting post-exercise SE assessed after a single exercise session at a physiologically equivalent level. Forty-three healthy volunteers (28 women, 15 men) completed an 82-min experimental session, comprising a 22-min pre-exercise rest, a 30-min steady-state cycling exercise at moderate intensity [40% of heart rate (HR) reserve], and a 30-min post-exercise rest. We measured physiological (HR) and subjective [Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), Feeling Scale (FS)] states during the experimental session. Autonomic states were assessed by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) during pre- and post-exercise rest. Post-exercise SE, which was the participants' confidence in their ability to perform the 30-min exercise that they had just performed, was assessed at 30-min post-exercise. A stepwise multiple regression analysis, with post-exercise SE as the dependent variable and physiological and subjective measures of the exercise as candidate explanatory variables, showed that post-exercise SE was negatively correlated with RPE and positively correlated with FS at the end of the 30-min exercise. In addition, post-exercise SE was negatively correlated with high-frequency power of the post-exercise HRV, an index of parasympathetic function. These results indicate that post-exercise SE is related not only to subjective responses to the exercise but also to autonomic response after the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Matsuo
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University Funabashi, Japan ; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Showa Women's University Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Seigo Shiga
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Showa Women's University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Showa Women's University Tokyo, Japan ; Institute of Women's Health Sciences, Showa Women's University Tokyo, Japan
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Freitas LAG, Ferreira SDS, Freitas RQ, Henrique de Souza C, Garcia EDSDA, Gregorio da Silva S. Effect of a 12-week aerobic training program on perceptual and affective responses in obese women. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2221-4. [PMID: 26311958 PMCID: PMC4540853 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to observe the effect of self-selected intensity or
imposed intensity during aerobic training on perceptual and affective responses in obese
women. [Subjects] The study included 26 obese women aged 30–60 years. [Methods] The
subjects were randomly divided into two groups, with 13 subjects in each group:
self-selected intensity and imposed intensity (10% above ventilatory threshold) groups.
All subjects completed an intervention program that lasted 12 weeks, with three exercise
sessions a week. The rating of perceived exertion and affective responses (Feeling Scale
and Felt Arousal Scale) were monitored in the first, sixth, and twelfth weeks. [Results]
Significant differences were observed between groups in heart rate and rating of perceived
exertion. The affective responses during exercise were more negative in the imposed
intensity group. [Conclusion] Use of a self-selected exercise intensity can promote
smaller negative affective responses during exercise and provide a sufficient stimulus for
improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Oliveira BRR, Deslandes AC, Santos TM. Differences in exercise intensity seems to influence the affective responses in self-selected and imposed exercise: a meta-analysis. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1105. [PMID: 26300805 PMCID: PMC4523714 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-selected exercise seems to promote positive affective responses due to the perceived autonomy associated with it. The objective of the present study was to determine the magnitude of differences in Feeling Scale (FS) responses during self-selected and imposed exercise sessions. The PRISMA Statement was adopted for this meta-analysis. The search used PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases. A total of 10 studies that compared the effects of self-selected and imposed exercise sessions on acute FS responses were included. The screening strategy included: exclusion of studies that were duplicated between databases, abstract screening, and text screening. The standardized mean difference (SMD) between self-selected and imposed exercise sessions categorized in five intensities (equal intensity: both exercises were performed at the same intensity, below lactate/ventilatory threshold (LT/VT): imposed exercise was performed at an intensity below the LT/VT, at LT/VT: imposed exercise was performed at the LT/VT intensity, above LT/VT: imposed exercise was performed at an intensity above the LT/VT, and different intensity: both exercises were performed at different intensities and the intensity of imposed session was not reported relative to LT/VT) and an overall SMD were calculated. Self-selected exercise was used as the reference condition. The subtotal SMD values were as follows: −0.10 (equal intensity), −0.36 (below LT/VT), −0.57 (at LT/VT), −1.30 (above LT/VT), and −0.09 (different intensity) and the overall SMD was −0.41. The results of the present study indicate that the difference between affective responses in self-selected and imposed exercise sessions is dependent on the intensity of the imposed exercise session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R R Oliveira
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Postgraduate Program, Psychiatry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa C Deslandes
- Exercise and Sports Sciences Postgraduate Program, Rio de Janeiro State University Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tony M Santos
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Pernambuco Recife, Brazil
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