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López-Seoane J, Buitrago-Morales M, Jiménez SL, Del Coso J, Pareja-Galeano H. Synergy of carbohydrate and caffeine ingestion on physical performance and metabolic responses to exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2941-2959. [PMID: 36178302 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2128298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) are two ergogenic aids commonly used among athletes to enhance performance. However, there is some controversy as to whether the concurrent intake of both supplements might result in an additive and synergistic improvement in exercise performance. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effect of adding CAF to a protocol of CHO ingestion, compared with the intake of each ergogenic aid alone and with placebo, on exercise performance and metabolic responses in healthy young physically active adults. This study was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The PubMed, Web of Science, Medline Complete, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and CENTRAL databases were searched including randomized controlled trials (RCT) that were at least single blind. The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool 2. Meta-analysis were performed on performance variables and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) using the random-effects model. Thirteen RCT with 128 participants (117 men and 11 women) were included in this study. The ingestion of CAF and CHO reduced sprint time during repeated sprint protocols in comparison with CHO isolated ingestion (SMD: -0.45; 95% CI: -0.85, -0.05) while there was a tendency for a reduction in the time employed during time trials (SMD: -0.36; 95% CI: -0.77, 0.05). The RPE tended to be lower with CAF and CHO compared with CHO isolated ingestion during steady-state exercise (SMD: -0.43; 95% CI: -0.91, 0.05) with no differences between conditions in performance trials (SMD: -0.05, 95% CI: -0.39, 0.29). Although most of the studies showed higher values of blood glucose when CHO was co-ingested with CAF compared with PLA, only two studies observed higher values with CHO and CAF co-ingestion with respect to the isolated intake of CHO. One study observed greater fat oxidation and lower glycogen use when CAF was added to CHO. In terms of cortisol levels, one study showed an increase in cortisol levels when CAF was co-ingested with CHO compared with PLA. In summary, concurrent CHO and CAF intake may produce an additive ergogenic effect respect of the isolated ingestion of CHO. This additive effect was present when CHO was provided by a 6-9% of CHO solution (maltodextrin/dextrin + fructose) and CAF is administered in a dose of 4-6.5 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime López-Seoane
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud (EXERNET), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Buitrago-Morales
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio L Jiménez
- Centre for Sport Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Barzegar H, Arazi H, Mohebbi H, Sheykhlouvand M, Forbes SC. Caffeine co-ingested with carbohydrate on performance recovery in national-level paddlers: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:337-342. [PMID: 34498818 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine enhances muscle glycogen re-synthesis post exercise; however, the next-day effects on recovery are unknown. The present study aimed to examine the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation with or without caffeine (CAF) 24-h following exhaustive exercise on time trial performance in elite paddling athletes. METHODS Nine highly trained male paddlers (21 ± 2 y) completed three experimental trials in a randomized, double-blind, crossover manner. Following an exhaustive exercise session (20-km timed paddle) participants ingested: (i) 0.6 g/kg of carbohydrate (CHO), (ii) 0.6 g/kg of carbohydrate with 6 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF+CHO), (iii) or placebo (PLA), at four time-points (immediately after, and 2, 6, and 12-h post-exercise) in addition to their typical dietary intake. After 24 h, 5 attempts of on-water 500-m paddling time-trial was performed, and the average time was recorded. Blood samples were taken at rest and following both the 20-km and the 5×500 m exercise to determine changes in plasma cortisol, insulin, and glucose. RESULTS There was a significant main effect of condition (P<0.001), with post hoc analysis revealing that both CHO conditions (CHO: 98.7 ± 2.8 s, P = 0.0003; CAF+CHO: 97.9 ± 2.3 s, P = 0.0002) were significantly faster compared to PLA (101.0 ± 3.1 s), however CAF did not augment time trial performance compared to CHO (P = 0.16). There was no significant condition by time interactions for glucose, cortisol, or insulin before and after the 20-km depleting exercise and 500-m time trial. CONCLUSIONS In elite male paddlers, CHO, independent of caffeine, enhanced time trial performance 24 hours following exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeyra Barzegar
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran -
| | - Hamid Mohebbi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sheykhlouvand
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
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Dote-Montero M, Carneiro-Barrera A, Martinez-Vizcaino V, Ruiz JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Acute effect of HIIT on testosterone and cortisol levels in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1722-1744. [PMID: 34022085 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To determine the acute effect of a single high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session on testosterone and cortisol levels in healthy individuals, a systematic search of studies was conducted in MEDLINE and Web of Science databases from inception to February 2020. Meta-analyses were performed to establish the acute effect of HIIT on testosterone and cortisol levels immediately after a single HIIT session; after 30 min and 60 min (primary outcomes); and after 120 min, 180 min, and 24 h (secondary outcomes, only for pre-post intervention groups). Potential effect-size modifiers were assessed by meta-regression analyses and analyses of variance. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane's risk of bias tool and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. The meta-analyses of 10 controlled studies (213 participants) and 50 pre-post intervention groups (677 participants) revealed a significant increase in testosterone immediately after a single HIIT session (d = 0.92 and 0.52, respectively), which disappeared after 30 min (d = 0.18 and -0.04), and returned to baseline values after 60 min (d = -0.37 and -0.16). Significant increases of cortisol were found immediately after (d = 2.17 and 0.64), after 30 min (d = 1.62 and 0.67) and 60 min (d = 1.32 and 0.27). Testosterone and cortisol levels decreased significantly after 120 min (d = -0.48 and -0.95, respectively) and 180 min (d = -0.29 and -1.08), and returned to baseline values after 24 h (d = 0.14 and -0.02). HIIT components and participant's characteristics seem to moderate the effect sizes. In conclusion, testosterone and cortisol increase immediately after a single HIIT session, then drop below baseline levels, and finally return to baseline values after 24 h. This meta-analysis provides a better understanding of the acute endocrine response to a single HIIT session, which would certainly be valuable for both clinicians and coaches in the prescription of exercise programs to improve health and performance. Testosterone and cortisol may be used as sensitive biomarkers to monitor the anabolic and catabolic response to HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dote-Montero
