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Silvino VO, Batista MCC, Neto MM, Ribeiro ALB, Nascimento PPD, Barros EML, Moura RCD, Sales KCG, Galvão LMV, Nunes LCC, Durazzo A, Silva AS, Pereira dos Santos MA. Effect of a cajuína hydroelectrolytic drink on the physical performance and hydration status of recreational runners. Curr Res Physiol 2024; 7:100119. [PMID: 38357495 PMCID: PMC10864873 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cajuína is a processed drink derived from cashew and is widely consumed in the northeast region of Brazil. This study evaluated the effect of a cajuína-based hydroelectrolytic drink on the aerobic performance and hydration status of recreational runners. Seventeen males (31.9 ± 1.6 years, 51.0 ± 1.4 ml/kg/min) performed three time-to-exhaustion running sessions on a treadmill at 70% VO2max, ingesting cajuína hydroelectrolytic drink (CJ), high carbohydrate commercial hydroelectrolytic drink (CH) and mineral water (W) every 15 min during the running test. The participants ran 80.3 ± 8.4 min in CJ, 70.3 ± 6.8 min in CH and 71.8 ± 6.9 min in W, with no statistical difference between procedures. Nevertheless, an effect size of η2 = 0.10 (moderate) was observed. No statistical difference was observed in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and osmolality in both serum and urine between the three conditions. However, the effect size was moderate (urine sodium) and high (serum sodium, potassium, and osmolality). Urine specific gravity, sweating rate and heart rate were not significantly different between drinks. The cajuína-based hydroelectrolytic drink promotes similar effects compared to commercial hydroelectrolytic drink and water, considering specific urine gravity, heart rate, sweating, and time to exhaustion in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valmir Oliveira Silvino
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Miranda Neto
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Esmeralda Maria Lustosa Barros
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luanne Morais Vieira Galvão
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Department of Technology in Gastronomy, Federal Institute of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Lívio César Cunha Nunes
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marcos Antonio Pereira dos Santos
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Brazil
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Ferretti G, Strapazzon G. A revision of maximal oxygen consumption and exercise capacity at altitude 70 years after the first climb of Mount Everest. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38299739 DOI: 10.1113/jp285606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
On the 70th anniversary of the first climb of Mount Everest by Edmund Hillary and Tensing Norgay, we discuss the physiological bases of climbing Everest with or without supplementary oxygen. After summarizing the data of the 1953 expedition and the effects of oxygen administration, we analyse the reasons why Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler succeeded without supplementary oxygen in 1978. The consequences of this climb for physiology are briefly discussed. An overall analysis of maximal oxygen consumption (V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ ) at altitude follows. In this section, we discuss the reasons for the non-linear fall ofV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ at altitude, we support the statement that it is a mirror image of the oxygen equilibrium curve, and we propose an analogue of Hill's model of the oxygen equilibrium curve to analyse theV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ fall. In the following section, we discuss the role of the ventilatory and pulmonary resistances to oxygen flow in limitingV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ , which becomes progressively greater while moving toward higher altitudes. On top of Everest, these resistances provide most of theV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ limitation, and the oxygen equilibrium curve and the respiratory system provide linear responses. This phenomenon is more accentuated in athletes with elevatedV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ , due to exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia. The large differences inV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ that we observe at sea level disappear at altitude. There is no need for a very highV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ at sea level to climb the highest peaks on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ferretti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Strapazzon
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- SIMeM Italian Society of Mountain Medicine, Padova, Italy
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Yu Q, Kong Z, Zou L, Chapman R, Shi Q, Nie J. Comparative efficacy of various hypoxic training paradigms on maximal oxygen consumption: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:366-375. [PMID: 37854170 PMCID: PMC10580050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancement in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) induced by hypoxic training is important for both athletes and non-athletes. However, the lack of comparison of multiple paradigms and the exploration of related modulating factors leads to the inability to recommend the optimal regimen in different situations. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of seven common hypoxic training paradigms on VO2max and associated moderators. Methods Electronic (i.e., five databases) and manual searches were performed, and 42 studies involving 1246 healthy adults were included. Pairwise meta-analyses were conducted to compare different hypoxic training paradigms and hypoxic training and control conditions. The Bayesian network meta-analysis model was applied to calculate the standardised mean differences (SMDs) of pre-post VO2max alteration among hypoxic training paradigms in overall, athlete, and non-athlete populations, while meta-regression analyses were employed to explore the relationships between covariates and SMDs. Results All seven hypoxic training paradigms were effective to varying degrees, with SMDs ranging from 1.45 to 7.10. Intermittent hypoxia interval training (IHIT) had the highest probability of being the most efficient hypoxic training paradigm in the overall population and athlete subgroup (42%, 44%), whereas intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) was the most promising hypoxic training paradigm among non-athletes (66%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that saturation hours (coefficient, 0.004; P = 0.038; 95% CI [0.0002, 0.0085]) accounted for variations of VO2max improvement induced by IHT. Conclusion Efficient hypoxic training paradigms for VO2max gains differed between athletes and non-athletes, with IHIT ranking best for athletes and IHT for non-athletes. The practicability of saturation hours is confirmed with respect to dose-response issues in the future hypoxic training and associated scientific research. Registration This study was registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42022333548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Qingde Shi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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Vinetti G, Rossi H, Bruseghini P, Corti M, Ferretti G, Piva S, Taboni A, Fagoni N. Functional Threshold Power Field Test Exceeds Laboratory Performance in Junior Road Cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1815-1820. [PMID: 36692223 PMCID: PMC10448799 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vinetti, G, Rossi, H, Bruseghini, P, Corti, M, Ferretti, G, Piva, S, Taboni, A, and Fagoni, N. The functional threshold power field test exceeds laboratory performance in junior road cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1815–1820, 2023—The functional threshold power (FTP) field test is appealing for junior cyclists, but it was never investigated in this age category, and even in adults, there are few data on FTP collected in field conditions. Nine male junior road cyclists (16.9 ± 0.8 years) performed laboratory determination of maximal aerobic power (MAP), 4-mM lactate threshold (P4mM), critical power (CP), and the curvature constant (W ′), plus a field determination of FTP as 95% of the average power output during a 20-minute time trial in an uphill road. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Outdoor FTP (269 ± 34 W) was significantly higher than CP (236 ± 24 W) and P4mM (233 ± 23 W). The V ˙ O 2 peak of the field FTP test (66.9 ± 4.4 ml·kg−1·min−1) was significantly higher than the V ˙ O 2 peak assessed in the laboratory (62.7 ± 3.7 ml·kg−1·min−1). Functional threshold power was correlated, in descending order, with MAP (r = 0.95), P4mM (r = 0.94), outdoor and indoor V ˙ O 2 peak (r = 0.93 and 0.93, respectively), CP (r = 0.84), and W ′ (r = 0.66). It follows that in junior road cyclists, the FTP field test was feasible and related primarily to aerobic endurance parameters and secondarily, but notably, to W ′. However, the FTP field test significantly exceeded all laboratory performance tests. When translating laboratory results to outdoor uphill conditions, coaches and sport scientists should consider this discrepancy, which may be particularly enhanced in this cycling age category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vinetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Huber Rossi
- Marathon Sport Medical Center, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bruseghini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Corti
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, University San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy; and
| | - Guido Ferretti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Piva
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Taboni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Fagoni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Cherouveim ED, Miliotis PG, Koskolou MD, Dipla K, Vrabas IS, Geladas ND. The Effect of Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation on Hemodynamics, Cerebral Oxygenation and Activation, and Exercise Performance during Incremental Exercise to Exhaustion in Male Cyclists. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:981. [PMID: 37508410 PMCID: PMC10376807 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate whether muscle blood flow restriction during maximal exercise is associated with alterations in hemodynamics, cerebral oxygenation, cerebral activation, and deterioration of exercise performance in male participants. Thirteen healthy males, cyclists (age 33 ± 2 yrs., body mass: 78.6 ± 2.5 kg, and body mass index: 25.57 ± 0.91 kg·m-1), performed a maximal incremental exercise test on a bicycle ergometer in two experimental conditions: (a) with muscle blood flow restriction through the application of thigh cuffs inflated at 120 mmHg (with cuffs, WC) and (b) without restriction (no cuffs, NC). Exercise performance significantly deteriorated with muscle blood flow restriction, as evidenced by the reductions in V˙O2max (-17 ± 2%, p < 0.001), peak power output (-28 ± 2%, p < 0.001), and time to exhaustion (-28 ± 2%, p < 0.001). Muscle oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[O2Hb]) during exercise declined more in the NC condition (p < 0.01); however, at exhaustion, the magnitude of muscle oxygenation and muscle deoxygenation were similar between conditions (p > 0.05). At maximal effort, lower cerebral deoxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HHb]) and cerebral total hemoglobin (Δ[THb]) were observed in WC (p < 0.001), accompanied by a lower cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume vs. the NC condition (p < 0.01), whereas systolic blood pressure, rating of perceived exertion, and cerebral activation (as assessed by electroencephalography (EEG) activity) were similar (p > 0.05) between conditions at task failure, despite marked differences in exercise duration, maximal aerobic power output, and V˙O2max. In conclusion, in trained cyclists, muscle blood flow restriction during an incremental cycling exercise test significantly limited exercise performance. Exercise intolerance with muscle blood flow restriction was mainly associated with attenuated cardiac responses, despite cerebral activation reaching similar maximal levels as without muscle blood flow restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia D Cherouveim
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G Miliotis
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria D Koskolou
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece
| | - Nickos D Geladas
- Division of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
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Diry A, Ratel S, Nevill A, Maciejewski H. What is the physiological impact of reducing the 2,000 m Olympic distance in rowing to 1,500 m and 1,000 m for French young competitive rowers? Insights from the energy system contribution. Front Physiol 2022; 13:896975. [PMID: 35923235 PMCID: PMC9340205 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.896975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
French rowing federation reduced the competition distance to 1,500 and 1,000 m in rowers under 16- (U16) and 14-year-old (U14) respectively, to prepare them progressively to the Olympic 2,000 m distance in under 18-year-old (U18). This study aimed to check the hypothesis that relative aerobic (%EAe) and anaerobic (%EAn) energy contributions would be comparable between the competition distances since the more oxidative profile of younger age categories could offset the greater anaerobic contribution induced by shorter rowing races. Thirty-one 12- to 17-year-old competitive rowers performed a race of 2,000, 1,500, or 1,000 m on a rowing ergometer according to their age category. %EAe and %EAn were estimated from oxygen consumption, changes in blood lactate concentration and their energy equivalents. %EAe was lower in U16 than U18 (84.7 vs. 87.0%, p < 0.01), and in U14 than U16 (80.6 vs. 84.7%, p < 0.001). %EAn was higher in U16 than U18 (15.3 vs. 13.0%, p < 0.01), and in U14 than U16 (19.4 vs. 15.3%, p < 0.01). The results did not confirm our initial hypothesis since %EAe and %EAn were significantly different between the race distances, and thus age categories. However, %EAn in U18, U16 and U14 were found to be in the range of values previously found in adult rowers over the 2,000 m Olympic distance (12–30%). Therefore, on a practical level, the strategy implemented by the French rowing federation to reduce the competition distance in the younger age categories could be relevant to progressively prepare them to the physiological requirements encountered over the Olympic distance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- AME2P—EA 3533, Clermont-Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alan Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall Campus, Walsall, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Maciejewski
- French Rowing Federation, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Hugo Maciejewski,
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Schaun GZ, Alberton CL, Brizio Gomes ML, Mendes GF, Häfele MS, Andrade LS, Campelo PC, Ferreira HK, Oppelt LL, Galliano LM, Alves L, de Ataides VA, Carmona MA, Lázaro R, Pinto SS, Wilhelm EN. Exercise intervention does not reduce the likelihood of VO 2max underestimation in older adults with hypertension. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1399-1405. [PMID: 35609113 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2081403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether training status would influence the capacity of a verification phase (VER) to confirm maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of a previous graded exercise test (GXT) in individuals with hypertension. Twelve older adults with hypertension (8 women) were recruited. Using a within-subject design, participants performed a treadmill GXT to exhaustion followed by a multistage VER both before and after a 12-wkcombined exercise training programme. Individual VO2max, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), maximal heart rate (HRmax), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during both GXT and VER tests. Absolute and relative VO2max values were higher in VER than in GXT at baseline, but only absolute VO2max differed between bouts post-intervention (all p < 0.05). Individual VO2max comparisons revealed that 75% of the participants (9/12) achieved a VO2max value that was ≥3% during VER both before (range: +4.9% to +21%) and after the intervention (range: +3.4% to +18.8%), whereas 91.7% (11/12) of the tests would have been validated as a maximal effort if the classic criteria were employed. A 12-wk combined training intervention could not improve the capacity of older adults with hypertension to achieve VO2max during a GXT, as assessed by VER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Z Schaun
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cristine L Alberton
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura Brizio Gomes
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Graciele F Mendes
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Häfele
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luana S Andrade
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Paula C Campelo
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Hector K Ferreira
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lorena L Oppelt
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Leony M Galliano
- Exercise Pathophysiology Laboratory, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Alves
- Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Vinícius A de Ataides
- Departamento de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Marco A Carmona
- Departamento de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lázaro
- Departamento de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Stephanie S Pinto
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Eurico N Wilhelm
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
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A century of exercise physiology: key concepts on coupling respiratory oxygen flow to muscle energy demand during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1317-1365. [PMID: 35217911 PMCID: PMC9132876 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