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Almudena Carneiro-Barrera
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Mind, Brain, and Behaviour Research Centre, CIMCYC, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente Martinez-Vizcaino
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Mor A, Kayacan Y, Ipekoglu G, Arslanoglu E. Effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte consumption on insulin, cortisol hormones and blood glucose after high-intensity exercise. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:344-350. [PMID: 29681197 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1465098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of CHO-E consumption after high-intensity exercise on insulin, cortisol hormones and blood glucose responses, which is important for performance and recovery in athletes. Methods: Sixteen volunteers, male athletes, participated into this study. Athletes were divided into two groups as experiment (CHO-E) and placebo (PLA). Blood was taken from the athletes three times as basal, post-exercise (PE) and 2 h after ingestion of supplement (PS). Results: When inter-group comparisons, insulin was significantly higher in the CHO-E group than the PLA group at the PS phase (p < .05). Cortisol significantly decreased in the CHO-E group at the PS compared to the PE (p < .05). Conclusions: Carbohydrate-electrolyte consumption after high-intensity exercise, accelerates the recovery process by providing optimal recovery, and enable the metabolism to remain in the anabolic state by preventing it from entering in the catabolic process as well as provides hormonal balance in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Mor
- a Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sinop University , Sinop , Turkey
| | - Yildirim Kayacan
- b Yasar Dogu Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - Gokhan Ipekoglu
- a Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sinop University , Sinop , Turkey
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Nikolaidis S, Kosmidis I, Sougioultzis M, Kabasakalis A, Mougios V. Diurnal variation and reliability of the urine lactate concentration after maximal exercise. Chronobiol Int 2017; 35:24-34. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1380037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Nikolaidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Kleanthis Vikelidis Swimming Pool, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kosmidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Kabasakalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Rossi FE, Panissa VLG, Monteiro PA, Gerosa-Neto J, Caperuto ÉC, Cholewa JM, Zagatto AM, Lira FS. Caffeine supplementation affects the immunometabolic response to concurrent training. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:179-184. [PMID: 28503530 PMCID: PMC5412491 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1734938.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of caffeine (CAF) and carbohydrate (CHO) intake on strength performance and its metabolic and inflammatory responses during concurrent training. Seven active males ingested a double-placebo (P), CAF (capsule 5 mg/kg) or CHO (20% maltodextrin solution) supplementation before strength exercise. Participants performed three randomized sessions of 5,000-m high-intensity intermittent aerobic exercise at maximal intensity followed by strength exercise, performing after the P, CHO, and CAF intake. The blood samples were collected before (pre) and immediately after concurrent strength exercise (post). We found a similar number of repetitions and total volume in all supplementation groups. There was a main effect of time on glucose, lactate, and interleukin (IL)-6 (P<0.05). When compared the changes between groups (postvalues minus prevalues), there was lower glucose in CAF group when compared to CHO group (CAF= 5.0±10.4 vs. CHO=27.8±20 vs. P=15.1±14, P=0.031) and higher IL-6 levels (CAF=11.9±9.2 vs. CHO=−2.4±1.7 vs. P=4.3± 11.7, P=0.017). There was significant interaction for glucose and lactate (P<0.001). In conclusion, CAF and CHO intake did not improve strength performance during concurrent strength training in active males. However, CAF affected immunometabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Eduardo Rossi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Aulves Monteiro
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Gerosa-Neto
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:294-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Suzuki K, Takahashi M, Li CY, Lin SP, Tomari M, Shing CM, Fang SH. The acute effects of green tea and carbohydrate coingestion on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress during sprint cycling. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:997-1003. [PMID: 26319564 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, which may be beneficial to athletes performing high-intensity exercise. This study investigated the effects of carbohydrate and green tea coingestion on sprint cycling performance and associated oxidative stress and immunoendocrine responses to exercise. In a crossover design, 9 well-trained male cyclists completed 3 sets of 8 repetitions of 100-m uphill sprint cycling while ingesting green tea and carbohydrate (TEA) (22 mg/kg body mass catechins, 6 mg/kg body mass caffeine, 230 mg/kg glucose, and 110 mg/kg fructose) or carbohydrate only (CHO) (230 mg/kg body mass glucose and 110 mg/kg body mass fructose) during each 10-min recovery period between sets. Blood samples were collected before exercise, 10 min after exercise, and 14 h after exercise. There was no effect of acute TEA ingestion on cycling sprint performance (p = 0.29), although TEA maintained postexercise testosterone and lymphocyte concentrations, which decreased significantly in the CHO group (p < 0.001). While there was a trend for lower postexercise neutrophil count with TEA (p = 0.05), there were no significant differences between TEA and CHO for circulating cytokines (p > 0.20), markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity (p > 0.17), adiponectin concentration (p = 0.60), or muscle damage markers (p > 0.64). While acute green tea ingestion prevents the postexercise decrease in testosterone and lymphocytes, it does not appear to benefit cycling sprint performance or reduce markers of oxidation and inflammation when compared with carbohydrate alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Suzuki
- a Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- a Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- b Department of Genome Medicine, College of Medicine, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Pey Lin
- c School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Miki Tomari
- a Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Cecilia M Shing
- d School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- e Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Sec. 1, Shuan-Shih Road, Taichung 40404, Taiwan
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Selected Literature Watch. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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