After a short historical account, and a discussion of Hill and Meyerhof’s theory of the energetics of muscular exercise, we analyse steady-state rest and exercise as the condition wherein coupling of respiration to metabolism is most perfect. The quantitative relationships show that the homeostatic equilibrium, centred around arterial pH of 7.4 and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure of 40 mmHg, is attained when the ratio of alveolar ventilation to carbon dioxide flow (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{V}}_{A}/{\dot{V}}_{R}{CO}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙A/V˙RCO2) is − 21.6. Several combinations, exploited during exercise, of pertinent respiratory variables are compatible with this equilibrium, allowing adjustment of oxygen flow to oxygen demand without its alteration. During exercise transients, the balance is broken, but the coupling of respiration to metabolism is preserved when, as during moderate exercise, the respiratory system responds faster than the metabolic pathways. At higher exercise intensities, early blood lactate accumulation suggests that the coupling of respiration to metabolism is transiently broken, to be re-established when, at steady state, blood lactate stabilizes at higher levels than resting. In the severe exercise domain, coupling cannot be re-established, so that anaerobic lactic metabolism also contributes to sustain energy demand, lactate concentration goes up and arterial pH falls continuously. The \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{V}}_{A}/{\dot{V}}_{R}{CO}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙A/V˙RCO2 decreases below − 21.6, because of ensuing hyperventilation, while lactate keeps being accumulated, so that exercise is rapidly interrupted. The most extreme rupture of the homeostatic equilibrium occurs during breath-holding, because oxygen flow from ambient air to mitochondria is interrupted. No coupling at all is possible between respiration and metabolism in this case.
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Yamagishi T, Saito A, Kawakami Y. Determinants of whole-body maximal aerobic performance in young male and female athletes: The roles of lower extremity muscle size, strength and power. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262507. [PMID: 35020757 PMCID: PMC8754349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether lower extremity muscle size, power and strength could be a determinant of whole-body maximal aerobic performance in athletes. 20 male and 19 female young athletes (18 ± 4 years) from various sporting disciplines participated in this study. All athletes performed a continuous ramp-incremental cycling to exhaustion for the determination of peak oxygen uptake ( V˙O2peak: the highest V˙O2 over a 15-s period) and maximal power output (MPO: power output corresponding to V˙O2peak). Axial scanning of the right leg was performed with magnetic resonance imaging, and anatomical cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of quadriceps femoris (QF) and hamstring muscles at 50% of thigh length were measured. Moreover, bilateral leg extension power and unilateral isometric knee extension and flexion torque were determined. All variables were normalised to body mass, and six independent variables ( V˙O2peak, CSAs of thigh muscles, leg extension power and knee extension and flexion torque) were entered into a forward stepwise multiple regression model with MPO being dependent variable for males and females separately. In the males, V˙O2peak was chosen as the single predictor of MPO explaining 78% of the variance. In the females, MPO was attributed to, in the order of importance, V˙O2peak (p < 0.001) and the CSA of QF (p = 0.011) accounting for 84% of the variance. This study suggests that while oxygen transport capacity is the main determinant of MPO regardless of sex, thigh muscle size also has a role in whole-body maximal aerobic performance in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamagishi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Sport Science, Japan Institute of Sport Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Center for Health and Sports Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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10
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Ferretti G. Comment on Poole et al (2022) review on oxygen flux from capillaries to mitochondria. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:5-6. [PMID: 34921605 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy. .,Département d'Anesthésiologie, Pharmacologie et Soins Intensifs, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.
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11
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Melliti W, Kammoun R, Masmoudi D, Ahmaidi S, Masmoudi K, Alassery F, Hamam H, Chlif M. Effect of Six-Minute Walk Test and Incremental Exercise on Inspiratory Capacity, Ventilatory Constraints, Breathlessness and Exercise Performance in Sedentary Male Smokers without Airway Obstruction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312665. [PMID: 34886390 PMCID: PMC8657380 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated physiological responses and exercise capacity in sedentary young smokers during sub-maximal and maximal test and its impact on dyspnea and exercise intolerance. Fifty sedentary male smokers and non-smokers (age: 24 ± 1 years., weight: 71 ± 9 kg, height: 177.3 ± 4.8 cm, body mass index: 22.6 ± 2.5 kg/m2) underwent two visits with pulmonary function tests, breathing pattern, and inspiratory capacity measurement at rest and during sub-maximal and maximal exercise. Smokers show reduced exercise capacity during six minutes walk test (6-MWT) with decreased walked distance (p < 0.001) and inspiratory capacity (p < 0.05). During cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), smokers had higher minute ventilation VE for a given submaximal intensity (p < 0.05) and lower minute ventilation at maximal exercise (p < 0.001). End expiratory lung volume was significantly lower in sedentary smokers at rest (p < 0.05), at ventilatory threshold during exercise (p < 0.05), but not during peak exercise. End inspiratory lung volume was significantly lower in smokers at rest (p < 0.05) and ventilatory threshold (p < 0.05). Cigarette smoking alters lung function during submaximal and maximal exercise. This alteration is manifested by the development of dynamic hyperinflation contributing to exercise capacity limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Melliti
- Research Unit: Education, Motor Skills, Sport and Health (EM2S), UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax BP 3000, Tunisia;
- Research Unit Respiratory Pathology in Southern Tunisia, Pulmonology Department CHU Hedi Chaker, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Rim Kammoun
- Physiology and Functional Exploration Service, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (R.K.); (D.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Donies Masmoudi
- Physiology and Functional Exploration Service, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (R.K.); (D.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Said Ahmaidi
- EA 3300 “APS and Motor Patterns: Adaptations-Rehabilitation”, Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France;
| | - Kaouthar Masmoudi
- Physiology and Functional Exploration Service, University Hospital Habib Bourguiba, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (R.K.); (D.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Fawaz Alassery
- Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Habib Hamam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Moncton University, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada;
| | - Mehdi Chlif
- EA 3300 “APS and Motor Patterns: Adaptations-Rehabilitation”, Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France;
- National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (NCMSS), Tunisian Research Laboratory Sports Performance Optimization, Ave Med Ali Akid, El Menzah, Tunis 263, Tunisia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +216-22-27-22-80
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12
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Evaluation of sex-based differences in airway size and the physiological implications. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2957-2966. [PMID: 34331574 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests healthy females have significantly smaller central conducting airways than males when matched for either height or lung volume during analysis. This anatomical sex-based difference could impact the integrative response to exercise. Our review critically evaluates the literature on direct and indirect techniques to measure central conducting airway size and their limitations. We present multiple sources highlighting the difference between male and female central conducting airway size in both pediatric and adult populations. Following the discussion of measurement techniques and results, we discuss the functional implications of these differences in central conducting airway size, including work of breathing, oxygen cost of breathing, and how these impacts will continue into elderly populations. We then discuss a range of topics for the future direction of airway differences and the benefits they could provide to both healthy and diseased populations. Specially, these sex-differences in central conducting airway size could result in different aerosol deposition or how lung disease manifests. Finally, we detail emerging techniques that uniquely allow for high-resolution imaging to be paired with detailed physiological measures.
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13
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Del Torto A, Capelli C, Peressutti R, di Silvestre A, Livi U, Nalli C, Sponga S, Amici G, Baccarani U, Lazzer S. Effect of small vs large muscle mass endurance training on maximal oxygen uptake in organ transplanted recipients. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:994-1003. [PMID: 34315281 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) is impaired in heart (HTx), kidney (KTx), and liver (LTx) transplanted recipients and the contribution of the cardiovascular, central, and peripheral (muscular) factors in affecting V̇O2max improvement after endurance training (ET) has never been quantified in these patients. ET protocols involving single leg cycling (SL) elicit larger improvements of the peripheral factors affecting O2 diffusion and utilization than the double leg (DL) cycling ET. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of SL-ET vs DL-ET on V̇O2max. We determined the DL-V̇O2max and maximal cardiac output before and after 24 SL-ET vs DL-ET sessions on 33 patients (HTx = 13, KTx = 11 and LTx = 9). The DL-V̇O2max increased by 13.8% ± 8.7 (p < 0.001) following the SL-ET, due to a larger maximal O2 systemic extraction; meanwhile, V̇O2max in DL-ET increased by 18.6% ± 12.7 (p < 0.001) because of concomitant central and peripheral adaptations. We speculate that in transplanted recipients, SL-ET is as effective as DL-ET to improve V̇O2max and that the impaired peripheral O2 extraction and/or utilization play an important role in limiting V̇O2max in these types of patients. Novelty: SL-ET increases V̇O2max in transplanted recipients because of improved peripheral O2 extraction and/or utilization. SL-ET is as successful as DL-ET to improve the cardiorespiratory fitness in transplanted recipients. The model of V̇O2max limitation indicates the peripheral factors as a remarkable limitation to the V̇O2max in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Del Torto
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Peressutti
- Regional Transplantation Centre, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Ugolino Livi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Cardiac Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Chiara Nalli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Cardiac Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sandro Sponga
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Cardiac Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Amici
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Daniele del Friuli Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Umberto Baccarani
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Liver-Kidney Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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14
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Schaun GZ, Alberton CL, Gomes MLB, Santos LP, Bamman MM, Mendes GF, Häfele MS, Andrade LS, Alves L, DE Ataides VA, Carmona MA, Lázaro R, Botton CE, Umpierre D, Pinto SS, Wilhelm EN. Maximal Oxygen Uptake Is Underestimated during Incremental Testing in Hypertensive Older Adults: Findings from the HAEL Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1452-1459. [PMID: 33449605 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present cross-sectional study aimed to investigate whether a maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) verification phase (VER) could improve the accuracy of a previous graded exercise test (GXT) to assess individual V˙O2max in hypertensive individuals. METHODS Thirty-three older adults with hypertension (24 women) taking part in the Hypertension Approaches in the Elderly Study (NCT03264443) were recruited. Briefly, after performing a treadmill GXT to exhaustion, participants rested for 10 min and underwent a multistage VER to confirm GXT results. Individual V˙O2max, RER, maximal heart rate (HRmax), and RPE were measured during both GXT and VER tests. Mean values were compared between bouts using paired sample t-tests, and V˙O2max was also compared between GXT and VER on an individual basis. RESULTS Testing was well tolerated by all participants. Both absolute (P = 0.011) and relative (P = 0.014) V˙O2max values were higher in VER than that in GXT. RER (P < 0.001) and RPE (P = 0.002) were lower in VER, whereas HRmax (P = 0.286) was not different between the two trials. Individual V˙O2max comparisons revealed that 54.6% of the participants (18/33) achieved a V˙O2max value that was ≥3% during VER (mean = 13.5%, range = +3% to +22.1%, ES = 0.062), whereas 87.9% (29/33) of the tests would have been validated as a maximal effort if the classic criteria were used (i.e., V̇O2 plateau or at least two secondary criteria). CONCLUSION In sedentary older individuals with hypertension, GXT to exhaustion underestimated V˙O2max in more than half of tested participants, even when established, but criticized criteria were used to confirm whether a maximal effort was attained. Using VER after GXT is a quick approach to assist with the verification of an individual's V˙O2max.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristine L Alberton
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, BRAZIL
| | - Maria Laura B Gomes
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Graciele F Mendes
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, BRAZIL
| | - Mariana S Häfele
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, BRAZIL
| | - Luana S Andrade
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, BRAZIL
| | - Leonardo Alves
- Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, BRAZIL
| | - Vinícius A DE Ataides
- Departamento de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, BRAZIL
| | - Marco A Carmona
- Departamento de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, BRAZIL
| | - Rafael Lázaro
- Departamento de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Stephanie S Pinto
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, BRAZIL
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15
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O'Dea CA, Logie K, Wilson AC, Pillow JJ, Murray C, Banton G, Simpson SJ, Hall GL, Maiorana A. Lung abnormalities do not influence aerobic capacity in school children born preterm. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:489-498. [PMID: 33141263 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Children born preterm have impaired lung function and altered lung structure. However, there are conflicting reports on how preterm birth impacts aerobic exercise capacity in childhood. We aimed to investigate how neonatal history and a diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) impact the relationship between function and structure of the lung, and aerobic capacity in school-aged children born very preterm. METHODS Preterm children (≤ 32 w completed gestation) aged 9-12 years with (n = 38) and without (n = 35) BPD, and term-born controls (n = 31), underwent spirometry, lung volume measurements, gas transfer capacity, a high-resolution computer tomography (CT) scan of the chest, and an incremental treadmill exercise test. RESULTS Children born preterm with BPD had an elevated breathing frequency to tidal volume ratio compared to term controls (76% vs 63%, p = 0.002). The majority (88%) of preterm children had structural changes on CT scan. There were no differences in peak V̇O2 (47.1 vs 47.7 mL/kg/min, p = 0.407) or oxygen uptake efficiency slope when corrected for body weight (67.6 vs 67.3, p = 0.5) between preterm children with BPD and term controls. There were no differences in any other exercise outcomes. The severity of structural lung disease was not associated with exercise outcomes in this preterm population. CONCLUSION Children born preterm have impaired lung function, and a high prevalence of structural lung abnormalities. However, abnormal lung function and structure do not appear to impact on the aerobic exercise capacity of preterm children at school age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A O'Dea
- Respiratory Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karla Logie
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew C Wilson
- Respiratory Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - J Jane Pillow
- Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Conor Murray
- Diagnostic Imaging, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Shannon J Simpson
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Graham L Hall
- Respiratory Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Maiorana
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia. .,Allied Health Department and Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
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16
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Hill DW, McFarlin BK, Vingren JL. Exercise above the maximal lactate steady state does not elicit a V̇O 2 slow component that leads to attainment of V̇O 2max. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:133-140. [PMID: 32780965 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a pervasive belief that the severe-intensity domain is defined as work rates above the power associated with a maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and by a oxygen uptake (V̇O2) response that demonstrates a rapid increase (primary phase) followed by a slower increase (slow component), which leads to maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) if exercise is continued long enough. Fifteen university students performed 5 to 7 tests to calculate power at MLSS (154 ± 29 W). The tests included 30 min of exercise at each of 3 work rates: (i) below (-2 ± 1 W) power at MLSS, (ii) above (+4 ± 1 W) the power at MLSS, and (iii) well above (+19 ± 8 W) power at MLSS. The V̇O2 response in each test was described using mathematical modeling. Contrary to expectation, the response at the supra-MLSS work rates had not 2, but 3, distinct phases: the primary phase and the slow component, plus a "delayed" third phase, which emerged after ∼15 min. V̇O2max was not attained at supra-MLSS work rates. These results challenge commonly held beliefs about definitions and descriptions of exercise intensity domains. Novelty: The V̇O2 response at work rates that are too high to sustain a lactate steady state but not high enough to elicit V̇O2max features not 2, but 3, distinct phases. There is no consensus on whether intensity domains should be defined by their boundaries or by the responses they engender.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hill
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Brian K McFarlin
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Jakob L Vingren
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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17
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Hold your breath: peripheral and cerebral oxygenation during dry static apnea. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2213-2222. [PMID: 32748010 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute breath-holding deprives the human body from oxygen. In an effort to protect the brain, the diving response is initiated, coupling several physiological responses. The aim of this study was to describe the physiological responses to apnea at the cardiac, peripheral and cerebral level. METHODS 31 physically active subjects (17 male, 14 female, 23.3 ± 1.8 years old) performed a maximal static breath-hold in a seated position. Heart rate (HR), muscle and cerebral oxygenation (by means of near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) were continuously measured. RM MANOVA's were used to identify changes in HR, peripheral (mTOI) and cerebral (cTOI) tissue oxygenation and oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated (HHb) hemoglobin during apnea. RESULTS Average apnea duration was 157 ± 41 s. HR started decreasing after 10 s (p < 0.001) and dropped on average by 27 ± 14 bpm from baseline (p < 0.001). mTOI started decreasing 10 s after apnea (p < 0.001) and fell by 8.6 ± 4.0% (p < 0.001). Following an immediate drop after 5 s (p < 0.001), cTOI increased continuously, reaching a maximal increase of 3.7 ± 2.4% followed by a steady decrease until the end of apnea. cTOI fell on average 5.4 ± 8.3% below baseline (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION During apnea, the human body elicits several protective mechanisms to protect itself against the deprivation of oxygen. HR slows down, decreasing O2 demand of the cardiac muscle. The decrease in mTOI and increase in cTOI imply a redistribution of blood flow prioritizing the brain. However, this mechanism is not sufficient to maintain cTOI until the end of apnea.
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18
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The physiology of rowing with perspective on training and health. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1943-1963. [PMID: 32627051 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review presents a perspective on the expansive literature on rowing. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for the most relevant literature, while some information was obtained from books. RESULTS Following the life span of former rowers paved the way to advocate exercise for health promotion. Rowing involves almost all muscles during the stroke and competition requires a large oxygen uptake, which is challenged by the pulmonary diffusion capacity and restriction in blood flow to the muscles. Unique training adaptations allow for simultaneous engagement of the legs in the relatively slow movement of the rowing stroke that, therefore, involves primarily slow-twitch muscle fibres. Like other sport activities, rowing is associated with adaptation not only of the heart, including both increased internal diameters and myocardial size, but also skeletal muscles with hypertrophy of especially slow-twitch muscle fibres. The high metabolic requirement of intense rowing reduces blood pH and, thereby, arterial oxygen saturation decreases as arterial oxygen tension becomes affected. CONCLUSION Competitive rowing challenges most systems in the body including pulmonary function and circulatory control with implication for cerebral blood flow and neuromuscular activation. Thus, the physiology of rowing is complex, but it obviously favours large individuals with arms and legs that allow the development of a long stroke. Present inquiries include the development of an appropriately large cardiac output despite the Valsalva-like manoeuvre associated with the stroke, and the remarkable ability of the brain to maintain motor control and metabolism despite marked reductions in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation.
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19
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Gordon D, Swain P, Keiller D, Merzbach V, Gernigon M, Chung H. Quantifying the effects of four weeks of low-volume high-intensity sprint interval training on V̇O2max through assessment of hemodynamics. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:53-61. [PMID: 32008311 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sprint interval training is a popular workout modality. Studies have eluded to a positive effect on maximal oxygen uptake, however little is known about the mechanistic basis of this adaptation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a short-term high-intensity sprint interval training (SIT) intervention on V̇O2max through quantification of both the respiratory and hemodynamic responses. METHODS Thirty-six physically active participants undertook 4 weeks of either cycling-based SIT (8×20 s at 170% P-V̇O2max with 10 s recovery) or continuous exercise training (CET) (30 min at 70% P-V̇O2max) 3 times per week. V̇O2max, blood-based markers and hemodynamic responses were assessed pre and post the intervention period. V̇O2max was assessed using breath-by-breath open circuit spirometry, while hemodynamic responses were monitored using thoracic impedance cardiography. RESULTS V̇O2max exhibited a non-significant 4.1% increase (ES=0.24) for SIT with 7.0% P=0.007 (ES=0.40) increase for CET. Hemodynamic responses (maximal cardiac output, maximal stroke volume) displayed non-significant responses for CET and SIT while a-vO2dif-max increased from 15.8±4.8 to 18.3±2.9 mL/100 mL) (P=0.02) (ES=0.63) in SIT. CONCLUSIONS V̇O2max is a function of maximal cardiac output and a-vO2dif-max, so for a meaningful change to occur in cardiorespiratory fitness, there must be a concomitant increase in O2 delivery. This study demonstrates that a low volume SIT intervention evokes peripherally mediated responses (a-vO2dif) and anaerobic substrate utilization rather than O2 delivery components. Future works should address the time course of the responses and when assessing V̇O2max-based responses that due attention be given to the hemodynamic responses as means of quantification of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK -
| | - Patrick Swain
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Don Keiller
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Viviane Merzbach
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie Gernigon
- Laboratory of Complexity, Innovation, Physical Activity, and Sports, University Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Henry Chung
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Beretta E, Grasso GS, Forcaia G, Sancini G, Miserocchi G. Differences in alveolo-capillary equilibration in healthy subjects on facing O 2 demand. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16693. [PMID: 31723148 PMCID: PMC6854051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen diffusion across the air-blood barrier in the lung is commensurate with metabolic needs and ideally allows full equilibration between alveolar and blood partial oxygen pressures. We estimated the alveolo-capillary O2 equilibration in 18 healthy subjects at sea level at rest and after exposure to increased O2 demand, including work at sea level and on hypobaric hypoxia exposure at 3840 m (PA ~ 50 mmHg). For each subject we estimated O2 diffusion capacity (DO2), pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) and cardiac output ([Formula: see text]). We derived blood capillary transit time [Formula: see text] and the time constant of the equilibration process ([Formula: see text], β being the slope of the hemoglobin dissociation curve). O2 equilibration at the arterial end of the pulmonary capillary was defined as [Formula: see text]. Leq greately differed among subjects in the most demanding O2 condition (work in hypoxia): lack of full equilibration was found to range from 5 to 42% of the alveolo-capillary PO2 gradient at the venous end. The present analysis proves to be sensible enough to highlight inter-individual differences in alveolo-capillary equilibration among healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Beretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Ambulatorio di Fisiologia Clinica e dello Sport, Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina dello Sport, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Simone Grasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Ambulatorio di Fisiologia Clinica e dello Sport, Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina dello Sport, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Greta Forcaia
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Ambulatorio di Fisiologia Clinica e dello Sport, Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina dello Sport, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulio Sancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Ambulatorio di Fisiologia Clinica e dello Sport, Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina dello Sport, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Miserocchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Ambulatorio di Fisiologia Clinica e dello Sport, Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina dello Sport, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
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21
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Experimental evolution of aerobic exercise performance and hematological traits in bank voles. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 234:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Solfest JS, Nie Y, Weiss JA, Garner RT, Kuang S, Stout J, Gavin TP. Effects of acute aerobic and concurrent exercise on skeletal muscle metabolic enzymes in untrained men. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Prediction of maximal oxygen consumption using the Young Men's Christian Association-step test in Korean adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1245-1252. [PMID: 30850877 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop accurate and practical prediction models of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) using the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)-step test in South Korean adults. METHODS In total, 568 adults (20-66 years) were included in this study. To develop and cross-validate prediction models of VO2max, the total sample was divided into 80% training and 20% testing using a simple random sampling method. VO2max was measured using the maximal-graded exercise treadmill test. Sex, age, 1-min recovery heart rate, body weight, and height were measured as potential predictors. Each test was conducted within a 2- to 3-day interval, ensuring sufficient rest. Preliminary prediction models were developed from training datasets, which were cross-validated using regression analyses and/or repeated-measures analysis of variance. The accuracy of prediction models was evaluated using R2, standard error of estimate (SEE), and mean difference (MD) against a criterion-measured VO2max. RESULTS The average age and VO2max were 43.5 ± 12.9 years and 39.1 ± 7.5 ml/kg/min, respectively. For model development, three practical models with acceptable accuracy were developed (R2 = 0.56-0.61; SEE = 4.74-5.01). For model cross-validation, significant relationships between the criterion-measured and predicted VO2max were observed in all three models (R2 = 0.56-0.61; SEE = 4.62-4.88). The difference between criterion-measured and predicted VO2max was not significant in the models (MD =- 0.03 to - 0.14). CONCLUSIONS The prediction models included 3-5 variables as significant predictors of VO2max and had acceptable accuracy in a large sample of South Korean adults. The selected models provide a simple and practical method to estimate VO2max using the YMCA-step test for South Korean adults.
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Gradual reduction in exercise capacity in chronic kidney disease is associated with systemic oxygen delivery factors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209325. [PMID: 30566512 PMCID: PMC6300328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cause of reduced exercise capacity (ExCap) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is multifactorial. The aim of this study was to investigate determinants of aerobic ExCap in patients with mild to severe CKD not undergoing dialysis. Methods We included 52 individuals with CKD stage 2–3, 47 with stage 4–5, and 54 healthy controls. Peak workload and peak heart rate (HR) were assessed by a maximal cycle exercise test. Cardiac function including stroke volume (SV) and vascular stiffness were evaluated by ultrasound at rest. Handgrip strength, body composition, haemoglobin level and self-reported physical activity were assessed. Results Peak workload (221±60, 185±59, 150±54 W for controls, CKD 2–3 and CKD 4–5 respectively), peak HR (177±11, 161±24, 144±31 beats/min) and haemoglobin level (14.2±1.2, 13.5±1.4, 12.2±1.3 g/dL) were all three significantly lower in CKD 2–3 than in controls, (p = 0.001, 0.001 and 0.03 respectively) and were even lower in stages 4–5 CKD than in CKD 2–3 (p = 0.01, 0.001 and <0.001 respectively). Resting SV and lean body mass did not differ between groups and handgrip strength was significantly lower only in CKD 4–5 compared to controls (p = 0.02). Peak workload was strongly associated with the systemic oxygen delivery factors: SV, peak HR and haemoglobin level. These three factors along with age, sex and height2 explained 82% of variation in peak workload. Peak HR contributed most to the variation; the peripheral variables handgrip strength and vascular stiffness did not improve the explanatory value in regression analysis. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study of CKD patients not on dialysis, aerobic ExCap decreased gradually with disease severity. ExCap was associated mainly with systemic oxygen delivery factors, in particular peak HR. Neither muscle function and mass, nor vascular stiffness were independent determinants of aerobic ExCap in this group of CKD patients.
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Rice PE, Gurchiek RD, McBride JM. Physiological and Biomechanical Responses to an Acute Bout of High Kicking in Dancers. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2954-2961. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Araújo Júnior ATD, Cirilo-Sousa MDS, Rodrigues Neto G, Poderoso R, Veloso Neto G, Garrido ND, Vilaça-Alves J. OXYGEN UPTAKE AND RESISTANCE EXERCISE METHODS: THE USE OF BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182405180336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The literature has shown that a gap is identified regarding the acute effects of blood flow restriction training on aerobic variables. Objective: to analyze oxygen consumption (VO2) during and after two resistance training sessions: traditional high intensity and low intensity with blood flow restriction. Methods: After one-repetition maximum tests, eight male participants (25.7±3 years) completed the two experimental protocols, separated by 72 hours, in a randomized order: a) high intensity training at 80% of 1RM (HIRE) and b) low intensity training at 20% of 1RM combined with blood flow restriction (LIRE + BFR). Three sets of four exercises (bench press, squat, barbell bent-over row and deadlift) were performed. Oxygen consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption were measured. Results: the data showed statistically significant differences between the traditional high intensity training and low intensity training with blood flow restriction, with higher values for traditional training sessions, except for the last five minutes of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption measured during training was higher (p = 0.001) for the HIRE (20.32 ± 1.46 mL·kg-1·min-1) compared to the LIRE + BFR (15.65 ± 1.14 mL·kg-1·min-1). Conclusion: Oxygen uptakes rates during and after the exercise sessions were higher for the high intensity training methodology. However, when taking into account the volume of training provided by both methods, these differences were attenuated. Level of Evidence III - Non-consecutive studies, or studies without consistently applied reference stand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria do Socorro Cirilo-Sousa
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil; Universidade Regional do Cariri, Brazil
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Feitoza MDS, Melo JRD, Medeiros WM, Cucato GG, Stelmach R, Cukier A, Carvalho CRFD, Mendes FAR. Effect of salbutamol on the cardiovascular response in healthy subjects at rest, during physical exercise, and in recovery phase: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Effectiveness of inspiratory muscle training on sleep and functional capacity to exercise in obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep Breath 2017; 22:631-639. [PMID: 29124630 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-017-1591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on sleep and functional capacity to exercise in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS This is a controlled, randomized, double-blind study conducted in 16 OSA patients divided into two groups: training (IMT: n = 8) and placebo-IMT (P-IMT: n = 8). IMT was conducted during 12 weeks with a moderate load (50-60% of maximal inspiratory pressure-MIP), while P-IMT used a load < 20% of MPI. Total daily IMT time for both groups was 30 min, 7 days per week, twice a day. RESULTS There was no difference comparing IMT to P-IMT group after training for lung function (p > 0.05) and respiratory muscle strength (p > 0.05). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2Max) was not significantly different between IMT and P-IMT group (mean difference - 1.76, confidence interval (CI) - 7.93 to 4.41, p = 0.71). The same was observed for the other ventilatory and cardiometabolic variables measured (p > 0.05). A significant improvement in sleep quality was found when Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) values of IMT and P-IMT group after training were compared (mean difference: 3.7, confidence interval 95% (CI95%) 0.6 to 6.9, p = 0.02) but no significant changes were seen in daytime sleepiness between both groups after the intervention (mean difference: 3.4, CI 95%: - 3.3 to 10.0; p = 0.29). CONCLUSION According to these results, 12 weeks of moderate load IMT resulted in improved sleep quality, but there were no significant repercussions on functional capacity to exercise or excessive daytime sleepiness.
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Schaun GZ, Alberton CL, Ribeiro DO, Pinto SS. Acute effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training sessions on cardiorespiratory parameters in healthy young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1437-1444. [PMID: 28488137 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare the energy expenditure (EE) during and after two treadmill protocols, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous training (CONT), in young adult men. METHODS The sample was comprised by 26 physically active men aged between 18 and 35 years engaged in aerobic training programs. They were divided into two groups: HIIT (n = 14) which performed eight 20 s bouts at 130% of the velocity associated with the maximal oxygen consumption on a treadmill with 10 s of passive rest, or CONT (n = 12) which performed 30 min running on a treadmill at a submaximal velocity equivalent to 90-95% of the heart rate associated with the anaerobic threshold. Data related to oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) and EE were measured during the protocols and the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was calculated for both sessions. RESULTS No difference was found between groups for mean [Formula: see text] (HIIT: 2.84 ± 0.46 L min-1; CONT: 2.72 ± 0.43 L min-1) and EE per minute (HIIT: 14.36 ± 2.34 kcal min-1; CONT: 13.21 ± 2.08 kcal min-1) during protocols. Regarding total EE during session, CONT resulted in higher values compared to HIIT (390.45 ± 65.15; 55.20 ± 9.33 kcal, respectively). However, post-exercise EE and EPOC values were higher after HIIT (69.31 ± 10.88; 26.27 ± 2.28 kcal, respectively) compared to CONT (55.99 ± 10.20; 13.43 ± 10.45 kcal, respectively). CONCLUSION These data suggest that supramaximal HIIT has a higher impact on EE and EPOC in the early phase of recovery when compared to CONT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Zaccaria Schaun
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Luís de Camões, 625, Três Vendas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cristine Lima Alberton
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Luís de Camões, 625, Três Vendas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Oliveira Ribeiro
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Luís de Camões, 625, Três Vendas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Santana Pinto
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Luís de Camões, 625, Três Vendas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Ade CJ, Broxterman RM, Moore AD, Barstow TJ. Decreases in maximal oxygen uptake following long-duration spaceflight: Role of convective and diffusive O 2 transport mechanisms. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:968-975. [PMID: 28153941 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00280.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously predicted that the decrease in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) that accompanies time in microgravity reflects decrements in both convective and diffusive O2 transport to the mitochondria of the contracting myocytes. The aim of this investigation was therefore to quantify the relative changes in convective O2 transport (Q̇o2) and O2 diffusing capacity (Do2) following long-duration spaceflight. In nine astronauts, resting hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), V̇o2max, maximal cardiac output (Q̇Tmax), and differences in arterial and venous O2 contents ([Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]) were obtained retrospectively for International Space Station Increments 19-33 (April 2009-November 2012). Q̇o2 and Do2 were calculated from these variables via integration of Fick's Principle of Mass Conservation and Fick's Law of Diffusion. V̇o2max significantly decreased from pre- to postflight (-53.9 ± 45.5%, P = 0.008). The significant decrease in Q̇Tmax (-7.8 ± 9.1%, P = 0.05), despite an unchanged [Hb], resulted in a significantly decreased Q̇o2 (-11.4 ± 10.5%, P = 0.02). Do2 significantly decreased from pre- to postflight by -27.5 ± 24.5% (P = 0.04), as did the peak [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] (-9.2 ± 7.5%, P = 0.007). With the use of linear regression analysis, changes in V̇o2max were significantly correlated with changes in Do2 (R2 = 0.47; P = 0.04). These data suggest that spaceflight decreases both convective and diffusive O2 transport. These results have practical implications for future long-duration space missions and highlight the need to resolve the specific mechanisms underlying these spaceflight-induced changes along the O2 transport pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Long-duration spaceflight elicited a significant decrease in maximal oxygen uptake. Given the adverse physiological adaptations to microgravity along the O2 transport pathway that have been reported, an integrative approach to the determinants of postflight maximal oxygen uptake is needed. We demonstrate that both convective and diffusive oxygen transport are decreased following ~6 mo International Space Station missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Ade
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma; .,Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - R M Broxterman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - A D Moore
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas; and
| | - T J Barstow
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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No difference in plantar flexion maximal exercise power output between men and women. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ade CJ, Broxterman RM, Barstow TJ. VO(2max) and Microgravity Exposure: Convective versus Diffusive O(2) Transport. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1351-61. [PMID: 25380479 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a microgravity environment decreases the maximal rate of O2 uptake (VO(2max)) in healthy individuals returning to a gravitational environment. The magnitude of this decrease in VO(2max) is, in part, dependent on the duration of microgravity exposure, such that long exposure may result in up to a 38% decrease in VO(2max). This review identifies the components within the O(2) transport pathway that determine the decrease in postmicrogravity VO(2max) and highlights the potential contributing physiological mechanisms. A retrospective analysis revealed that the decline in VO(2max) is initially mediated by a decrease in convective and diffusive O(2) transport that occurs as the duration of microgravity exposure is extended. Mechanistically, the attenuation of O(2) transport is the combined result of a deconditioning across multiple organ systems including decreases in total blood volume, red blood cell mass, cardiac function and mass, vascular function, skeletal muscle mass, and, potentially, capillary hemodynamics, which become evident during exercise upon re-exposure to the head-to-foot gravitational forces of upright posture on Earth. In summary, VO(2max) is determined by the integration of central and peripheral O(2) transport mechanisms, which, if not maintained during microgravity, will have a substantial long-term detrimental impact on space mission performance and astronaut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Ade
- 1Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK; 2Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; and 3Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Pišot R, Marusic U, Biolo G, Mazzucco S, Lazzer S, Grassi B, Reggiani C, Toniolo L, di Prampero PE, Passaro A, Narici M, Mohammed S, Rittweger J, Gasparini M, Gabrijelčič Blenkuš M, Šimunič B. Greater loss in muscle mass and function but smaller metabolic alterations in older compared with younger men following 2 wk of bed rest and recovery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:922-9. [PMID: 26823343 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00858.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation aimed to compare the response of young and older adult men to bed rest (BR) and subsequent rehabilitation (R). Sixteen older (OM, age 55-65 yr) and seven young (YM, age 18-30 yr) men were exposed to a 14-day period of BR followed by 14 days of R. Quadriceps muscle volume (QVOL), force (QF), and explosive power (QP) of leg extensors; single-fiber isometric force (Fo); peak aerobic power (V̇o2peak); gait stride length; and three metabolic parameters, Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity, postprandial lipid curve, and homocysteine plasma level, were measured before and after BR and after R. Following BR, QVOL was smaller in OM (-8.3%) than in YM (-5.7%,P= 0.031); QF (-13.2%,P= 0.001), QP (-12.3%,P= 0.001), and gait stride length (-9.9%,P= 0.002) were smaller only in OM. Fo was significantly smaller in both YM (-32.0%) and OM (-16.4%) without significant differences between groups. V̇o2peakdecreased more in OM (-15.3%) than in YM (-7.6%,P< 0.001). Instead, the Matsuda index fell to a greater extent in YM than in OM (-46.0% vs. -19.8%, respectively,P= 0.003), whereas increases in postprandial lipid curve (+47.2%,P= 0.013) and homocysteine concentration (+26.3%,P= 0.027) were observed only in YM. Importantly, after R, the recovery of several parameters, among them QVOL, QP, and V̇o2peak, was not complete in OM, whereas Fo did not recover in either age group. The results show that the effect of inactivity on muscle mass and function is greater in OM, whereas metabolic alterations are greater in YM. Furthermore, these findings show that the recovery of preinactivity conditions is slower in OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rado Pišot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Uros Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzucco
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy;
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal and Cardiorespiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Narici
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby Royal Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Shahid Mohammed
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby Royal Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Joern Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Mladen Gasparini
- Department of Vascular Surgery, General Hospital Izola, Izola, Slovenia; and
| | | | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
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Brun JF, Varlet-Marie E, Raynaud de Mauverger E, Fedou C, Pollatz M. Hemorheologic effects of low intensity endurance training in type 2 diabetic patients: A pilot study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 61:579-89. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-141916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Frédéric Brun
- INSERM U1046, Physiopathologie & Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, Equipe d’Explorations Métaboliques (CERAMM), Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Département de Physiologie Clinique, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Varlet-Marie
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR CNRS 5247, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Biophysique & Bio-Analyses, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Montpellier 1, France
| | - Eric Raynaud de Mauverger
- INSERM U1046, Physiopathologie & Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, Equipe d’Explorations Métaboliques (CERAMM), Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Département de Physiologie Clinique, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Fedou
- INSERM U1046, Physiopathologie & Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, Equipe d’Explorations Métaboliques (CERAMM), Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Département de Physiologie Clinique, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Pollatz
- INSERM U1046, Physiopathologie & Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, Equipe d’Explorations Métaboliques (CERAMM), Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Département de Physiologie Clinique, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHU Montpellier, France
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Zoladz JA, Majerczak J, Duda K, Chlopicki S. Coronary and muscle blood flow during physical exercise in humans; heterogenic alliance. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:719-27. [PMID: 26321273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the relation between power generation capabilities and pulmonary oxygen uptake during incremental cycling exercise in humans and the effect of exercise intensity on the oxygen cost of work. We also discuss the importance of oxygen delivery to the working muscles as a factor determining maximal oxygen uptake in humans. Subsequently, we outline the importance of coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygen uptake and myocardial metabolic stability for exercise tolerance. Finally, we describe mechanisms of endothelium-dependent regulation of coronary and skeletal muscle blood flow, dysregulation of which may impair exercise capacity and increase the cardiovascular risk of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Duda
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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